+. Sodium Green and CoroNa Green could be detected at 532 nm and 516 nm when excited at 507 nm and 492 nm respectively;(2)Compared the advantages and disadvantages of the protocols of loading the fluorescent indicators into cells,including AM esters of the fluorescent probes,acid loading,electroporation and microinjection. A non-invasive loading of acetoxymethyl ester under low temperature was introduced: loading the fluorescent indicator into cells by incubating the cells in solution at 4 ℃ for 2 h followed by 2 h incubation in the dye-free solution at 20 ℃;(3)The measurement of the internal sodium concentration in cells was illustrated. The equation for measurement of fluorescence intensity that lacked a significant shift in emission or excitation wavelength was:[Na⁺]=K_d(F-F_min)/(F_max-F). Fluorescence intensity(F)was targeted fluorescence intensity. F_min was appropriate mixtures of low Na⁺,and F_max was appropriate maximum of high Na⁺. The equation for measurement of fluorescence intensity ratio was:[[Na⁺]=K_dQ(R-R_min)/(R_max-R). The ratio of fluorescence intensity(R)was the ration F1/F2 of the fluorescence intensity. F_min was the ratio of appropriate mixtures of low Na⁺,and F_max was the ratio of appropriate maximum of high Na⁺.]]> 2015/12/14 17:03:07 1, CAI Zhen-Yuan¹, CHE Guo-Dong^2*]]> LIU Rui-Juan¹, CAI Zhen-Yuan¹, CHE Guo-Dong^2* 4true GmDnaJ1,(Glycine max DnaJ1)from soybean transcriptome sequencing data. Then we analyzed the sequence of this gene and found that it encoded a DnaJ-like protein,containing 101 amino acids with the isoelectric point of 8.97. By means of homogeneous analysis,we further revealed that GmDnaJ1 had the highly conserved J domain structure,which was the typical characteristics of type III DnaJ proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of GmDnaJ1 with other J proteins from different plant species implied that the protein probably exerted its role in response to heavy metal stress. In order to investigate the possible function of GmDnaJ1,we used pre-cultured and uniformly grown soybean seedlings and then treated with 0 or 100 μmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺,Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ solutions. The root tips of each sample were subsequently harvested at 0,12,24,48 and 72 h,respectively. RNA were extracted and subjected to reverse transcription. After that,real time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)was performed to reveal the expression patterns of GmDnaJ1 under different heavy metal stresses for different times. The results indicated that comparing with the controls,GmDnaJ1 could be dramatically up-regulated by Cu,Pb and Cd stresses over time. The expression level of GmDnaJ1 increased at first and then decreased. We noticed that the peak of GmDnaJ1 expression appeared at 24 h after being treated with Pb or Cd solution,whereas the peak of the gene occurred at 48 h when the soybean suffered from Cu stress; Furthermore,we observed that the extent of GmDnaJ1 expression varied in response to different heavy metal elements,implying a possibility that GmDnaJ1 exhibited different response models when the plants suffered from different heavy metal stresses. The above results suggested that the soybean GmDnaJ1 not only involved in aluminum response,but also played an important role in response to heavy metal stresses,such as Cu,Pb and Cd,and probably participated in the resistance to heavy metal toxicity. The present findings will provide some experimental basis for the functional analysis of GmDnaJ1 and its molecular mechanism in response to heavy metal stress.]]> 2015/12/14 17:15:05 *, YE Mei-Rong]]> HUANG Shou-Cheng, LIU Ai-Rong^*, YE Mei-Rong 3true 2 as a result of metabolic activities. Ecosystem respiration includes underground soil respiration and autotrophic respiration of aboveground vegetation. Grasslands soil respiration and ecosystem respiration are important parts of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. Researches on the effects of warming and grazing on soil and ecosystem respirations in grasslands can provide important scientific basis for predicting global carbon budget under future climate change conditions and sustainable operation and management of grasslands. This article briefly reviewed these studies and found that there were no consistent results about the response of soil and ecosystem respirations in grasslands to warming and grazing,which vary with warming methods,warming time and grazing intensity,frequency and the types of grassland. Based on our results,we pointed out the research fields that should be strengthened in the future. Grazing is one of the most important utilization modes of grasslands,and for the grasslands under climate change conditions in the future,the two factors,warming and grazing,will have effects on grassland soil and ecosystem respiration simultaneously. However,most experiments before were independent study on the influence of warming or grazing,therefore,interactive effects between warming and grazing on soil and ecosystem respirations in grasslands should be performed because they are non-additive effects of warming and grazing on them. Meanwhile,it is necessary to strengthen the study on the response of different components of the ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing,thus understanding the influential mechanism of the two better. In addition,the response of soil and ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing will change with time,so long-term continuous observations are necessary.]]> 2015/12/14 17:22:18 1,3, ZHU Xiao-Xue^1,3, WANG Shi-Ping^2*, WANG Chang-Shun^2,3, MENG Fan-Dong^2,3, WANG Qi^2,3]]> CUI Shu-Juan^1,3, ZHU Xiao-Xue^1,3, WANG Shi-Ping^2*, WANG Chang-Shun^2,3, MENG Fan-Dong^2,3, WANG Qi^2,3 2true Arabidopsis is almost the only study object in the gene and protein expression level. Due to the divergence between the experimental methods and materials,the effects of microgravity on different plants or different parts are not consistent in each level. More research work is required in the future.]]> 2015/12/14 17:22:18 1, GUO Shuang-Sheng^2*]]> XU Dong-Qian¹, GUO Shuang-Sheng^2* 1true