-->Systematic and Evolutionary Botany

A review of the conifers in the floras of mainland Asia

MA Jin-Shuang, CAO Wei — 2016/1/15 10:58:29

The floras of the mainland Asia have been studied for more than three hundred years,however,they are still incomplete. Progress on the conifers floras from the mainland Asia,a relatively well studied group,is still less than expected. The major differences among the different floras in mainland Asia,especially compared with the world checklist of conifers,are analysed and discussed; and the related aspects in the traditional taxonomy from mainland Asia are also addressed.

Continued from Guihaia 26:1-4.2006.Noteworthy taxa from Southern China

2016/1/15 10:58:29

The paper reports 7 taxa from China. The genus Trapella Oliv.and T.sinensis Oliv.are new records from Guangdong; Viscum yunnanense H.S.Kiu,Taxillus levinei(Merr.)H.S.Kiu and T.liquidambaricola(Hayata)Hosokawa are new records from Hainan; Dendrophthoe pentandra(L.)Miq.,which grows in Guangdong,Guangxi and Yunnan,does not occur in Hainan; Jatropha gossypiifolia L.is new record from Guangxi; Blighia sapida Koen.(Akee,Akee Apple)is a cultivated plant in Shenzhen City(Guangdong).

Studies on the genus Physconia from Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi in China

2016/1/15 10:58:29

Eight species of the genus Physconia are reported from Qinling Mts of Shaanxi according to morphology,anatomy and chemistry. Of those taxa,P.elegantula,P.lobulifera are new to Shaanxi and P.venusta is reported again in Chinese lichen flora. Key to the species of Physconia and the simple discussion of these taxa are provided.

Lectotypification of Impatiens obesa Hook.f. (Balsaminaceae-Impatiens)

2016/1/15 10:58:29

Impatiens obesa Hook.f.,described from mixed specimens,is lectotypified.

A new distribution record of Quercus acuta Thunberg in HongKong and Guangdong Province

2016/1/15 10:58:29

Based on a specimen survey of Quercus subg.Cyclobalanopsis in the main herbaria of China,this paper confirmed the distribution of Quercus acuta Thunberg in HongKong and Guangdong Province. The diagnostic characteristics of this species and its affinities are given and discussed.

Two species new for China of the lichen genus Pertusaria

REN Qiang, ZHAO Zun-Tian — 2016/1/15 10:58:29

Two species of Pertusaria,P.variolosa and P.lacericans are reported as new for China. A detailed description according to morphology,anatomy and chemistry of the two species are given in this paper. The specimens examined are deposited in the Plant Herbarium of Shandong Normal University(SDNU)and the Lichen Section,Herbarium of Mycology,Academia Sinica(HMAS-L).

Analysis of rDNA ITS sequences of Sargentodoxa cuneata

2016/1/15 10:58:29

By PCR products sequencing methods,nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS regions of nine samples of Sargentodoxa cuneata and one sample of S.simplicifolia were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the ITS length of S.cuneat and S.simplicifolia was from 634bp to 635bp. The ITS1 was 163bp and the ITS2 was from 238bp to 239bp. Based on the maximum parsimony(MP)trees as Sinofranchetia chinensis was the outgroup,all the ten samples of S.cuneata and S.simplicifolia formed a monophyletic clade and got 100% bootstrap support. According to the present distribution of S.cuneata and S.simplicifolia in China,the apperancance of S.simplicifolia in Shaanxi Province,as well as the analyzed results of molecule data,the flora of Central China was probably modern distributing center of S.cuneata. The distribution of S.cuneata presented zonal differentiation of the flora of Central China,East China and South-West China. The zonal differentiation was more related with the co-evolution of the geography,climate and environment and so on. The ITS length of the samples of S.cuneata and S.simplicifolia coming from Ningshan,Shaanxi Province was 635bp. Their pairwise divergence was only 0.003 2. Compared with other samples,at the same site in ITS2 of S.simplicifilia and S.cuneata(shaanxi)a base was transversioned,at another site a base was inserted. The ITS data showed their geography special. The pairwise percentage divergences in the sample of S.simplicifolia and nine samples of S.cuneata were from 0.32% to 2.31% and were much lower than the pairwise percentage divergences among species of most angiosperm,which were from 1.2% to 10.2%.So it would be better if S.simplicifilia was merged with S.cuneata based on ITS data.

Investigation, identification and analysis of main common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon) from Hainan Province by RAPD

2016/1/15 10:58:29

Nowadays existing state of common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon)from Hainan Province was investigated in this paper. Genetic diversity of them were studied and researched by random amplified polymorphic(RAPD)primers. Total 13 RAPD primers were screened. From RAPD marker graphs,155 bands were generated,including 120 polymorphic bands,with 77.42% proportion of polymorphic bands(PPB). Clustering analysis by UPGMA showed that O.rufipogon from Hainan could be classified into 5 types. Common wild rices between local species and collected species could be identified. The model of utilizing reasonably and protecting effectly natural population of common wild rice was proposed.

Studies on the anatomical structures of the leaf and flowers of jackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus)

2016/1/15 10:58:29

The leaf and flower of Jackfruit were anatomized by paraffin method and the anatomical structures of the leaf and flower of jackfruit were observed under optical microscope or scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the leaf of jackfruit is typical bifacial leaf,with relative thick horny layer of epidermis cell,2 or 4-layer palisade tissue in mesophyll and more cell gap in spongy tissue. There are many tannin parenchyma cells between the mesophyll and the vein,and the xylem of the vein is highly developed. These results indicated that the leaf of jackfruit had relative strong drought tolerant and insect-resistant qualities. The jackfruit is propagated through anemophilous pollination,and its flower is unisexual and small,with tiny but rich pollen grains. The pollen grains are triaperturate.

Comparative study on floral traits and breeding system of Hibiscus syriacus and H.trionum

2016/1/15 10:58:29

To comparatively analyze the floral syndrome between Hibiscus trionum with stigma lobe curvature and H.syriacus without stigma lobe curvature,the floral traits,pollen-ovule ratios and fruit sets of different pollination treatments were measured. The results showed that:(1)There are significant differences in corolla width,petal length and width,petal basal width,sepal length and width,stamen length,height of uppermost stamen,stamen column length and basal diameter,style length and herkogamy between H.syriacus and H.trionum(P<0.01); but there was no significant difference in the height of lowermost stamen between H.syriacus and H.trionum(P>0.05).(2)The pollen-ovule ratio of H.syriacus was 874.90±20.79,it suggested breeding system belongs to the facultative xenogamy; while the pollen-ovule ratio of H.trionum was 24.72±0.68,it suggested breeding system belongs to the obligate autogamy.(3)The fruit set of H.syriacus was 0% under natural conditions of bags,2.04% for hand self-pollination,and 35.8% for hand cross-pollination; for H.trionum,the fruit sets of autonomous selfing and hand self-pollination were both 100%,and 95.30% for the hand cross-pollination. H.syriacus and H.trionum form the floral characteristics adapting to themselves breeding system(facultative xenogamy vs.obligate autogamy),including floral traits,pollen-ovule ratios and floral behaviors.

Mega-microsporogenesis and the development of female-male gametophyte in Aspidistra retusa

2016/1/15 10:58:29

After making a routine paraffin section on the flower of Aspidistra retusa,it was found that the anther was 4-sporangiate and glandular tapetum,and became binucleate or multinucleate at the later stage of its development. The microsporocyte underwent meiosis and the cytokinesis was successive which resulted in the formation of isobilateral and occasionally tetrahedral tetrads. The mature pollen grains were 2-celled type. The ovary was trilocular with axile placentation and the ovule was anatropous,biteguminous and crassinucellate. The micropyle was formed by the inner integument. The development of embryo sac was mutant Polygonum type.

Application of new DELTA system in plant taxonomy——Study on Festuca L.as an example

2016/1/15 10:58:29

DELTA system is a flexible data-coding format for taxonomic description and identification. The new edition of the system is much more powerful and convenient to use than the old one, especially in processing Chinese characters. As the data exchange standard designated by the International Taxonomic Databases Working Group, the system is capable of encoding all types of the characters commonly used for identification and classification, and an associated set of programs can be used for producing and typesetting natural-language descriptions and keys, for interactive identification and information retrieval,and for conversion of the data to formats required for phylogenetic and phenetic analysis. DELTA system can serve as a powerful and helpful assistant for taxonomic study.

Comparison on microstructures of epidermis and stomatal apparatus of leaf between tetraploid and diploid of Dioscorea zingiberensis

2016/1/15 10:57:24

Morphology and microstructure of epidermis and stomatal apparatus in guard cell of sunny leaves and shady ones between diploid and tetraploid Dioscorea zingiberensis have been comparatively studied. The results are as follows:there are distinctly differences on their morphology and microstructure between diploid and tetraploid,sunny leaf and shady one. There are two morphological types of epidermal cells: regular polygon epidermis and irregular meander configuration ones. The stomatal apparatus,which exist only in under epidermis,is irregular type of stomatal apparatus as that of typical dicotyle. The mean densities of epidermic cells and stomatal apparatus,stomatal index of tetraploid,which are 476.82±6.87 cells·mm^-2,78.22±3.1 units·mm^-2 and 14.11 respectively,is smaller by 4.60%,17.95% and 11.98% respectively than that of diploid. But the even length and width of stomatal apparatus,width of guard cell of the former,which are 32.78±2.09μm,26.07±1.55μm,9.63±1.14μm respectively,is larger by 10.73%,3.90% and 18.01% than that of the latter respectively,and the difference is all at extremely distinct level. That of shady leaf of the former is larger by 5.77%,6.00% and 8.72% respectively than that of sunny one,and the latter by 1.72%,1.74% and 2.41% respectively. The chloroplast numbers in guard cell of stoma of tetraploid are 23.93±3.19,74.00% more than that of diploid. The densities of epidermic cell and stoma,stomatal index,size of stoma,chloroplast numbers in guard cell,especially the width of guard cell can be used to identify the tetraploid and diploid. The leaf structure of tetraploid is good for high yield.

Observation on the leaf epidermis of partial genera and species of Lepidieae from China

2016/1/15 10:57:25

Leaf epidermal features of partial genera and related genera of Lepidieae(Brassicaceae)from China were investigated by using light microscopy(LM).The results show:the studied species of Lepidieae from China have diversity in the leaf features and they can be divided into two types:first,the morphology of the upper epidermis and the lower epidermis is similar,and with simple trichomes or glabrous on the leaf surface,including Lepidium,Cardaria,Isatis and Thlaspi; second,the morphology of lower epidermis is different from which of the upper epidermis,and with branched and simple trichomes on the leaf surface,including Capsella and Camelina.The results support that Capsella should moved out from Lepidieae,which is a polyphyletic group and Capsella is closely related to Camelina.

Bulblet morphogenesis of Oriental lily during scale propagation

2016/1/15 10:57:25

Bulblet morphological courses of Oriental lily during scale cutting propagation were observed in present paper. The results showed that bulblet formation by organogenesis which originated from the parenchyma cells on scale base. Bulblet formation belongs to external origination. The process of bulblet morphogenesis was divided into five stages:no differentiation stage,initiating stage,apical meristem formation stage,leaflet primordium and root primordium formation stage,bulblet formation stage.

Sex ratios and rate of sexual reproduction in the epiphytic moss Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis

2016/1/15 10:57:25

The moss Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis was found on many host tree trunk in Fanjing Mountain of Guizhou,China. A survey of 44 samples revealed an individual sex ratio of 8♀:1♂(female individuals:male individuals,N=1 320)with 25.0% individuals non-expressing,and an expressed population sex ratio of 5♀:1♀♂(female populations:mixed-sex populations,N=44)with no male population. The rate of individual sexual reproduction and the rate of population sexual reproduction were 10.5% and 9.3% respectively. The results indicated that there existed a remarkable female-biased phenomenon and natural populations were maintained via asexual reproduction in D.diversiformis.

Pollen vitality and stigma receptivity of Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis and P.mairei(Trilliaceae)

2016/1/15 10:57:25

Pollen viability of Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis and P.mairei was evaluated by TTC(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride)test,the stigma receptivity was estimated by benzidine-H₂O₂ method. The results were as follows:the pollen viability of P.polyphylla var.yunnanensis was the highest at the first day shedding pollens,then fell down gradually and lasted about 20 to 23 days. It could remain viable for nearly the entire flowering period but fell down suddenly in the second day and the 19th day. The pollen viability of P.mairei reached to a summit in the second day but fell down suddenly in the third day,the life-span was relatively short,only four days. The stigma of both species of Paris had receptivity during blooming period. It was the highest at 11 to 13 days after blooming in P.polyphylla var.yunnanensis but in P.mairei it was at the fifth day. There was a discrepancy in the peak time of pollen viability and stigma receptivity in both species of Paris. The summit of stigma receptivity and mucus secretion was nearly the same in two species.

Studies on germplasm resources of Dendrobium chrysanthum using ISSR marker

2016/1/15 10:57:25

Dendrobium chrysanthum is a traditional Chinese crude drug in China. We analyzed the genetic diversity and the genetic relationship of 9 population of D.chrysanthum by ISSR technique in this paper. The results showed that we sieved 5 utility primers from 60 ISSR primers and the amplified loci of every primers was 9～13,the total was 56,of which 49 were polymorphic(87.90% of all amplified loci). The level of genetic diversity in D.chrysanthum is higher,and the genetic variation is more abundance. A total of 242 bands with an average of 26.90 bands per population were amplified from 9 populations,in which 179 bands polymorphic(72.90%)of all amplified bands. The main endangered reasons of wild population of D.chrysanthum were the over-collecting and the environment which D.chrysanthum depended on was destoryed. Cluster analysis showed that the genetic distances of Yunnan Simao population and Wenshan population is closest,and it is farther between Yunnan Jinghong population and the others. This result indicated that the phylogenetic relationship of different population of D.chrysanthum is possibly relevant to their geographic distribution.

Optimization of the RAPD reaction system and procedure of Taxus media

HUANG Xi-Yang, JIANG Shui-Yuan, LI Hong, LI Feng — 2016/1/15 10:57:25

Regarded Taxus media as the research object,several important factors included MgCl₂,dNTP,random primer,Taq polymerase,template DNA and annealing temperature,amplification were optimized by L16(4⁵)orthogonal design experiment and single factor experiment in order to establish optimal RAPD system and procedure. The results showed that a total volume of 25 μL PCR reaction system conditioned 10×Buffer 2.5 μL,MgCl₂ 1.5 mmol/L,dNTP 0.2 mmol/L,random primer 0.6 μmol/L,Taq polymerase1.0 U,template DNA 80ng,and annealing temperature was 37 ℃,amplification for 45 cycles.

New taxa of the Rosaceae from Zhejiang, China

2016/1/15 10:57:25

A new subspecies and a new variety of the family Rosaceae from Zhejiang,China,are described and illustrated. The new subspecies,namely Rosa uniflorella subsp.adenopetala,differs from Rosa uniflorella subsp.uniflorella in having pubescent stipules,leaf rachis and sepals,leaves larger,glabrous or sparsely pubescent on both surfaces,corymb 1-3-flowered,petals broadly obovate. The new variety,Rubus sumatranus var.suichangensis,differs from its typical entity in having glandular peduncles,young shoots and shoots,leaves that are with glandular hairs on both surfaces,sepals longer,13-15 mm long,caudiform at apex.

a new species of Celastraceae from Fujian

2016/1/15 10:57:25

A new species of the genus Microtropis, M.dehuaensis Z.S.Huang & Y.Y.Lin, is described from Jiuxianshan,Fujian

Effects of choosing different tissues of Racomitrium japonicum on total RNA isolation and DDRT-PCR

SHA Wei, SHI Shuai — 2016/1/15 10:57:04

Total RNA was extracted from different tissues of R.japonicum by the method of SDS. We compared and analyzed the rate of yield, purity of the total RNA from three parts of R.japonicum. The mRNA differential display method(DDRT-PCR)was used to study the differential expression of the three parts of R.japonicum. The results showed that the top part of R.japonicum was better suitable for extracting total RNA and DDRT-PCR.

The breeding system of three species of genus Ligularia in the east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

2016/1/15 10:57:04

In this thesis,the breeding system and reproductive strategies of the three species were observed and analysed. The adaptation and evolution of the genus Ligularia under the condition of psychro-environment were discussed. The result showed that the flowering and fruiting periods of the three species were from mid-June to the beginning of October,and their inflorescences were racemose arrangement with capitulum. The outcrossing index were 4 in the all three species,the breeding system was given priority to outcrossing,part self-compatibility,insects pollinator-dependent. The main factors effecting the success of sexual reproduction were pollinators scarcity and insects infection. The primary factor to limit seed setting was the windy psychro-environment which limits the activities of insects,leading to the insect number to visited flowers decreased. All these factors induced the low setting percentage. But the plants didn't accept this fact passively,instead they took active strategies of adaptability,such as mass blossom,prolonging the functional period of female and male gametophyte,and generalization of pollen medium. Therefore,the potential of sexual reproduction in the three species was still very great. Under natural conditions,the clonal growing rhizomes of L.sagitta and L.virgaurea were suppressed due to interspecific competitions on the grassland,therefore the reproduction of the two plants mainly dependented on seeds. This fact suggests,we should aim at sexual reproductive organs in management of the two weeds,we also need to pay more attention to ecological recovery on the degenerating grassland to prevent land form further desertification.

Flower size variation at the inflorescence and individual levels and its trade-off with flower number in Polygonum hydropiper(Polygonaceae)

CAO Guo-Xing, LI Yan, LIU Xin — 2016/1/15 10:57:04

Flower size variation at the inflorescence and individual levels and its trade-off with flower number were evaluated in annual herb,Polygonum hydropiper(Polygonaceae). One or two flowers were randomly sampled from three relative positions(basal,middle,distal)within an inflorescence of fifty-four plants,average flower size(mass)was largest at the basal positions(0.851 mg)and smallest at the distal positions(0.715 mg),probably due to architectural effects. Four to twenty flowers were randomly sampled from each individual,average flower size did not change with plant size(aboveground vegetative biomass). Both floral display size and total flower production increased with plant size. No trade-off between display size or total flower production and flower size was detected at the plant level both before and after controlling for plant size(aboveground vegetative biomass)statistically,probably due to variations in resource availability.

