-->Plant Systems and Evolution

Phylogenetic analysis of Malaxideae(Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): two new species based on the combined nrDNA ITS and chloroplast matK sequences

2015/12/14 15:20:37

Malaxideae is a larger cosmopolitan orchid tribe consisting of nearly 2 000 species and is distributed worldwide,excluding the polar and desert regions. It is abundant in the tropical regions,particularly in Australia,and the tropical Asia,Southeast Asia,the tropical Americas and Africa. Molecular and morphological analyses have been performed to establish the phylogenetic relationships within this tribe. However,the subtribe and intergeneric relationships remain unclear,and the genus definition of this tribe is considerably controversial. The maximum parsimony,maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were performed based on the combined sequences of the nuclear ITS and chloroplast matK genes of 133 taxa(10 other allied species as outgroups),which represent nearly all of the major genera of the Malaxideae. These results suggested that Malaxideae could be divided into three clades,the epiphytic Oberoniinae,the terrestrial Liparidinae,and a terrestrial Crepidium clade. The Oberoniinae and Liparidinae could be divided into six genera and five genera respectively,and Crepidium clade camposes of four genera. The subtribe Ypsilorchidinae should be attributed to Oberoniinae. Disticholiparis should be removed because it shared the same type with Stichorkis. The phylogenetic relationship of Crepidium and Dienia is monophyletic,although they have different lip structures. In addition,two new species found in Southwest China and northern Vietnam,Platystyliparis malipoensis G. D. Tang,X. Y. Zhuang & Z. J. Liu and Cestichis pingtaoi G. D. Tang,X. Y. Zhuang & Z. J. Liu,were described based on the molecular analysis and morphological observation.

Screening and analysis of chloroplast SSR primers in ramie

2015/12/14 15:20:37

Given a maternal inheritance nature(except for some gymnosperms)and a low frequency of genetic recombination, chloroplast satellites markers are especially useful in plant genetic diversity analysis, population genetic structure analysis, phylogenetic analysis and hybrid identification, which is an effective means of phylogeography. The main producing area and main distribution area of ramie is in China,but the phylogeography research on ramie have not been reported. This article's aim is to screen polymorphism cpSSR primers appropriate for phylogeography from universal cpSSR primers. In this paper,23 pairs of universal cpSSR primers were screened using 52 ramie samples from different locations all over the country,by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. And clustering analysis and cpDNA haplotypes analysis of 52 ramie samples were conducted using the screened primers. Sixteen out of them were polymorphic, and the average polymorphism information content of them was 0.105 3. Although the polymorphism of these primers was low,they could be used in the research of genetic analysis in ramie. Fifty-two samples were clustered into ten groups and divided into eight haplotypes,and primarily analysis showed that the genetic variation of cpSSR remains slow, these primers were not suitable for phylogentic research. However, these primers were able to detect haplotype variation, and suitable for the phylogeography research on ramie.

Taxonomic revision of Sino-Himalayan endemic Aconitum ludlowii Exell(Ranunculaceae)

2015/12/14 15:20:40

Aconitum(Ranunculaceae)is a large genus with about 400 species, in which 211 species are in China. The Sino-Himalayan subregion is not only the preservation centre of the primitive groups and species, but also an actively differentiating region of the genus. Described by Arthur Wallis Exell in 1926, A. ludlowii Exell is a stenochoric species restricted to Gyantse(Jiangzi County)in the Rikaze Prefecture of the Southwestern Tibet, and its carpels were glabrous. However according to our survey, morphological observations and taxonomic identification of A. ludlowii Exell in Tibet, the actual situation is more complex. Its carpels were glabrous, subglabrous, or pilose. Mozhugongka County and Nimu County of Lhasa, Langkazi County, Cuona County and Naidong County of Shannan Prefecture, Jiangzi County, Nanmulin County and Yadong County of Rikaze Prefecture and Shenzha County of Naqu Prefectureare in Tibet are the main distribution areas of this species. Therefore, a taxonomic revision of the Sino-Himalayan endemic species is provided as follows: Carpellis 5 glabris vel dimidio superiore pilosis haud patentibus.

Notes on Orthothecium(Bryophyta)of China

2015/12/14 15:20:38

The long-term lack of systematic morphological characteristic descriptions and species distinctions of Orthothecium Bruch & Schimp in China resulted in the difficult taxonomy. For further understanding of the classification of this genus, in addition to the study of original literatures of the related Orthothecium species, morphological characters of types and general specimens were observed. The specimens examined were collected from the United States, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Nepal and China(Inner Mongolia, Sichuan and Xinjiang). This study confirmed this genus species distribution in China. O. intricatum(Hartm. )Schimp was newly recorded in Inner Mongolia and Xinjing, O. rufescens (Dicks. Ex Brid. )Schimp newly recorded in Sichuan. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and a key of three Orthothecium species were provided, promoting for the taxonomy study of Orthothecium and Plagiotheciaceae.

Leaf venation of Berberis(Berberidaceae)in Guizhou

2015/12/14 15:20:39

Leaf venation of 28 species and 2 variety species of Berberis(Berberidaceae)in Guizhou were made a comparative observation to search new taxonomic evidences and make a study of its systematic significance in Berberis by the means of making leaf venation specimens and clearing leaf specimens. The results showed that venation pattern could be divided into five types: semicraspedodromous, festooned semicraspedodromous, simple brochidodromous, festooned brochidodromous and the mixed. The highest vein order is fifth-order course. Primary veins framework were all pinnate and had a single first-order vein, the size included massive, stout, moderate and weak four types and the branching ways include monopodial and sympodial. Major secondary vein framework include two types: one type was that major secondaries branch to the margin, one of the branches terminates at the margin, and the others joined the superjacent major secondary or formed more than one set of loops; the other was that major secondaries joined in a series of prominent arches and loops of secondary gauge or branched into multiple sets of loops of secondary gauge, often with accessory loops of higher gauge and all the major secondaries did not reach the margin, variation of major secondaries angle to midvein separately. Interior secondaries present or absent, formed loops of secondary gauge or branched to the base of the leaf and midvein if present; minor secondary course included semicraspedodromous, simple brochidodromous and eucamptodromous; intersecondary veins were complicated, but the average number of intersecondry veins per intercostal area were different among the species. Tertiary veins crossed between adjacent secondaries, anastomose with other tertiary veins and secondary veins to form a net or branch without forming a tertiary reticulum. Quaternary and quinternary veins were formed by fourth-order vein and fifth-order vein courses, and always mixed, they anastomosed with other veins to form a net or branch freely and to be the finest vein-order the leaf exhibits, besides, they were also components of freely ending veinlets. The present of the areolation was from poor development to good development. Freely ending veinlets changed from unbranched to branch unequal. Marginal ultimate venations included the absent, incomplete, spiked and looped. Most species had leaf teeth along the margin, number of teeth per centimeter and gland characters in the tooth are different among the species, and had identification values, but other tooth characters such as tooth spacing and shape were complicated and changeful or had little differences among the species, at the same time, venation in the teeth were unstable, too. Besides, leaf teeth had an effect on the leaf venation pattern. Different kinds of leaf venation patterns presented among the species and had a important significance in taxonomy, variations of leaf venation patterns and complicated degrees showed the evolvement characters of the Berberis; present of the leaf teeth and its characters also had certain significance in taxonomy and systematology. Main leaf venation characters of the species were summarized in a table for the species of Berberis in Guizhou, based on the leaf venation characters with main diagnostic morphologically.

Microstructure and distribution of pathogenic fungi of root rot in the root of Angelica sinensis

2015/12/14 15:20:38

Microstructure and distribution of pathogenic fungi of root rot in the roots of Angelica sinensis were studied through freehand section, paraffin technology, ultramicrotomy technology and photomicrography technology. The results indicated that the secondary structure of the roots of A. sinensis consisted of the periderm and cylinders, and the periderm was composed of cork, cork cambium, arld phelloderm. The secondary phloem consisted of sieve cells, phloem parenehymas, phloem fibers and secretory canal, which occupied more than 60% of the diameter of root and the parenchymas cells were abundant in starch grain and other inclusions. Vessels,xylary radials and parenchyma cells formed the secondary xylem, which had several ridges of pmtoxylem, xylary radial and the phloem ray were conspicuous. The pathogenic fungi were colonized in the periderm and stele, they infected the phloem parenchymas through cork, cork cambium, and arld phelloderm, and then formed pelotons, and expanded their occupying area of phloem. They even invaded the xylem and destroyed vessels. Further study also found that starch grains was the main place for fungal colonization, pathogenic fungi penetrated or wrapped around them, utilizing their nutrition to grow and reproduce.

Primulina bobaiensis, a new species of Gesnericaeae from Guangxi, China and its phylogenetic placement revealed by the chloroplast matK gene

2015/12/14 17:14:46

Primulina(Gesneriaceae)is an enigmatic group of lithophytic plants, which encompass over 160 species mainly distributed in the limestone region of southern China and nothern Vietnam. A majority of species of the genus have very narrow distribution, which have been found in only one or a few proximate localities. It seems that this genus could even possess much more diversity than presently known as lots of new species have recently been and are being discribed,particularly from its distributional center. In the presnt study, a new species of Gesneriaceae, P. bobaiensis from Guangxi, China is described and illustrated. We intuitively judged the higher taxonomic unit,i.e. genus,that the assumed new species should belong to; compared the morphologies of this assumed new species with all other recognized species previously discribed in the genus and deduced possible close relatives of the new species based on morphological similarity. Then we tested its affinities to other sampled species from the same large region and the divergence of DNA sequences between the assumed new species and its closest relatives. Morphologically,this new species is assumed to belong to the genus Primulina and can be easily distinguished from all other Gesneriaceae species by its special floral appearance,e.g. lower lip is much longer than upper lip and it has spotted marks on the inside of the upper lip(the majority of other species have striped marks on the inside(s)of the lower and/or upper lips). Subsequently,the taxonomic treatment of being attibuted to Primulina and the monophyly of the recircumscribed genus Primulina s.l. are also corroborated by the molecular evidence based on the plastid matK gene. Within the genus the new species is suggested to be the sister of a lineage comprising P. swinglei and P. laxiflora. Further examination of the matK sequences indicated 5 and 11 base differences of P. bobaiensis separating from P. swinglei and P. laxiflora, respectively, implying potential long period of isolation from these species or high substitution rate of the matK gene in these taxa. Moreover, the new species is restricted on Danxia rocks while its closest relatives as well as most of its congeners are confined on limestone rocks,suggesting possible specific edaphic adaptation and isolation of the new species. Further, the high endemism with low abundance and usually morphological and molecular distinctiveness of this and many other species of Primulina would also superimpose the importance of conservation of these rare species.

