Pellionia and Elatostema, enumerated in the present paper,the genus Pellionis is considered more primitive and to be derived from the genus Pilea before the genus Elatostema.(2)The genus Pellionia is subdivided into five sections. The genus Elatostemoides described by C. B. Robinson is relegated to sectional rank and treated as a section under Pellionia near its primitive group,sect. Pileoides. Besides,a new section related to sect. Elatostemoides,sect. Leiolaena,is described. On the basis of the evolutionary trends of the leaves,leaf nervation,pistillate inflorescences,pistillate tepals and achenes a putative phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among the infrageneric groups of the genus Pellionia is provided.(3)The infrageneric taxa of Pellionia in China are revised. Thirty-two species,one subspecies and seven varieties are recognized. They are keyed,described and in most cases illutrated,and are classified into four sections,two subsections,and nine series. Of them,except for sect. Leiolaena just mentioned above,two subsections,five series,two species and three varieties are described as new. The specific statuses of Pellionia tsoongii,P. crispulihirtella,P. subundulata,P. minima and P. funingensis,which were reduced into synonymy in 2003,are reinstated here. Besides,the brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the genus Pillionia in China are given.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 WANG Wen-Tsai 9true 2016/2/3 0:00:00 CEN Jia-Meng1， JIN Shui-Hu2， JIN Xiao-Feng1* 8true 2016/2/3 0:00:00 1*, WEI Yi-Gang², WEN Fang², CLARK John L.³, WEBER Anton⁴]]> MÖLLER Michael^1*, WEI Yi-Gang², WEN Fang², CLARK John L.³, WEBER Anton⁴ 7true Daphne and Wikstroemia are members of subfamily Thymelaeoideae which belongs to Thymelaeaceae. There are 95 species(varieties)in genus Daphne, 52 of which distribute in China. There are 70 species(varieties)in genus Wikstroemia and 49 species(varieties)can be found in China. Southwest China is the species diversification center of the two genera. Petals of Daphne and Wikstroemia degenerate and usually form circular disc or linear disc scale. Conventionally, the shape of disc and type of fruit were used as crucial characters to separate the two genera. The circular disc frequently occurs in Daphne while linear disc scale occurs in Wikstroemia. Meanwhile, fruit is usually succulent berry in Daphne, but Wikstoemia has dry or leathery fruit, and sometimes enclosed by persistent calyx. However, alternational characters among species of the two genera have been reported and some species have both kinds of characters. In this study, 32 morphological characters were used in the numerical taxonomy of 77 species(varieties)from genus Daphne and 62 species(varieties)from genus Wikstroemia with clustering and principal component analysis. UPGMA clustering results revealed that neither genera formed monophyletic group species from the two genera clustered together. In the principal components analysis, the cumulative percent of the first three principal components presented 35.56%, while the conventional taxonomic characters, such as the disc shape, phyllotaxy and the fruit type, contribute minor effects on the first three components. So, taxonomic distinguishable characters of the two genera could not separate them clearly. Three-dimensional scatter plots based on principal components analysis revealed that species from both genera embeded with each other and did not separate two genera as monophyletc group. Neither clustering analysis nor principal components analysis supported the traditional taxonomy that Daphne and Wikstroemia were naturally monophyletic groups.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 1,2, SUN Wen-Guang^1,2, JIANG Xin^1,2, LI Zhi-Min^1,2, ZHANG Yong-Hong^1,2*]]> ZHANG Yong-Zeng^1,2, SUN Wen-Guang^1,2, JIANG Xin^1,2, LI Zhi-Min^1,2, ZHANG Yong-Hong^1,2* 6true 2016/2/3 0:00:00 DONG Li-Na*， LIU Yan， CAO Xiao-Yan 5true 2016/2/3 0:00:00 GUO Hui1 2，YAN Rui-Ya2，ZHANG Mei2，LUO Qiang3， ZHANG Lin-Jing1，YU Sheng-Xiang2 * 4true Onychium japonicum falls into the category of Onychium Kaulf. of Sinopteridaceae; however, the alliance of Onychiumremains controversial. In this study, the spores of O. japonicum were artificially cultured in the original habitat humus soil and improved Knop's nutrient solution in a constant temperature of 25 ℃ with 12 h of light and dark respectively per day and 2 500 lx of light intensity. Spore germination and gametophyte development were observed and recorded at every stage under the microscope.The results indicated that mature spores were tawny,tetrahedral,3-colporate,with fan-shaped equatorial view,perispore and reticulation on the surface of the exine. The germination procedure was Vittaria-type while the gametophyte development was Ceratopteris-type. The spores cultivated in either of the two substrates began to germinate about 7 d and their germination shared the same Vittaria-type. With multiple transverse fission,the original gametophyte cell gradually turned into 3-9 protonemata with cylindrical shape, thin perispore,lumpy lateral exine and numerous granular chloroplasts. After about 15 d,the spores developed into prothallial plates and most of prothallial plates appeare spatulate. And 25 d later, young prothalliums were formed but they were not symmetrical; meanwhile, the gametophytes developed were Ceratopteris-type. When the prothalliums were developing, branching protonemata were flourishing and gametophytes were becoming fasciculate without any trichome. The rhizoids of O. japonicum, occasionally branching and lacking chloroplasts, were