Camellia pubipetala and its widespread congener C. sinensis in both wild and cultivated populations were studied. The results showed that the wild and cultivated C. pubipetala had low light compensation point(LCP)(1.17 and 3.87 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,respectively),light saturation point(LSP)(395.8 and 423.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,respectively),and maximum photosynthetic rate(P_max)(4.25 and 3.91 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,respectively)indicating that it was a shade plant,while C. sinensis had relatively low LCP (6.57 and 9.09 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,respectively),high LSP (765.0 and 809.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,respectively)and P_max (9.37 and 9.75 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,respectively)meaning that it was a shade tolerance plant. In comparison with C. sinensis,C. pubipetala had a significantly lower P_max,apparent quantum yield(AQY),maximum carboxylation rate(V_cmax),electronic transport rate(J_max)and potential maximum photosynthetic rate(Pmax)in wild and cultivated populations. The photosynthetic and CO₂ utilization capacity of C. pubipetala were significantly lower than those of C. sinensis. The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and chlorophyll(a+b)in leaves of C. pubipetala were not significantly different from those of C. sinensis in cultivated population,which indicated that the low photosynthetic capacity of C. pubipetala had nothing to do with its chlorophyll content. There was no significant difference in single leaf area of the two plant species in both wild and cultivated population,while the leaf mass per area(LMA)of C. pubipetala was significantly higher than that of C. sinensis. Thus,it is inferred that in comparison with C. sinensis,the narrow adaptation range of light,low photosynthetic and CO₂ utilization capacity in C. pubipetala may be responsible for its narrow distribution.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:06 1,2, ZHUANG Xue-Ying², WANG Man-Lian¹, JIANG Yun-Sheng¹, ZOU Rong¹, WEI Xiao^1*]]> CHAI Sheng-Feng^1,2, ZHUANG Xue-Ying², WANG Man-Lian¹, JIANG Yun-Sheng¹, ZOU Rong¹, WEI Xiao^1* 23true Swertia davidii. The main results were as follows: anthers were tetrasporangiate. The development of anther walls conforms to the basic type and comprises of epidermis, endothecium, three middle layers and tapetum at the mature stage. The tapetum cells had dual origins and belonged to the glandular type, for the anther locules had degenerating tapetum nuclei in the middle,which were from the early dividing and intruding of the tapetum. Three middle layers were ephemeral,endothecium reduced and epidermis persists and developed to become fibrous-thickening. The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cell in meiosis was the Simultaneous type. Most of the microspore tetrads were tetrahedral and there were still a few other types,such as isobilateral,dilateral and “T”-shaped. Pollen grains were 2-celled when shed. The ovary was bicarpellate,unilocular with some series of ovules located at the parietal placentation. The ovule was unitegmic,enuinucellar and ana-campylotropous. The female gametophyte originated from the single-archesporial cell. The one chalazal megaspore in linear tetrad became the functional megaspore. The development of female gametophyte was the polygonum type. Before fertilization,two polar nuclei fused into a secondary nucleus. Three antipodal cells had multiseriate nuclei and distinct haustorium,and persisted like a layer of “outer endosperm” just out of the endosperm nucleus layer. Fertilization was porogamous and of premitotic syngamy type. The development of endosperm conformed to nuclear type and the embryogeny corresponded to the solanum type. The embryo was at the early heart-shaped stage when seeds released from the capsule. The dividing and persisting of the antipodal cells in some annual Gentianaceous plants were of significance in reproductive adaptation and evolution. At the same time,comparative embryology among some species of Swertia was studied basing on some recent data.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:07 1, HUANG Heng-Yu^2*]]> LI Li¹, HUANG Heng-Yu^2* 22true +-ATPase and H⁺-PPase activities of plasmalemma and tonoplast and the sugar accumulation in fruit of Ziziphus jujuba cv. Lingwuchangzao, the H⁺-ATPase and H⁺-PPase activities of plasmalemma and tonoplast and the sugar content in fruit were determined with different developmental periods fruit as materials. The results were as follows:(1)The fruit mainly accumulated glucose and fructose before the second rapid growth period, sucrose accumulated rapidly after the second rapid growth period, at the same time, the content of glucose and fructose decreased gradually,the mature period fruit mainly accumulated sucrose.(2)The plasmalemma H⁺-ATPase activity was the lowest in the slower growth period S1 and the highest in the first rapid growth period,but it droped in the slower growth period S2 and rose to higher in the second rapid growth period and droped substantially in the mature period.(3)The variation trend of tonoplast H⁺-ATPase activity was similar to tonoplast H⁺-PPase activity during fruit development. Tonoplast H⁺-ATPase and H⁺-PPase activities were lower in the slower growth period S1,they droped slowly to the lowest from the slower growth period S1 to the first rapid growth period and increased gradually from the first rapid growth period,tonoplast H⁺-PPase activity was higher throughout than tonoplast H⁺-ATPase activity except the second rapid growth period. Hence, the plasmalemma H⁺-ATPase and the tonoplast H⁺-ATPase and H⁺-PPase played an important regulative role in secondary active transport sugar across membrane in fruit of Z. jujuba cv. Lingwuchangzao.