Gametophyte development in Mesopteris tonkineusis and its systematic significance

2015/12/14 17:14:47

The spores of Mesopteris tonkinensis were artificial cultured in Knop's liquid culture medium with constant temperature 25 ℃ incubator. Light intensity was 2 500 lx,and light 12 h,dark 12 h every day. And at every stage of the spore germination and gametophyte development had been observed and recorded detailedly under the microscope. We provided a lot of detailed data in the course of gametophytes development of M. tonkineusis, and evidence for phylogenetic studies through these characteristics of spore germination and gametophyte development. The result showed that the mature spores were dark brown,bilateral symmetry and no transparent,elliptical in polar view,rounded triangle in equatorial view,and with a single fracture,and perisporium with dense ridge folds. The size of these mature spores was 56.1(49.7-61.4)μm×67.2(58.8-69.3)μm. All the data were averages of random measured 10 numerical. The spore germination was Vittaria-type,and the gametophyte development was Adiantum-type. Having rhizoid,they consisted of single cell that had not chloroplasts. And the bottom of rhizoid was enlargement. The spores germinat about 15 d after sowing,forming 2-5 cells long of filaments.The prothallial plates formed around 20 d after inoculation. The young prothallium developed about 30 d after sowing,and they were not symmetry. But the mature prothallus was symmetrical cordate type. Mature prothallus were formed about 56 d after sowing. There were some things that papillary trichomes were spreading on upper and lower surfaces and along the margin of prothallium. But the left and right wings apical cells of young prothallium also had papillary trichomes. These papillary trichomes consisted of single cell. Antheridium was appeared on mature prothallus around 68 d after sowing. The antheridium was nearly round ball. It made up of 3 cells. One was a basal cell. The other one was a ring cell. The third was a cover cell. As the antheridium matured,the cap cell dehisced. And the spermatozoids were discharged through the cap cell. Their archegonium had occurrence all most the same time. About 75 days after sowing,archegonium was available on the margin and the lower surface of the mature prothallus. The neck of mature archegonium was composed of 3 layers of cells. The archegonium was perpendicular to the surface or inclined to the root-based of prothallus. Their lateral view was column. And the top view was the copper surface shape. The top cells would lost when the archegonium open. The paper preliminary discussed their taxonomic significance. It was discovered that these characteristics of M. tonkineusis gametophyte development and other genera of gametophyte development characteristics in Thelypteridaceae had great difference. Therefore,phylogenetic relationship of M. tonkineusis need to be further investigated.

Cloning and evolutionary analysis of homologous sequences of RALF in Cruciferae

2015/12/14 17:14:48

Peptide hormones genes are important in plant growth and development and RALF(rapid alkalinization factor)is one of them. Cruciferae is a big family in Chinese vegetable crops. Polypeptide hormone gene RALFbn was cloned from Brassica campestris(rape)in the authors' previous work. In order to find out the information of RALF homologous genes in Cruciferae vegetable crops,this experiment was done. At this time,the primers were designed according to the sequence of RALFbn gene. The genomic DNAs of 7 important vegetable crops were extracted in advance. The vegetable materials were selected from Brassica,Raphanus,Rorippa and Barbarea and they all belonged to the same family of Cruciferae. Seven sequences homologous to RALF were cloned from the 7 materials from important vegetable crops with the primers designed from RALFbn. Then the 7 DNA sequences together with the RALFbn gene were analyzed. The results showed that all the DNA sequences' open reading frames were about 300 bp long. There was no intron in the 7 genes. The 7 proteins encoded by them were all made by 73 amino acids. All these indicated that the RALF homologous genes were very conservative in the 4 genera of cruciferous species. At the same time,the 7 RALF homologous genes expression analyses were done in four genera in Cruciferae. The result indicated that these genes were not or weakly expressed in root,stem,leaf,inflorescence axis and other vegetative organs,while mainly expressed in reproductive organs,in which,the total amounts of the expression in flower buds and open flowers were generally higher than those in tender siliques. All the expression indicated that the physiological active period of these genes in Cruciferae was in the flower growth period. The system tree was constructed with the 7 RALF homologous genes in the 4 genera of Cruciferae. The NJ tree of RALF homologous genes reflected that RALFbn,BoRALFjx and BoRALFzh formed a branch while BjRALFdn4 and BjRALFxlh formed another branch with the rest RALF homologous genes from Raphanus,Rorippa,Barbarea clustered in the same branch. The evolutionary pathway of these RALF homologous genes in a certain extent also reflected the genetic background relationships between these crops. In all,this study enriched the information of the rapid alkalinization factor(RALF)family and expanded the knowledge of the molecular evolution data of Cruciferae.

Study on the lichen genus Toninia A. Massal. in Xinjiang, China

2015/12/14 17:14:49

Specimens for this study were collected from southern and central Tianshan Mts. of Xinjiang, China. In the laboratory standard methods of morphological,anatomical and chemotaxonomical analyses were used. The chemical analyses were carried out using spot tests(TC),thin layer chromatography(TLC). As a result, five species of the Lichen genus Toninia A. Massal:T. alutacea(Anzi)Jatta,T. caeruleonigricans (Lightf.)Th. Fr.,T. candida (Weber)Th. Fr.,T. physaroides(Opiz)Zahlbr.,T. tristis subsp. asiae-centralis(H. Magn.)Timdal,are reported. Among them,T. alutacea(Anzi)Jatta and T. physaroides(Opiz)Zahlbr. are new to China. The morphological,anatomical,chemical and ecological descriptions of species are given. Photos of the thalli and a key to Toninia species occurred in Xinjiang are also presented. This study would provide both valuable information for the application of research on Xinjiang lichens and scientific research materials for the diversity of lichen in China.

Floral syndrome and breeding system of Atractylodes japonica

2015/12/14 17:14:49

The study on floral syndrome and breeding system of Atractylodes japonica was carried out with the method of fixed-point observation,pollen-ovule ratio(P/O),out-crossing index,bagging pollination, in order to provide the theoretical basis for its resource protection and artificial cultivation. The results showed that flowering period of populations was from late July to early September,the life span of individual inflorescence was 12-17 d,and the peak period of daily flowering for floret was at 7:00-8:00 a.m. Pollen vitality was the highest(above 90%)within 2 h,while stigma was no receptivity and its receptivity was the highest after flowering 48-72 h. The P/O ratio was 6 690,hybrid index was 5,breeding system was xenogamy,and the main floral visitors were bees and flies. There was no apomixes based on bagging and pollination studies,inbred and geitonogamous seed setting rate was low. So,the outcrossing was the major breeding system of A. japonica.

Diversity of endosperm cells in Elymus and related diploid genera

2015/12/14 17:14:50

Elymus L. is not only an important gene pool for crops, such as wheat and barley, but also an important part of fine forages. The endosperm is a important part to seeds of cereal crops and the weight of endosperm is more than 90% in cereal crops seeds. The endosperm characteristics is a relatively stable genetic character, which can be used as a indicator to research plant classification and phylogenetic relationships. As the kind of micro morphological characteristics of plants, the endosperm characteristics is valuable in phylogeny of Triticeae. To provide evidence of the endosperm cells for reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Elymus species, as well as accumulate data for use the genus improve the quality of wheat and barley. The endosperm cells of 11 Triticeae species which belong to 6 Elymus species, 2 Pseudoroegneria species, 1 Hordeum species or 2 Agropyron species, were surveyed in this paper. The results were as follows:(1)Significant variations existed in the size, forms and quantity of endosperm cells in those species;(2)The cell shape and size existed small variations in Agropyron cristatum(P), A. mongolicum (P)and Pseudoroegneria libanotica (St), P. spicata (St), respectively;(3)The differences in genera were smaller than those in species, indicating that the characters of endosperm cells had less value in the systematic studies of those genera than in the studies of those species in Triticeae.

A new record of Cleisostoma(Orchidaceae)from China

2015/12/14 17:14:51

Cleisostoma Bl. is an orchid genus with approximately 100 accepted species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. There are about 16 species in China(4 endemic)before. Cleisostoma aspersum(Rchb. f.)Garay, so far known only from Yunnan, is reported from China. A detailed description and photos are provided. This species is easily distinguished from its relatives by bilobulate leaves, fat and obtuse midlobe of the lip, conical rostellum with an oblique apex, and beaked operculum. It is similar to Cleisostoma discolor Lindl. in floral morphology, but the latter differs by having a lip with thin spathulate truncate midlobe, with erose front edge.

Ultrastructure of the sporoderm development in Woodwardia japonica

DAI Xi-Ling, CAO Jian-Guo, WANG Quan-Xi — 2015/12/14 17:14:51

There are many subtypes of spore in Dryopteroid type. Preliminary studies show that the characteristics of spore wall development vary even in the similar subtypes in the Dryopteris type. So,it is necessary to study the spore wall development further of the representative species. The development of sporoderm of the fern Woodwardia japonica were studied using transmission electron microscope(TEM)in this study. The results were as followed: The sporangium was composed of sporangial wall cells, two layers of tapetal cells and spore mother cells from outer to the center. The mature spores of W. japonica possess exospored of Blechnoid type with smooth surface. The exspore consisted of two layers and there were radial canals. And the perispore was of cavity type, which consists of 4 layers,i.e. the P1,P2,P3 and P4 from the inner side to the outer side. The inner three layers,i.e. the P1,P2,P3,lied closely and narrow gaps were seen between the three layers. A broad cavity occurs between the P3 layer and P4 layer,which was the outmost layer of the perispore. The perispore forms the plicate lamellate ornamination by local uplift. Spherules and rodlets were observed to participate the perispore formation. All or part of the perispore were derived from the material of the jacket cells of the sporangium. Although the spore type of W. japonica, Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm.(Dryopteridaceae)and Dryoathyrium coreanum (Christ)Tagawa(Athyriaceae)belonged to the Dryopteroid type,the perispore structure,development of the different layers of the perispore,derivation of the perispore and the characteristic materials that form the perispore of W. japonica spores differed obviously from those of the ferns Cyrtomium fortunei and Dryoathyrium coreanum. The present investigation was beneficial to understand the scientific significance of the spore wall development in classification and phylogeny.