Pollen morphology of Michelia and its systematic significance

2016/1/15 10:57:04

Pollen morphology of 12 taxa of Michelia was investigated with scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The pollen grains are bilateral symmetric,heteropolar,monocolpate,broadly elliptical in polar view,boad-shaped in equatorial view,and medium size. The genus is in a natural group. Some pollen morphological characters,such as the size and sculpture can be used to identify species in Michelia,but it has limit value in infrageneric classification of the genus.

Observation of pollen morphology of two species from Talauma

2016/1/15 10:57:04

The pollen grains of Talauma gloriensis and T.mexicana are large with the longest axis more than 45 μm,elliptica in polar view,boat-shaped in equatorial view. Exine sculpture is foveolate or slightly coarse. The exine of these two species can be distinguished by tectum,columella and foot layer. The colpus membrane consists of a thin foot-layer and intine,while the sexine elements(tectum and columella)are reduced gradually. Endexine is distinct and varies in thickness. Granules are frequently observed in columella with small intraexinous spaces in T.gloriensis,while individual well-developed columella,connecting directly the tectum and foot layer could be found in T.mexicana.

Comparison on floral dynamic, pollen viability and stigma receptivity between Chirita guilinensis and Chirita baishouensis

2016/1/15 10:57:04

Floral dynamic,pollen viability and stigma receptivity of Chirita guilinensis at two sites(YZ group and DB group)and C.baishouensis were compared in this study. The results showed that the flowering period of inflorescence and anthesis of a single flower were different between DB group and YZ group,but analogical between YZ group and C.baishouensis:Flowering of YZ group and C.baishouensis took place from late February to late March,but occurred from middle March to middle April in DB group; the anthesis of a single flower in DB group was longer than others. However,a similar floral dynamic happened in DB group,YZ group and C.baishouensis. The peak time and its duration of pollen variability and stigma receptivity were distinctly different among DB group,YZ group and C.baishouensis.

Anatomic structures and morphogenesis in vitro of Sempervivum tectorum leaf

2016/1/15 10:57:04

Anatomic structures and morphogenesis in vitro of Sempervivum tectorum leaf had been studied. The results show that S.tectorum is a typical xerophil. Its leaves are characterized with cutin,density glandular hair,and the stoma is composed with two kidney-shaped safeguard cells and two hook convoy cells,which effectively control the evaporation. The differentiation of palisade and sponge tissue is not visible in mesophyll structure. And the mesophyll cell is large and function as water storage. The vascular bundles distribute parallel; vessel and sieve tube are small and wrapped with vascular sheath. Plantlets formed from the leafs in vitro is inner-genetic,including organ-type morphogenesis way(plantlets directly from explants)and organogeny-type morphogenesis way(plantlets from the calli and calli from the fleshy leaves).

Study on extraction methods of bryophytes genomic RNA

2016/1/15 10:57:04

4 methods for RNA extraction from normal and dried Racomitrium japonicum tissues were evaluated upon time consumption,yield and quality of RNA isolation. A modified SDS method was found to be the best one among the 4 methods evaluated. The method was found to be also suitable for extracting RNA from bryophytes such as Grimmia pilifera etc.

Gametophyte development of Leptorumohra quadripinnata

2016/1/15 10:57:04

The spores of the Leptorumohra quadripinnata were cultured in MS medium. The spore germination,gametophyte development and formation of young sporophytes were observed in detail by microscope. The result indicates that the mature spores are black-brown,monolete,little draped surface and horsebean-shaped in equatorial view and elliptical in polar view. The spores germinate about 8 days after sowing,the germination type is Vittaria-type and the gametophyte development is Aspidium-type. The prothallial plates form about 20 days after sowing. The young prothallia develop about 30 days after sowing,they are not symmetry temporarily,but the mature prothallia are papilionaceous. Profuse unicellular hairs occur in the whole surface and the margin of the prothallium. The sex organs form about 50 days after sowing. The antheridia look like pellets and are formed by three cells. The archegonial neck is often formed by 5 rows of cells. Young embryos can be seen from the prothallium in one month after fecundation.

Distyly in Forsythia suspensa (Oleaceae)

RUAN Cheng-Jiang — 2016/1/15 10:55:59

Distyly provides precise pollen transfer without the costs that are associated with sexual interference and self-pollination. In thirty populations of distylous Forsythia suspensa,style-morph ratios varied from isoplethy(1.00 long-morph:1.00 short-morph,n=17 populations)to L-biased(1.14 long-morph:1.00 short-morph,n=13 populations). Under open pollination condition,there was no significant difference in fruit set between long-(9.11%±0.01%)and short-(8.93%±0.06%)styled morphs(F_(1,39)=2.47,P=0.25). The lower fertilizations of controlled intramorph pollinations(2.71%±0.02% in long-long and 2.58%±0.01% in short-short combinations)indicated that F.suspensa is intramorph-incompatible. There was no significant difference in fruit set of cross-pollination between long-short-(36.41%±0.07%)and short-long-(36.27%±0.03%)styled morphs combinations(F_(1,39)=1.38,P=0.14). The results of artificial outcrossing indicated that pollinator limitation may occur in the artificial populations of F.suspensa in northeast of China,this may be because that the low temperature and much windy in the early spring influence pollinators' kinds and activities.

Scanning electron microscope observation to pollen morphology of eleven species of eight genera in Cucurbitaceae

2016/1/15 10:55:59

The pollen morphologies of ten species and avariety belonging to eight genera of Cucurbitaceae in were examined by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the pollen grains of Benincasa,Lagenaria and Trichosanthes are approximate spheroid with three-colposate; the pollen grains of Momordica,Citrullus and Luffa are prolate spheroid with three-colpus; the pollen grains of Cucumis is approximate spheroid with three-porus; the pollen grains of Cucurbita is spheroid with panpori. There are extinct differences in size,shape and exine sculpture of the pollen grains between different genera and species.

Assessment of genetic diversity of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa)from Guangxi and South Asia by using SSR markers

2016/1/15 10:55:59

Genetic diversity was assessed by using 16 rice microsatellite markers. The 96 rice genotypes used in this study included 78 aromatic rice genotypes from South Asia and 18 aromatic rice genotypes from Guangxi. A total of 85 and 55 alleles were present in South Asia and Guangxi aromatic rice at the 16 SSR loci respectively. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 13 and from 2 to 9,with an average of 5.31 and 3.44 respectively,polymorphism information content(PIC)values ranged from 0.171 to 0.872 and from 0.099 to 0.765,with an average of 0.55 and 0.41,average genetic multiplicity index(Hs)values ranged from 0.184 to 0.884 and from 0.105 to 0.792,with an average of 0.60 and 0.47. The results indicated genetic diversity was higher in aromatic rice germplasm from South Asia than that from Guangxi. The cluster analysis indicated that most of aromatic rice germplasm from South Asia or from Guangxi could be obviously confined to one cluster respectively. And the genetic and geographical difference lied between aromatic rice germplasm from South Asia and Guangxi.

Early floral development of Adinandra latifolia (Theaceae)

2016/1/15 10:55:59

The floral development of the plant in Theaceae, Adinandra latifolia H.T.Chang has been observed under scanning electron microscope(SEM)for the first time up to date. Both perianth and 5 clusters of stamens are initiated 2/5 spirally and centripetally and in the same order either clockwise or anticlockwise in the same flower; 5 clusters of stamen primordia are initiated directly on the ring-like primordium and each cluster of stamens is initiated from middle to two ends; under the axile-central placenta formed by five carpels,there is a deuterogenic fertile placenta initiated directly at the base of the same ovary. The floral development of A.latifolia is distinctly different from Euryodendron excelsum in Ternstroemioideae,so the present work provides evidence from floral organogenesis about the further study on the phylogeny of subfamily Ternstroemioideae even of Theaceae.

Cryosectioning method for the observation of microtubule cytoskeleton in plant cells

2016/1/15 10:55:59

Plant Microtubule cytoskeletons have long been known to play a key role in plant morphogenesis. The general procedures and some improvements of cryosectioning method for the plant microtubule were detailed here. After fixation,microtubule arrays in various cells could be stained by using improved cryosection method. Transverse cortical microtubules to the axis of cells were the main microtubule arrays in the elongating young leaves,and longitudinal arrays to the long axis of the cells in the primordium,especially at the base of the third young leaf. The results indicate that the cryosectioning method is useful for investigating plant microtubule cytoskeleton.

Ontogeny of staminate flowers in D. collettii var.hypoglauca Palibin

2016/1/15 10:55:59

The morphological anatomy on development of staminate flowers in Dioscorea collettii var.hypoglauca was first systematically researched by means of normal paraffin embedded sectioning and observation in field. The results showed that the floral organ were imperfect. The staminate connective were forky and thicken, however,the staminodia presented filamentous with a forky or strumose apex. The evolutionary trend of flowers was discussed in this paper. The anther in D.collettii var.hypoglauca was tetrasporangiate. The anther wall was monocotyledonous type in the development, which comprised epidermis, fibrous endothecium, middle layer and glandular tapetum. The microspore mother cells underwent meiosis,and the cytokinesis was simultaneous. The tetrads were tetrahedral. Mature pollen grains were two-celled at the dispersal stage.

Developmental anatomy of the stem in Achyranthes bidentata

2016/1/15 10:55:59

Developmental process of Achyranthes bidentata stem was examined by anatomical methods. It was shown that the development of A.bidentata stem included five stages:promeristem,primary meristem,primary structure,secondary structure and tertiary growth stages. The promeristem possessed the cytological characters of typical meristem,the primary meristem included dermatogen,ground meristem and procambium. In the course of stem development,primary and initial secondary growth was similar ordinary dicotyledons. Then as the fascicular cambium was initiated,the interfascicular cambium was not formed in the secondary growth of stem. The tertiary growth of stem was replaced by the activities of supernumerary cambium arising from procambium cells remaining the lateral vascular cylinder. Initially the supernumerary cambium formed tertiary xylem and conjunctive tissues alternately engender only on its inner side,and the differentiation of tertiary phloem strand which was produced in external to supernumerary cambium was later than that of xylem. The phloem fibers of A.bidentata stem originated from procambium belonged to characters of protophloem. In addition,there was no correlation between the two collateral vascular bundles which also originated from procambium and normal vascular bundles in the position. But there were multiformity on the structure of medullary bundle,and sometimes incomplete amphivasal bundles were formed.

Studies on micro-structure of aleurone cell in micro-endosperm maizes

2016/1/15 10:55:59

10 types of corn with different oil concentrations were used to study the aleurone-cell thickness,structure and the correlations between aleurone thickness and kernel-oil concentration,ERK(embryo-removed kernel)-oil concentration,kernel weight,ERK weight,kernel-protein concentration,embryo weight and embryo-oil concentration,respectively. The results suggested that:(1)the 3 Mini-Endosperm corns(MECs)were of the highest aleurone thickness,the aleurone thickness of the 3 MECs was significantly higher than that of the 7th common-high-oil corn and the 10th common-flint corn;(2)the aleurone thickness was very positively correlated to kernel-oil concentration and ERK oil concentration,but very negatively correlated to kernel weight and ERK weight;(3)some of the MECs showed degenerative endosperm. Based on these results,we suggested that both aleurone thickness and kernel weight could be used as markers to select super-oil corn and in some MECs,high oil concentration might be based on endosperm degeneration.

Supplemental study on the pollen morphology of the tribe Hyoscyameae(Solanaceae)and its systematic significance

2016/1/15 21:07:18

Pollen grains of 23 species in seven genera of the tribe Hyoscyameae(Solanaceae)and three related genera(Atropa,Mandragora,Lycium)were investigated under SEM. The pollen grains are globose,subglobose,oblate or prolate in shape. Germination apertures were absent or present and are irregularly poroid,3-colpate,4-colpate,3-or 4-colpate,pantocolpate or 3-colporate. The exine ornamentation was spinulose,tuberculate,variously striate,striate-foveolate,striate-reticulate,rugose-sinuate,minutely reticulate or reticulate. The colpal membrane was nearly smooth but with granular,spinulose or tuberculate protuberances. The pollen grains show great variation between genera in the Hyoscyameae in the presence and type of a germination aperture and exine ornamentation. These may be important characters in revealing phylogenetic relationship in the tribe. The evolutionary trend in germination apertures ranges from absent or presence to 3-or 4-colpate then to 3-colporate. Anisodus,which lacks germination apertures,is considered to be primitive,while genera with 3-colporate pollen grains,such as Przewalskia and Hyoscyamus are believed to be advanced.

Molecular evidence on the systematic position of Armoracia and Nasturtium(Brassicaceae)

2016/1/15 21:07:18

The chloroplast DNA trnL intron and trnL-F spacer of Armoracia (trib.Drabeae),Nasturtium(trib.Arabideae)and some related genera in Brassicaceae from China were sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic relationship among them. The results are as follows:Armoracia and Barbarea,Rorippa,Nasturtium,Cardamine,which are in Arabideae,formed one lineage in the molecular tree; Armoracia is far away from Draba,which is the type genus of Drabieae. Combining with morphological features,Armoracia is suggested to be moved out from Drabeae and its systematic position should be closed with Barbarea,Rorippa,Nasturtium and Cardamine. Moreover,in the tree,Nasturtium is merged into Cardamine,so the two genera should have closer relationship. This study don't support the opinion in Flora of China(Vol.33)about the systematic position of Armoracia and Nasturtium.

Study on tracheary elements of three genera in Athyriaceae

2016/1/15 21:07:18

Tracheary elements of rhizomes of 4 species in Pseudocystopteris,3 species in Cystopteris and 3 species in Athyrium were examined on scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results indicated that the end walls had the same morphological characteristics and structure as the lateral walls,which contained perforation plates(multi-perforation plates). According to the type of perforation plates and degree of pit membrane remnants,the results showed that Pseudocystopteris and Athyrium had close relation and the systematic position is relatively higher,and Cystopteris occupies a lower position.

Comparative anatomy of leave of genus Drepanostachyum and Ampelocalamus

2016/1/15 21:07:18

After examining the cross section of leaf and leaf epidermis of 10 species of genus Drepanostachyum and Ampelocalamus applying optical microscope,and probed the position of disputed species and concluded:(1)the anatomical structures of Drepanostachyum and Ampelocalamus are different obviously,so they should be separated to be 2 genara;(2)the anatomical characters of D.saxatile,D.yongshanensis,D.mianningensis and A.patellaris are more close to that of Drepanostachyum and they should belong to Drepanostachyum;(3)the morphologic and anatomical characters of D.fractiflexum are different dramatically from that of Drepanostachyum and it should belong to Fargesia.

Some new records from Guangxi, China

2016/1/15 21:07:19

Three species,Lychnis senno,Burmannia championii and Sciaphila megastyla,are reported as new records from Guangxi. In addition,the family Triuridaceae and the genera Sciaphila have not been previously recorded in Guangxi. A rare specie Euchresta japonica are found again in Guangxi.

Three species of the lichen genus Lecanora new to China from Bailong River Valley, Gansu Province

2016/1/15 21:07:19

Three species of the lichen genus Lecanora from Bailong River Valley,Gansu Province are reported new to China. They are L.cinereofusca H.Magn.,L.flavidofusca Müll.Arg.and L.perplexa Brodo. The detailed morphological,anatomical and chemical descriptions of the species are given. A short comment for each species is made under the description. Photos of the thalli are also presented.

Phoebe liana Y.Yang, a new name of Lauraceae

2016/1/15 21:07:19

Phoebe reticulata Y.K.Li et X.M.Wang is a later homonym of P.reticulata Mez. It is substituted with a new name,viz.P.liana Y.Yang.

Three new species and one new variety of Elatostema J.R.& G.Forst. (Urticaceae)from Guangxi

2016/1/15 21:07:01

Three new species and one new variety of Elatostema(Urticaceae)are described from Guangxi,China.

Geranium pratense f.albiflora, a new form of Geraniaceae from Ningxia of China

2016/1/15 21:07:01

Geranium pratense L.f.albiflora Q.Zhu et J.Wang,a new form of Geraniaceae from Ningxia of China is described.It differs from the typical form Geranium pratense f.pratense by having white flowers.

New synonyms and a newly recorded species of Illicium from China

LIN Qi — 2016/1/15 21:07:01

Based on examinations of specimens of Illicium Linn.and field observations,I.cambodianum Hance is recoded for the first time in China,I.salicifolium S.Y.Liang is treated as a new synonym of I.micranthum Dunn, I.burmanicum Wilson and I.macranthum A.C.Smith as new synonyms of I.simonsii Maxim.

New records of the distribution of the seed plants in Yunnan Province

2016/1/15 21:07:01

In this paper, ten species,seven varieties and one form of seed plants in Yunnan Province are newly recorded,including M. myriantha var.pilosa,Meliosma kirkii,Dendrobenthamia japonica var.leucotricha,Dendrobenthamia ferruginea var.jinyunensis,Swida bretschneideri var.bretschneideri,Neanotis ingrata f.parvifolia,Ainsliaea gracilis,Ixeridium dentatum,Parasenecio ainsliiflorus,Synotis sinica,Hemiboea gracilis,Scutellaria caudifolia var.caudifolia,Siphocranion macranthum var.prainianum,Salvia nanchuanensis,Calanthe arcuata var.brevifolia,Tainia dunnii,Scirpus subcapitatus,Qiongzhuea intermedia,which belong to nine families and sixteen genera.