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:07 *, CAO Jin-Xia, JING Hong-Xia]]> ZHANG Ying-Cai^*, CAO Jin-Xia, JING Hong-Xia 21true Bidens pilosa is an ideal germplasm resource repairing soils contaminated by Pb. The effects of NO on the membrane lipid peroxidation,osmotic regulation substances,antioxidant enzyme activities and active oxygen metabolism in leaves,stems and roots of B. pilosa seedlings under Pb(600 μmol/L lead nitrate)stress for 3 d were studied by determining relative electrical conductivity(REC),contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂),superoxide anion(O^-₂·)generating rate,contents of proline(Pro), soluble protein(SP),carotenoid(Car),activities of ascorbic acid peroxidase(APX),glutathione reductase(GR),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the leaves,stems and roots of sixty-day-old seedlings of B. pilosa pretreated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside(SNP)as an exogenous NO donor to explore the role and mechanism of NO in plant under Pb stress,to enhance B. pilosa resistance to Pb and its better application in phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil. The results indicated: 50-400 μmol/L SNP remarkably reduced REC,contents of MDA,H₂O₂ and O^-₂· generating rate,while 500-1 000 μmol/L SNP remarkably increased REC,contents of MDA,H₂O₂ and O^-₂· generating rate,of which protection of the membrane system stability 300 μmol/L SNP treatment on B. pilosa seedlings under Pb stress was the most remarkable. Moreover 300 μmol/L SNP significantly promoted the synthesis of Pro,SP and Car. The effects of SNP on activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves,stems and roots of B. pilosa seedlings was complex. And 200 μmol/L SNP significantly enhanced activities of APX in leaves and stems and GR in stems,300 μmol/L SNP significantly enhanced activities of POD in leaves,and 1 000 μmol/L SNP significantly enhanced activities of CAT in stems and roots and SOD in leaves. It was shown that appropriate concentration of exogenous NO could increase the contents of osmotic regulation substances and regulate activities of antioxidant enzymes to effectively protect the membrane system stability and alleviate the harm of Pb stress on B. pilosa seedlings. Exogenous nitric oxide could reduce the harm of Pb stress on B. pilosa seedlings because that nitric oxide SNP produced could directly react with reactive oxygen species(ROS)B. pilosa seedlings produced under Pb stress to reduce the harm of the membrane system,NO also could indirectly adjust the antioxidant enzyme system to reduce the oxidative damage caused by Pb stress; moreover it was because that the SNP could ease Pb stress of B. pilosa seedlings by increasing contents of osmotic regulation substances which could regulate,protect and scavenge ROS and stimulate the growth of plant. But the effects of exogenous NO had two sides,namely the low concentration eased and the high damaged,of which mitigation effects of 300 μmol/L SNP treatment on B. pilosa seedlings under Pb stress was the most remarkable. Those results suggested that appropriate concentration of NO could enhance B. pilosa resistance to Pb and NO had well prospect in phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil with B. pilosa seedlings.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:08 *, SU Xiang-Nan, ZHENG Yi, QU Miao-Miao, ZI-Xuan]]> YANG Zhi-Juan, CHEN Yin-Ping^*, SU Xiang-Nan, ZHENG Yi, QU Miao-Miao, ZI-Xuan 20true Coleus blumei seedlings were treated with PEG-6000 at the concentrations of 5%,10%,15%,or 20% as the simulated drought stress,and without PEG-6000 treatment as control to investigate the changes of the growth,osmotic adjustment ability and the antioxidant enzyme activities of C. blumei. The results demonstrated that,comparing with the control,the fresh and dry biomass,water content and potential,root dehydrogenase activity and the contents of inorganic ion(K⁺,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺)declined gradually as the increase of PEG-6000 concentrations. The content of NO^-₃ decreased at first and then increased,but lower than that of the control; On the contrary,nitrate reductase(NR)activity,soluble protein content and soluble sugar content increased at first and then decreased,and the contents of the latter two parameters were higher than that of the controls; in addition,proline and free amino acid content elevated in a PEG-6000-dose dependant manner. We noticed that the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities also initially increased and then decreased,and reached the peak under 10% PEG-6000 treatment. However,peroxidase(POD)activities,catalase(CAT)activities,O^-₂· production rates and membrane permeability were greatly improved as the increase of PEG-6000 concentrations. Comprehensive analysis showed that moderate simulated drought stress(5%-10% PEG-6000)resulted in the decreased absorption of inorganic ion and water in C. blumei root,but enhanced ability of NO^-₃ reduction,suggesting that the inhibition on growth and the degree of water deficit were not detrimental,and thus ornamental values were hardly impaired. However,severe simulated drought stress(15%-20% PEG-6000),caused significant loss of inorganic ion absorption and deficit of water as well as the decrease of NO^-₃ assimilation,which further aggravated the inhibitory effect on growth and osmotic srtess,and finally destroyed its ornamental value. We observed that C. blumei seedlings did not accumulate inorganic ion,such as