Comparative study about the anatomical structure for stem of Carum carvi in different elevations of alpine-cold area

SHEN Ning-Dong, WEI Mei-Qin, LI Zong-Ren, XIONG Hui-Yan — 2015/12/14 17:14:52

We compared and analyzed the primary anatomical structures for stem of Carum carvi on five different altitudes by paraffin section methods, and observed the structure with unidimensional and two-dimensional(area)index properties,in order to find out the change rule of structures for stem of C. carvi with the rising of elevation,which could provide basic information for the development and utilization of C. carvi. The test showed that stem primary structure consisted of cortex and vascular cylinder. With the altitude increasing, the thickness of epidermis and pith,the width of pith ray and the area of aerenchyma gradually increased,but the ratio of vascular tissue to fundamental tissue gradually reduced; the number of layers and thickness of cortex,the number and thickness of vascular bundle gradually decreased,however,the development degree of vascular bundle and the diameter of duct gradually increased. The thickening of epidermis could reduce the losing their body heat and decrease the damage from strong ultraviolet rays; The increasing of ratio of fundamental tissue was conducive to store more physiological regulatory substances,increase of cold resistance abilities in the plant; The development of aerenchyma could reduce the diffusional resistance of the air inside the plant,channel being formed along aerial parts to underground part,and also could increase the plant's buoyancy,reduce the proportion of plants. The varying of anatomical structures for stem of C. cavri during different elevation reflected plant adaptations for environment. But in this experiment,some special phenomenon was observed,the number of layers and thickness of cortex in C. carvi stem,this phenomenon was reported in the aerial stem structures of Kobresia pygmaea and its mechanical tissue of aerial part had a decline meanwhile underground part had a rise. Whether this kind of phenomenon exists or not,we must further carry on study about anatomical structures for root of C. carvi. In this study,we also found that the number and thickness of vascular bundle gradually decreased,however the development degree of vascular bundle and the diameter of duct gradually increased with the increasing of the altitude. The possible reason was that its low temperature and short frostless period were under the high altitude conditions,the plant developed more completely under the high altitude areas than the low altitude areas in same growth period. It also reflected plant adaptations for environment. And the problem about development degree of the same plant in different altitudes still need further research.

Taxonomic significance of the pollen morphology of subg. Clavicarpa (Impatiens, Balsaminaceae)

2016/10/30 19:46:39

Subg. Clavicarpa, the earliest basal taxa of Impatiens, are characterized by perennial herb, more than 5-flowered racemose inflorescence, 4 lateral sepals, hammer-shaped capsule, 4-carpellated ovary with one seed per loculus and 3-colpated pollen grain with trianger polar view. The majority of the subgenus occurred in South China with a few outliers radiated to central China and Indo-China Peninsula. Previous studies indicated that the morphological characters of pollen were valuable in the subdivision of Impatiens but few species involved in subg. Clavicarpa. In this study, pollen grains of 14 species from subg. Clavicarpa were employed and investigated under scanning electron microscope aimed at elucidating their taxomonic value. The results showed that pollen grains of subg. Clavicarpa presented as 3-colpate single grain and triangular or triangular-subcircular in polar view. The exine of pollen was reticulate ornamentation and muri of reticulate ornamentation were smooth or sinuolate towards margin. There were granules in the lumina with different densities. The pollen characters of subg. Clavicarpa were similar to that of Hydrocera. Moreover, morphological traits of pollen were poor in variation pattern and also lack of correlation with gross morphological characters. Therefore, the pollen grain traits could provide limited value in the further division of subg. Clavicarpa but with valuable evidences in circumscription of species. While some characters of pollen grains, eg. triangle in polar view and three germinal apertures are diagnostic characters to circumscribe subg. Clavicarpa.

Discrimination of Zingiberaceae using FTIR spectroscopy

2016/10/30 19:46:40

We measured ginger Zingiberaceae subfamily six species of two genera and 29 species of plants spectrum measurement with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and analysed and compared different genra of Zingiberaceae and different species of the same genus in the infrared spectrum picture. The combined with clustering analysis of. Infrared spectrum chart peak positions were basically the same, and the chemical composition were roughly the same. They were composed of carbohydrate, protein, lipid and other biological molecular vibration spectrum band. From 1 800 to 1 000 cm^-1 for second derivative conduction, the difference were mainly concentrated in 1 750-1 400, 1 200-1 000 cm^-1 region, the second derivative could increase the difference of spectral peaks, and improve the resolution of the spectrum. The 1 800-1 000 cm^-1 the second derivative processing, and the differences of the 1 750-1 400, 1 200-1 000 cm^-1 were compared. The absorbance ratios A₁₅₁₆/A₃₄₂₄ and A₁₄₄₉/A₃₄₂₄ were used to reflect the relative content of gingerols and diarylheptanoids, and then the data were analyzed and clustered. The results showed that relative contents of the main chemical constituents of the plant of gingerols and diarylheptanoids compounds in family and species were quite different; the relative contents were significantly different in different gera of the same group, but were similar in different species of the same genus plants. The chemical composition of the sugars in the plant of the ginger family were composed of many types of compounds, but mainly monosaccharides and polysaccharides. At the level of the family, the classification of six families and two genera of the family was in agreement with the results of the traditional classification, and from the point of view of the spectrum. It is suggested that the group level classification of B. longiflora should take the time, energy, and more information and further research in many aspects. It can be known that the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with clustering analysis method can be applied to the classification of Zingiberaceae. This study provides an academic value and a meaningful reference for the classificeation of ginger family.

Anatomical studies of hermaphrodite and female flower anther development of Actractycodes japonica

2016/10/30 19:46:40

Atractylodes DC. is a special Carlininae O. Hoffm. of Cynareae in Northeast Asia. Among the only 7 varieties in the world there are 5 in our country. Anther development and the developing process of male gametophyte of Actractycodes japonica were studied by paraffin method, and the causes and occurrence period of the female flowers anther degradation were further studied. The results were as follows:(1)There was a relationship between microspore cytological development and bud length of actractycodes japonica. It entered into the pollen mother cells period when the bud length reached 5 mm and the anther wall had already been divided. Then it was tetrad stage when it reached 7-9 mm. And it turned into the pollen grain period when it was longer than 11mm.(2)There are five anthers in one flower and there are four pollen sacs in every anther. Meiotic division of microsporocyte developed synchronously and the arrangement of microspores in the tetrad was mainly tetrahedral and it had 3 germinal furrows.(3)The development of anther wall follows the dicotyledonous type was composed of four layers, namely epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum from outside to inside,which belonged to glandular type.(4)The female flowers anther degradation of A. japonica was due to four reasons which were anther early developmental malformation, medicine wall differentiation abnormality, the microspore mother cells stop in meiosis prophase and cannot enter into tetrad stage and tapetum hyperplasia. This study provides the embryological basis for the phylogeny, speciation and evolution of A. japonica.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on anatomical structure of Nyssa yunnanensis leaves under drought stress

2016/10/30 19:46:40

The objective of this study was to verify the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)on drought resistance of Nyssa yunnanensis, and to explore the mycorrhizal ways of plant conservation. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of AMF on anatomical structure characteristics of N. yunnanensis seedlings and their drought resistances under different water conditions. Six water conditions(soil water content)were designed in this pot experiment: 32.32%, 29.63%, 25.86%, 19.39%, 12.93% and 6.46%, and at each water treatment, both sterilization(Low AMF)and no sterilization(High AMF)were contained through adding fungicide benomyl to control AMF. The results showed that AMF colonization rate were significantly decreased in “Low AMF” treatment under different water treatments. Moreover, AMF colonization rate of N. yunnanensis roots significantly decreased with the intensity of increased drought. No significant difference was found in anatomical structure characteristics under mild drought stress conditions(soil water content was 29.63%)whereas N. yunnanensis seedlings showed higher resistances under severe drought stress conditions(soil water content was less than 25.86%). Benomyl treatment significantly affected seven leaf structure indices, such as the leaf cuticle thickness, palisade tissue thickness, upside epidermal thickness, plisade tissue / spongy tissue ratio, tightness of leaf tissue structure, sponge tissue thickness and leaf institutions looseness when soil water content was less than 25.86%, suggesting that high AMF could enhance leaf structure traits on behalf of the drought resistance of N. yunnanensis seedlings when under severe drought stress conditions. Effects of AMF on N. yunnanensis seedlings under 25.86%, 19.39% and 12.93% were more significant than under 6.46% water content of soil. That was because AMF colonization was severely restrained by 6.46% water content of soil. Thus, effects of AMF on plant probably positively related to the colonization rate. Based on principal component analysis of N. yunnanensis 10 structure's index of leaves, and the method of membership function value, leaf traits of main structure index were comprehensively evaluated. The results demonstrated that N. yunnanensis seedlings showed stronger drought resistance under high AMF conditions. The experimental results provided the theoretical basis for the reasonable use of AMF in the protection of endangered species N. yunnanensis.