unicellular and tubular. After about 45 d,antheridium, composed of a cap cell, a ring cell and a basal cell, emerged from the edge of several irregular prothalliums. When the antheridium became mature, the cap cell split and sperm spilt. The antheridium looked like a circle from the top and an oval or a short column from the side. About 60 d later, a large archegonium was clearly visible. Its base was bigger than the top. It looked like a coin from the top and a chimney from the side. Its neck consisted of four rows of cells. When the archegonium was fully developed, sperm entered and fertilized the egg cell inside. Half a month later, a young embryo could be clearly seen. About 90 d after sowing,the spores developed into juvenile sporophytes which were visible to the naked eye. It could be concluded from the findings that O. japonicum shared similar characteristics with Pteris of Pteridaceae in terms of gametophyte development. Therefore, O. japonicum could be classified into the Pteridaceae family. The study would provide evidence for the phylogenetic study of O. japonicum from the perspective of gametophyte development.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 DENG Xi-Chao 3true Rheum, a highly diversified genus of Polygonaceae, comprising about 60 species, is mainly distributed in the mountainous and desert regions in Asia and Europe. Its high diversification in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas,where approximately 40 species have been described,was suggested to result from the adaptive radiation triggered by the recent uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the quaternary climate oscillations. To further understand the molecular adaptation linked to Rheum radiation, the adaptive evolution of chloroplast ndhF gene belonging to 34 morphologically diversified species of the genus Rheum were tested by using the Phylogenetic Analysis Program in this study. The results showed that the pattern of phylogenic tree was a typical “paralleling” phylogeny, suggesting a radiative diversification. Three amino acid sites(188H,465H,551L)of NDHF subunit were identified under positive selection(ω>1),and the secondary structures of NDHF subunit showed that the 188th amino acid was located in the α-helix. The changes of these adaptive sites may be associated with the evolution of NDH to adapt the extreme habitats of Rheum species caused by the extensive uplifts of the QTP and the quaternary climate oscillations.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 1,2, LIU He-Xia², MAO Shi-Zhong², ZHAO Bo^2,3, HUANG Shi-Xun^2*]]> LI Jing-Jian^1,2, LIU He-Xia², MAO Shi-Zhong², ZHAO Bo^2,3, HUANG Shi-Xun^2* 2true Plumbago auriculata, which can contribute to the large-scale production of P. auriculata and also help to get rid of the situation that the seeds over-rely on the import from abroad at the same time. We attempted to measured the dynamic changes of the pollen viability by the method of TTC and the stigma receptivity and the method of Benzidine-H₂O₂ in two ways, which respectively focused more on the pollination biology and the breeding system. And we also estimated the type of the breeding system pollen-ovule ratio(P/O), and verified the out-crossing index(OCI)by the pollination experiments. The results of the experiment were as follows:(1)About P. auriculata, the maturity time of the L-type female organs and the S-type male organs,and also that of the L-type female organs and the L-type male organs overlaped a lot,there was no obvious difference in the maturity time between the female and the male organs. On the other hand,the maturity time of the S-type female organs and the L-type male organs,and also that of the S-type female organs and the S-type male organs overlaped a little,but the continuous blossoming pattern of P. auriculata reduced reproductive isolation caused by the different maturity time of the male and the female sexual organs.(2)The P/O of L-type was 502±52.30,the P/O of S-type 482.7±87.91,both the out-crossing index of the L-type and that of the S-type are 4. The result of the manual-controlled pollination experiments suggested that the breeding system of P. auriculata was obligate outcrossing and it had the feature of the heteromorphic incompatibility. To sum up,the reasons for the low natural seed-set ratio of P. auriculata were the combination of both internal and external factors. Among these factors,the short same maturity time of the male and the female sexual organs was not the main reason,while the strong self-incompatibility of P. auriculata itself might be the key internal factor to lead to the low natural seed-set ratio. Due to the breeding system of the obligate outcrossing,it was quite necessary for P. auriculata to had the pollination medium to lead to the successful pollination. However,the introduction environment and the original environment were distinctly different,in addition,the mode of the scattered blooming led to the cross-pollinator,which might be the key external factor of low success rate of outcrossing. In a conclusion,the improvement of the natural seed-set ratio of P. auriculata should mainly focus on overcoming the incompatibility of P. auriculata itself,and also properly bringing in some insects as the safe medium. This would provide the theoretical guidance and the application foundation for the expansion of this kind of species resource and also the acceleration of the promotion and the application.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 1, GAO Su-Ping^2*, ZHANG Shuo¹, ZHAO Zhi-Hui¹]]> WU Pei-Wen¹, GAO Su-Ping^2*, ZHANG Shuo¹, ZHAO Zhi-Hui¹ 1true