K⁺,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ and NO^-₃; however,it indeed accumulated organic small molecules,such as proline,soluble protein,soluble sugar and free amino acid,to maintain the osmotic balance in spite of the increasing rate of these molecules were not parallel. Although moderate simulated drought stress could enhance the antioxidant enzyme activities(SOD,POD and CAT)of C. blumei seedlings,slight oxidative injuries were observed. As the increase of PEG-6000 concentration,the notable elevation of O^-₂·generation rate might result from the decreasing activity of SOD,a key enzyme for scavenging O^-₂·; although POD and CAT,another two important antioxidant enzymes,could be significantly induced when suffering from the drought stress. As a result of imbalance of these antioxidant enzymes,the injury of membrane lipid peroxidation was inevitable. These findings will provide some useful experimental basis for elucidating the physiological mechanisms of C. blumei drought tolerance,and also contribute to water-saving planting and maintaining of C. blumei in practice.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:08 LIU Ai-Rong, ZHANG Yuan-Bing, ZHANG Xue-Ping, WANG Xue-Juan, HUANG Shou-Cheng, XIE Yi-Qin 19true Eriobotrya japonica)Rosaceae loquat(Eriobotrya),native to subtropical country,is widely popular,because of its high economic value and ornamental value. But loquat flowering period comes in the winter cold,vulnerable to low impact,so chilling injury to become one of the important factors inhibiting the loquat healthy and sustainable development. Seeds produce a variety of endogenous hormones as the center of their health degree and is closely related to the normal development of loquat fruit. The ‘Zaozhong' loquat cultivar young fruits were selected to study the cold resistance under different low temperatures(6,3,0,-3 ℃)and different times(12,24,36,48 h). The relative electric conductivity,MDA,SOD,CAT,POD and microstructure in seed of loquat young fruit were determined under different low temperature. The results showed that the relative electric conductivity and MDA of seed increased under low temperature; The protective activities of SOD and CAT in seed increased at moderate low temperature stress,then showed declining trend when the temperature attained certain critical temperature stress; The protective activities of POD had an up-down-up trend;. The critical temperature of relative electric conductivity,SOD,CAT and POD was 6 ℃,the critical times 12,24,48,36 h. But the critical temperature of MDA was 3 ℃,the critical time was 36 h. Microstructure diagram showsed that the loquat seeds of young fruit was firstly destroyed 6 ℃,the firstly destroyed part was testa,followed by the leaf primordium or leaf again to change the material composition and content of the cell,and finally to the cell rupture; The microstructure in seed of loquat young fruit was destroyed,comparing with CK,during low temperature. Therefore, the critical low temperature was 6 ℃,the critical time was 12 h in seed. This study would provide a theoretical and practical significance to improve the basis for the new cultivation technologies of loquat in Sichuan region.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:09 1, YANG Wei², GONG Rong-Gao^1,2*, SHI Jia-Jia¹, ZHENG Yun-Feng¹, CHEN Zhong-Gang¹]]> LAI Jing¹, YANG Wei², GONG Rong-Gao^1,2*, SHI Jia-Jia¹, ZHENG Yun-Feng¹, CHEN Zhong-Gang¹ 18true Sesuvium portulacastrum is a perennial herb with the fleshy stem. It grows in the coast land and salt tidal flats. It has its own salt tolerant mechanism and genetic background,which are different with the fresh water plant. In order to discuss the heavy metal resistance ability of S. portulacastrum, the changes in physiological activity and the growth of S. portulacastrum influenced by Pb and Zn were investigated. 1/10 Hoagland nutrient solution was used to prepare Zn ²⁺ and Pb²⁺ solutions with the concentrations from 0(CK),5,10,25 to 50 μmol·L^-1. Under the Zn ²⁺ and Pb²⁺ stresses and separately,the biomass indexes including the internode length,the fresh and dry weights, the physiological and biochemical indicators including the Chlorophyll content,proline and malondialdehyde activities, soluble sugar, soluble protein and the root activity were analyzed. The results showed that the obvious symptoms were observed in the decrease of the root activity and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The soluble sugar, the proline and malondialdehyde activities would be induced to increase under the stresses of single Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺. The soluble protein, the relative growth rate and the panel length dropped significantly with the increase of Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ concentrations separately. But the fresh and dry weights of S. portulacastrum had no significant changes under the heavy metal stress. This result illustrated the S. portulacastrum on heavy metal Pb and Zn had a certain tolerance. This study will provide the data of theoretical reference whether Sesuvium portulacastrum can serve as a plant for water purification.