Glyptopetalum integrifolium, a new name of Celastraceae

2016/1/15 21:07:02

Based on Microtropis poilanei Tardieu,a new name,Glyptopetalum integrifolium Q.W.Lin,Z.X.Zhang & Q.R.Liu,is proposed.

Leaf architecture of Zanthoxylum(Rutaceae)from China and its taxonomic significance

2016/1/15 21:07:02

Leaf architecture of 32 species and 4 variety of Zanthoxylum s.l.(Rutaceae)in China were investigated. A comprehensive description of leaf architecture for Zanthoxylum was provided. Venation pattern was brochidodromous which represented a comparative primitive type. Tree types of teeth were detected,namely entire,toothed and crenate. The secondary veins were branched or unbranched. The most species were without glands on teeth,except in 4 species. These results did not support Englerian classification of Zanthoxylum. Based on comparison of leaf architecture,our results supported the taxonomic treatment of subgenera Fagara and Zanthoxylum as subgenus rank of Zanthoxylum and the genus Zanthoxylum as a comparative primitive group within the Rutaceae. A key based on main diagnostic morphologically and leaf architecture characters to the two subgenera of Zanthoxylum were revised.

Intergeneric cross-compatibility between Dendran- thema ×grandiflorum and Ajania pacifica and the seed sets of their F₁ progenies in different conditions of backcross, selfing and open pollination

2016/1/15 21:07:02

Intergeneric cross-compatibility between Dendranthema&#215;grandiflorum‘Aoyunhuoju',‘Yidalihong'and Ajania pacificaand the seed sets of their F₁ progenies in different conditions of backcross,selfing and open pollination were investigated. The pollen germinated well on the stigmas no matter what D.&#215;grandiflorum or A.pacifica as the female parent,but the seed sets were very low even no seeds. The seed sets of reciprocal hybrids between‘Aoyunhuoju'and A.pacifica were 3.72 per capitulum,and the seed sets of reciprocal hybrids between‘Yidalihong'and A.pacifica were 1.2 and 0.87,respectively. The seed sets of the backcross of F₁ progenies between‘Aoyunhuoju'and A.pacifica with‘Aoyunhuoju'were very low even no seeds,the same as those of the backcross of reciprocal hybrid F₁ between‘Yidalihong'and A.pacifica with their parents. The selfing seed sets of all F₁ progenies were almost 0. However,the seed sets in open pollination were very high and the highest seed set was up to 47.5 per capitulum. It can be inferred that the development process of female gamete was normal and the reproductive course of F₁ was also normal. The reasons of low seed sets of backcross were the distant crossing barrier and low seed sets of selfing were determined by the mechanism of self-imcompatability.

Studies on anatomy of laticifers and localization of diterpene esters in vegetative organs in Euphorbia kansui

2016/1/15 21:07:02

The type,distribution and size of laticifers in all organs of Euphorbia kansui were observed under light-microscope by the means of paraffin sectioning,semi-thin sectioning and histochemistry. The results were as follows: non-articulated branched laticifers were available in E.kansui. The laticifers were mainly distributed around the phloem of the vascular bundle,except that they were also distributed in the pericycle in root tuber,the mesophyll tissues in leaf,the mesocarp and endosperm in fruit. The size of laticifers in E.kansui varied slightly in different organs. The diameter of laticifers was largest(39.79 μm)in stem,the medium(36.90 μm)in root tuber and the smallest(8.94 μm)in mesophyll tissues. However,the density of laticifers varied largely in different vegetative organs,whose descending order lists as leaf,stem,root and root tuber. Besides,histochemical results showed that the diterpene esters were distributed widely in the vegetative organs of E.kansui. The color showed by the cell cavity of laticifers was the darkest.

Wood comparative anatomy of five intraspecies of Hibiscus syriacus

2016/1/15 21:07:02

On the basis of observations of wood structure,some analytical methods,such as one-way ANOVA and numerical taxonomy,had been applied to solve taxonomic and evolutionary problems in 5 intraspecies of Hibiscus syriacus. The observation showed that 5 intraspecies of Hibiscus syriacus shared wood anatomic characters as follows:the wood was ring or semi ring porous,with obvious growth ring; vessels were ellipse on transverse section,with single perforations in aclinic or oblique end walls,and porous was mostly multiple porous,the frequency of vessels were relatively less. Vessel members were relatively short and wide. Fibres consisted a mass of libriform fibres and a few of tracheid-fibres. Ray was heterogeneous Ⅱa or Ⅱa and Ⅱb type,its frequency was middling or high in Hibiscus syriacus f.syriacus(12 mm^-1). Both of the uniseriate ray and the multiseriate ray were low and thin rays.The result from cluster analysis and principle component analysis(PCA)ordination for wood anatomical characteristics showed that the 5 intraspecies of Hibiscus syriacus should be divided into two subspecies:Hibiscus syriacus subsp.paeoniflorus and H.syriacus subsp.syriacus,and the former might include three forma:H.syriacus f.paeoniflorus,H.syriacus f.albus-plenus and H.syriacus f.elegantissimus,while the latter included two forma:H.syriacus f.syriacus and H.syriacus f.violaceum. According to the evolutionary trend of wood anatomical characteristics,H.syriacus f.syriacus might be the most primitive taxon,from which H.syriacus f.paeoniflorus and H.syriacus f.syriacus originated,respectively in earlier and later development stage,and from H.syriacus f.paeoniflorus, H.syriacus f.elegantissimus and H.syriacus f.albus-plenus successively differentiated.

Structure and annual changing pattern of mycorrhizae of four Cypripedium species

2016/1/15 21:07:02

Roots of four alpine Cypripedium species(C.flavum,C.yunnanense,C.tibeticum and C.guttatum)were sliced up and observed throughout their lifecycle. Their common structure and annual changing pattern of mycorhizae are as follows:Fungi infect and form endomycorrhizal structure with plants throughout the latter's grown period,and hyphae exist in the cortical cells of roots in the following four forms:(a)Coffee-colored or yellow big peloton consisting of twisted hyphae;(b)Dust-colored or yellow big peloton consisting of fragmentary hyphae;(c)Colorless scattered hyphae;(d)Orange or yellow small peloton with blurry hyphae. The four forms of hyphae are in different phases of the infection-decomposition circle,which goes round and round throughout the plants'grown period. It is primarily concluded that in the alpine area,fungi infect roots of the Cypripedium species for nutrients they need for their subsistence and multiply,and the Cypripedium species use them as nutrients,thus,processing mixotrophy.

Author for correspondenceChromosomal studies on populations of Aquilaria sinensis

2016/1/15 21:07:02

For the first time,a conventional analysis of chromosome karyotype and Giemsa C-banding was carried out in three populations of Aquilaria sinensis. Three populations showed same chromosome number of 2n=2x=16 and the asymmetry of the karyotype was categorized as type 2B. The variance of karyotype was not obvious in three populations,only karyotypical formula(2n=16=4m+8sm+4st)in one population was different from the other two(2n=16=6m+6sm+4st). The Giemsa C-banding pattern of A.sinensis was CIT pattern. Within Giemsa C-banding pattern of A.sinensis there were centromeric bands,intercalary bands,telomeric bands and whole bands. The distributed position,numbers and types of the C-banding on the chromosome of A.sinensis had shown the clear polymorphisms.

Study on chromosome counts and the karyotype of some species of Fagaceae in Fujian Province

2016/1/15 21:07:02

Chromosome counts of 4 species and cytological characteristics of the top of roots of 9 species of the Fagaceae were investigated by using the method of wall degradation and hypotonic treatment,and the tests got clear mitotic metaphase of cells. The chromosome number,the number and position of SAT,the karyotype formulae,the karyotype classification,arm ratio,relative arm length,index of centromere and karyotypic anisomerous index,etc were analyzed. The results showed that the chromosome counts of 13 species are K(2n)=24 and Castanopsis tibetana,C.fordii,C.fabric,C.carlesii,C.fissa,C.jucunda,C.lamontii and Fagus longipetiolata are 2B,and Lithocarpus harlandii is 1B.

On some botanic terms Ⅲ

WANG Wen-cai — 2016/1/15 10:59:05

(1)The Chinese translation of the term“rhizome”is discussed,and the correct translation is ascertained.(2)Two inflorescence types,determinate umbel and determinate capitulum,rarely known in Chinese botanic literature,are introduced. On the basis of the studies of inflorescence conducted by various botanists it is clear that both hypanthodium and catkin evolved from the cymose inflorescences,and should belong to determinate inflorescence,rather than to indeterminate inflorescence. The staminate inflorescence of Elatostema sect.Androsyce(Urticaceae)with urceolate receptacle is also recognized to be a hypanthodium,and may be derived from the determinate capitulum of Elatostema sect.Elatostema. It differs from the hypanthodium of the genus Ficus(Moraceae)in having no basal and oral bracts and in its receptacle divided before the bloom of the staminate flowers.

Preliminary study on phylogeny of Ficus subg.Urostigma (Moraceae)in China

2016/1/15 10:59:05

Based on the ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA,15 species and two varieties of 3 sections of Ficus subgenus Urostigma from China were selected for phylogenetic analysis. Maximum Parsimonious analysis suggested that subgenus Urostigma was not monophyletic. Sect.Urostigma was a monophyletic group,and was closely related with subg.Ficus instead with subg.Urostigma. Five other sections of subg.Urostigma formed a clade with moderate support(75%). In this clade,sect.Conosycea was classified into two sister groups.F.glaberrima and F.annulata constitute one unique group with close relationship. From this study,the systematic position of sect.Stilpnophyllum endemic to Asia is not resolved,F.elastica falls in sect.Conosycea in the ITS tree,but its relationship remains unclear within the latter section.

Anatomy of vegetative organs of 10 species in herbaceous plants on Lianfeng Mountain and ecological adaptation

2016/1/15 10:59:06

The morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs of 10 species of herbaceous plant on Lianfeng Mountain were studied using paraffin section technology. The main results are as follows:(1)Leaf,one single layered-epidermis,no thricome and few stomata; isolateral or bifacial leaf; one or more than one vascular bound in main vein.(2)Root,secondary structure without periderm and primary structure were observed; the layers of cortex cells were different in different species. Undevelopmental secondary phloem and developmental secondary xylem exist in some species.(3)Stem,one single layered-epidermis with cuticle membrane; layered of cortex cells were few,mechanical tissues in outer cortex were observed; more than one vascular arranged in one circle. Collateral or bicollateral vascular bundle,developmental pith and medullary ray are obvious. The results indicated that the morphological and anatomical characteristics of 10 species in herbaceous plants on Lianfeng Mountain belong to mesophyte or shade-demanding plant,of which adapt to native environmental condition.

Study on anatomy of the stem of Cycas segmentifida

2016/1/15 10:59:06

The anatomical structure of stem of Cycas segmentifida were studied. The results show that stem of C.segmentifida possesses of abundant cortex and there are mucilage canals distribute in cortex and pith. Collateral vascular bundle and amphicribral vascular bundle also distribute in cortex,but the most one is collateral vascular bundle. Three kinds of different trends vascular bundle-horizontal,vertical and slanting can be seen in the identical section. Phloem component of all vascular bundle in cortex are singleness. The vascular tissue consists of some growth rings,every growth ring is composed of outer phloem,middle cambium and inner xylem; in every growth ring,the ratio of phloem is more than xylem in vascular tissue. There are four growth rings in vascular tissue of bottom stem and there are 2-10 layers parenchyma cells between the two growth rings. Viewing from vertical variation,the thickness and the number of rings of vascular tissue is increasing from top to bottom. In the same tissue,from top to bottom,distribution trend of crystalliferous parenchyma cells and tannin parenchyma cells are from absence to presence and from few to many.

Relation studies on Roegneria amurensis, R.ciliaris and R.japonensis(Poaceae:Triticeae)

WEI Xiu-Hua, LI Fu-Jun, QIU Yu-Bin, LI Bao-Hua, LI Xia — 2016/1/15 10:59:06

According to morphology,chromosome pairing,and fertility,the genomic constitution and the relationship of three species of Roegneria were investigated,and make sure of. The main result is that:it had a little of generative obstacle between R.amurensis and R.ciliaris or R.amurensis and R.japoensis,but no between R.ciliaris and R.japonensis. It was supposed that R.amurensis should be the subspecies of R.ciliaris,and R.japonensis should be the variety of R.ciliaris.

Present research status of classification of Termitomyces and Sinotermitomyces

2016/1/15 10:59:06

Termitomyces Heim is a kind of famous and precious edible fungus. The general situation of resource,the features of morphology,distribution and taxonomy of 2 genera and 40 species of Termitomyces and Sinotermitomyces were concluded and compared in this paper by collecting specimens and a great deal of literatures and datum. The key of Termitomyces was provided as reference.

Establishment and optimization of ISSR reaction system for endangered plant Coptis omeiensis

2016/1/15 10:59:06

In order to study the genetic diversity of Coptis omeiensis germplasm,ISSR-PCR system of C.omeiensis was established and optimized according to the characters of it. The effects of ISSR-PCR was examined by selecting primers and designing different concentrations of the factors in the ISSR,the reliable systems for C.omeiensis populations researching was established by analyzing the reasons for occurrence of differential bands and optimizing reaction conditions. The optimal ISSR-PCR system in C.omeiensis was established for the first time,that is,25 μL amplification reactions system containing 1×PCR Buffer,1.5 mmol/L Mg²⁺,200 μmol/L dNTP,0.3 μmol/L primer,80 ng template,1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase.The optimal amplified procedure was as follows:after a pre-denaturing of 5 min at 94 ℃,35 cycles were performed with denaturing of 30 s at 94 ℃,annealing of 1min due to denaturing temperature of different primer,extension of 1.5min at 72 ℃,a final extension step of 7 min at 72 ℃ and hold at 4 ℃. The ISSR-PCR systems,which were established in this paper for studying C.omeiensis,could provide clear reliable abundant polymorphisms molecular markers and were proved suitable for germplasm resource studying and identification of C.omeiensis.

H₂O₂-CH₂COOH maceration——a simple and perfect method for leaf epidermis

2016/1/15 10:59:06

The characteristics of H₂O₂-CH₂COOH maceration for the preparation of leaf epidermis was reviewed. The maceration in equal volumes of acetic acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide didn't destroy the structures of epidermal cells and was suitable for the leaf epidermis of pteridophyte,gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Chrysoglossum Bl., a newly recorded genus of Orchidaceae from Hainan Province

2016/1/15 10:59:06

Chrysoglossum Bl.,a newly recorded genus of Orchidaceae from Hainan Province,represented by C.ornatum Bl.,is reported. Brief description,photos,and a distribution map of the genus are provided.

New records to Compositae of Sichuan

2016/1/15 10:59:06

15 species of Compositae are reported for the first time in Sichuan:Artemisia lagocephala Fisch.ex Bess.,Pentanema indicum(L.)Ling var.hypoleucum(Hand.-Mazz.)Ling,Blainvillea acmella(L.)Phillipson,Emilia prenanthoidea DC.,Senecio diversipinnus Ling,Parasenecio subglaber(Chang)Y.L.Chen,Ligularia atroviolacea(Franch.)Hand.-Mazz.,Tussilago farfara L.,Tragopogon porrifolius L.,Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge,Sinosenecio eriopodus(Cumm.)C.Jeffrey et Y.L.Chen,Senecio tricuspis Franch.,Serratula chinensis S.Moore,Saussurea cana Ledeb.,Saussurea eriocephala Franch.,Cirsium lidjiangense Petrak ex Hand.-Mazz. The citation of specimens,distribution and distinctness from relative species has been enumerated in this paper.

Morphology of the bracts of Elatostema(Urticaceae)and the evolutionary trends in them

Wang Wen-Tsai — 2015/12/16 11:38:16

(Ⅰ)The morphology of the bracts and bracteoles in the genus Elatostema is studied. (Ⅱ)The bracts of the staminate cyme in the primitive group of that genus，sect.Pellionioides，being 15-90 in number per cyme，papery in texture ，green in colour，narrowly ovate or triangular，or linear in outline，0.5-4 mm in length，flat，without any projection，are very similar to those of staminate cymes in the two genera of trib.Elatostemeae，Pilea and Pellionia，and their morphological features just mentioned above may be considered the primitive characters of the bracts in the genus Elatostema. On the basis of them the following evolutionary trends in involucral bracts are observed:(1)more of less equal in size and similar in shape，uniseriately verticillate on receptacle margin→arranged in two series，with two outer bracts opposite and larger，and the inner bracts smaller and more or less different in shape from the outer two；(2)narrowly ovate or triangular，or linear→broadly ovate or triangular，or depressedsemiorbicular→owing to reduction in size resulted from further strong decrease of length and increase of width disappearring at last；(3)flat→cucullate at apex→navicular→navicular，with a terminal cylindrical projection；(4)lacking any projection ↗abaxially carinate，or longitudinally 1-6costate or winged↘shortly to longly cornicullate at apex→corniculate abaxially below apex；(5)free→connate at base→owing to strong decrease of length and strong increase of width，the involucral bracts are connate into a transversely linear lamella around the receptacle margin；(6)increasing to fifty to one hundred and eighty from seven to fortyfive in number per inflorescence on the one hand，and decreasing to less than five on the other. And the evolutionary trends in bracteoles may be showed as follows:(1)membranous，semihyaline，whitish ↗brownlineolate or brown→black↘thinly membranous，hyaline，colourless；(2)flat→cucullate at apex→navicular；(3)lacking any projection→corniculate at apex or abaxially below apex；(4)increasing to one or several hundred or even to one or several thousand from seven to fortyfive in number per inflorescence on the one hand，and decreasing to less than five even to zero on the other. The evolutionary trends mentioned above may be helpful for understanding the evolutionary levels of various infrageneric taxa of Elatostema.