Karyotypes of nineteen populations of four species in Allium subgenus Anguinum

2017/8/6 0:07:23

Subgenus Anguinum belongs to genus Allium L., tribe Allieae Dumort,subfamily Allioideae Herb., family Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Six speices and two variety species in this subgenus occur in East Asian. They are important medicinal plant, having great economic value. Allium victorialis has been traditionally widely used to treat various conditions such as kaempferol, acid, diallydisulfide, furostanol glycosides. Bioactivity experiments have demonstrated that the plant is effective in lowering lipids and obesity, resisting oxidation, diabetes, cancer, and protecting the liver. Karyotypes of nienteen populations of four species in Allium subgenus Anguinum from China were analyzed to discuss the evolutionary mechanisms of Allium subgenus Anguinum and cytogeography of Allium victorialis, A. listera and A. prattii. Karyotypes of A. ovalifolium var. cordifolium was reported for the first time. Root tips for the study of mitotic chromosomes were obtained from potted plants and pretreated with paradichlorobenzene at room temperature for 9 h.After 12-24 h fixation in 1:3 acetic-alcohol, the root tips were macerated in 1 mol·L^-1 HCL for 9 min at 60 ℃, then stained and squashed in carbol fuchsin, and then Karyotype asymmetry was assessed by As.K%. The results showed that the karyotypes of all the species investigated were 2A according to Stebbins' karyotype classification, and the basic chromosome number is x = 8. All the populations had satellite chromosomes, and most of the satellite chromosomes were subterminal chromosomes and satellites were located in the short arm. Combined with previous studies, our inferences are as follows:(1)Polyploidy and chromosome structural rearrangement are two important evolution patterns in Allium subgenus Anguinum, and environmental heterogeneity promotes the variation in satellite chromosomes.(2)Polyploidy and asexual reproduction are important strategies for Allium victorialis to disperse and exploit new niches.(3)A. listera expands population by chromosome structural rearrangement.

Effects of floral morphology on flower temperature increment in alpine plants

2017/8/6 0:07:24

Low temperature of alpine environment would limits the development of reproductive organs and pollination process, and thus flower structures that increase the temperatures within flowers and inflorescence will protect anthers and ovules from the low temperature and then increase the reproductive success. In this study, we investigated the flower and leaf temperature of 64 alpine plants with an infrared camera equipped with a macro-lens, and then calculated the flower temperature increment(FTI)by subtracting the leaf temperature from the temperature of the reproductive organs. Based on these data, we examined the effects of phylogeny, flowers size, symmetry and color on the FTI. Our result showed that the phylogenetic signal of FTI among different species was weak, indicating that FTI among different species might result from the various demands to temperature, independent of phylogenetic relationship. Furthermore, FTI increased with the increase of flower size, and FTI increased more quickly in zygomorphic flower than in actinomorphic flowers, but the effects of symmetry and color on the averaged FTI were minor across all species. Our results suggest that the differences in FTI are great among different species, but the contribution of FTI on plant reproductive success need to be clarified in future researches.

A morphometric study of Chinese Rubia sect. Oligoneura(Rubiaceae: Rubieae)

2017/8/6 0:07:24

Rubia is the type genus of Rubiaceae, comprising ca. 80 species. China is an important diversity center for Rubia with approximately half of its species, most of which belong to sect. Oligoneura. The morphological variations and taxonomy are complicated in sect. Oligoneura. To provide some statistic evidences for the classification of sect. Oligoneura, we explored a morphometric study based on 20 species(171 specimens)from the section using 28 qualitative and three quantitative characters. Our results showed that the principal components analysis produced the similar result as the cluster analysis, though the accumulation rising slowly with the first three principal components with only 48.56% of the total variations. Contributions to the first three components included leaf shape(leaf length/leaf width), length of leaf petiole, leaf veins, number of leaves in each whorl, and life forms, which were also important to traditional classification of the genus. Our results are congruent with molecular phylogenetic results and support the recognition of ser. Chinensis, R. mandersii group, R. angustissima group and R. siamensis group, but not ser. Cordifoliae. Our results also indicate that most species in sect. Oligoneura can be well distinguished. Therefore, our study suggests that morphometric analysis provides good evidences for species identification and classification within sect. Oligoneura as well as for the whole genus.

Primary investigation on comparatively embryology characteristics of different development periods of Fagaceae female flower

2017/8/6 0:07:24

Fagaceae is one of the dominant tree species in warm temperate forest in the Northern Hemisphere, which has important ecological function and economic development value. Previous studies have shown that there is a significant difference in the process of embryo and fertilization between the genus of Fagaceae. At present, under the framework of the system, there is still a lack of knowledge and understanding of the evolution process of these important reproductive traits. In order to clarify the chaotic anatomical term and analyze the evolution trend of the importance traits of female flower under the framework of phylogenetic, on the basis of the relevant domestic and international literature, open-air investigation and specimen identification. In this paper, the important traits of the female flower at different developmental stages were sorted out and analyzed, and the evolution trend of the above traits in the phylogenetic tree was discussed. In this study, five characters from thirteen species belonging to six genera of Fagaceae were chosen, and Mesquite was used to encode and assign the trait according to the phylogenetic tree of the Oh & Manos based on the nuclear gene CRC and ITS. Among these five characters, the trait of delay time of fertilization was analyzed based on quantitative character. At the same time, the remaining traits were analyzed by qualitative character, and the ancestor traits of female flower morphology and fertilization were reconstructed by maximum parsimony. The results showed that there were four important traits in the female flower of the family, such as locule without trichomes, ovule with evident funicle, ratio of locule and style was large and pollen dormancy in locule. These four traits were plesiomorphy, and another trait of delay time of fertilization was parallel evolution characters. According to the use of anatomy terms situation in the past, aiming at the existing problems of anatomy term confusion, suggestions are put forwarded that using the “postament” to represent the remaining tissue structure of nucellar tissue in embryo sac structure at mature stage in the future. This study reveals the trend of the evolution of female flower and embryological traits in Fagaceae, and also provides the information for exploring the evolution of these traits.

Supplementary description of achenes of Elatostema(Urticaceae)

2017/8/6 0:07:24

The achene of Elatostema owns high morphological diversity indicates its usefulness in delimitation. However, over half of Chinese species are lacking of achene information. In this paper, based on our field collection and specimen checking by light microscope(LM)and scanning electron microscope(SEM), we supplement the description, illustration and photos of achene of seven species that would provide valuable information for further taxonomic revision in this genus.

A new variety of Neocinnamomum H. Liou from Guangxi, China

XU Wen-Bin, XIA Bo-Shun, ZHANG Shou-Jun, CHEN Zhen-Ying — 2017/8/6 0:07:25

Neocinnamomum caudatum (Nees)Merr. var. macrocarpum Wenbin Xu et B. S. Xia is reported as a new variety from Dongling Township, Debao County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. It differs from Neocinnamomum caudatum (Nees)Merr., by having broadly oval fruits, nearly 3 cm long, up to 2 cm wide, and triplinerved leafs(more than 0.5 cm to leaf base).

ITS sequences from cultivars and some wild species of genus Eriobotrya

CHEN Zhuo-Juan — 2017/11/29 16:58:45

Internal transcribed spacer(ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2)regions of seven wild Eriobotrya species and twenty-five loquat(E. japonica)cultivars were cloned and sequenced. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the Neighbor-joining method and the maximum parsimony method, and phylogenetic relationships of different species of were studied in this work. The size of the ITS1+5.8S rDNA+ITS2 sequences was 592 bp or 594 bp. The length variation was found in ITS2. The length of ITS1 and 5.8S rDNA for all sample were identical, with a value of 223 bp and 168 bp. While ITS2 was 201 bp or 203 bp. The experimental data obtained from five wild Eriobotrya plants(E. prinoides, E. prinoides var. daduheensis, E. bengalensis, E. bengalensis f. angustifolia, E. dayaoshanensis)showed the same sequence length of 594 bp, while the others were 592 bp. Variation of GC contents has been also observed and scored as 64.1%-65.5% and 68.1%-72.6% for ITS1 and ITS2. The alignment of all the ITS sequences from Eriobotrya plants produced 44 variable sites with 38 parsimony of informative sites( 11 in ITS1, 5 in 5.8S rDNA and 22 in ITS2 ). The greatest interspecific sequence divergence was 7.7%. The lowest value(0.2%)occurred between E. malipoensis and E. seguinii showed the similar ITS sequence. We found that divergence among loquat(E. japonica)cultivars sequence was very low. The intraspecific sequence variabilities between twenty-five loquat(E. japonica)cultivars were 0-1.5%. All phylogenetic trees, by the Neighbor-joining method and the maximum parsimony method, confirmed these Eriobotrya plants could be divided into three major clades. Clade Ⅰ contained all loquat(E. japonica)cultivars. Clade Ⅱ contained five wild species of Eriobotrya (E. prinoides, E. prinoides var. daduheensis, E. bengalensis, E. bengalensis f. angustifolia, E. dayaoshanensis). Clade Ⅲ consisted of E. malipoensis and E. seguinil formed a basel clade. ITS data failed to resolve internal relationship within the Clade Ⅰ, an important clade since all loquat(E. japonica)cultivars analysed were in this clade. Our results strongly supported the efficiency of ITS sequence for the genetic diversity among Eriobotrya species, but use ITS sequence to identify the variety of loquat(E. japonica)cultivars did not appear to help.

Spore morphology of genus Pyrrosia from China

2017/11/29 16:58:45

The spores of nineteen taxa of genus Pyrrosia were examined by means of light microscopy(LM)and SEM. It was showed the color of the spores was yellow. There were three main ornamentation types, tuberculate, verrucate-tuberculate and tuberculate-murus. The evidence from spore ornamentations was stable, and can be used to differentiate the affined species in this genus.

Leaf morphological characteristics of Symplocos nakaharae complex(Symplocaceae)and their taxonomic significance

2017/11/29 16:58:45

Based on morphology and statistical analysis, we studied the morphological structure of Symplocos nakaharae complex(Symplocaceae). The results showed that leaf texture in this complex can be divided into leathery and papery. Leaf size varied differently, S. kawakamii, S.tetragona, and S. henryi were significantly different from others, and the variation of the rest were continuous. These characteristics could be used to identify species and provide basic data for the study of taxonomic revision in Symplocos nakaharae complex.