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:09 1, ZHONG Cai-Rong², LIU Qiang¹, ZHANG Ying^1*]]> YAN Ting-Liang¹, ZHONG Cai-Rong², LIU Qiang¹, ZHANG Ying^1* 17true Pak choi seedlings under heavy metal stress. We used two strains hydroxide bacteria and cabbage seedlings as the research materials. The strain species identification was determined by conventional and molecular biology method. Using NJ adjacent method to construct phylogenetic tree,ACC deaminase activity was estimated by 2,4-dinitrobenzene hydrazine method,the ability of IAA was determined by Salkowski reagent method, the plant root elongation promoting activity of the isolated hydrogen oxidizing bacteria was determined by the modified Belimov method. Wilkins method was used to test the resistance of Pak choi seedlings tolerance index. The results showed that two hydrogen oxidizing bacteria respectively belong to Pseudomonas sp. zw-17 and Sphingobacterium sp. zw-35. The ACC deaminase activity was(17.87±0.58),(22.26±0.85)μmol a-KB·mg^-1·h^-1. The ability of IAA was(13.21±0.78)to(5.79±5.79)mg·L^-1. Compared to the control group, inoculating hydroxide bacteria was benefit to the growth of the Pak choi seedlings root. Compared to the control group, tolerance index of Pak choi seedlings had significant increase when inoculated with zw-17,zw-35. The results of tolerance index and physiological indicators for Pak choi seedlings,obtained for chromium and lead for both hydrogen oxidizing bacteria strains,showed that the development of plants inoculated with the hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. zw-17 strain favored the radical growth of Pak choi seedlings exposed to Pb and Pseudomonas sp. zw-35 strain in seedlings exposed to Cr; both strains keep the safe development of this species in the presence of the heavy metals at higher concentrations. This study would provide a theoretical basis for hydrogen oxidizing bacteria promoting and protecting plants,and enriched hydroxide bacteria species classification.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:10 *]]> ZHOU Xiao-Lun, NIU Li-Ying, ZHENG Ning-Guo, WANG Wei-Wei^* 16true Ageratum conyzoides to different concentrations of Cd stress. The results showed that the transfer factor of A. conyzoides decreased gradually with Cd concentration increasing. However,the above ground Cd contents and below ground Cd contents increased gradually with Cd concentration increasing. It reached 125.50 mg·kg^-1 at the Cd concentrations stress which was 300 mg·kg^-1 and the text result had exceeded the critical value of Cd hyperaccumulators which was 100 mg·kg^-1. The above ground dry weight and below ground dry weight in A. conyzoides plant decreased gradually with Cd concentration increasing. The above ground dry weight and below ground weight would be inhibited significantly at the moderate Cd concentration stress and high Cd concentration stress. The ratios of root to shoot among different treatments increased gradually with Cd concentration increasing which were higher than the control. It followed that root system growth of A. conyzoides would be inhibited obviously at the high Cd concentration stress. Meanwhile the high Cd concentration stress had a negative impact on nutrient absorption and water uptake of the plant shoot. Ultimately the high Cd concentration stress inhibited the growth and yield increase of plant. With Cd concentration increasing,the maximal photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm)and potential photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(Fv/Fo)increased gradually,while both the initial fluorescence(Fo)and the maximum fluorescence(Fm)decreased gradually,the quantum yield(ФPS Ⅱ),electron transfer efficiency(ETR),the photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)and non photochemical quenching coefficient(qN)increased firstly and then decreased. It was thus clear that,Cd stress disrupted photosynthetic characteristics of A. conyzoides leaves in normal times and delayed senescence in plants. But fluorescence induction kinetic parameters among different treatments had no significant differences. Cd stress had less impact on electron transport,photochemical reactions and heat dissipation ability in the leaves of A. conyzoides. In the research,the growth and dry weight would be inhibited obviously at the high Cd concentrations stress,however,the above ground Cd content and below ground Cd content in A. conyzoides plant has had strong Cd accumulation capacity. Consequently,A. conyzoides could be served as an alternative plant for the phytoremediation which could be used to help repairng Cd contaminated soil.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:10 *]]> SUN Yuan-Yuan, XU Ling-Ling, FENG Xu-Dong, GUAN Ping^* 15true -1 and 100 mg·L^-1)could improve the number of trees female flowers, female flowers rate and fruit-bearing rate of trees, among which the female flowers rate improved respectively by 32.57% and 38.22% than CK, the tip-blunting rate of each treatment was significantly lower than CK,and the tip-blunting rate(18.58%)of treatment B(100 mg·L^-1 ethylene regulator combination)was the minimum,which was 34.18% lower than CK,and the growth rate of bud axis and tip-blunting rate have significant positive correlation. The different treatments improved the flowering and fruit-bearing status of longan body in different degrees,inhibited flowering reversion occurring effectively, and the effects of the treatment spraying mixed liquor consisted of 150.00 mg·L^-1 mutli-effect triazole an 100.00 mg·L^-1 ethephon and 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-benzylaminopurine evenly in the crown most excellent. For the hormones in terminal buds,these contents and hormone balance were changed by the different measures. The results were as follows: with higher GA₃ and ABA contents in the spindle differentiation stage,then GA₃ content and ABA content keeping at a low level in multilevel side inflorescence rapidly-differentiation stage,lower ZT level in the entire morphological differentiation,and that was good for preventing longan flower from reversing and promoting longan bud differentiating. The change of IAA content affection was relatively complex,and its regularity was not strong. Viewing the point of hormones content proportion,smaller ratio of IAA/GA₃ in the spindle differentiation stage,the bigger ratio of ZT/ABA before purple inflorescence primordia appearing-period and the lower ratio of ZT/ABA and GA₃/ABA in hole morphological differentiation,which were beneficial to longan flowering. The study would provide theoretical basis for Luzhou longan high quality and high yield cultivation.