Microsporogenesis and the development of male gametophyte in Swertia bimaculata

HUANG HengYu， LONG Hua， YI TingTing， LI Li — 2015/12/16 11:38:17

Microsporogenesis and the development of male gametophyte in Swertia bimaculata were studied by the method of paraffin section for the first time in the present paper. The main results can be concluded as follows:Anthers are tetrasporangiate，the development of anther walls conforms to the basic type and comprises of epidermis，endothecium，two middle layers and tapetum at mature stage. The tapetum has dual origin and belongs to the Glandular type. The degenerating tapetum nuclei in the middle of anther locules are from the tapetum cells，which undergo mitosis，then intrude into the anther locules and degenerate in situ at the early stage. Two middle layers are ephemeral；endothecium and epidermis persists and develops to become fibrousthickening. The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cell in meiosis is of the simultaneous type. Most of the microspore tetrads are tetrahedral and there are still a few other types，such as isobilateral，dilateral. Pollen grain is mainly 2celled type when shed，occasionally 3celled type，and it has three apertures.

Genetic diversity assessment of Saccharum species and elite cultivars from China using SSR Markers

2015/12/16 11:38:17

Genetic diversity amongst 52 sugarcane clones including Saccharum species and cultivars(used for breeding and commercial production since the beginning of 20th century)had been assessed using 21 Simple Sequence Repeat(SSR)markers and capillary electrophoresis(CE)technique. Use of 21 SSR primers resulted in amplification of 327 distinguishable SSR markers with an average of 15.6 bands per primer. A total of 141 distinctive SSR alleles were scored，which have been used for construction of fingerprinting database and assessment of the genetic diversity using DNAMAN analyzing software and UPGMA algorithm methods. The highest genetic homology was 87%，observed between ROC 16 and TY 1，the lowest genetic homology was 55%. The UPGMA algorithm with SSR markers showed four distinguishable clusters of genetically similar species and varietal clones. The results indicated that using SSR markers in combination with CE is an efficient tool for fingerprinting database construction and assessment of genetic diversity. Occurrence of most cultivated clones in just 4 clusters indicated the exploitation of similar genetic database for the breeding purposes. The breeding programs should be tailored to exploit the wide range of germplasm using Saccharum species to get good varieties especially for disease or insectpest resistance.

Genetic diversity of Gnetum parvifolium of Fujian by ISSR Markers

2015/12/16 11:38:17

Thirteen ISSR primers were selected to reveal the population genetic diversity of Gnetum parvifolium in Fujian. 211 samples across 11 populations were examined. The results showed that:(1)G.parvifolium exhibited comparatively high genetic diversity at species level while comparatively low at population level，indicating that this species had a strong potential for survival，adaptation and expansion，but its population genetic diversity had been effected by habitat fragmentation and human activity；(2)the genetic differentiation of G.parvifolium was among the moderate level of gymnosperm，which was mainly caused by selection pressure and gene flow instead of genetic drift；(3)human activities contributed to the population degradation of G.parvifolium，but this degradation had little detectable effect on the genetic structure of the target species due to limited impactive time.

Sequence analysis of 16SrDNA of Huanglongbing agents collected from China and Vietnam

2015/12/16 11:38:17

In this study，eight samples of Huanglongbing(HLB) trees were collected from Guangdong，Guangxi and Vietnam. The HLB agent specific primer sets，OI1/OI2c was used to amplify DNA from the loci of 16S rDNA. PCR products were collected，purified，and sequenced. The sequences were compared to all published DNA sequences in GenBank through BLAST(http:\\www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)for phylogenetic analyses. The cluster analyses were performed by MEGA software. It was concluded that eight of 16S rDNA sequences from different areas were phylogentically most closely related to those of the published HLB agents. The similarities between the Vietnam samples sequences Vietnam0901和Vietnam0905 to that of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus（except GX1001 and GD1002）were more higher（97.6%-100.0%），to that of Ca.L.africanus were 96.0%/97.7%，to that of Ca.L.americanus were 94.7%/96.4%，and to that of Potato Zebra Chip were 96.2%/97.6%. The results indicated that the HLB agents collected from Vietnam were Ca.L.asiaticus. But there are still some differences between these Las samples.

Aspidistra connata H.J.Tillich，a newly recorded species of Aspidistra(Ruscaceae)from China

2015/12/16 11:38:17

Aspidistra connata H.J.Tillich is reported as a new record to China. It is related to A.subrotata Y.Wan et C.C.Huang，but differs in its leaf blades oblongelliptic to ovateelliptic，corolla lobes 8-10，lineate，connate at tips and forming a cage around the pistil.The voucher specimens are stored in Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany(IBK).

A preliminary report on Myxomycetes from Guizhou Province

DAI Qun， CHEN ShuangLin*， CHEN Ping， XU MeiQin， ZHOU SongLin — 2015/12/16 11:38:17

119 specimens of Myxomycetes collected from Guizhou and 19 specimens cultured by moist chamber of barks were identificated. And 17 specimens deposited in HMAS and 4 specimens in HKAS were reexamined. According to a taxonomic study，51 species of Myxomycetes from Guizhou are noted in this paper. They represented 6 orders 9 families 21genera. Among them，44 species are new records for Guizhou Province. Badhamia iowensis T.Macbr.and Comatricha erythropodia B.Ing are records for China.

Adaptation of anatomical structures of the leaves of Saussurea stella Maxim to the alpine environment

2015/12/16 11:38:17

The anatomical structures of the leaves of Saussurea stella Maxim in two different populations in Estern QinghaiTibet Plateau were microscopically observed in this study. The results showed that the leaf types of S.stella in both populations were isolateral，the epidermis were single layer，and the cutide were thicker. The epidermal cells were multiangular，and the anticlinal wall were straight and arched. The leaf thickness of S.stella at altitude 2 850 m was 330.66 μm，stoma density of upper and lower epiderm were 106.75 and 144.79，while in 2 890 m altitude，the leaf thickness was 537.07 μm，stoma density of1upper and lower epiderms were 53.6 and 77.30 respectively. The result indicated that the leaves of S.stella Maxim showed two different ecological types obviously although they both were isolateral leaves，which indicated that the adaptation of the leaves of S.stella Maxim to alpine environment was not single without the protection of epidermal hair.

Study on endomycorrhiza of cultivated Dendrobium officanale

2015/12/16 11:38:17

The roots of cultivated Dendrobium officinale with endomycorrhiza from Guangxi were observed using the Qwin image analysis system in different grwoth periods. The results showed that the roots of D.officinale had typical endomycorrhiza and the endophyte fungi came from their substrates and then coexisted with D.officinale. Furthermore，D.officinale could grow better after the more endophyte fungi immigrated. Thus，endophyte fungi could increase the growth of D.officinale.

New taxa of Pellionia and Elatostema (Urticaceae)from China

WANG Wen-Tsai — 2016/1/15 3:05:17

On the basis of specimens collected from the karst region in southern China,two species of Pellionia,P.donglanensis and P.longzhouensis,and five species and two varieties of Elatostema,E.conduplicatum,E.albovillosum,E.cultratum,E.funingense,E.actinotrichum,E.nanchuanense var.nigribracteolatum,and E.nanchuanense var.brachyceras,of Urticaceae are described as new.

Catalogue of Rhododendrons collected by George Forrest in China

GENG Yu-Ying — 2016/1/15 3:05:17

From the first time he travelled to China in 1904 until his untimely death in Yunnan in 1932,George Forrest made a total of seven trips plant hunting in the mountains of China. He collected large numbers of hitherto unknown species,in living and herbarium specimens,for introduction to the western world. His collections included more than 400 Rhododendrons new to the science of the day. Even now,after all the advances in taxonomy,over 150 of those named species are accepted,which must rank him among the most important plant collectors the world has ever seen.

New taxa of Festuca(Poaceae)from China

2016/1/15 3:05:17

Festuca trichovagina F.Z.Li and F.parvigluma Steud.var.laoshanensis F.Z.Li,two new taxa of Festuca(Poaceae)from Shandong,China are described and illustrated here. F.trichovagina F.Z.Li is closely related to F.ovina L.by having leaf involuting to filate,panicles spiciform,lemma abaxially scabrose,but differs by having the membranous upward leaf auris,leaf sheath with dense retrorse microtriche,spikelet 7-10 mm long,the lemma 4-5 mm long,aristate 0.5-1 mm long at apex or absent,the crista of palea glabrous.F.parvigluma Steud.var.laoshanensis differs from F.parvigluma Steud.var.parvigluma by having the lower glume ovate lanceolate,1.5-2 mm long,2-3 nerve

Gloeoporus(Basidiomycota,Polyporaceae)in China

2016/1/15 3:05:17

The knowledge of Gloeoporus in China is summarized,and three species in the genus have been found in China. G.thelephoroides is newly found in China,it differs from other species in the genus by its effused-reflexed basidiocarps,pinkish cream pores and simple septate generative hyphae. The illustrated description of the species is given based on the Chinese materials.

Supplementary description of floral morphology of Impatiens hainanensis and I. morsei(Balsaminaceae)

2016/1/15 3:05:17

The floral morphology of Impatiens hainanensis and I.morsei are described and supplemented,based on plenty of specimens with flowers and field works,and especially according to the type specimens of this two species.

Genesis of microspore, megaspore and the development of male gametophyte, female gametophyte in Diphylleia sinensis

2016/1/15 3:05:17

The microsporogenesis & megasporogensis and the formation of male gametophyte and female gametophyte in Diphylleia sinensiswere first reported. The main results can be concluded as follows:anthers are tetrasporangiate and its wall development conforms to the basic type and comprises of epidermis,endothelium,three middle layers and two tapetums at the mature stage from outer to inner. The endothelium develops fibrous thickening and the tapetum was of two cell nuclei mostly,belongs to glandular type. Cytokinesis in the microsporocyte meiosis is of the simultaneous type and the microspore tetrads are mostly tetrahedral and there were still a few other types,such as dilateral,linear,isobilateral and“T”shape. Circular pollen grains are mainly 2-celled type when shed,occasionally 3-celled type,and had one aperture. Solitary pistil is consisted of only one carpel. Ovary is unilocular. Ovules are amphitropous arrangement on marginal placenta and their development is asynchtonous and crassinucellate with double integument. Micropyle is composing of inner and outer integument. Multi-archesporial comes of the first cell layer under nucellar epidermis. The tetrad of megaspores is linear shaped,with the first cell from the chalazal end being functional. The development of embryo sac belongs to the polygonum type. Three antipodal cells are big and obvious in mature embryo sac,but they are ephemeral.

Megasporogenesis,microsporogenesis and development of male and female gametophytes in Bupleurum scorzonerifolium

2016/1/15 3:05:17

Megasporogenesis,microsporogenesis and development of male and female gametophytes of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium were studied using method of paraffin section and semi-thin section. Firstly,the development of the anther wall belongs to a dicotyledonou's type. The tapetum was glandular. The cytoplasm of microspore mother cell undergoes simultaneous division and produces tetrahedral tetrad; the mature pollen is 3-cell type and has three colporates. Secondly,the ovary of B.scorzonerifolium is anatropous,single integument and thin nucellus. Usually one archesporium functions directly as a megaspore mother cell,in which cytokinesis usually accompanies meiosis,and mostly the chalaza megaspore of a linear tetrad develops into a Polygonum-type embryo sac. Thirdly,during 8-nuclei embryo sac stage,some nucellus on the base and two sides keep their own cytoplasm and shape for a long time and finally become podium. In addition,the inner integument cells developed into endothelium.

Karyological studies on two species of Compositae from the Hengduan Mountains, SW China

2016/1/15 3:05:17

Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of two Compositae species from the Hengduan Mountains were studied. Heteropappus crenatifolius was reported as 2n=18=2x=18m(2SAT)for the first time. A new chromosome number of Ajania tenuifolia was found to be 2n=72=8x=56m+16sm,different from previous report of 36. Based on these results as well as previous reports,it's found that both diploid and polyploid occurred in the two genera from the Hengduan Mountains and other regions.

The flower and pollen morphology of Solidago

2016/1/15 3:05:17

Flower and pollen morphology of Solidago were examined by dissecting microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that Solidago decurrens presented significant difference comparing with other plants from Solidago. However,there was only difference of magnitude and number in flower morphology between S.canadensis and Solidago spp. Germinal aperture of S.canadensis and S.decurrens presented broad and retuse cuniform. And that of Solidago spp. presented interstitial and retuse groove. There were interspecific anatomical differences in flower and pollen morphology among the three species from Solidago,which could be distinguished by its anatomical structure of flower and pollen.

Stomatal distribution on the flower of Plumeria rubra

WANG Yong-Fei, HE Hua-Zhu — 2016/1/15 3:05:17

Stomatal distribution on the flower of Plumeria rubra was observed. There were stomata on the abaxial surface of corolla sliver,and no stomata on the adaxial surface. The stomatal density was the highest on the abaxial surfaces of corolla sliver which were 1.5 cm long. Furthermore, the differences in stomatal density between 1.5 cm and 2.0 cm,1.5 cm and 2.5 cm,1.5 cm and 3.5 cm,1.5 cm and 4.0 cm corolla sliver were highly significant. The stomatal index on the abaxial surface of 3.0 cm corolla sliver was the highest. The differences in stomatal index between 3.0 cm and 1.0 cm,3.0 cm and 2.0 cm,3.0 cm and 3.5 cm,3.0 cm and 4.0 cm corolla sliver were highly significant. No stomata were found on the adaxial surface of 0.3 cm and o.4 cm corolla tube. The stomata begin to emerge when the corolla tube grow to 0.5cm long. The stomatal density on abaxial surface of 0.6 cm corolla tube was the highest. The differences in stomatal density among 0.6 cm corolla tube and other length corolla tubes were highly significant. The stomatal indices on corolla tube which was 0.6 cm,1.1 cm and 1.3 cm were significantly higher than that of 0.5 cm. Ordinary epidermal cells were usually irregular in shape,while guard cells were kidney-shaped on the abaxial surface of corolla sliver and corolla tube.

Revised description and new distribution report of Trailliaedoxa gracilis (Rubiaceae)， an endemic species of China

WANG ZeHuan1，2， LIU EnDe1， XIANG ChunLei1， PENG Hua1* — 2015/12/16 11:38:50

This study presents a revised description and new distribution of Trailliaedoxa gracilis，an endemic species of China. T.gracilis has been regarded to be restricted to the Jinsha drainage area in southwestern China，but during the vegetation investigation, we found it in the region along the Lvzhi River(a tributary stream of the Yuanjiang River，the upper part of the Honghe River). Therefore,T.gracilis was proved to exsit in Jinsha drainage areas at the same time，thus there was a disjunctive distribution between Jinsha and Honghe drainage areas. The discovery provided new evidence to the viewpoint that ancient Jinsha River was ever diverted from the ancient Honghe River.

Arisaema chuanxiense (Araceae)， a new species from Sichuan， China

ZHU ZhengYin， MIN BaiQing， ZHU ShiJie — 2015/12/16 11:38:50

A new species of the family(Araceae)Arisaema Mart.Arisaema chuanxiense Z.Y.Zhu，B.Q.Min et S.J.Zhu，from Chuanxi Sichuan，China is described.

Quercus arbutifolia， a new record species of Fagaceae in Guangxi

DENG Min1，2， CAO Ming2，3*， XI ShiLi2， CAO XiaoYan2 — 2015/12/16 11:38:50

A new distribution of record of Quercus arbutifolia in Guangxi， China is reported. An additional description and conservation status of the species is presented.

Didymoplexis vietnamica， a newly recorded species of Didymoplexis （Orchidaceae） from China

HUANG YuSong1， LU MaoXin2， YANG JinCai1，3， XU WeiBin1，4* — 2015/12/16 11:38:50

Didymoplexis vietnamica Ormd.，a newly recorded species of Didymoplexis from China is reported. This species is similar to Didymoplexis pallens Griff.，but differs in its floral bracts deltoidcupulate，labellum clawed，with tabular callus，both sides of column have deltoid wings. The morphological description and field photos are provided.

Meehania montiskoyae， a new record of Lamiaceae from China

XIA GuoHua， LI GenYou* — 2015/12/16 11:38:50

Meehania montiskoyae Ohwi was found to occur in Zhejiang and Fujian Province，China. This represented a new record of this species for China. A morphological description of the species was given based on the newly discovered population，which grew under a sparse bamboo forest and mixed broadleaved forest on a slope along a small stream at an altitude of 800 m. This species was characterized with dwarf and slender stem，narrowly tubular and 15nerved calyxtube，as well as 2lipped corollalimb with the purplered ligulate middle lobe of lower lip which was 2lobulated at apex，the lateral lobe of lower lip oblong，ca.1/3 as long as middle one. Voucher specimens were preserved in Herbarium of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University(ZJFC).

Genetic diversity in 24 peanut cultivars as revealed by RAPD/ISSR profiling

YAN MiaoMaio1， WEI GuangCheng1*， TAN XiuHua1， WANG ChuanTang2 — 2015/12/16 11:38:50

Genetic diversity in 24 accessions of cultivated peanut materials from China was evaluated based on RAPD/ISSR profiling. Of the RAPD primers and ISSR primers tested，13 and 10 primers produced a total of 123 and 87 repeatable，clear and readable bands，among which 47.15% and 57.47% were polymorphic，respectively. On average，a primer resulted in 9.5 and 8.7 bands，of which 4.7 and 5.7 were polymorphic. A dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA algorithm based on Nei and Li’s similarity coefficient，which divided the 24 peanut materials into 4 groups. Silihong，Sanyou 523，Jihua 2，Huayu 16 and Yueyou 7 were in one group. Huyu 20 and Zhonghua 8 clustered together. Heihuasheng formed a separated group，and the rest peanut materials tested fell in a group. RAPD and ISSR are useful for the genetic diversity studies of the cultivated peanut，and have potential in characterization of peanut germplasm and gene mapping.