Endangered species endemic to microsatellite genetic diversity study on Handeliodendron bodinieri

2017/11/29 16:58:45

Genetic diversity of Handeliodendron bodinieri was studied with microsatellite(SSR)markers. We used nine pairs polymorphic microsatellite loci to reveal that H. bodinieri was rich in genetic diversity. Average number of alleles(Na)and effective number of alleles(Ne)were 3.903 and 2.545 respectively. The mean expected heterozygosity(He)was 0.521 and Shannon's diversity(I)was 0.962 and PIC=0.465. Natural populations of H. bodinieri had relatively high level of genetic diversity, however the genetic diversity of the populations were reduced due to factors like sabotage. The majority of genetic variation occurred within populations. The genetic distance(GD)and genetic identity(GI)among eight populations of H. bodinieri were 0.032-0.164, 0.849-0.970, respectively. According to genetic distance UPGMA, genetic differentiation(G_st = 0.027), G'_stN=0.031, G'_stH=0.064 and gene flow(N_m)was 3.368. The results analyzed by AMOVA showed that the variation among the populations was 3%, while the variation within the populations was 97%. Mantel test revealed that there was positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance(r=0.299, P<0.05)among the populations. The results are helpful to develop scienfific and valid strategies for protecting the biodiversity of H. bodinieri.

Discovery of Androsace cuscutiformis(Primulaceae)in Southeast Henan, China and its micromorphological characteristics and systematic evolutionary significance

2018/9/30 15:33:27

Androsace cuscutiformis is reported as a newly recorded species of Primulaceae from Henan. A. cuscutiformis is different from the others species of Androsace in Henan Province with distinctly stolons filiform and lobed leaf blade in the middle. Identification key is provided for Androsace indigenous to Henan Province. The micromorphological characte-ristics of the leaf epidermis and pollen of A. cuscutiformis were observed and described by light microscope(LM)and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results were as follows both the upper and lower epidermal cells were irregularly polygonal in shape with anticlinal walls sinuate, the lower epidermis had elliptic stomatal apparatus, both the upper and lower epidermis had multicellular hairs with pit sculpture and globular wax, leaf epidermis and types of hair may provide definite reference for the systematic classification and evolution in Androsace; the pollen was elliptic with tricolporate, colpi was narrow, the exine ornamentation of pollen was microechinate without endoaperture, A. cuscutiformis had the smallest pollen in the sect. Samuelia which are different from other groups in Androsace had broad blades, long petioles and dentate or lobed leaf blade. The disjunct distribution of A. cuscutiformis and its relative species A. axillaris and A. geraniifolia and special reproductive mode are likely to indicate that A. cuscutiformis is the relict plant of the primitive group of Androsace in the Funiu Mountain, the southern slope of Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountain.

Floral morphological diversity and cultivar identification in Lycium barbarum

2018/9/30 15:33:27

Forty-two samples of Lycium barbarum were used as test materials, the floral traits of five lines from three different collection dates were observed. At the same time, the morphological indexes of sixteen flower organs in 42 lines of L. barbarum were observed. One-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to study the morphological differences for flowers of L. barbarum. The results showed that the flower organs traits of L. barbarum varied widely and were rich in diversity. One-way analysis of variance between groups showed that the floral traits of L. barbarum did not change significantly in different collected dates. That is, the flower organ morphology of L. barbarum had a certain genetic stability. Therefore, flower organ morphology can be used as the identification index to distinguish different strains in L. barbarum species; The principal component analysis showed that six traits were crucial to the identification of L. barbarum cultivars, including petal outer edge color and lustre, petal frontal-dorsals choroid, petal shape, petal dorsal color and lustre, gorge color and lustre, pistil and stamen position. The cumulative contribution rates of these floral traits reached 84.791%, which was the main differences in L. barbarum flower cultivars. The results of cluster analysis showed that 42 strains of L. barbarum could be divided into six categories at an Euclidean distance of 7.5, and classification results were consistent with the observed floral traits, which can distinguish the L. barbarum. We screened six main indicators that could reflect the differences in flower organ morphology of L. barbarum and divided 42 L. barbarum into five categories. This initially established morphological identification method within and between L. barbarum seed strains, provides the basic information for the floral morphological research and the cultivar identification of L. barbarum, it also has certain reference value for practical production.

Morphological description of inflorescences for four species of genus Phyllostachys (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)

LAI Guanghui — 2018/9/30 0:00:00

Based on the reliable flowering specimens collected from some populations of Phyllostachys in East China, field investigations and anatomical observations, the morphological characteristics of the inflorescence, pseudospikelet and floret of four species within this genus, Ph. dulcis McClure, Ph. longiciliata G. H. Lai, Ph. purpureociliata G. H. Lai and Ph. yunhoensis S. Y. Chen et C. Y. Yao, were described and supplemented, and the photos of flowering branchlets and inflorescences showing main characteristics were provided. Ph. longiciliate G. H. Lai, with capitate inflorescence and short floret, was indicated to belong to sect. Heterocladae C. P. Wang et G. H. Ye, while the other three species, having spitate inflorescence and long floret, were just right to fall into sect. Phyllostachys. All the vouchers were deposited in Herbarium of Guangde Forestry Institute, Anhui Province(GDFI).

Ten newly recorded taxa to the flora of Hong Kong, China

2018/9/30 0:00:00

Hong Kong, located at the southern edge of Guangdong and the northern fringe of the tropics, has suffered from large scale habitat destruction throughout most of its history of inhabitance and has only been in recovery for several decades. It has a long history of botanical exploration, and up to now, more than 2 170 native vascular plant species have been recorded in its territories. Nonetheless, taxa new to science and new records are increasingly being discovered and described. During recent field trips, we found ten new records of vascular plants for Hong Kong. The newly recorded species or varieties are Haplopteris elongata (Swartz) E. H. Crane, Amydrium sinense (Engl.) H. Li, Pothos repens (Lour.) Druce, Cyclea sutchuenensis Gagnep., Dumasia truncata Siebold & Zucc., Aucuba obcordata (Rehder) Fu ex W. K. Hu et Soong, Ficus stenophylla Hemsl., F. gasparriniana var. esquirolii (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Corner, Ilex ficifolia C. J. Tseng ex S. K. Chen et Y. X. Feng and Paraprenanthes sororia (Miq.) C. Shih; Amydrium Schott, Dumasia DC. and Paraprenanthes C. C. Chang ex C. Shih are also newly recorded genera in Hong Kong. Our findings enrich the flora of Hong Kong and underline the importance and the need to conserve remnant vegetation patches and highlights the need to pay special attention to extremely small populations.

New records of liverwort from Anhui Province

2018/9/30 15:33:28

Based on a lot of field collections, five liverworts in five families are newly recorded from Anhui Province, namely Cephaloziella spinicaulis Douin(Cephaloziellaceae), Acrobolbus ciliatus(Mitt.)Schiffn.(Acrobolbaceae), Plagiochila shangaica Steph.(Plagioaceae), Fossombronia japonica Schiffn.(Fossombroniaceae), Monosolenium tenerum Griff.(Monosoleniaceae). Among these families, Acrobolbaceae, Fossombroniaceae and Monosoleniaceae are newly recorded from Anhui Province. The diagnose characters and their geographical distributions are also discussed.

Flower fossils of Lauraceae in the geological time and its phylogenetic evolutionary significance

HUANG Honghui, LI Jingzhao — 2018/2/9 0:00:00

This article systematically reviews the fossil record of the Lauraceae flower, including Androglandula, Lauranthus, Mauldinia, Neusenia, Perseanthus and Potomacanthus which were found in the geological times, the morphological characters, distribution, stratum and phylogenetic significance of these genera and species are systematically discussed. This article explores the stratum, distribution, inflorescence types, floral morphological characters, microstructural characters with the modern Lauraceae. The results were as follows:(1)Lauraceae originated in the mid-latitude region of the Laurasia from middle to late Cretaceous.(2)Two inflorescences are found in the fossil flower of Lauraceae, one is Mauldinia type, which has elongated axes bearing distinctive, spirally arranged lateral, bilobed cladode-like units with five sessile bisexual flowers on the adaxial surface, the other is pseudoumbel type which has three sessile and closely spaced flowers with enclosed by two broad and strongly truncate bracets.(3)Bisexual flowers with three cardinal numbers, six perianth lobs arranging in two whorls, twelve or six stamens in four, three or two whorls, innermost whorl reduced to staminodes, the third whorl stamen usually bearing two sessile and distinct basal glandular protuberances, anthers have two or four valved chamber, the gynoecium has single carpel.(4)A large number of oil cells, paracytic stomatal apparatus and unicellular hairs are often present on perianth. The flower fossils of Lauraceae provide geological and historical evidences for the phylogenetic evolutionary study of the Lauraceae.

Chromosome ploidy of ten species in genus Actinidia

2018/2/9 0:00:00

The genus Actinidia contains more than 66 species and 118 taxa(In the latest revision of the genus, all of them were classified as 54 species and 21 varieties), and most of them were Chinese endemic. As we know, inappropriate mating between parents with different ploidies usually result in crossbreeding failing or offspring-infertility in kiwifruit crossbreeding, so ploidy test would be one of the prerequisites for selecting crossing parents. But so far the chromosome ploidy of quite a number of species in actinidia has been poorly understood, which limits further development and utilization of these resources. In this study, ten ploidy-unknown species of Actinidia: A. albicalyx, A. cylindrica, A. diversicolora, A. linguiensis, A. indochinensis Merr. var. ovatifolia, A. persicina, A. wantianensis, A. longicarpa, A. rongshuiensis and A. pentapetala were studied for their chromosome ploidy with acid hydrolysis method, as most of the ten species are Guangxi endemic harboring unique and excellent horticultural traits and possess great production and development value. The results showed that all of the ten species were diploid(2n=2x=58). The findings expand the genetic diversity database of Actinidia and provide information for the further rational development and utilization of these resources.