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:11 *, XIONG Bo, LIAO Feng-Ling, GAO Jin-Fei, ZHANG Ting-Ting]]> FAN Qian-Qian, WANG Zhi-Hui^*, XIONG Bo, LIAO Feng-Ling, GAO Jin-Fei, ZHANG Ting-Ting 14true Lonicera macranthoides‘Yulei 1' was investigated in this study. Different kinds and concentrations of exogenous hormones were added in culture media to induce the proliferation anddifferentiation of callus. The biomass and amount of chlorogenic acid in callus were analyzed by weight and HPLC. The result showed that the biomass of callus and amount of chlorogenic acid were affected by variation of hormones. TDZ in all hormones had the strongest influence on the biomass of callus when single exogenous hormone was added. It reached the maximum of 0.62 g in 0.5 mg·L^-1 TDZ. On the other hand,TDZ had the least influence on the generation of chlorogenic acid, whereas 0.5 mg·L^-1 of NAA had the highest amount(11.18 mg·g^-1). In the groups of combination of hormones, the ones with TDZ generated abundant biomass but low chlorgenic acid. The group of MS+TDZ 0.5 mg·L^-1 + 2,4-D 0.5 mg·L^-1 which had the highest biomass(0.65 g)and relatively high chlorogenic acid(15.53 mg·g^-1),was the most appropriate culture media. Therefore, this study provides an important basis on obtaining enormous chlorogenic acid from callus of L. macranthoides ‘Yulei 1' through screening the different exogenous hormones and their combinations.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:11 1*, TAN Yun-Ya¹, LIANG Hong-Ying²,TANG Ming¹, MA Dan-Wei¹, WANG Ya-Nan¹]]> LI Qun^1*, TAN Yun-Ya¹, LIANG Hong-Ying²,TANG Ming¹, MA Dan-Wei¹, WANG Ya-Nan¹ 13true Brachythecium procumbens,Hypnum hamulosum,Leucobryum glaucum,and Hedwigia ciliata under conditions similar to their natural habitats and those after their submersion in water. We also made their photosynthetic light-response curves by using rectangular hyperbolic model. We found significant differences among their maximum net photosynthesis rate(Pn),light saturation point(LSP),and light compensation point(LCP). The variation ranges of their maximal Pn,LSP and LCP were from 122.575 to 19.099 μmol CO₂·kg^-1 DW·s^-1,from 1 166.00 to 670.030 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,and from 85.000 to 5.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,respectively. After Brachythecium procumbens,Hedwigia hamulosum and Leucobryum glaucum had been submerged in water for 30 d,their maximal Pn were 110.78%,80.84% and 109.63% of the control,respectively,indicating that these three mosses are able to survive in water during the experimental period. While submerged in water for 20 d,Hedwigia ciliata had only 5.25% net photosynthetic rate of the control,revealing that H. ciliate is not able to grow in aquatic environment. We also discussed the relationships of their photosynthesis with their morphological structure and habitat conditions. Our analyses showed that Brachythecium procumbens,H. hamulosum and Leucobryum glaucum,though distribute in terrestrial habitats in the field,were three potential aquarium plants.]]> 2015/12/14 13:25:12 *]]> SHEN Lin, ZHANG Ze-You, XIA Qiao-Li, GUO Shui-Liang^* 12true E. juluceum by PEG-6000 simulated drought stress conditions. The contents of E. juluceum superoxide dismutase dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), peroxidase(POD)activity, superoxide anion(O^-₂·)and malondialdehyde(MDA)content increased, and at late declined. The carotenoids(Car)content always increasing. As for the relative permeability of membrane, E. juluceum were shown a trend of the parabola and increased in varying degrees, and the soluble protein content in variation of fluctuate. Therefore, the increases in drought stress early O^-₂· and other reactive oxygen species(ROS)induce enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavenging system to start to clear ROS. Keep the radical scavenging ability and strong ability of drought tolerance. So, in the long process of evolution, karst epilithic mosses formed with a series of physiological changes and metabolic mechanism for drought, through the change in morphology to reduce water loss, bad by changes in physiological regulation to cope with the environment, which for the mechanism of resistance to reveal the bryophytes inrocky desertification area, the use of pioneer the pioneering role of bryophytes in rocky desertification control and ecological environment have important value of artificialrestoration of degraded ecosystem.]]