Anatomical research on nutritive organs of two species of Apocynum and their ecological adaptability

WANG DongQing1，2，LI GuoQi1，2*，LIU YaWu1，2 — 2015/12/16 11:38:50

The anatomical structure of nutritive organs of two Apocynum species(A.cannabinum L.and A.venetum L.)were studied by using the method of paraffin section. The results were as follows:(1)The leaf of two Apocynum species was bifacial. The leafepidermal cell of two species had cuticle layer with different thickness. Substomatic chamber developed well. Both had two layers of palisade tissues. Compared with A.cannabinum，the palisade tissues of A.venetum arranged more tight，but spongy tissues more loose. Vein tissues of A.cannabinum developed well and the thickness of major vein was up to 489.61 μm，significantly thicker than that in A.venetum(369.29 μm). (2)The vascular bundle of stem for both Apocynum species typically belong to bicollateral bundle. (3)There were 4-5 layers of periderm cells in roots ofA.venetum，while 5-7 layers in A.cannabinum. There was a large root cortex tissue for both species.(4)A large number of secretory cells were observed in the roots，stems and leaves for both species. The anatomical investigation indicated that both the two Apocynum species were characterized as xeromorphism to cope with the arid environments.

Lycium qingshuiheense， a new species of Solanaceae from Ningxia， China

2015/12/16 11:38:34

A new species of the genus Lycium L.，L.qingshuiheense X.L.Jiang et J.N.Li，is described from Zhongning，Ningxia Province，western China. It is closely related to L.ruthenicum Murr. But it differs from the latter by the branches erect，not zigzag，flowers 1-4，fasciculate，calyx narrowcampanulate or tubularcampanulate，lobes glabrous at margin，corolla tube nearly equal to corolla limb in length，stamens inserted at the throat of corolla tube，filaments along with corolla glabrous or sparsely pubescent；berry compressedglobose，darkly redbrown.Seeds 1-4.

New records for ferns from Guangxi， China

JIANG RiHong1，2， CHANG YanFen3， Yuan Hu4， YAN YueHong5* — 2015/12/16 11:38:34

In recent field survey in Guangxi，one genus (Pityrogramme)，eight species (Huperzia herteranan,Huperizia sutchueniana,Selaginella braunii,Adiantum lianxianense，Pityrogramme calomelanos，Cyrtomium macrophyllum，Oleandra undulata，Polypodiodes chinensis) and one form（Lycopodium obscurum f.strictum） of the pteridoflora are reported for the first time from Guangxi. The citations of specimen and distributions have been enumerated in this paper.

Impatiens liangshanensis Q.Luo， a new species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) from Sichuan， China

LUO Qiang1， CAI GuangZe1， LIU JianLin1， WANG TongJun2 — 2015/12/16 11:38:34

Impatiens liangshanensis Q.Luo，a new species of Impatiens from Liangshan，Sichuan，China，is described. The new species is closely related to I.corchorifolia Franch.，but distincts from in its inflorescence entirely hanging below leaves，2-6 flowers，its saccate labellum turgid，distinctly curved in the centre，the apex longacuminate or caudate of the basal lobe of the ala，the upper lobe dorsal and ventral part being twisted 120° to 180°.

Spore morphology of pteridophytes from Guangxi III．Pteridaceae

2015/12/16 11:38:34

The spore morphology of 9 species，belonging to 5 genera in Pteridaceae，Pteridiaceae，Hypolepidaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae distributing in Guangxi of China， was studied and compared under LM and SEM． The spores of Pteris multifida，P.dispar，P.splendida，P.ensiformis，P.grevilleana，Pteridium aquilinum and Dennstaedtia scabra are trilete，radiosymmetrical，subtriangular in polar view and hemispherical in equatorial view. The spore of Histiopteris incisa and Hypolepis punctata is monolete and bilaterally symmetrical，elliptical in polar view and kidneyshaped in equatorial view. The types of ornamentation are lophate，tuberculaterugulate，tuberculatebaculate，sericate，verrucatefoveolate，granulatestriate，tuberculate or rugulate. The differences among the spores of these genera and species and their taxonomic significance were discussed．

Karyotype of Antiotrema dunnianum (Boraginaceae)， a species endemic to China

DONG XiaoMing， DING KaiYu*， WANG HuanChong， HE ZhaoRong — 2015/12/16 11:38:34

Antiotrema dunnianum，a species of the family Boraginaceae and endemic to China，was karyomorphologically studied for the first time. Its chromosome number is 24 and its karyotype is formulated as 2n=24=16m+6sm+2T. It is worthy to notice that the two chromosomes of its first pair of homologue are different in length and arm ratio. By comparing with the cytological data published of Boraginaceae，it is supported that this species is included in Cynoglosseae but not Lithospermeae.

Comparative study on the development of stamen and feminisation stamens of Alternanthera philoxeroides

HU FaYu1， CHANG QingShan2， ZHANG LiXia2， XI Mei1， WANG QingYa1* — 2015/12/16 11:38:34

The morphology structure development of stamen and feminisation stamen of Alternanthera philoxeroides were observed by the methods of morphology anatomy and paraffin section. The results showed that:(1)In the morphology，stamen of bisexual flower of A.philoxeroides consisted of staminodium and synantherous stamen，which were interval in a wheel；while feminisation stamen of feminisation stamen flower of A.philoxeroides consisted of staminodium and feminisation stamen，which looked like pistil，staminodium beside the feminisation stamen in the outer wheel. (2)In the structure，each anther of bisexual flower of A.philoxeroides had two pollen sac，and the anther wall was composed of four layers:epidermis，endothecium，middle layer and tapetum. The tetrads were formed in meiosis of pollen mother cells，which shaped 〖JP3〗as tetrahedral and bilateral symmetry. The mature pollen was of 3 celled types，which disintegrated at the postmaturation stage. Fresh pollen had no activity through viability determination；feminisation stamen of A.philoxeroides were composed of stigma，style and ovary，however, the locule had no ovule，just a cavity.

Characteristics of haustorium of holoparasite Cuscuta campestris

HUANG DongJia1，2，CHEN Hua1，3*, WEI Xiao4, SHEN Hao1, YE WanHui1 — 2015/12/16 11:38:34

The development of the haustoria of the holoparasitic angiosperm Cuscuta campestris parasitizing the stem of Mikania micrantha was studied under scanning electron microscope and light microscope. According to the structural characters of paraffin slices，the haustorial development of C.campestris was divided into four main steps:contact，attachment，invasion and establishment of vascular tissues. The results indicated that the haustorium originated from a haustorial primordium； as the parasite attaching to the host，some secretion was produced to improve the attachment and invasion of the parasite； the haustorial primordium developed further into the endophyte primordium，and then invaded into the host tissue. After penetration，the haustorium grew straight into the host tissue and differentiated into some fingerlike protuberances at the tip，which were called search hyphae. Afterwards，the search hyphae were differed into xylem and phloem hyphae，which were respectively connected to the xylem vessel and phloem sieve tube of the host. And some xylem hyphae extended into the pith of the host stem. The secondary walls of the xylem hyphae were thickened annularly. Additionally，after the formation of the haustorial primordium，if not attaching to the available host，the primordium did not develop further. This structure was named as pseudohaustorium.

Assessment of vegetative organ structure difference and their correlations among cultivars of Brassica campesttris ssp.chinensis var.rosularis

SHU YingJie， ZHOU YuLi — 2015/12/16 11:38:34

Anatomical structure and main agronomic characters of eight cultivars in wutacai(Brassica campesttris ssp.chinensis var.rosularis) were observed，counted and analysed. The results indicated that the thickness of cuticle and mesophyll tissue，and the size of intercellular space showed some differences among these cultivars. The numbers and diameters of vessel in the petioles had higher variation among the eight cultivars(with coefficient of variation 339% and 36.2%，respectively)，while the number of vascular bundle and their diameters were lower(with coefficient of variation 23.8% and 25.2%，respectively). There were distinct differences in number of leaves and weight of lamina per plan(with coefficient of variation 97.16% and 71.30%，respectively)，but the differences of the maximum spread width and weight per fresh plant were no evident(with coefficient of variation 47.87%). Eight cultivars were divided into three groups by cluster analysis at 6.87 of rescaled distance，which were W2 and W11，W23，W39，W56，W57 and W61，and W38，each group standed for a certain kind of cultivar character. Correlation analysis between 23 indices indicated that 10 indexpairs were significant positive correlated and three of them were significant negative correlated，taking up 3.95% and 1.19% of total indexpairs，respectively. Judging by integrated estimate，the cultivar W38 had the highest drought resistance and that of W11 was the lowest.

Clematis austrogansuensis, a new species of Ranunculaceae from Gansu

WANG Wen-Tsai, LI Liang-Qian — 2016/1/15 3:04:58

A new species of Ranunculaceae,Clematis austrogansuensis W.T.Wang & L.Q.Li,is described from southern Gansu Province. In the genus Clematis,it is related to C.shensiensis W.T.Wang,from which it differs in its hornotinous branchlets only spasely puberulous on nodes,leaflets only near base sparsely puberulous,1-flowered cymes,and anthers with obtuse apexes.

Two occurrence taxa in Paraboea(C.B.Clarke) Ridl.(Gesneriaceae)for flora of Vietnam

2016/1/15 3:04:58

Two Paraboea species,P.neurophylla and P.thorelii,are reported for the first time from Vietnam. The citation of specimens and their distribution is given in the present paper.

Hydnaceous fungi of China 3.Climacodon (Polyporales,Basidiomycota)in China

2016/1/15 3:04:58

Three species of hydnaceous genus Climacodon P.Karst.in China are summarized. C.dubitativus(Lloyd)Ryvarden is newly recorded from China. It is characterized by imbricate and efflorescence-like basidiocarps,clavate to fusiform cystidia,and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. An illustrated description of the species is given based on the materials collected from Hainan Province,and a key with synoptic description of each species is provided.

Genetic diversity and relationship of Allium tchongchanense and A.wallichii based on AFLP analysis

2016/1/15 3:04:58

Genetic diversity and relationship of 12 populations of Allium tchongchanense and A.wallichii which distributed in the central region,western region and northwestern region of Yunnan Province were analyzed by AFLP. The results showed that there was obvious genetic differentiation among populations. Genetic differentiation coefficient G_ST=0.444. N_m=0.625 calculated by G_ST showed that gene flow was interrupted among populations. The genetic distance(D)of 12 populations was 0.019-0.298,average 0.185. UPGMA cluster results showed that genetic distance relationship was in accordance with geographic distribution. The genetic distance between A.wallichii tetraploid and A.tchongchanenseow was smaller than that between A.wallichii tetraploid and A.wallichii diploid. The genetic distance was the largest between A.wallichii diploid and A.tchongchanense.

Phylogenetic origin of Antenoron filiforme inferred from nuclear ITS sequences

2016/1/15 3:04:58

Phylogenetic origin of Antenoron filiforme remains unknown. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on sequences of nuclear ITS sequences for species of A.filiforme and allies. Triplaris weigeltiana was designed as outgroup. The analyses were performed using parsimony reconstruction methods. Some conclusions could be drawn as follows:(1)A.filiforme and sect.Persicaria,sect.Echinocaulon formed three paratactic clades. Therefore,it was unnecessary to accord A.filiforme as genus rank and it was appropriate to accord A.filiforme as section rank.(2)A.filiforme clustered with sect.Persicaria,sect.Echinocaulon with a bootstrap value of 96%,indicating their close affinity.

A preliminary study on the hybrid origin of new taxa in Lycium(Solanaceae)

2016/1/15 3:04:58

The wolfberry is an important medicinal plant. Clarifying the origin of new taxa and the phylogenic relationship among Chinese Lycium species(Solanaceae)will provide a scientific basis to guide research on the germplasm and variety breeding. In the present paper,we reported the results of a preliminary phylogenetic study of the seven Chinese taxa in Lycium using the DNA sequence data from the nuclear granule-bound starch synthase I gene(GBSSI). Maximum-likelihood(ML)analysis of the data showed that species of Chinese Lycium belonged to a monophyletic Old World clade and are placed in four strongly supported subclades. The phylogenetic results suggested that hybridization may play an important role in the origin of new taxa in Lycium. In addition,our result also indicated that L.barbarum is highly divergent among the seven taxa of Lycium.

Studies of microsporogenesis and male gametophyte formation of Michelia guangxiensis

2016/1/15 3:04:58

Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte formation of Michelia guangxiensis were first observed in this paper. Anthers are tetrasporangiate and anther wall is composed of epidermis,fibrous endothecium,middle layer(3-5 layers)and tapetum(1-2 layers). The tapetum is of glandular type with 2 or more nucleus,which degenerate and finally disappear when the pollens are mature. Cytokinesis in meiosis is modified simultaneous type,resulting in decussate,isobilateral or T-shaped(rarely)tetrads. Pollen is monocolpate and sheds at the 2-cell stage. Among the 200 samples,the microspore mother cells in 30% anthers degenerate before meiosis and the microspores in 40% anthers degenerate seriously. The highest pollen germination rate is 25% only.

Observation on the gametophyte development of Cyclosorus acuminatus and C.dentatus

2016/1/15 3:04:58

The spores of Cyclosorus acuminatus and C.dentatus were cultured in the mixed soil. Their spore germination and gametophyte development were observed by microscope. The result shows that spores of both species are dark-brown,monolete,semicircle-shaped in equatorial view and elliptical in polar view. The spores of C.acuminatus germinate faster than those of C.dentatus. Germination of both species is of the Vittaria-type. Filamental stages of both species are developed. Few hairs can occur on margin of the prothalli of both species. The mature prothalli of both species are cordate. Gametophyte developing time from prothalli to sporophytes differs between both species. This paper accumulates detailed information for gametophyte development of Cyclosorus and provides conditions for systematic classification of pteridophyte.

Morphoanatomical study of Solidago canadensis

2016/1/15 3:04:58

Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Canada goldenrod(Solidago canadensis)was studied by light microscope(LM)and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The result showed that its leaves had thicked cuticle and long epidermal hairs which could prevent it from feeding by insect,and developed vascular bundles with bundle sheath extension distribute in leaves,such structure could enhance conducting capability of photosynthate. Its stem had structural characters of high ability to transport and support,the characters could be described as follows:developed secondary structure with septate fiber and vestured pit,simple perforation taking up 94.9%,level perforation plate 50.9%,and alternate pitting vessel 53.8%.Abundant adventitious structure derived from axial root underground in a early phase. Mature pollen grain,enveloped by callose and small in volume,belongs to evolutional type.

Pollen morphology of Horsfieldia tetratepala

2016/1/15 3:04:58

Pollen grains of Horsfieldia tetratepala were examined by using light microscope(LM),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and transmission electron microscope(TEM). Pollen grains of H.tetratepala are boat-shaped,with a sulcate aperture on the distal face. The tectum is reticulate. The sizes of pollens are ranging from 1(15)9.90(21)μm×(20)22.50(25)μm. The exine of H.tetratepala could be distinguished into tectum,columella and foot layer. Foot layer is nearly one-half of the total exine thickness. Endexine is distinct and varies in thickness. Intine can be distinguished into 3 layers. The exine elements(tectum,columella and foot layer)are reduced gradually to a thin foot layer in the colpus area. The pollen characters are basically consistent in Horsfieldia,while some differences exist among different Asian genera,which indicates the definite classification of Horsfieldia.

Changes on the anatomical characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa leaves under different drought stress gradient

CUI Da-Lian, MA Yu-Xin, WANG Jun — 2016/1/15 3:04:59

Amorpha fruiticosa is a soil conservation species. The research aimed to investigate the changes in morphological and anatomical characteristics of two-year seedling leaves of A.fruticosa under the different drought stress gradient:light stress(LS),medium stress(MS)and severe stress(SS). The results showed that the thickness of blade and the upper and lower epidermis were gradually decreased with the increase of drought stress gradient. Thickness of palisade tissue and spongy parenchyma were also decreased,while,the ratio of palisade tissue to spongy parenchyma,the relative diameter of the vascular bundle in main vein,the protruding degree of main vein and midrib thickness were increased. The stoma area was a downtrend but its density was increased. Furthermore,with the drought stress increased,the leaf size was decreased and its shape was changed. These results indicated that A.fruticosa could change the morphological and anatomical structure of its leaves to adapt the drought stress.

Cytochemical study on the developing anthers of Mangifera indica

2016/1/15 3:04:59

The distribution of polysaccharides and lipids was studied during the anther development of Mangifera indica. Only a few starches and lipids appeared in endothecium cells of anther wall during anther developemnt. After mitosis of microspores,starches began to accumulate in the vegetative cell of bicellular pollen. At anthesis,mature pollen grains accumulated many starches as storage nutrition.

Two new species of Elatostema (Urticaceae) from southeastern Yunnan

WANG Wen-Tsai — 2016/1/15 3:04:42

Two species of the genus Elatostema(Utricaceae),E.huanglianshanicum belonging to sect.Elatostema ser.Cuspidata and E.adenophorum belonging to sect.Elatostema ser.Dissecta,are described as new from southeastern Yunnan.

Identity of Quercus hui Chun and Q.austroglauca (Y.T.Chang)Y.T.Chang(Fagaceae)

2016/1/15 3:04:42

The taxonomic status of two long recognized endemic Chinese species of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis is clarified. Quercus hui Chun and Q.austroglauca(Y.T.Chang)Y.T.Chang are reduced to synonymy of Q.auricoma A.Camus and Q.lungmaiensis(Hu)C.C.Huang respectively. An Epitype for Q.lungmaiensis is selected.

西藏睡菜科一新记录属——莕菜属

罗建, 汪书丽 — 2016/1/15 3:04:42

Notes on Calocedrus(Cupressaceae) in Guangxi, China

2016/1/15 3:04:42

The genus Calocedrus(Cupressaceae)in Guangxi is revised. There are two species recorded in Guangxi,namely C.macrolepis and C.rupestris. C.rupestris is found from limestone ridge,it differs from C.macrolepis in obtuse to broadly-obtuse leaf apex,broadly-ovate seed cones with very short stalk,seed cones with 4 scales,fertile seed scales with incurved rounded apex,having rough surface without any mucro. According to IUCN categories and criteria,two species of Calocedrus in Guangxi are assessed. Map of distribution of Calocedrus in Guangxi is provided,and habitat photos of Calocedrus are provided in this paper.