Bulbil development of Pinellia cordata

2018/2/9 11:35:21

Tuber of Pinellia cordata has been the extensively used as medicines in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. Bulbil formation is the main propagation strategy of P. cordata in wild. There are two developmental stages of bulbils for each one individual: on the basis of leaf blade(upper bulbil)and on the lower part of petiole(lower bulbil). To reveal the developmental characteristics of bulbil formation in P. cordata, morphological and anatomical observation were systematically used. Morphological observation showed that the whole development process of upper or lower bulbil could be divided three stages: no visible bulbil structure, primary bulbil formation under epidermis, growth and maturation of bulbil. Correspondingly, anatomical observation showed that the whole development process of upper or lower bulbil could be divided four stages: initial cell formation, bulbil promodia formation, differentiation of bulbil, and bulbil growth continuously to maturation. The initial cell of bulbil was derived or dedifferentiated from the parenchyma cell which was located in the adaxial side of young petiole. Initial cell formation was not visible. Continuously division of the initial parenchyma cell resulted in the formation of bulbil primodium, which was a group of undifferentiated cell. The primordium continuously growth and then differentiated to form the shoot apical meristem(SAM), which was the infant bulbil on the adaxial side. Bulbil promodium formation and early primodium differentiation could be visible with white dot structure on petiole. Subsequently, differentiated bulbil growth and lateral scale leaf differentiation continuously characterized the bulbil growth stage. Bulbil growth terminated with the leaf senescence. The average diameter of maturated upper bulbil on blade and lower bulbil on petiole were(2.79 ± 0.40)mm and(2.69 ± 0.36)mm, respectively. The maturated bulbils generally were gray and ellipsoidal, and shaped with various number of external scale leaf. The inner cells of maturated bulbil contained lots of nutrients(storage). The germination rate of bulbils was up to 75% in soil culture. Morphological and anatomical observation results indicate that the development of bulbils in P. cordata is the same in P. ternata, and the development of bulbil in P. cordata is an effective reproduction strategy just like in P. ternata.

Micromorphology of leaf epidermis in Plagiogyriaceae and its related taxa under SEM

2018/2/9 11:35:21

Plagiogyriaceae is a natural fern group with some classification and systmatics controversy because of more morphological differences exist infra and interspecies. The leaf epidermises of ten species of Plagiogyriaceae: Plagiogyria adnata, P. stenoptera, P. falcata, P. assurgens, P. pycnophylla, P. glauca, P. japonica, P. euphlebia, P. matsumureana and P. pectinata, and two species of Cyatheaceae(Alsophila spinulosa and A. khasyana)and one species of Dicksoniaceae(Cibotium barometz)of its related taxa were observed and compared by scanning electron microscope(SEM), and its taxonomical significance was discussed. Hereby, key to ten species tested was also compiled. The stomatal apparatus were oval to circular and restricted in abaxial epidermises for all species. The cuticular membrane of the adaxial leaf epidermis was complicated and some hairs in abaxial epidermis. The patterns of anticlinal walls were depressed. The inner margin of the outer stomatal rim was often sinuous and odontoid, and “T” shape, upright outer stomatal rims occurred in most species. The microcharacters of leaf epidermises can be used as evidence for the classification of the interspecies in Plagiogyriaceae.

Effects of different cultivation methods on bacterial community diversity in rhizosphere soil of Angelica sinensis

2018/2/9 11:35:21

Angelica sinensis is a genuine regional drug in the Gansu Province of China, continuous cropping obstacles seriously affect the yield and quality of angelica in recent years. In this paper, the rhizosphere soil was sampled from the fields of Angelica-soybean rotated, angelica continuous cultivations and wasteland in Weiyuan County of Gansu Province. We aimed to know the differences of community structure and diversity of bacteria population in the three sampling sites, and provide some useful advises for the reasonable planting of angelica. The method of 16s rRNA PCR-RFLP(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymor-phism)was used for the comparative analysis of rhizosphere bacterial community structure and diversity. The total DNA was extracted from the soil microbes by CTAB-SDS method and 16S rRNA gene cloning library was established. The fingerprints were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)by using the Hae Ⅲ, Hha Ⅰ and Hinf Ⅰ restriction enzymes, respectively. Then phylogenetic tree was set up according to the 16S rRNA sequences. After preliminary analysis, there was no significant difference in bacteria population quantity and diversity indices of rhizosphere soils among wasteland, rotated planted fields and continuous cultivation fields, but there was very obvious difference in community structure of bacteria among the three fields, especially in rotated planted fields and continuous cultivation fields. The results showed that the dominant population of bacteria was Proteobacteria in rotation fields and wasteland, while the dominant population of bacteria was Bacteroidetes in continuous cultivation fields of angelica. The strains of Sphingomonas that belonged to Proteobacteria, which were beneficial to the growth of crop, appeared only in the rotation fields and wasteland, and the Achromobacter that belonged to Bacteroidetes associated with the continuous cropping obstacle appeared only in the continuous cropping fields. Our results suggested that the different ways of angelica cultivation play an important role in bacteria community structure. Meanwhile, the continuous cropping obstacle might be associated with the changes of bacterial community structure in rhizosphere soils of cropped angelica. In conclusion, we think that the rotation can effectively enhance the composition of the bacterial community structure, increase the beneficial bacterial population, improve the soil microenvironment, and prevent the root rot of angelica.

Preliminary observation on pollen morphology of Shagan(Citrus nobilis)

2018/2/9 11:35:21

Pollen morphology has a certain conservatism, so it is often used as a classification basis for plant resources. The observation of citrus pollen morphology can provide some references for citrus classification. The pollen of Shagan(Citrus nobilis)and other citrus material was observed by FEI Quanta 200 field emission scanning electron microscopy. The morphological characteristics of pollen equatorial view, polar view and exine ornamentation were analyzed by the SPSS and NTsys software. And their genetic relationship was analyzed. The results showed that the pollen of C. nobilis is 4-colpate type and it had round or roughly round pollen mesh. The pollen of equatorial axis of C. nobilis was(29.98 ± 1.18)μm, the polar axis was(22.32 ± 1.03)μm, the mesh ridge was(0.62 ± 0.07)μm; and the mesh size was(0.89 ± 0.10)μm. The pollen morphology was compared with the results of cluster analysis. The results showed that the C. nobilis should be the origin of hybrids. The pollen characteristics of Biangan, Nianju, Guangxihongpisuanju and C. nobilis were similar, and the genetic distance was 0.442, which suggested that the four had a certain genetic relationship, and C. nobilis may be more primitive. There are some phylogenetic relationships in the world, such as Cenxisuanju, Yindusuanju, Guposhanyeshengyuanju and Hezhouyeju, which can be further studied with molecular markers. This study provides information for genetic evolution, taxonomic status and relative relationship of C. nobilis.

Location of berberine and development of apoplastic barriers on Coptis chinensis anatomcal structure

2018/2/9 11:35:21

Goldthread(Coptis chinensis)is a famous medicinal plant in Ranunculaceae. We studied berberine locate in tissue and organ features, and apoplastic barriers developed in adventitious roots and rhizomes, and anatomic structures of adventitious roots, rhizmoes and petioles in different development stages. All samples were collected from Lichuan farmland, Hubei Province. We carried out the cell wall histochemistry under light and epifluorescence microscope, and the berberine in organ and tissue fluoresced yellow under blue exciting light that was refered as berberine hemisulfate-aniline stain for lignin which combine with lignin and fluoresce stronger yellow, berberine hemisulfate-aniline stain for Casparian bands fluoresced vivid yellow, and lignin fluoresced stronger yellow. Sudan red 7B stain for suberin showed reddish. Phloroglucinol-HCl stain for lignin showed cherry reddish. Primary structure of goldthread adventitious roots compose of vascular cylinder, endodermis, cortex, exodermis and epidermis; secondary structure compose of secondary xylem, secondary phloem and phellem. Primary structure of rhizomes compose of cuticle, cortex and vascular cylinder; secondary structure compose of phellem, cortex and vascular cylinder. Petioles compose of pith, sclerenchyma rings with vascular bundles, cortex and cuticle. The apoplastic barriers in adventitious roots compose of endodermis and exodermis; and endodermis, exodermis and phellem present in same development stages; and phellem in secondary structure. The apoplastic barriers in rhizmoes compose of cuticle in young stage, and phellem in age stage. Berberine deposite on primary xylem and secondary xylem of adventitious roots and rhizmoes, and on sclerenchyma rings of petioles. Xylem and sclerenchyma rings are important for medicinal quality of goldthread. Exodermis develop early and berberine anchor in primary xylem to root tips, which may prevent water and mineral to absorbing and transporting in goldthread adventitious root. The endodermis and exodermis and phellem of apoplastic barriers totally restrict water and mineral that transport in adventitious roots, among which only very few surface of root tips can absorb water and mineral; and berberine deposit and block up the xylem that result in slowing down of water and mineral transport, which explains why goldthread growth is very slow and need 5-6 years to harvest. These structure characteristics maybe the reasons for goldthread adapting to shade environment.

Biological function and subcellular localization analyses of constitutively active CIPK9 in pollen tube growth

2019/7/1 11:24:47

Pollen tube growth is a physiological process in which multi-factors are involved. The entire growth process requires multiple signaling systems to regulate plant cell growth and orientation. Calcium, as the second messenger, is achieved by calcium sensors CBLs, and then activates downstream target CIPKs to participate in the regulation of cell polarity development. In this study, CIPK9 was identified as a candidate gene, and subsequently the PCR-amplified co-ding region of CIPK9 was cloned into pLAT52-GFP vector for transient expression in pollen tubes. The C-terminus of CIPK9 was fused to green fluorescent protein(GFP), and the resulting constructs were transiently expressed in tobacco pollen grains by gene-gun transform technology. CIPK9-GFP subcellular localization and biological function in pollen tube were studied by transient expression system(particle bombardment). The results were as follows:(1)GFP-labeled CIPK9 was localized in granular organelles with high-speed movement in pollen tubes, and shifted regularly with the cytoplasmic circulation. In order to further study the biological function of CIPK9, a constitutively active CIPK9(CACIPK9)was constructed.(2)Compared with full-length CIPK9, CACIPK9 lacked the regulatory region at the C-terminal and had a Thr-178-to-Asp point mutation in the activation loop containing conserved Asp-Phe-Gly and Ala-Pro-Glu motifs. CACIPK9 thus had sustained high kinase activity without regulation.(3)While CACIPK9 lacking C-terminal regulatory region evenly distributed in the pollen tube cytoplasm, similar to that of GFP control, suggesting that the C-terminal of CIPK9 plays an important role in the correct subcellular localization of CIPK9 in pollen tube. In addition, overexpression of CACIPK9 could induce the depolarization of pollen tube growth. In conclusion, CIPK9, as a member of the downstream family of calcium signaling, participates in the process of pollen tube polarity growth and plays a certain role in pollen tube growth.