> 2015/12/14 17:14:53 1,2, LI Chao³, WANG Shi-Jie^1*, SUM Min⁴]]> ZHANG Xian-Qiang^1,2, LI Chao³, WANG Shi-Jie^1*, SUM Min⁴ 11true Orychophragmus violaceus and Brassica napus were investigated under the stress of Zn deficiency and excessive bicarbonate by ion chromatography,the two plant species were hydroponically grown and cultured in four different treatments: +Zn0(the treatment of adequate Zn and none HCO₃^-),+Zn10(the treatment of adequate Zn and HCO₃^- addition),-Zn0(the treatment of Zn deficiency and none HCO₃^-),and -Zn10(the treatment of Zn deficiency and HCO₃^- addition),respectively. The results were as follows:(1)The total content of organic acids in plant organs and root exudations of the two plant species were significantly increased under excessive bicarbonate treatment,particularly under the dual treatment of Zn deficiency and excessive bicarbonate conditions(-Zn10 treatment),the organic acids in organs and root exudates of O. violaceus were more sensitive than that of B. napus,oxalic,citric and malic acids were the dominant organic acids in organs and root exudates of O. violaceus,the content of these three organic acids took account for more than seventy five percent of the total content of organic acids in organs and root exudates of O. violaceus;(2)The leave was the main region of organic acids production of the two plant species,the content and the allocated proportion of organic acids decreased from aboveground parts(leaves and stems)to belowground parts;(3)The variation trends of organic acids contents of organs were identical with that of root exudates in O. violaceus and B. napus,and the source of organic acids in leaves of the two plant species was derived from the processes of dark respiration and photorespiration,while the source of organic acids in other organs such as stems and roots,as well as the source of organic acids in root exudates were come from the process of dark respiration;(4)The adaptability to the environment of low Zn and excessive HCO₃^- of O. violaceus was higher than that of B. napus,which provided evidences for the adaptability to karst environment of O. violaceus,and ecological restoration in environments with low Zn and excessive HCO₃^-,such as a karst area.]]> 2015/12/14 17:14:54 1, 2, WU Yan-You^{2, 3*}, ZHOU Bao-Hua¹]]> ZHAO Kuan^{1, 2}, WU Yan-You^{2, 3*}, ZHOU Bao-Hua¹ 10true Cinnamomum camphora is a native and rare broadleaf species,and seedling cultivation of rare species plays an extremely important role in species protection,breeding,popularizing et al. Fertilization has an important impact on the growth and development of seedlings. This research try to reveal the influences of fertilization on seeding height,ground diameter,biomass and concentration content in different plant organs,through orthogonal design with three factors including N,P,K nutrients at three levels(N,P:0,3,6 g·pot^-1; K:0,2,4 g·pot^-1)to conduct potted C. camphora seedings with exponential fertilization. The main results were found as follows:(1)Fertilization could significantly promote the growth of seedlings,such as height and ground diameter. The effects of nitrogen was the most significant,followed by potassium fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer;(2)Nitrogen could increase the nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the leaf,stem and root of seedlings. Phosphorus could increase phosphorus content in the leaf,stem and root of seedlings. Potassium could increase potassium content in the leaf,stem and root of seedlings;(3)The seedlings height showed a significant positive relationship with nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the leaves(P<0.05). The ground diameter showed a significant positive relationship with nitrogen content in the stems(P<0.05). The biomass in leaves showed a significant positive relationship with nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the leaves(P<0.05). The biomass in stems showed a significant positive relationship with phosphorus content in the leaves(P<0.05);(4)For one-year-old C. camphora seedlings,the mixed fertilization of 6 g·pot^-1 nitrogen,6 g·pot^-1 phosphorus and 4 g·pot^-1 potassium were beneficial to the seedlings height,ground diameter and biomass of branches and leaves.]]> 2015/12/14 17:14:55 1, SHU Xiang¹, LI Xiao-Qing^2*, LI Xian-Wei¹, HUANG Fu-Xing¹, LI Ping¹]]> FAN Chuan¹, SHU Xiang¹, LI Xiao-Qing^2*, LI Xian-Wei¹, HUANG Fu-Xing¹, LI Ping¹ 9true 2015/12/14 17:14:55 1, XUE Jin-Jun^1*, HOU Yan-Jie¹, XU Jiong-Zhi¹, GONG Hong-Juan^1,2, FANG Zhong-Bin¹, Lü Ming-Qun¹]]> ZHANG Cheng-Yao¹, XUE Jin-Jun^1*, HOU Yan-Jie¹, XU Jiong-Zhi¹, GONG Hong-Juan^1,2, FANG Zhong-Bin¹, Lü Ming-Qun¹ 8true Citrus planted in the southern area of Shaanxi Province were used as experimental materials, and their detached leaves were treated at 5 ℃, 0 ℃, -5 ℃ and -10 ℃to analyze the physiological responses related with cold hardiness of Citrus under low temperature stress. Meanwhile the method of subordinate function was used to compare the cold resistance abilities of Citrus and measure parameter and their contribution rate were analyzed by using principal components analysis. The results showed that three varieties of Citrus leaves in vitro were successively appear leaf curl, water leakage inside the leaf cells, intracellular freezing and eventually lead to stiff blades and external icing with the processing temperature decreases. Changes results of leaf morphology showed that the order of cold tolerance in three varieties of Citrus was Nichinan 1>Okitsu>Fanyatezao. The relative electric conductivity(REC)and malondialdehyde(MDA)of detached leaf all increased obviously under the temperature of 0 ℃ and reached the max value upon the temperature of -10 ℃ in three varieties of Citrus as temperature decreased. REC and MDA value at the same low temperature conditions was the order of Fanyatezao>Okitsu>Nichinan 1. The content of O^-₂·, H₂O₂ and soluble sugar all kept the overall rising trend and proline significantly increased after the first decreased. The activities of SOD, CAT and APX as well as the content of ASC generally increased first and then decreased. The results showed that the cumulative contribution of REC and MDA composite indicator was higher than 85% and had strong representation as citrus cold analysis of key indicators. The results identified by the average degree of membership hardiness indicated that the order of cold tolerance in three varieties of Citrus was Nichinan 1>Okitsu>Fanyatezao.]]