Pollination ecology and breeding system of Impatiens lateristachys(Balsaminaceae)endemic to China

2016/1/15 3:04:42

Pollination ecology and the breeding system of Impatiens lateristachys,a species endemic to the Emei Mountain were studied. The floral phenology,floral structure,pollen-ovule ratio(P/O),pollen viability,floral visitors and their behavior,and the breeding system were observed and determined. The flowering phase of the protandrous I.lateristachys lasted for a long time. The life span of an individual changed between the populations,but the female phase-male phase ratio was similar(0.12-0.17). The pollen/ovule ratio was 460 thousand,and pollen viability(MTT test)was at high level on the first day(>90%). The primary pollinators were Bombus festivus Smith and B.parthenius Richards; secondary pollinators were hawk moth; and B.grahami Frison was nectar gatherer. I.lateristachys was a self-compatible species,its special floral structure and protandrous character could avoid selfing and intrafloral male-female interference very well. The stigma movement of I.lateristachys was responsible for enhancing the function of the female. Fruit set was relatively low(26%)under natural conditions,but hand-pollination increased the fruit set(42%). And the pollinator visitation rate(0.2-2.0)was significantly lower than that of other congeneric species(7.1-8.9),indicating that the fruit set may be limited by the shortage of pollinators.

Genetic relationships analysis in some species of Cycas in China by RAPD markers NONG Bao-Xuan^1,2,4, HUANG Yu-Yuan^3,4*, LIU Chi¹

2016/1/15 3:04:42

Cycas; RAPD; cluster analysis; genetic relationship

Cytological studies on the 19 taxa of Hedychium in China

2016/1/15 3:04:42

The somatic chromosome numbers of 18 taxa in Hedychium and the numbers and morphology of diakinesis I of H.coronarium were observed by crash method. The results show that:among the 19 taxa studied,there are six diploid(2n=2x=34),one triploid(2n=3x=51),and twelve tetraploid(2n=4x=68),thus indicating the high percentage of polyploidy of Hedychium in China. The chromosome numbers of twelve taxa were reported for the first time; the genome number of Hedychium is 17 and it is probably of polyploidy origin.

Cytotaxonomic study of three species of Lepisorus from China(Polypodiaceae)

2016/1/15 3:04:42

In the present paper,the chromosome numbers of three species of Lepisorus were reported for the first time. The chromosome number was 2n=42 in Lepisorus lineariformis; 2n=144 in L.likiangensis; 2n=50 in L.tibeticus. The haploid chromosome number n=21 is a newly reported number in Polypodiaceae. Based on our study and previous data, we discussed the systematic significance of variability of chromosome numbers within the genus.

Study on intraspecific variation of Vitex rotundifolia growed in China with numerical taxonomy method

2016/1/15 3:04:42

The intraspecific variation of different populations of V.rotundifolia was investigated with numerical taxonomy methods. More than five whole strains per population were selected randomly,then 13 varied morphological characters and 3 qualitative characters was included,and 16 populations were treated as operational taxonomic unit. Average value of morphological characters of all strains per population was treated as primary data for operational taxonomic unit to establish the primary 16×14 matrix which was further processed with hierarchical clustering method. The results showed that all populations could be divided into 3 groups, including Ⅰ(12,15,14,7,16,2,1,3),Ⅱ(8,13,11),Ⅲ(4,5,9,10,6). All populations of V.rotundifolia could be classified into 3 types by results of hierarchical clustering analysis:type -Ⅰ distributed in low latitude regeons,complexing type-Ⅰ,complexing type-Ⅱ. The intraspec variation of some populations was highly correlated with latitude variation,and the other with complexing variation might be influenced by various factors including latitude-related ones.

Morphological studies on the spores and peristomal teeth of eight moss species in Brachytheciaceae

2016/1/15 3:04:42

Spores and peristomal teeth morphology of eight species in the moss family Brachytheciaceae was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM). The surface ornamentations were spore and tuberculat mainly. It showed heredity differentiation and evolution relationship among the different species from spores size and exine ornamentation. The ventral central of exostomes in Brachythecium can be divided into four types: smooth; irregularly tuberculate; short puncture; tuberculate and spore. Differentiation existed among the different genera in the middle and upper of exostome,which provided some basis for taxonomic identification.

Microstructure and endophytic fungus distribution of the root of endangered and officinal plant Spiranthes sinensis

2016/1/15 3:04:42

Microstructure and distribution of endophytic fungi of the root of Spiranthes sinensis were studied through permanent paraffin-cut section and optical microscoipe photography. The results indicated that the rhizome of S.sinensis consisted of epidermis,cortex and stele. The epidermis had many root hairs,the cortex occupied more than 70% of the diameter of root,in which the cylinder were sometimes observed. Stele were scattered by eighteen to twenty-two xylem and phloem. The hyphae of endophytic fungi were colonized in the cortex and stele. They infected the cortex parenchyma through epidermis and exodermis,and then formed pelotons,and expanded their occupying area of cortex.

Pellionia sect.Elatostematopsis and P. cephaloidea should be restored

WANG Wen-cai — 2016/1/15 3:04:17

Pellionia cephaloidea is characterized by its pistillate capitate inflorescences with receptacles and involucres,and by this one character it can be distinguished from all other species of the genus Pellionia. Thus,this curious advanced species and the advanced monotypic sect. Elatostematopsis based on it of the Pellionia,both erroneously relegated into synonyies in 2002,are restored in the present paper.

New records of ferns from Jiangxi, China

2016/1/15 3:04:17

Ten ferns are reported as new records from Jiangxi,China. They are Adiantum juxtapositum,Allantodia doederleinii,A.matthewii,A.dilatata,Osmunda mildei,Gonocormus matthewii,Gymnogrammitis dareiformis,Hymenophyllum khasyanum,Pteris linearis,Elaphoglossum conforme. Of them,G.dareiformis(Gymnogrammitidaceae)is a species as new recoded family and O.mildei is a critical rare(CR)species in China. All the voucher specimens for these ferns in the present paper are preserved in Herbarium of Hunan University of Science and Technology(HUST).

Sciaphila stellata Aver, a newly recorded species of Triuridaceae from limestone area in China

2016/1/15 3:04:17

Sciaphila stellata is reported as a new record to China from limestone area. It is similar to S.megastyla Fukuyama et Suzuki,but differs in its stems indistinctly ribbed,leaves bract-like,ovate to triangular,apex obtuse,inflorescence secund,perianth-segments of male flowers narrowly cuneate to filiform,ones of female flowers broadly cuneate,style slightly exceeding the ovary. A key to the species and distributions of Sciaphila Bl.in China is provided.

One species of Rigidoporus new to Chinese fungal flora with notes on the genus

2016/1/15 3:04:17

Eleven species of the genus Rigidoporus from China have been found and a key to them is given. Among them,Rigidoporus furcatus is new to China. Descriptions and illustrations of the new record are also provided.

Taxonomic significance of scale characteristics in the fern genus Phymatopteris(Polypodiaceae)

2016/1/15 3:04:18

Characters of scales of 36 species,representing 2 series and 5 subseries of the genus Phymatopteris(Polypodiaceae),are examined by means of light microscopy. There are three types of scale shapes in this genus:ovate-peltate,ovate-subulate and lanceolate. Also three types of scale margin are presented:entire,ciliolate and fimbriate. Scales characters are different between the series:the ovate-subulate or ovate-peltate scales with entire or ciliolate margin often occur in simple series I; while the ovate-peltate and lanceolate scales with ciliate or fimbriate in margin usually present in pinnatifid series II.The correlations among the shape and margin of the scale and between the margins of blade and scale were found. At last,these two correlations were discussed and illustrated.

Structures of different organs of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and the distribution law of secretory canals in different organs

2016/1/15 3:04:18

It is an observation and research on the structures of different organs of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and the distribution law of secretory canals in different organs by paraffin section method. It's revealed that:Firstly,the taproot of B.scorzonerifolium was formed by periderm,pericyclic parenchyma tissue and secondary vascular tissue from the exterior to its interior,and the pericyclic parenchyma tissue was a structure which was different from the common structure of herbaceous plants in dicotyledon. The stem was composed of epidermis,cortex and vascular tissues from outside to inside; the leaf was bifacial,and there were palisades inside of the epidermis; the structure of flower was composed of petal,gynoecia and stamen; and the style of the gynoecia was solid and the basis of it bulged into stylar foot; the mericarp was double fruits. Secondly,there were secretory canals in root,stem,leaf,bractlet,flower and mericarp,but not in seed. The secretory canals were distributed in parenchyma tissue and mainly in phloem of vascular bundle,and the structures of secretory cells of secretory canals in vegetative and reproductive organs were different.

ITS sequences analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA of Bryum yuennanense and B.capillare

2016/1/15 3:04:18

Morphological characteristics and ecological distributions of Bryum yuennanense and B.capillare were analyzed in this study. Molecular identifications were done by the analysis of Bryum yuennanense and B.capillare ITS region of the six species in the related genus were amplified and sequenced. The sequences data were analyzed by DNAMAN and MEGA3.0. The results showed that the length of sequences and content of G+C of ITS-1 and ITS-2 were different between B.yuennanense and B.capillare. Phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences data was conducted by UPGMA method,which showed some variations at the level of species. B.yuennanense and B.capillare should be assigned as two different taxa.

Optimization of RAPD-PCR reaction system for Dracaena cambodiana

2016/1/15 3:04:18

Both single factor test and orthogonal design were applied to study the effects of main factors on the RAPD-PCR system for Dracaena cambodiana,in which the main factors included the content of template DNA,the concentration of Mg²⁺、dNTPs and primers and the content of Taq DNA polymerase,and an optimal 25μL RAPD-PCR reaction system for D.cambodiana was established,including 2.5 μL 10×PCR buffer,2.0 mmol/L MgCl₂,300 μmol/L dNTPs,1.5 U Taq polymerase,0.8 μmol/L primers,and 20 ng DNA template. 18 primers were selected for RAPD-PCR analysis for D.cambodiana using the optimized amplification system above,which can be employed for the analysis of genetic variation and structure of D.cambodiana population.

A modified method of genomic DNA extraction and establishment of AFLP systems in Rhus chinensis

2016/1/15 3:04:18

A modified method(4×CTAB)was used to extract the effective genomic DNA from the leaves of Rhus chinensis,and the systems of DNA restriction reaction,ligase reaction,pre-amplification and selective amplification reaction were established in this study. Using the two kinds of primer-combined methods(E+3/M+3 and E+2/M+3),8 pairs of primers were finally selected to amplify the genomic DNA of R.chinensis,and clear bands with high genetic polymorphism and difference were obtained. The present results provided a strong foundation for the further examination of population genetic diversity and structure of R.chinensis using AFLP method.

Isolation and characterization of new set of microsatellite loci in Cryptocarya chinensis

2016/1/15 3:04:18

Habitat fragmentation is the main threat to global biodiversity. Common species could also greatly suffer from habitat fragmentation. As a result of the destruction of the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in South China,Cryptocarya chinensis,one of the climax species,is now patchily distributed. Because a few microsatellite loci reported previously might cause low resolution to detect asexual reproduction in this species,we reported a new set of microsatellite which will assist to detect the extensiveness of sexual and asexual reproduction at fine spatial scale in the future. Eleven microsatellite markers from repetitive DNA enriched libraries for C.chinensis were developed. Twenty-one individuals from Dinghu Mountain in South China were used to characterize their polymorphism. The number of alleles of 11 loci ranged from two to three,observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.048 to 1.000,and 0.048 to 0.535,respectively. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected in 8 loci due to heterozygote excess(highly significant negative Fis). All locus pairs showed significant linkage disequilibrium at the 0.05 significant level,but such significance disappeared after Bonferroni correction. 20 of 21 detected individuals showed identical multilocus genotype. All these results conformed to the genetic characteristic of clonal species,confirming extensive clonal growth in C.chinensis.

Analysis of SSR information in EST resource of saffron crocus(Crocus sativus)

CHEN Guo-Qing — 2016/1/15 3:04:18

6745 ESTs of saffron crocus in the public database of NCBI were downloaded and analysed,resulting in 1431 non-redundant ESTs with total length about 612.01 kb. A total of 108 SSRs distributed in 103 ESTs were detected,accouting for 7.55% of the non-redundant ESTs. The average distribution distance of these EST-SSRs was about 5.67 kb. Dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats were the main types in Crocus sativus,accouting for 30.56% and 37.96% of all the SSRs,respectively. AG/CT and AAG/CTT are the most frequent motifs,accounting for 66.67% and 29.27% in dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats,respectively. The present study provides a base for the development and further applification of EST-SSR markers in saffron crocus.

The morphology development of fruit and seed in Lycium barbarum

2016/1/15 2:42:12

The morphology development of fruit and seed, and the change of seed endoderm of Lycium barbarum in different developmental stages were studied. The results showed that the fruit growth curve of Lycium barbarum belongs to the double “S” curve. Its growth can be divided into three stages: the first rapid stage spanned 8 days after blossom; slow growth stage(8-24 days after blossom); the second rapid growth stage(24-34 days after blossom). While the seed growth curve of L.barbarum was not only single “S” curve,but also double “S” curve. The first rapid stage of fruit was also the first rapid stage of the seed,but the ratio of seed growth increasing was more than that of fruit,and the increasing of endosperm in seed was notable. During the slow growth stage of fruit,the increasing ratio of length and width were lower than those of seed in the first rapid stage,and embryo differentiation was token place in seed during this period. During the second rapid growth stage of fruit,the volume and weight of fruit significantly increased,on the contrary,the length and width were almost not increasing,only embryo gradually grew up. The results indicated that there was an relativity between the morphology development of fruits and seeds in L.barbarum.

Pollen viability and stigma receptivity of Aesculus chinensis

LI Ying, CHEN Peng-Tao, FAN Jing-Jing — 2016/1/15 2:42:12

In vitro pollen-germinating method was used to study the effects of different sucrose and boric acid concentrations,and temperatures on pollen germination and vitality of Aesculus chinese. Benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method was used to assay stigma receptive. The results showed that the best sucrose and boric acid concentration for pollen germination was 12% and 30 mg/L,respectively,and the optimized temperature was 25 ℃. The pollen viability of male flowers maintained at higher levels from 10:00 to 16:00 and the highest(75.69%)at 10:00 during the flowering day. As a result,the best time for pollination was at 10:00. The stigma receptivity of perfect flowers lasted about 8-9 d,the stigma receptivity maintained at high levels 1-4 d after flowering and was the strongest 3 d after flowering. As a result,the best time for pollination was at 1-4 d after flowering. According to the floral character,pollen viability,stigma receptivity and pollen germination of A.chinensis,during long terms of natural selection,the floral structure was matched with flowering physiology of A.chinensis in order to guarantee successful reproduction.

Genetic diversity of Cymbidium tortisepalum by DALP

2016/1/15 2:42:12

DALP was applied to evaluate genetic variation and structure of 5 populations of Cymbidium tortisepalum. The results were as follows: 103 DALP polymorphic loci were detected in four populations using 5 random primers. Compared with other long lived herbaceous perennials, animal pollinated outcrossing species and wind dispersal seeds,the total genetic diversity of C.tortisepalum was relatively high both at the subspecies(PPB=88.18%,A=1.8818,Ae=1.4880,H=0.2911,I=0.4412)and species levels(PPB=93.64%,A=1.9364,Ae=1.5262,H=0.3129,I=0.4732); and there was much genetic differentiation among population(G_st =0.3292). An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation(N_m=1.0186)suggested about 1.0186 migrants in every generation. The isolation from parent population and the selective pressure might be the causes leading to the restriction of gene flow. Based on these results,the conservation strategies of this species were developed.

Morphological observation on floral bud differentiation of Lilium formolongi under night-break condition

2016/1/15 2:42:12

The floral bud differentiation of Lilium formolongi was studied with the method of paraffin section under night-break condition. The results were as follows: the process of floral or terminal bud differentiation could be divided into five phases: undifferentiation phase,flower or inflorescence primordium differentiation,petal differentiation,stamen and pistil differentiation and whole inflorescence formation. The process of floral development contained the first four phases,except the whole inflorescence formation phase. Moreover,based on the observation,the time of 80% inflorescence formation under night-break condition was 25 d. This results could be availabe for promoting blossom of L.formolongi by controlling the illuminative date at night.

Relationship between anatomic structure of the stem and lodging resistance of rice

2016/1/15 2:42:12

The anatomic structure of the stem was investigated and analyzed through the paraffin method with three rice cultivars(lines)(Nanjing 44,Wuyunjing 7,lodging resistance; Ning 7412,easy lodging). Compared with Ning 7412,Nanjing 44 and Wuyunjing 7 had more developed mechanics tissue,such as more and larger vascular bundles,thicker bundle sheath cell,and more cell layers. It was also found that the basal internodes of Nanjing 44 and Wuyunjing 7 had more storage substance than Ning 7412. The differences of the stem anatomical structure could be used to distinguish the lodging resistance among different rice cultivars(lines),which lay a scientific theoretical basis for rice breeding of lodging resistance.