Influence of water depth on growth and reproduction of Potamogeton octandrus

2019/7/1 11:24:47

Water depth is an important limiting factor affecting the growth and distribution of wetland plants. In this study, Potamogeton octandrus with typical heterophylly was selected as the research object. To investigate the adaptive mechanism and phenotypic plasticity of P. octandrus under different water depth conditions, the seedling growth, biomass, and reproduction strategies under the four water depth gradients of shallow water treatments(10 cm and 30 cm)and deep water treatments(50 cm and 70 cm)were studied. The results showed that heterophyllous leaves appeared after the plants transferred from underwater to aerial condition, and the relative growth rate decreased significantly, which was also positively correlated with the water depth gradient. The shoot height showed an explosive growth with the increase of water depth, and the stem length in 10 cm water depth was significantly lower than those in other water depth treatments. The water depth also had a significant effect on the number of internodes, among which the number of internodes was the most in the 30 cm treatment, while the internode length and biomass in the deep water treatments were significantly higher than those in the shallow water treatments. The number of branch showed significant diffe-rences among the four treatments, and showed a significant decrease with the increase of water depth. While the biomass and aboveground biomass allocation increased significantly with the increase of water depth. Water depth treatment had a significant effect on sexual reproduction indexes, and the increase of water depth inhibited the sexual reproduction. No inflorescence was formed under 10 cm treatment. The pollen production, P/O ratio and the number of inflorescence in 50 cm water depth were significantly higher than those in other treatments, moreover, the seed number and seed set of the deep water treatments were significantly higher than those of the 30 cm group. Comprehensive stu-dies indicate that P. octandrus can be adapted to the water depth by adjusting the morphological plasticity and biomass allocation to adopt different reproduction strategies, and the optimum water depth range is about 50 cm.

Effects of shading on photosynthesis and anatomical structure in leaves of Rhododendron

2019/7/1 11:24:47

Rhododendron is a world famous ornamental garden plant and has significant economic and ornamental value. Light has an important impact on the growth and development of Rhododendron. However, the studies on the demand and adaptability of Rhododendron are scarce. In order to understand the demand and adaptability of Rhododendron to light, 3-year-old plants of Rhododendron cv. Furnivall's Daughter were used as materials and the effects of shading on leaf anatomical structure and photosynthesis were studied. The results were as follows: The impact of light intensity on the stomata density of Rhododendron cv. Furnivall's Daughter was not obvious, and the stomatal density ranged from 299.70 to 327.22 mm^-2. However, the stomatal size and the area of stomata apparatus were significantly influenced by light intensity. The plants of 100% and 30% full light intensities had the minimum and maximum stomatal size, respectively. As the light intensity decreased, the thickness of leaf, palisade tissue, sponge tissue, as well as the thickness of adaxial epidermis and abaxial epidermis decreased so as to improve the light use efficiency of leaves. The plasticity analysis showed that the plasticity index of mesophyll-related parameters such as leaf thickness, abaxial epidermis thickness, and the thickness of palisade and sponge tissue were higher, while that of stomatal-related parameters such as stomatal density, stomatal length and width were lower, which indicates that mesophyll tissue plays a more important role in the process of adaption to different light environments. The analysis of light response curves and photosynthetic parameters showed that the plants of 100% full light intensity were inhibited and damaged by strong light, and the plants showed the lowest light saturation point(LSP), net photosynthetic rate(P_n), photosynthetic rate at light saturation point(P_max), stomatal conductance(G_s)and transpiration rate(T_r). After shading treatments, P_n, P_max, G_s, T_r and light use efficiency(LUE)were improved. Compared with other shading treatments, the plants of 30% full light intensity not only had the lowest light compensation point(LCP), dark respiration rate(R_d), but also had the highest LSP, P_n, P_max, G_s, T_r and LUE. The above results suggest that the optimum light intensity of Rhododendron cv. Furnivall's Daughter in Kunming is about 30% full light intensity. In the cultivation and application of Rhododendron, we should take some shading measures to meet the optimum light conditions for its growth.

Effects of foliar variegation structure on leaf color in Begonia gulinqingensis

2019/7/1 11:24:47

Using Begonia gulinqingensis as experimental material, the causes of variegated leaves were discussed through analyzing leaf morphological feature, optical properties of adaxial surface, tissue structure, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter(F_v/F_m). The results were as follows:(1)The frequency and number of the patch on a leaf had no obvious regularity. In the same plant, some leaves had patches, some had none, the variegated leaf usually had only one patch, while sometimes also had two or several ones, and the occurrence site of the patch was relatively stable, which often occured between the two main veins opposite the petiole.(2)There were two kinds of light reflection patterns in variegated areas, spotted pattern(SP)and polygonal pattern(PP). The cells of palisade tissue were nearly equiaxed and arranged loosely, with intercellular space between the abaxial epidermis cells and palisade tissue cells. The non-variegated areas only had the spotted pattern reflection and the palisade tissue cells were funnel-shaped, arranged closely, there was no intercellular space between theabaxial epidermis cells and palisade tissue cells.(3)Chloroplasts from both variegated areas and non-variegated areas showed dense stacking of grana and stroma thylakoid membranes, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents in the variegated areas were only 24.9%, 25.2% and 25.1% lower than those in the non-variegated areas respectively.(4)Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter(F_v/F_m)value was 0.793 in variegated areas, and non-variegated areas was 0.790. Although the contents of chlorophyll in the variegated areas were slightly lower than those in the non-variegated areas, the chloroplast structure was intact, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter(F_v/F_m)did not differ significantly between the variegated areas and the non-variegated areas. The intercellular space between the abaxial epidermis cells and palisade tissue cells could cause secondary reflection when the light reached the green tissue, and white polygon light reflection was formed at the edge of the epidermal cell, which made this area was whiter than the surrounding normal areas. Based on the above results it can be inferred that the pale green patch on a leaf in B. gulinqingensis is related to a special leaf structure.

Genetic relationship analysis of wild tea tree germplasm resources in part of Guangxi based on EST-SSR markers

2019/7/1 11:24:47

In order to clarify the genetic background of wild tea tree germplasm resources in Guangxi, fourteen local wild tea tree germplasm resources were collected from Ningming County, Jinxiu County and Cangwu County, Guangxi. Taking seventeen state-level tea cultivars as reference, and adopting EST-SSR molecular marker technology, the research focused on the genetic relationship between these wild tea trees and the state-level tea cultivars in three places of Guangxi and the genetic diversity of local tea trees in Guangxi. The experiment results showed that a total of 68 alleles were detected in fifteen pairs of SSR primers, and each primer could amplify 4.53 by average, of which polymorphic site were 60, and the polymorphic ratio was 88.2%. The average observed heterozygosity, average expected heterozygosity, and average Shannon information index were 0.42, 0.55, and 0.97 respectively. The PIC value was between 0.23-0.74 with an average of 0.52, and the polymorphism was good. The genetic similarity coefficient was between 0.53 and 0.9, with an average value of 0.71. The test materials were divided into five groups at genetic similarity coefficient of 0.71, among which 76% reference warietics were clustered in Group A, while the local wild tea tree resources in Guangxi were mainly distributed in B, C, D and E groups. By using the four pairs of core primers in this study, 31 test materials could be completely distinguished. Ten allelic sites with good polymorphisms were selected for coding, and 31 DNA fingerprints of the tested germplasm were constructed. The study indicates that there is a great genetic difference between the wild tea trees in Guangxi and the state-level tea cultivars. The wild tea tree resources in Guangxi has distant genetic relationship, wide genetic basis and rich diversity, and can be used as the parent for tea tree breeding or materials for studying tea tree functional genes.

Mining and bioinformatic analysis of FPPS gene from Dysphania schraderiana transcriptome database

2019/7/1 11:24:47

Dysphania schraderiana, in the Chenopodiaceae family, is widely distributed in Lhasa(Tibet, China)and used as a traditional medicine. The essential oil of Dysphania schraderiana contains abundant sesquiterpenes compounds, appeared to possess potential medicinal value. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase(FPPS)is a key branch-point enzyme in biosynthesis of terpene. In order to reveal D. schraderiana FPPS gene, the transcriptome database of D. schraderiana was mined and two gene sequences(DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2)were obtained in this research. Subsequential protein physicochemical property, architectural feature, function and phylogeny relationship analysis of DsFPPSs were also predicted and analyzed. The results showed that DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2 sequences contained an ORF span of 1 029 bp and 969 bp respectively, encoding 342(DsFPPS1)and 322(DsFPPS2)amino acids respectively. The analysis of amino acid composition showed that the dominant components of DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2 were both nonpolar amino acids. The molecular weight of DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2 were 39.68 kD and 36.76 kD, respectively. Isoelectric point were 5.11 and 5.65 for DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2, respectively. Besides, DsFPPS1 protein was predicted to be a stable protein, but DsFPPS2 protein was predicted to be an unstable protein. The amino acid sequence analysis showed that DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2 had no signal peptide and transmembrane region. The possible localization of DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2 was both in mitochondria. DsFPPS1 and DsFPPS2 protein exhibited 60.53% sequence identity, and possessed five conserved domain(Ⅰ-Ⅴ)and two characteristic Asp-rich motifs(DDXXD). The amino acid sequence of DsFPPS1 had higher homology with Chenopodium quinoa, Spinacia oleracea and Beta vulgaris than DsFPPS2. In addition, the secondary structure of DsFPPS proteins mainly consisted of α-helixes, which resulted in a bundle of 8 α-helices in tertiary structure. However, tertiary structure analysis showed that DsFPPS2 protein missed an α-helix compared to DsFPPS1 protein. The result of phylogenetic analysis indicates that phylogenetic relationships of DsFPPS1 protein are close to Chenopodiaceae plants consistent with sequence alignment results, while DsFPPS2 protein is clustered alone in phylogenetic tree. In general, these results provides a certain reference for an insight to molecular function of DsFPPS and the synthetic biology of sesquiterpenes in D. schraderiana.