> 2016/3/9 12:25:27 1, LI Li², ZHAO Hua¹, LI Xin-Sheng³, SHEN Ji-Xue¹, XU Wei-Ping¹]]> JIANG Jing-Long¹, LI Li², ZHAO Hua¹, LI Xin-Sheng³, SHEN Ji-Xue¹, XU Wei-Ping¹ 7true Ceratopteris thalictroides was cloned by Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced(TAIL)PCR, and sequence analysis was conducted by bioinformatics. The results revealed that the gene was 949 bp long, containing 4 exons interrupted by 3 introns. The deduced protein(named CtHb)with 189 amino acid residues had a predicted isoelectric point(PI)of 7.81 and a calculated molecular mass 21.14 kDa. Modeling of the tertiary structure indicated that CtHb possesses the typical tertiary structure as plant Hbs(including helices A, B, C, E, F, G and H, these together forms a “sandwich” structure of 3-on-3). Comparative structure analysis of CtHb with rice native NsHb1 revealed that most of the CtHb structure was quite similar to that of rice NsHb1, including the positions of helices E and F, where distal and proximal His were located, respectively. However, the structure differences were as follows:(1)The N-terminus region was longer in CtHb than in rice NsHb1;(2)The CD-loop folded differently;(3)Helices to coils transition at the connect regions of helices B and C were different. Structural comparison revealed major evolutionary changes during plant Hbs evolution. Some of these structural changes would be helpful for the transition from nonsymbiotic Hb to symbiotic Hb and for the specialization of a symbiotic function for symbiotic Hb.]]> 2016/3/9 12:25:27 1, GE Ya-Fei¹, LI Da-Wei^2*]]> QI Xiao-Qiong¹, GE Ya-Fei¹, LI Da-Wei^2* 6true Asplenium, Asplenium saxicola and A. varians as materials, we studied the morphological characteristics through conventional anatomical method, and water physiological indexes to compare the applicability of morphological characteristics and water physiological characteristics. The results were as follows:(1)The area of pinnule of A. saxicola was about 214 mm² and its thickness was about 0.30 mm, and the leaf area index was about 0.74. The area of pinnule of A. varians was about 53 mm² and its thickness was about 0.17 mm, and the leaf area index was about 0.65. Leaf area index of A. saxicola was more larger than A. varians.(2)Their epidermal cells were irregular shape and anticlinal walls were repand or sinuate type.(3)The stomatal structure of two pteridophytes in Asplenium were all swells, which indicated that all stomata distributed in the lower epidermis, not in the adaxial epidermis. And stomatal type, shape, size and aspect ratio were stable, the average length mainly in the region of 30-36 μm, the average width of the distribution in 20-28 μm region, the aspect ratio of 1.21 in A. saxicola and the A. varians was 1.33, their aspect ratio of the difference of 0.12, not more than 0.2. But their stomatal type mainly include polocytictype, coaxillocytictype, anomotetracytictype, and the stomata density were significantly different, 72 Nun/mm² and 112 Nun/mm².(4)Xylem vascular bundle were oval double column siphonostele, tracheary elements were back-to-back crescent-shaped, the siphonostele was about 80 μm.(5)The secondary wall of tubular molecules in the vascular bundle appeared different degrees of lignification thickening,both characteristic of tubular molecules, reticulate toroid and scalariform were observed, their diameters were small, the tubular molecules of A. varians was slightly larger than A. saxicola.(6)Relative water content of A. saxicola was about 65%,and its natural moisture content was smaller than the relative water content, only increased by about 6%, ratio of bound water and free water was 1.34, and the water potential -0.71 MPa. Relative water content of A. varians was about 78%, its natural moisture content larger than the relative water content, increased by about 11%, ratio of bound water and free water was 1.16, and the water potential -0.76 MPa. And the drought resistance of A. saxicola was stronger than A. varians. The two fern plants were different in water physiological indexes, but adapted to their morphological characteristics. Therefore, it was relatively reasonable to classify A. saxicola and A. varians to be the same genus, based on the leaf epidermis morphology, stomatal characteristics, xylem vascular bundle and tubular molecules characteristics of view. The study would accumulate more information for Asplenium and drought studies.]]> 2016/3/9 12:25:27 1,2, YANG Yang³, XU Cheng-Dong^2,4*]]> LI Xue-Mei^1,2, YANG Yang³, XU Cheng-Dong^2,4* 5true Phyllostachys edulis was studied by paraffin section, and the process of anther development of P. edulis was also analysed, including the development process of the anther, anther wall and microspore. The results showed that the anther wall of P. edulis contains four layer of cells, which were epidermal cells, endothecium cells, middle layer cells and tapetum cells. There was only a layer of cells with flat shape in endothecium cells and middle layer cells. At the end of the anther development when microspore goes to pull over, endothecium cells would degrade gradually and the middle layer cells would break up and disappeared. The development of anther wall was monocotyledonous type, and the tapetum belonged to secretory type with a layer of cells growing in radial direction, the final development of tapetum disappeared by themselves. The type of cytokinesis of microsporocyte meioticdivision was successive, and the generated microspore from which then fomated mature pollen by one mitosis process. Mature pollen grains were mostly two-celled, rarely three-celled. In addition, we found that there was a corresponding relationship between the development of anther and continuous morphology change of the inflorescence. Based on the results of continuous observation on the inflorescence and paraffin section assays, we also found that unceasing development and division of anther occurred with the continuous development of inflorescence, and anther wall layers of cells were gradually formed. Then microspore became mature gradually and the layers of the anther degraded and disappeared during the process, and then mature pollen spilled out from the dehiscenced anther. Our research would enrich the studies on the reproductive biology of bamboos and also was of great significance to the study on the germplasm of moso bamboo.]]