Pollination biology of Primulina repanda var. guilinensis and P.glandulosa var.yangshuoensis

2016/1/15 2:22:24

Study on pollination and breeding system of two endemic species of Guangxi,Primulina repanda var.guilinensis and P.glandulosa var.yangshuoensis,were compared in this study in nature and laboratory. The results showed that the flowering period of two species was from the end of July to early August,the highest viability of pollens was respectively 92.6% and 94.5% in flowering time,the highest acceptability of stigma was respectively about 90% and 95%,the mean P/O value was respectively 110.28±17.45 and 229.65±18.00. There was spatial separation between stigma and anthers could prevent self-pollination. After the single flower opened three days after opening of the lobes of single corolla,anthers began to release pollens. However,stigma would extend on the third day after the opening of corolla lobes so that it would locate at the orifice of corolla and was higher than anthers,and was easy to accept pollens. All of our experiments on two varieties of Primulina showed that they were self-compatible and there were no agamospermy. Tests showed that even if they were highly selfing affinity,it was very difficult to occur up spontaneous self-pollination because the pollination had to depend upon pollinator and bees. The percentage of setting seeds of two varieties in the nature was obviously lower than those by artificial pollination. Under natural conditions,two species do not self-pollinate. Chalcididae sp.and Lasioglossum sp.are only two known pollinators of two species.

Karyotype diversity of six Astragalus species

KONG Hong — 2016/1/15 2:22:25

Karyotypes were studied by conventional pressed slice method in 6 species in Astragalus. The results showed that the metaphase chromosome numbers were 2n=16 for A.huangheensis、A.adsurgens and A.dahuricus,2n=32 for A.melilotoides,from 55 to 65 for A.sinicus(64 was preponderant),from 51 to 65 for A.cicer(62 was preponderant). The somatic chromosome numbers showed diversity among species. The karyotypes were formulated to be 2n=2x=16=12m+4sm for A.huangheensis,2n=2x=16=10m+6sm for A.adsurgens,2n=2x=16=16m for A.dahuricus,2n=4x=32=32m for A.melilotoides,2n=64=62m+2sm for A.sinicus,2n=62=12M+50m(2SAT)for A.cicer. The karyotype was diverse among species.

Study on the polyploid in complex of Ranunculus cantoniensis and its allied species

NIE Gu-Hua, LIAO Liang — 2016/1/15 2:22:25

The polyploid in complex of Ranunculus cantoniensis and its allied species as well as the influence which polyploidy affected on speciation,morphology,ecology and physiology were analyzed by cytologic and phylogeny evolution method. The result showed that polyploid in complex of R.cantoniensis and its allied species were common. Polyploid was thicker and strong in morphology,distributed range was wider in ecology and its adaptability or stress resistance was bigger because of higher compatibility of genomic.

Comparative anatomy of the pinnae of native plants of subsect.Stangerioides in Cycas

2016/1/15 2:22:25

The study was conducted on the anatomy of comparative pinnae of 5 taxa,namely,Cycas bifida,C.multifrondis,C.longipetiolula,C.multipinnata and C.debaoensis,classified in the subsection Strangioides(T.Smitinand)D.Y.Wang of Cycas. The results showed that C.multifondis,C.bifida,and C.longipetilula were similar in the shape of midrib region and in the absence of secretory canal,but C.longipetiolula was different from the former two with rolling leaf margin abaxially and “V” shape phloem. And the results also indicated that C.multipinnata with semicircle shape of abaxial midrib region and thickening acute leaf margin could be distinguished from C.debaoensis with arch shape of abaxial midrib region and thinning obtuse leaf margin. All these taxa shared uniform charateristics of hypodermal sclerenchymatous cells,secretory canal and stracheids,probably indicating that they evolved from a common progenitor.

Optimization of ISSR reaction conditions and analysis of phylogenetic relationship for Rhododendron huadingense

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat(ISSR)is a good molecular marker for revealing genetic diversity,and the reaction system differed in different species. In order to study the genetic diversity of Rhododendron huadingense,a protocol of reproducible ISSR was established and phylogenetic relationship was analyzed. The main factors influencing ISSR-PCR including the concentration of Mg²⁺,dNTP,primer,template DNA,Taq polymerase,and annealing temperature,PCR cycles were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were as follow in 25 μL reaction system:1×buffer,Mg²⁺1.5 or 2.0 mmol/L,dNTP 0.3 mmol/L,primer 0.40 μmol/L,Taq polymerase1U,template DNA 40 ng. The optimal amplification program was:3 min initial denaturation step(94 ℃),followed by 40 cycles of 45 s(94 ℃),75s 〖(Tm+2)℃,according to different primer〗,and 1.5min(72 ℃). The reactions were completed by a final extension step of 10 min(72 ℃). The PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis using a 1.5% agarose gel. According to cluster analysis,the populations of 6 species were classified into two large groups,the populations of Rh.simsii and Rh.nanpinggense were divided into one group,and the populations of Rh.rufulum,Rh.sataense,Rh.mayebrae and Rh.huadingense were divided into another group. These results would supplement the information for protection and utilization of Rh.huadingense and also provide further data for the study of genetic variation and species differentiation of Rh.huadingense.

Pollen-ovule ratio and scanning electron microscope observation to pollen morphology of Feijoa sellowiana

2016/1/15 2:22:25

P/O of three varieties of Feijoa sellowiana was accounted and breeding systems class was defined; pollens of three varieties of F.sellowiana were observed with scanning electron microscope; and the morphology and taxonomy significance of the pollens were analyzed. The results showed that P/O of ‘Coolidge',‘Mammoth' and ‘Unique'were 6±2.37、4.41±1.47 and 8.52±2.84 and the breeding systems was cleistogamy; Feijoa pollen was radial symmetry; polar view of the pollens was approximately equilateral triangle,with a clear tricolporate(syncolpate)and goniotreme; equatorial view of the pollens appears oval; the surface of the pollens had granulated sculpture. At the same time,the morphology of the three varieties was also slightly different,but not obvious. Compared with other four genus of the same family,the pollen morphology of Feijoa was in accordance with the main features of Myrtaceae plant and had important taxonomy significance.

Supplementary description of achenes of seven species in Elatostema(Urticaceae)

2016/1/15 2:22:25

The achene of Elatostema is one of the important morphological characters for delimiting infra-generic series and species,while it is significant for understanding the evolutionary relationship in Elatostema. In this paper,based on careful examinations of achenes from several voucher specimens including type,consulting literature and field observations,the descriptions of achenes of seven Chinese species in this genus are presented,this would provide some valuable information for further taxonomic revision of Elatostema.

Sarcostemma R.Br., a newly recorded genus of Asclepiadaceae from Guangxi

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Sarcostemma R.Br.,a genus of Asclepiadaceae,was newly recorded in Guangxi,Southern China. A taxonomic description and photographs of Sarcostemma acidum(Roxb.)Voigt were provided. It is exclusive species of tropical mangroves and coastal forests,and only adapted to seashore thickets or beach plains forest,which has an important significance in the research and protection of coastal plants biodiversity.

New records of Thrixspermum(Orchidaceae) from Guangxi, China

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Thrixspermum formosanum and Thrixspermum tsii are reported for the first time from Guangxi. A key to species of Thrixspermum from Guangxi is given in this paper.

Cytotaxonomic study on two species of the Arthropteris from Guangxi, China

2016/1/20 18:33:53

The cytotaxonomic study on the two species of Arthropteris from Guangxi,China has been reported in this paper. The chromosome numbers are reported for the first time. The putative reproductive manners were inferred from cytological characters and spore counting. The chromosome numbers were n=40,2n=80(2x)in A. pallisotii and in A. repens. The reproductive types in A. pallisotii and A. repens were sexual diploid. The systematic significance of chromosome numbers winthin the genus was discussed.

Property of sexual hybridization plants of Begonia in Yunnan

2016/1/20 18:33:53

We conducted cross-breeding experiments of 109 combinations,five sections of phylogenetic classification species of Begonia in Yunnan and overseas cultivar Begonia. Variance analysis of sexual hybridization of all the combinations was conducted. The results showed that sexual hybridization of in section,among section and different morphotypes of Yunnan Begonia stems did not show significant deviation. However,avidity and fertility of these Begonias were high and sexual hybridization between Yunnan Begonia and cultivars from overseas avidity and fertility was lower. This meaned that when trying to create new hybrid species between Yunnan Begonia and overseas cultivars,it was suggested to choose cultivars whose pollen grain and embryonic sac were normally developed,to conduct hybrid work. The results also highlighted the necessity of introducing feasible technology on distant hybridization. Thus,it is well expected to create new cultivars for Begonia.

Taxonomi crevision on some easily confused species of Saccharinae(Poaceae, Panicoideae)from China

2016/1/20 18:33:53

Based on specimen examination and filedwork,specimens which have been identified as Eulalia siamensis and E. wightii were found to be E. quadrinervis. Therefore,E. siamensis and E. wightii are not distributed in China. A new combination,Eulalia quadrinervis var. latifolia(Rendle)Y. C. Liu & H. Peng.,is represented here.Microstegium ciliatum has been confused with M. fasciculatum for a while. Many plants of the latter species were misidentified as the former species. Even the discription in some domestic flora are not correct. This paper will clarify their key differences.

Relationship identification of a loquat variant based on Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat(ISSR)

2016/1/20 18:33:53

This research was aimed at analyzing the special early character of 13 loquats,including Chuanzao loquat,and the possibility of judging loquat variation by ISSR,which was a new bud mutant line. To make UPGMA(Unweighted Pairgroup Method and Arithetic Average)analysis and calculate genetic similarity,13 loquats were used as materials to extract total DNA,Optimize ISSR System,screen primer and PCR,and detected bands with Quantity One(a software). With 14 ISSR primers,165 bands were found,the length of which was 300-1 500 bp; the genetic similarity between Chuanzao loquat and Maomu was 0.7920,the genetic similarity between Chuanzao loquat,Zaozhong 6 and Wanzhong were 0.7717 and 0.7444 respectively. 13 loquats could be separated into 4 species when the genetic similarity was 0.7160. The Chuanzao loquat showed genetic changes,which meant it colud be a new variety.

Morphology and anatomy of organogenesis from tissue culture plantlets of Camellia oleifera

2016/1/20 18:33:53

The tissue culture plantlets of Camellia oleifera‘Cenruan No.3'were used as experimental materials to observe morphology and anatomy of organogenesis of microphyte. The results were as follows:the multiplied bud was directly from organogenesis way and otherwise from callus induced so that of the microphytes might be identical to Camellia oleifera‘Cenruan No. 3'in genetics. Any incubated root primordium was not found in multiplied buds. Induced root primordium which was originated form parenchma of cambium adventitious roots were emerged and grown. The type of adventitious root organogenesis belonged to cortex-rooting type. Vascular cambium and cork cambium were formed in induced adventitious root from multiplied singular bud after it was cultured in the rooting medium for 25 d and for more than 40 d conductive elements in root were connected to those of stems.

Effects of baking techniques in chloroplast starch granule ultrastructure of flue-cured tobacco leaf

2016/1/20 18:33:53

The leaves Chloroplast starch granule ultrastructure of flue-cured tobacco‘KRK26'were studied by microscopic observation with three curing techniques. The result were as follows:(1)In lower temperature and lower humidity condition,the leaves Chloroplast starch granule were rupture in baking 36-48 h;(2)In middle temperature and middle humidity condition,the leaves Chloroplast starch granule were rupture in baking 24-36 h;(3)In middle temperature and higher humidity condition,the leaves Chloroplast starch granule were rupture in baking 12-24 h. In the production,the middle temperature and higher humidity condition was the best choice in order to reduce the content of starch in tobacco products.

Six new species and two new varieties of Ranunculaceae from southwest China

WANG Wen-Tsai — 2016/1/15 2:06:44

Two species and one variety of Delphinium,one species of Thalictrum,one species and one variety of Anemone,and two species of Ranunculus(Ranunculaceae)are described as new from southwest China.

Two new records of Selaginella from Malaysia

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Selaginella braunii Baker and S. siamensis Hieron are reported from Malaysia for the first time. The specimens are preserved in herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Primulina beiliuensis B. Pan & S. X. Huang, a new species of Gesneriaceae from limestone areas in Guangxi, China

2016/1/15 2:06:44

A new species of Gesneriaceae,Primulina beiliuensis B. Pan & S. X. Huang from limestone areas in Guangxi, China,is described and illustrated here. The new species is morphologically similar to P. lutea(Yan Liu & Y. G. Wei)Mich. Möller & A. Weber,but easily differs from the latter in its leaf blades broadly ovate,base nearly cordate, margin shallowly obtuse-dentate or shallowly undulate-serrate, corolla purple, corolla, peduncle,bracts and calyx lobes outsides,and pedicel with purple pubescence. Molecular evidences hint that it is systematically similar to P. repanda var. guilinensis(W. T. Wang)Mich. Möller & A. Weber,but the morphologies of two relatives are obviously different.

A new synonym of Persicaria chinensis (L.)H. Gross (Polygonaceae)and its systematic position

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Polygonum chinense L. var. procumbens Z. E. Zhao et J. R. Zhao is reduced as a new synonym of Persicaria chinensis(L.)H. Gross var. chinensis. The nomenclatural problems and the systematic position of the species are discussed.

Development of the leaves in two different types of drought-tolerant barley

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Two different types of drought-tolerant barley were studied in terms of the similarities and differences of their lamina structures. The study showed that the growth of the two types of lamina experienced 4 stages,namely germination stage, sprouting stage, growth stage and mature stage, and that there were no obvious difference in lamina structures in germination stage between the two types of barley. The method of PAS showed that at the germination stage, Moroc 9-75, less tolerant of drought,had fewer mesophyll cells rich in starch grains while the starch grains were small. In the same stage,HS 41-1,more tolerant of drought,had more mesophyll cells rich in starch grains while the starch grains were big. Under drought stress,the two types of barley showed apparent weak growth in height,with short and narrow leaves; the cuticles of epidermis cells thickened,the mesophyll cells of the lamina became smaller,the intercellular space between mesophyll cells grew bigger,and more mesophyll cells split; PAS showed that mesophyll cells with starch grains decreased in number and that starch grains became smaller or disappear; more cells of Moroc 9-75 broke down than those of HS 41-1. In conclusion,under optical microscopes,the differences in lamina structures,especially the differences in the size and the number of the starch grains that the cells contained,were the adaptation of plants to drought stress. Besides,the veins had great effects on the hardening of plants.

Effects of temperature on Nicotiana stocktonii during microsporogenesis

2016/1/15 2:06:44

In order to explore the influence of temperature on the meiosis of pollen mother cells and microsporogenesis in Nicotiana stocktonii,materials planted at different temperatures were observed by carbol fuchsin staining. The results showed that there was less abnormality and lower microkernel ratio during meiosis of pollen mother cells and microsporogenesis when N. stocktonii was planted at higher temperature. Anther of N. stocktonii planted at lower temperature withers and the pollen germination rate was low,10%-15%,compared with the 65%-75% germination rate of materials planted in higher temperature. In addition,there were chromosome bridges,chromosome out of sync,chromosome fragment,laggard chromosome and higher micronucleus ratio during meiosis. It can be concluded that N. stocktonii meiosis of pollen mother cells is impressionable to low temperature and inevitably affected the fertility of pollen.

Leaf epidermal characters and their taxonomic significance in Balsaminaceae, China

2016/1/15 2:05:15

The leaf epidermal characters of 106 field collections representing 36 species within the family Balsaminaceae,were investigated with light microscopy. Most epidermal characters were constant within species. These characters were valuable in clarifying species circumscriptions and relationships between the two Balsaminaceae genera,Impatiens and Hydrocera. Although abaxial epidermal characters were found to greatly vary between species,the adaxial epidermis presented much more valuable taxonomic characters. Based on the latter,the species were divided into five groups. Epidermal characters were closely correlated with geographical distribution rather than with gross morphology. Epidermal characters were found useful in demarcating species but had limited value in infrageneric subdivision. Epidermal characters appeared to be heavily modified by different environments.

Supplemental study on pollen morphology of Opithandra(Gesneriaceae)

2016/1/15 2:05:15

Pollen grains of Opithandra wentsaii,O. burttii and O. pumila were firstly examined by SEM. The pollen morphologies of them were significantly different from each other. Based on previous research,according to the pollen shape and exine ornamentation,pollen grains of this genus can be divided into 4 groups:(1)pollen is subspheroidal,wide muri and uneven width of muri,including O. burttii,O. sinohenryi,O. primuloides and O. fargesii;(2)pollen is subspheroidal,obscure reticulation with distinct spinulate,including O. acaulis and O. pumila;(3)pollen is subspheroidal or oblate,narrow muri and even width of muri,including O. dalzielii,O. cinerea and O. dinghushanensis;(4)pollen is long ellipsoid,narrow muri and even width of muri,including O. wentsaii and O. obtusidentata. Our result disaccords with Wang's classification system. We put forward classified advice to the genus.

Observation of surface morphology of Chimonanthus tepals and its significance

2016/1/15 2:05:15

Scanning electron microscopy was used to explore the tepal microstructure of Chimonanthus praecox and C. nitens. The results showed that the tepal of C. praecox has thick, transparent covering at its inner epidermis and no wax at its outer epidermis, while the tepal of C. nitens had wax covering and epidermal hair. Stomata were not found at the tepals of both species. These morphological characteristics may confer C. praecox the environmental resistance and therefore are of significant ecological value.

Study on morphological characteristics of tricotyledon mutant of kiwifruit

2016/1/15 2:05:16

Tricotyledon plants of kiwifruit which obtained from radiation mutagenesis process of Actinidia deliciosa ‘Heping No.1' were used as material. The morphological characteristics of tricotyledon plants, such as leaf length, leaf width and stoma distribution and leaf surface trichomes were analyzed and observed so that the different information between the tricotyledon plants and dicotyledon plants was obtained according to their morphology. The results showed that the leaf length and width of tricotyledon plants were longer and wider than those of the dicotyledonous plants; the number of stomata on the leaf surface was no significantly difference between the tricotyledon plants and dicotyledonous plants. The trichomes on the leaf surface of tricotyledon plants were denser than those on the dicotyledon plants.