Ranunculus kangmaensis W. T. Wang, a new species of Ranunculaceae from Tibet of China

WANG Wen-tsai — 2019/4/1 11:15:23

A species of the genus Ranunculus(Ranunculaceae), R. kangmaensis W. T. Wang, is described as new from southern Tibet Autonomus Region, China. This species is related to R. meilixuoshanicus Kadota & Ming endemic to Yunnan Province, differing in its taller scapes, larger leaves, larger and 3-partite leaf-blades, and larger flower with eight larger, conspicuously clawed petals.

Ranunculus hainingensis, a new species of Ranunculaceae from Anhui

2019/4/1 0:00:00

A species of the genus Ranunculus(Ranunculaceae)is described as new from Anhui Province. This species is closely related to R. ternatus Thunb., and from the latter differs in its filiform stolen with small root tubers, 2-foliolate lateral leaflets of ternate basal leaf, and the styles of carpels which are slightly shorter than or as long as ovaries.

Elatostema jiangjinense, a new species of Urticaceae from Chongqing City

WANG Wen-tsai — 2019/4/1 0:00:00

A species of the genus Elatostema(Urticaceae), E. Jiangjinense, is described as new from southern part of Chongqing City. It is related to E. cyrtandrifolium(Zoll. & Mor.)Miq., differing from the latter in its leaf with two secondary nerves at its narrow side, in its ovate and lanceolate stipules, and in its long corniculate staminate involucral bracts.

Elatostema nanxiense, a new species of Urticaceae from Yunnan Province

2019/4/1 11:15:23

A species of the genus Elatostema(Urticaceae), E. nanxiense, is described as new from southeastern part of Yunnan Province. It is similar to E. tianlinense W. T. Wang, differing from the latter in its crenate or obtusely denticulate, trinerved leaves, and fewer 1-seriate and 1-3-ribbed staminate involucral bracts. Besides, it differs from E. dissectum, which is a wide-spread species in sect. Elatostema ser. Dissecta W. T. Wang, in its strigillose stems, elliptic and trinerved leaves, shorter staminate peduncles, fewer broadly ovate or transversely rectangular and 1-3-ribbed staminate involucral bracts, and glabrous staminate bracteoles.

Pollen morphology of Hydrangea L. (Hydrangeaceae)and its related genera

2019/4/1 11:15:23

In order to study taxonomic value and systematic significance of Hydrangea L. as well as clarify phylogenetic relationships among the genus and its related ones, pollen samplings of 41 species of Hydrangea and its related species from China and surrounding areas were observed under scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results were as follows: the pollens of all these species were tricolporate; the pollen morphology were most subprolate and a few subspheroida; ellipse or circular in equatorial view; circular or sometimes triangular in polar view. The ornamentations on the exine can be reticulate ornamentations or perforate ornamentations. The ornamentation in the mesh could be smooth or granular bulged. The above-mentioned species could be divided into four groups according to the pollen morphology and ornamentations on the exine, the characters of each group were respectively pollen morphology subprolate, ornamentation on the exine reticulate; pollen morphology subprolate, ornamentation on the exine perforate; pollen morphology subspheroida, ornamentation on the exine reticulate; pollen morphology subspheroida, ornamentation on the exine perforate. according to the ratio of polar axis to equatorial axis, these species can be further divided into eight types. These indicate that the pollen characters can provide valuable evidence for infrageneric taxonomic treatments and species circumscription. However, this evidence shows limited value in diagnosing some major clades of phylogenetic trees reconstructed in previous studies. Further studies including broader sampling and new evidence of Hydrangea pollen are needed to explore its taxonomic and systematic values.

Anatomical characteristics and taxonomic significance from transverse sections of petiole and pinnule of Plagiogyria

2019/4/1 11:15:23

The anatomical comparative study of petiole and pinnule cross-sections of nine species from Plagiogyria was performed using light microscopy for the first time. The results showed that the epidermis, the basic tissue and middle column of middle petiole transection and epidermis, mesophyll and main vein of the vegetative leaf pinnule of nine species of Plagiogyria were similar, for example, the epidermis of the transverse section of the middle petiole was not covered with hair or squamas, the epidermis was round in shape with thick-walled tissue, and the central cylinder was a amphicribral vascular bundle; the stomatas of trophyll pinnule transection were only distributed in the lower epidermis, the shape of epidermal cells was flat, and the type of the main vein belongs to the peripheral vascular bundle, which supports for the viewpoint that Plagiogyria was a natural taxonomy. In the evolution of the system, Plagiogyria had a certain relationship with the Alsophila spinulosa and both of them had similar characteristics and also showed certain differences. However, the petiole central transverse section of these nine species of Plagiogyria were trapezoidal, oval or triangular. The shape of the vascular bundle including “U” shape, “V” shape or triangle. The number of vascular bundles in the central transverse section of the petiole was one or three. The arrangement of xylem in vascular bundles including Chinese character “Eight” shape, “U” shape or “—” shape; The underside protuberances of the pinnule main veins were curved, triangular or trapezoidal. The xylem of the petiole had two forms: typical hippocampus and atypical hippocampus. The typical hippocampus was characterized by obvious hook state at both ends of the xylem. The atypical hippocampus was characterized by no obvious hook state at the two ends of xylem or one of the xylems had no hook at one end. These morphological anatomical features are stable and cluster specific, which provides a new reference for taxonomy and systematic studies of Plagiogyria. Finally, a key to the Plagiogyria species is given based on the anatomical characteristics of the transverse section of petiole and pinnule.

Genetic diversity and structure of three yellow Camellia species based on SSR markers

2019/4/1 0:00:00

Camellia chrysanthoides, C. micrantha and C. parvipetala are three endangered Camellia species. In order to understand genetic diversity and genetic structure of endangered species, SSR marker was used to evaluate genetic diversity and genetic structure of 184 individuals from seven populations of these three endangered Camellia species. We obtained 92 alleles from eleven microsatellite markers. On the level of species, the mean number of alleles(3.9), the effective number of alleles(2.328), observed heterozygosity(0.520)and expected heterozygosity(0.501)of C. parvipetala were higher than C. chrysanthoides and C. micrantha. On the population level, the effective number of alleles ranged from 1.788 to 2.466 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.379 to 0.543. The F_ST values between each pair of populations ranged from 0.143 7 to 0.453 3, the Nm values ranged from 0.301 5 to 1.488 9. AMOVA suggested that the variation was 65.72% within populations. Low level of genetic diversity and high levels of genetic differentiation were detected for these three Camellia species. The STRUCTURE and PCoA analysis showed that seven populations were clustered into two groups. One group comprised five populations from C. chrysanthoides and C. micrantha, and the other consisted of two populations from C. parvipetala. In situ and ex situ actions should be urgently implemented as soon as possible.

Cloning, expression and bioinformatics analysis of IcFPS1 gene from Ilex cornuta

2019/4/1 0:00:00

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase(FPS)is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of triterpene saponins, it can promote the biosynthesis triterpenoid saponins in plants. In order to study the function of FPS gene in Ilex cornuta, we isolated a FPS gene from Ilex cornuta, and carried out bioinformatics analysis and expression analysis. In this study, PCR was used to isolate the cDNA sequence of a FPS gene from the leaves of I. cornuta, and the gene was named as IcFPS1. DNA sequencing results showed that the amplified cDNA of IcFPS1 gene was 1 591 bp. Sequencing analysis revealed the IcFPS1 gene contained a complete open reading frame, and the open reading frame was 1 029 bp in length, encoding 342 amino acids. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of predicted IcFPS1 protein were 39.58 kDa and 5.18, respectively. Physical and chemical properties analysis revealed that IcFPS1 protein was a hydrophilic protein, and it did not contain a signal peptide, and had no transmembrane region of the IcFPS1 protein. The multiple alignment of FPS sequences with BLASTP and Align X revealed that the IcFPS1 protein was highly homologous to other known FPS proteins from different plant species, and they had common conserved regions and amino acid sequences. The similarity between the IcFPS1 and the Panax quinquefolius FPS sequence was as high as 89%. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the FPS protein of the Ilex cornuta was closely related to FPS proteins of the Araliaceae family belonging to the angiosperm. These results indicate that the FPS gene is conserved during evolution. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that the IcFPS1 protein is involved in the synthesis pathway of isoprenoids, which may be the same as IPP1, IPP2, GGPS3, GGPS6 and ERA1 proteins. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that IcFPS1 gene was expressed in all tested tissues of Ilex cornuta, while the expression level of IcFPS1 gene in different tissues was different. IcFPS1 gene had the highest expression in roots, but was less expressed in the stems and female flowers of Ilex cornuta.

A revision of the genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae)of China(Ⅰ)

WANG Wen-tsai — 2019/11/25 15:18:12

The genus Delphinium(Ranunculaceae)of China is reviewed. Two hundred thirty two species and fifty-five varieties are recognaized. They are keyed, described, and mostly illustrated, and calssified into two subgenera, five sections, eleven subsectios and twenty-six series. Of them, four subsectons, eleven series, fifteen species and five varieties are described as new. Besides, the brief taxonomic history, geographical distribution and economic uses are given.

Introduction to local flora of China(Ⅸ)

2019/11/25 15:18:12

The publishing information of 20 local floras at provincial, municipal and cross-provincial levels in China since 2006 are introduced, including information of publication date, pages number, number of families, genera and species, illustration and color photos. Among them, Flora Kunlunica is a local flora that spans Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Tibet of China.

Four newly recorded species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae)from Sichuan Province, China

2019/11/25 0:00:00

Four new record species of Impatiens in Sichuan, China have been reported: Impatiens blepharosepala Pritz. ex Diels, Impatiens rubro-striata Hook.f., Impatiens lecomtei Hook. f., and Impatiens pinetorum Hook.f. ex W. W. Smith. The corresponding photos have been provided and their identifications have been discussed. The voucher specimens are preserved at the Herbarium of Xichang College(XIAS). Southwest China is one of the five major distribution areas of Impatiens plants around the globe. Each of those four new record species discovered in Sichuan is exclusively found in China. This discovery can guide the research of Impatiens plants in Southwest China regarding their origins and colonization routes to some extent.