> 2016/3/9 12:25:27 1, SUN Li-Fang^1,2, FENG Yun¹, LIAN Chao¹, RAN Hong¹, ZHANG Ying¹, GUO Qi-Rong^1*]]> ZHOU Jian-Mei¹, SUN Li-Fang^1,2, FENG Yun¹, LIAN Chao¹, RAN Hong¹, ZHANG Ying¹, GUO Qi-Rong^1* 4true Camellia cuspidata from Fanjing Mountain, thereby providing insights for parental selection in hybrid breeding. Nine superior variety individuals of C. cuspidata from different provenances were used as experimental materials. Pollen number was determined using a cellulase decomposition method, pollen viability was assessed through in vitro agar germination assays, and pollen morphological features were observed via scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Cluster analysis was conducted based on the following quantitative traits: polar axis length(P), equatorial axis diameter(E), sulcus length(L), P/E value, P × E value, and L/P value. The results were as follows:(1)C. cuspidata from Fanjing Mountain exhibited high pollen productivity and viability. The number of pollen grains per anther ranged from 4 780 to 12 950. Pollen germination rate exceeded 91.20% in all genotypes except for FJSCF9, which showed a germination rate of 71.43%.(2)The exine ornamentation of C. cuspidata pollen included six distinct types: foveolate, reticulate, cerebroid, rugulate-granular, rugulate-reticulate, and rugulate. Considerable morphological variation was observed among the nine provenances. Pollen size(P × E value)ranged from 1 903 to 2 275.92 μm², and the pollen L/P values between 0.79 and 0.89. The polar axis length of FJSCF3(64.20 μm)was significantly greater than those of other provenances(P<0.05), while the sulcus length of FJSCF12(43.77 μm)was significantly shorter than those of other provenances(P<0.05).(3)Cluster analysis classified the nine provenances into three groups: Group I comprised six accessions(FJSCF1, FJSCF4, FJSCF8, FJSCF9, FJSCF10, and FJSCF11), characterized by medium-sized pollen; Group Ⅱ included two accessions(FJSCF12 and FJSCF13)with relatively small pollen; Group Ⅲ consisted solely of FJSCF3, which had the largest pollen grains, along with the greatest P and P × E values(64.20 μm and 2 275.92 μm², respectively). In conclusion, the nine provenances of C. cuspidata from Fanjing Mountain demonstrated high pollen fertility, suggesting their potential use as paternal parents in hybridization breeding. Additionally, pollen morphology and exine sculpturing patterns can serve as auxiliary indicators for intraspecific classification and identification.]]> 2026/5/9 21:51:38 *, MING Yongzhong, RAO Xue, ZHAO Junru, SU Xinyu, YANG Hong, YANG Chuandong]]> ZHU Zhoujun^*, MING Yongzhong, RAO Xue, ZHAO Junru, SU Xinyu, YANG Hong, YANG Chuandong 3true 2026/5/9 21:51:38 *]]> ZHANG Qianghao, YANG Yaowen, GENG Shunjun, GAO Xiaojun, GAO Qian, YA Huajin, LI Mingqian^* 2true Oxalis obtusa, this study identified the culture conditions for optimal germination of O. obtusa pollen in vitro, established an efficient pollen vitality staining method, and investigated optimal pollen storage temperature for six cultivars. An orthogonal experiment was used to screen the culture conditions suitable for pollen germination. Different pollen viability staining methods including TTC staining, Aceto-carmine staining, I₂-KI staining, and Alexander staining, were carried out and results were compared with those of the in vitro germination assay to evaluate their reliability. To determine the effects of temperatures on pollen vitality and an optimal pollen storage temperature, the pollens stored at different temperatures(28, 4, -20, -80 ℃)for different period(0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 d)were assayed. The results were as follows:(1)The optimal culture condition for the in vitro germination of O. obtusa pollens was 20 g·L^-1 agar+100 g·L^-1 sucrose+200 mg·L^-1 H₃BO₃+200 mg·L^-1 CaCl₂, at 25 ℃ for 4 h.(2)The in vitro germination method significantly affected the pollen vitality of O. obtusa. It was found that the pollen vitality ratio determined by I₂-KI staining or Aceto-carmine staining was significantly higher than that determined by in vitro germination method. The TTC staining did not work on O. obtusa. The Alexander staining revealed a pollen vitality ratio that had no significant difference from that by the in vitro germination method.(3)The descending speed order of the O. obtusa pollen viability at different temperatures was room temperature > 4 ℃ > -20 ℃ > -80 ℃, and the optimal storage temperature was -80 ℃. To summarize, this study systematically studied the optimal culture conditions for the in vitro germination of O. obtusa pollens and determined that the Alexander method is the most efficient and accurate staining method for pollen viability. This research results provide important theoretical basis for improing artificial pollination, hybrid breeding, pollen collection and pollen storage of the O. obtusa, which can potentially solve the problems of missing flowering period and long-distance pollination.]]> 2026/5/9 21:51:38 1, XIU Meiling², WU Shasha^1*]]> LU Wenwen¹, XIU Meiling², WU Shasha^1* 1true