Study on spore and leaf epidermis morphology of Pteris (Pteridaceae) from China

2015/12/15 14:36:46

Fortyfour taxa in Pteris(Pteridaceae) from China were selected for spore and leaf epidermis morphology studies. Spore morphology is stable at the genus level. Pteris can be divided into six groups based on the equatorial flange and lophate ornamentations. However，its spore morphology is not consistent with its sporophyte morphology. Stoma types are quite stable at the genus level and the species level. Polocytic type and axillocytic type are the primary stoma types for most Pteris species. However，stoma density，size and length to width are unstable at the genus level and the species level. So they are valueless for taxonomy. Due to the high repeating frequency in Pteris，primary stoma types are less valuable for species delimitation than for genus delimitation. Based on these，systematic relations of confusing species are discussed.

Observation and comparison on morphological characteristics of pollen of Salvia shandongensis and its relatives by SEM

2015/12/15 14:36:46

Welldeveloped mature pollen grains of Salvia shandongensis，S.miltiorrhiza and S.bowleyana are examined by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that there were clear distinctions among the shape，size and exine sculpture of S.miltiorrhiza plants’ pollen. This study not only first provided the important pollen morphological basis for accumulating the palynology information for S.shandongensis new species，establishing its position in plant taxonomy and researching its species quality； pollen grains morphological features and exine sculpture of S.miltiorrhiza and S.bowleyana were consistent with previous reports and provided the palynology information for revealing their genetic relationships of S.shandongensis，S.miltiorrhiza and S. bowleyana and distinguishing their species taxonomy，but also provided scientific basis for the development of new medicinal plant resources of S.shandongensis.

Stem and leaf anatomical structures of three seagrass species in Guangxi

2015/12/15 14:36:46

Under optical microscope，the anatomical observations were made on the rhizomes and leaves of Zostera japonica，Halodule uninervis and Halophila ovalis. The results were as followed:(1)welldeveloped aerenchymaes and distinct intercellular space were found both at the rhizomes and leaves structure in all three seagrass species，while mesophylls and cortical cells were less compared to the general terrestrial plants； (2)fiber clusters were found between mesophylls and cortices，and lignified parenchyma cells were also found inside cortices； (3)the structures of vascular bundles，playing a role of mechanical support rather than conducting tissue，were simplified. The anatomical structure of leaf and rhizome in these seagrass species reflected their greatly ecological adaptability to the surrounding highwave and lowlight habitat.

Genetic diversity of four populations of Calycanthus chinensis based on ISSR and RAPD markers

2015/12/15 14:36:46

Genetic diversities of 4 populations 25 individuals of Calycanthus chinensis were studied by ISSR and RAPD marker. 62 loci were identified with 10 simple sequence repeat primers screened from 60 primers，out of which 41 loci were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 65.60%；52 loci were identified with 10 oligonucleotide primers screened from 60 primers，out of which 31 loci were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 57.50%. Shannon’s indices of diversity (I) were 0.3737 among the species level with the average of 01645 among populations. Nei’s gene diversity(h) was 0.2528 among the species with the average of 0.1117 among populations；and the effective number of alleles (ne) was 1.4473 among the species with the average of 1.1972 among populations. Genetic variance analysis showed the coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) was 0.5297 at species level，and the gene flow (Nm) was 0.4450. Cluster analysis indicated that 4 populations could be divided into 2 groups and consistent with their geographical distribution. As a highly restricted geographical distribution species，the genetic diversity level of C.chinensis was not high. It is necessary to take measures to protect in situ or ex situ endangered species.

NrDNA ITS sequences analysis and genetic relationship identification of Magnolia officinalis from different geographical regions

WANG Jie， YANG Xu， YANG ZhiLing* — 2015/12/15 14:36:46

Magnolia officinalis of 11 main locality of growth (sach as Shanxi，Sichuan，Zhejiang，Chongqing，Fujian and Guangxi and so on) were used in this paper to find the divergence of nrDNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences for M.officinalis distributed in different areas and to provide references for the identification of the genetic relationship between different geographical regions. Their ITS sequences with direct sequencing were determined and their relationship was analyzed using Kimura2 genetic distance and NJ(neighborjoining)phylogenetic tree. Meanwhile，M. liliiflora was used as the outgroup. The results showed that the whole length of ITS sequences of M.officinalis was 593-600 bp，in which the length of ITS1 and ITS2 were 214-217 bp and 215-219 bp，respectively. The contents of G+C were 54.42%-55.35% and 59. 82 %-60.95%，respectively. The length of 58S was 164 bp. A total of 36 variable sites(ITS1，7；ITS2，29) were examined in ITS sequences，and 5.8S sequence was highly conserved. The sites of variation consistent with changes of partial leaf shape，but they had not necessary linkage. The genetic differentiation distance between sequences ranged from 0.000 to 0.02792. M.officinalis of 11 main producing regions constituted three branches，which indicated the genetic relationship of M.officinalis between different producing areas，in which，Yangxian(SXYX)，Xixiang(SXXX)，Wuyishan(FJWYS)and Pengzhou(SCPZ)ITS sequences were the same. Therefore，nrDNA ITS sequence analysis could be applied to the identification of genetic relationship for M.officinalis in different producing areas.

Primulina bullata， a new species of Primulina (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi

2015/12/15 14:36:46

A new species，Primulina bullata S.N.Lu & Fang Wen，which grows in limestone hills and limestone caves from Guangxi is described and illustrated. It is similar to P.liboensis(W.T.Wang & D.Y.Chen)Mich.Mller & A.Weber and P.gueilinensis(W.T.Wang)Y.Z.Wang，but differs abovementioned two relatives by having erect pubescence on both leaf blade surfaces，upper surface of leaf blade with distinctly rounded，bullate projections，(1)2-9 or more cymes，longer peduncle，(4.0)8.5-15 cm，linear or linearlanceolate bracts，ca.7 mm×1 mm，larger flower，4.2-5.3 cm long，purplishpink corolla，staminodes longer，13-15 mm long，flowering time in November.

Floral traits variation and its taxonomic value of Elaeagnus in Xinjiang

2015/12/14 17:22:04

Elaeagnus has been cultivated for a long time in Xinjiang. There are rich variations and many taxa about the species,and the taxonomy is difficult. In order to provide more evidence for solving the classification problem,a more stable form of reproductive organs as a starting point was to analyze the characteristics of floral traits variation,and select the stable traits. We analyzed the stability of stigma form, glabrous on apex of flower disc, length ratio of style to stamens, the proportion of perianth lobes to perianth fixed plant and labeled flowers. The result showed that three traits weree relatively stable: glabrous on apex of flower disc,length ratio of style to stamens,the proportion of perianth lobes to perianth, which could be used as a basis for distinguishing species; stigma form was stable in a single flower, but varied in single plant, which did not have a classification value. Finally,verification tests of floral traits proved the correctness of the above conclusions, but also was the classification of the genus practical application, providing the basis data for the study of classic reference taxonomy, morphology,the development and protection in Elaeagnus.

ISSR analysis of the genetic relationships among 25 Acer plants germplasm resources

2015/12/14 17:22:05

Acer plants are important landscape trees around the world wide,and most of which have high ornamental value. But few of the germplasm resources was utilized,and much problem also existed in these plants' crossbreeding work,such as confusion of the hybrid varieties,less information of the genetic relation between different cultivars,etc. In this study,we analyzed the genetic relationships among 25 samples of Acer plants by inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)molecular-marked technique,and twelve ISSR primers were screened to assess the genomes of 25 samples of Acer plants. The result showed that a total of 84 DNA bands were amplified and 81 of which(96.43%)were polymorphic. The genetic identities among 25 plants varied from 0.405 to 0.952 with an average of 0.627,indicating that the genetic similarity coefficient between different cultivars or species were relatively different. According to the Nei-Li genetic similarity of 0.578,UPGMA method cluster analysis indicated that these 25 samples were classified into 2 cluster groups,and they were classified into 6 subcluster groups with the genetic similarity of 0.646. The result showed that the genetic relationship among 18 A. palmatum cultivars were close,and a correlation was found between genetic relationship and phenotype,such as leaf shape and leaf colour. Economic values of Acer plants were concluded as important ornamental trees. In future,people should paid more attention to collect and protect the gene resources,introduction and domestication,integrative research and development utilization,and in order to realize rational utilization and detailed research of plant resources.

The comments on the scientific name changes of Quercus neglecta(Schott.)Koidz.

2015/12/14 17:22:06

Quercus neglecta(Schottky)Koidz. is native to southern China and northern Indo-china. It is an important timber woods and key tree species in this region. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae used Cyclobalanopsis bambusifolia(Hance)Chun ex Y.C. Hsu & H. W. Jen as its scientific name. However,based on our study on the original prologue and herbarium collections,this name was not correct,because its basionym Quercus bambusifolia Hances(1875)was not valid published,due to the misidentification and it was put as a synonym. Over the following years,the species epithet “bambusifolia” was published several times based on the same and different type specimens,then later transferred to genus Cyclobalanopsis at different times to establish several new combinations. As a result,the scientific name changes of this species were extremely complicated. Currently,the correct scientific name is still not adopted by the key plant taxonomic database,nor properly used in current ecological and forestry studies. Great confusion over the scientific names are still exists on this species. In order to clarify its scientific name confusion,we traced the name changes of this species in this study,and evaluated and clarified each name even applied to the taxa according to the latest “International Code of Nomenclature for algae,fungi,and plants(Melbourne Code)”. Our study demonstrated Q. neglecta (Schott.)Koidz should be the correct scientific name. However,most researchers in China are generally adapted to the narrow genus definition of Quercus(as Quercus s.s.)and Cyclobalanopsis was recognized as an independent genus in Flora of China and Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. In order to avoid the confusion in the future,the name C. neglecta applied in Flora of China should be served as its formal scientific name,but the name C. bambusifolia in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae is illegal,and should be abandoned.

Micromorphological characters of leaf abaxial epidermis for 30 species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae)from Guizhou Province

2015/12/14 17:22:06

As the largest genus in the family Ericaceae,the genus Rhododendron L. is well known because of the highly appreciated values to the world horticultural and the flora of China,but the taxonomy of the genus is rather difficult and confusing. Since the genus was established by Linnaeus,its infrageneric relationships have been well studied by many taxonomists on the basis of morphological characters and molecular data. Worldwide,experts recognize nine subgenera,which include about 1 000 native species that are distributed mainly in Asia,Europe,and North America,571 species found in China with 409 endemic. The southwest to central region of China,including Guizhou province,is possibly the location of the origin of the genus. The classification of the genus Rhododendron(Ericaceae)has always attached great importance to the characters of leaf epidermis,whether among different subgenera or in the division of species. Guizhou Province is located in the modern world Rhododendron distribution center edge and spreads to the east of the transition zone. In this province,the domestic species of the genus Rhododendron are abundant and unique,which include many that have yet to be in-depth study of specific groups. For further understanding of the classification of the genus in Guihzou,the micromorphological characters of leaf abaxial epidermis for 30 species of the genus were studied,among which there were some relevant characters of 28 species being reported for the first time. All research materials,including 30 species within 5 subgenera of Rhododendron,were obtained from the specimens collected from Baili Rhododendron Nature Reserve,which contained one of the largest natural Rhododendron communities in the world. After being treated properly,the characters of leaf abaxial epidermis were observed under JSM-6490 scanning electron microscope(SEM). The division method of the scale types was based on previous work by other scientist. Results showed that the characters of leaf abaxial epidermis of these 30 species under the electron microscope display obvious diversity,for instance,the leaf abaxial epidermis with or without vestiture/scales,the vestiture/scales sparse or dense,the stomatal apparatuses not observed or observed occasionally,the stomatal apparatuses scatter among papillary protuberances or non-papillary protuberances,or sink in thickened stratum corneum,inner and outer stomatal rims rough or smooth,surrounded or not surrounded by undulate-striates,the striates ringed of pinnate,etc. However,these characters showed more or less consistency within the certain subgenus or subsection. It could be concluded that the micromorphological characters of leaf abaxial epidermis of the Rhododendron species were systematically important and meaningful to the taxonomy of the genus.

Micromorphological study on leaf epidermis of Phyllostachys edulis‘Pachyloen'and Phyllostachys edulis

2015/12/14 17:22:07

Micromorphological characteristics of leaf epidermis of Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen' and Phyllostachys edulis were observed by scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the micromorphological characteristics of leaf epidermis of two bamboo species were similar with relatively simple adaxial epidermis only composed of long cell,short cell and bulliform cell. While the abaxial epidermises were complicated,which had papilla,microhair,prickle,silica and stomata. There were three papilla forms:round,granular and rod papillae. Round papilla was the largest distributing in longitudinal rows. The granular papillae were the smallest widely distributing in the abaxial epidermises. And the rod papillae were located surrounding the stomata. The microhairs were sparse and composed of two cells with the apical cell withered,possibly because of the thin cell walls and the top cell,whose cell wall was thick. The stomata were composed of subsidiary cells and kidney-shaped guard cells,and distributed among long cells between the veins of the abaxial epidermises with four papillae overarhing them. Bristles with sharp tops were widely distributed in the abaxial epidermises and the cell walls were thin. The bristles were located parallelly with the epidermis and surrounded by four granular papillae. Silicon cells and cork cells were often located in pairs among the long cells in the epidermis. And they were slightly sunken,round or nearly round. No silicon cell and cork cell distributed between veins. The remarkable differences between leaf epidermis of Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen' and Phyllostachys edulis were the length and density of stomata on the abaxial epidermis:the stomata of P. edulis ‘Pachyloen' were longer than that of P. edulis except those of two-year-old ones,while its stomatal density was low. There was no significant difference of papilla density between both two bamboo species and different ages of the same species. While stomatal density and axial length change strikingly with aging. The stomatal density of one-year-old P. edulis ‘Pachyloen' was 609±25 per mm²,larger than those of the two-year-old and five-year-old bamboo. The axial length of the stomata of P. edulis ‘Pachyloen' changed as “V” with aging,that was the axial length of the stomata of two-year-old P. edulis ‘Pachyloen' was the smallest,(18.909±1.322)μm. The same rule was in the changes of stomatal density of P. edulis,while the largest was that of the five-year-old bamboo,and the stomatal axial length of P. edulis leaves become longer with aging. The results did accord with the development of the culm. The results of analysis of variance about the micromorphological characteristics of leaf epidermis of two bamboo species showed that there was no dramatic difference of papilla density,stomatal density and axial length of the stomata in the abaxial epidermises between the same ages of both two bamboo species(P>0.05). The similar characteristics of leaf epidermis also showed that the systematic relationship of two bamboo species. This study is important to elucidate the structural foundation of forming thicker culm,to make an intensive study and good use of the new bamboo variety,and will provide theoretical basis for raising the bamboo biomass.

Pollination biology of Michelia maudiae

2015/12/14 17:22:07

To study the pollination biology of Michelia maudiae,and provide theory basis for cultivation and artificial cross breeding of M. maudiae,the M. maudiae was studied in this paper which was grown in China West Normal University. The flowering dynamic,the visitors of flowers and the visitation frequency were recorded by field observations. The outcrossing index(OCI)was determined by vernier caliper. P/O was estimated by aceto carmine method. The breeding system was tested by the bagged and artificial pollination experiments. The results were as follows:(1)The M. maudiae was flowering in early spring,the flowering span of the population and single flowering was approximately 30 d and 5-6 d,respectively. In the early period of single flowering,the inner petals did not open. It aimed at adapting to the wet or rainy environment in order to protect anthers and stigmas from rain erosion,which was the strategy that improved the female and male fitness as well as ensures the reproductive success;(2)The bee was the effective pollinator of M. maudiae,which was visited in the sunny weather at noon;(3)The outcrossing index(OCI)and the pollen- ovule ratio(P/O)was 5 and 2 933±50,respectively;(4) M. maudiae was protandrous,which stigma receptivity reached the highest vitality during the flowering period of the 2nd or 3rd day;(5)The bagged and artificial pollination experiments showed that M. maudiae could be self-pollination and cross-pollination,and fruit-set and the seed-set of cross-pollination were significantly higher than the self-pollination. In conclusion,M. maudiae was an early spring flowering plant,bee was only the pollinator,the breeding system of M. maudiae was outcrossing which was partly self-compatible. The results could promote for using and protection the resources of M. maudiae.

-->Systematic and Evolutionary Botany

A review of the conifers in the floras of mainland Asia

Continued from Guihaia 26:1-4.2006.Noteworthy taxa from Southern China

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Some new records from Guangxi, China

Three species of the lichen genus Lecanora new to China from Bailong River Valley, Gansu Province

Phoebe liana Y.Yang, a new name of Lauraceae

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New records of the distribution of the seed plants in Yunnan Province

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Wood comparative anatomy of five intraspecies of Hibiscus syriacus

Structure and annual changing pattern of mycorrhizae of four Cypripedium species

Author for correspondenceChromosomal studies on populations of Aquilaria sinensis

Study on chromosome counts and the karyotype of some species of Fagaceae in Fujian Province

On some botanic terms Ⅲ

Preliminary study on phylogeny of Ficus subg.Urostigma (Moraceae)in China

Anatomy of vegetative organs of 10 species in herbaceous plants on Lianfeng Mountain and ecological adaptation

Study on anatomy of the stem of Cycas segmentifida

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Establishment and optimization of ISSR reaction system for endangered plant Coptis omeiensis

H2O2-CH2COOH maceration——a simple and perfect method for leaf epidermis

Chrysoglossum Bl., a newly recorded genus of Orchidaceae from Hainan Province

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A preliminary report on Myxomycetes from Guizhou Province

Adaptation of anatomical structures of the leaves of Saussurea stella Maxim to the alpine environment

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New taxa of Festuca(Poaceae)from China

Intergeneric cross-compatibility between Dendran- thema ×grandiflorum and Ajania pacifica and the seed sets of their F₁ progenies in different conditions of backcross, selfing and open pollination

H₂O₂-CH₂COOH maceration——a simple and perfect method for leaf epidermis

Genetic relationships analysis in some species of Cycas in China by RAPD markers NONG Bao-Xuan^1,2,4, HUANG Yu-Yuan^3,4*, LIU Chi¹