-->Plant Ecology and Biogeography

The age structure and ecological strategy in a wild population of the endangered plant Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes(Hamamelidaceae)

2016/1/15 21:08:50

Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes,a plant species that only occurs in a few counties in Hunan,Jiangxi and Zhejiang Province and with relatively small numbers of individuals,is ranked as a 2^ndclass endangered species for conservation in China. The dynamics of age-structure and the ecological strategy in D.cercidifolius var.longipes were studied. The results are as follows:the populations of D.cercidifolius var.longipes are withering populations, though there are some young individuals with high death rate in the populations. The ecological strategy is a r-K mix-strategy in D.cercidifolius var.longipes populations. The static life table of populations of D.cercidifolius var.longipes shows that the death rate of the populations with“1-5 year-aged class individuals”is relatively higher than populations with individuals of other age class. The death rate of the populations would reach another peak when they are about 50 years old. The fecundity table indicates that its net reproductive rate(R0),intrinsic rate of increase(r_m)and finite ratio fineries(λ)were 0.8337,-0.0047 and 0.9953,respectively. These parameters(R0<1,r_m<0,λ<1)indicated that the studied population is a decreasing type,but its declining is relatively slow. We can also refer that the populations of the species can hardly recruit new individuals and make natural regeneration in the current habitats. Using the data from the field investigations,we established the diagrammatize life table in which we can predict that in the coming 20 years,the individuals would most probable decrease from 2 271 to 1 530,i.e.,only 70% individuals will still remain in the population. The key reasons leading to the endangering of this species are most probably the deforestation and habitat fragmentation.

Rehabilitation process of “Rocky Desert” region, im- provement of farm fuel and its ecological efficiency

2016/1/15 21:08:50

Methane system and fuel woodland is developing as a rehabilitation approach in the Longhe“rocky desert”sub-village(three producing communities). Over 60% of families were using methane for cooking,which saved a total fuel wood 96.41 t·a^-1 with fuel wood saving rate of 31%,16% and 20% in the three communities respectively. The result also shows vegetation conservation are 10.25 hm²,6.44 hm² and 7.46 hm² each year which therefore contributed to restoring the ecological environment because of using methane. Meanwhile,the improvement of farm fuel could save labors that were calculated as 95 CNY,53 CNY,and 69 CNY per person per year of each community. Basing on the fixed sampling and analysis,after using methane system,there are 69 hm² will clear for fuel in the first year,but the number would reduce by 34.5 hm² in the second year,then 23 hm² in the third year,consequently,more and more rocky area will be preserved and it is possible that the vegetation restoration will be achieved.

Responses of soil microbes and enzyme of compound community to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature

2016/1/15 21:08:50

With independent and top-enclosed chamber system,this paper studied the responses of rhizospheric microbes number and rhizospheric enzyme activity of compound community to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration(ambient+350(±25)μmol·mol^-1,EC),temperature(ambient+2(±0.5)℃,ET),and their combination(ECT)under high-frigid conditions of West Sichuan Province. The results showed that in comparing with the control,treatments EC,ET and ECT can increase the number of rhizospheric microbes. Highly significant differences were noticed among different treatments in rhizospheric microbes number and rhizospheric enzyme activity. In comparing with the control,treatment EC,ET and ECT had no effect on the number of non- rhizospheric microbes and non- rhizospheric enzyme activity. Rhizospheric effect of soil microbes,catalase and urease for all treatments was significant; rhizospheric effect of intertase of EC and ECT was significant,but rhizospheric effect of intertase of ET was not significant.

GAP of Siraitia grosvenorii cultured in vitro and establishment of its SOP

JIANG Shui-Yuan, LI Feng, LI Hong, HUANG Xi-Yang, CHEN Hai-Shan — 2016/1/15 21:08:50

The germplasm characteristics, environment of producing areas,cultivated technique,quality standards,fruit collection and process,pack,store of Siraitia grosvenorii cultured in vitro were defined in this standard operating procedure. And the key technologies were emphasized particularly in fertilizer,shaping and pruning,disease and pest control and testing method of mogrol glycocides. The SOP provide a basis for the standard production and modern quality control of S.grosvenorii.

Niche characteristic of exotic weeds in suburb and the impacts on biodiversity

2016/1/15 21:08:50
A survey of species and distribution of exotic weeds was conducted with quadrat plot method in non-filed habitats in late spring and early summer in Jinhua suburb. The ecological similarity of exotic weeds and native companion weeds was analyzed,and the quantitative influence of exotic weeds on biological diversity was studied. The results showed:(1)Conyza bonarinisis,Erigeron annuus,and Plantago virginica had wider niche breadths,with 0.781 9,0.691 5 and 0.523 7 respectively spring and early summer in suburb.(2)Based on the niche overlaps,50 weeds in suburb could be divided into three groups,and the 21 exotic weeds could be divided into four groups according to their differences in deploying environmental resources.(3)The Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA)revealed that the human disturbance intensity and soil humidity were the most important factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of exotic weeds.(4)Positively correlation existed between species richness and exotic weed species richness in sites group Ⅵ,Ⅰ,Ⅲ,Ⅱ. This phenomenon showed that the exotic weeds enriched the biodiversity in a certain extent at the present time in local habitats.(5)The correlation between important value(x)of exotic weeds and species richness(y)showed significant negative correlation(y=-14.36x+27.48,R=0.928,P<0.05). With the increase of the important value of exotic weeds,Shannon-Wiener index(H)and evenness index(E)declined,while Audair and Goff index(D)increased. The results showed that invasion of exotic weeds had a harmful influence on biological diversity.(6)Important value of exotic weeds was a suitable criterion for evaluating the effect of exotic weeds on biodiversity than species richness of exotic weeds.

Study on intraspecific and interspecific competition of Pinus taiwanensis

2016/1/15 21:08:50
Pinus taiwanensis is a common species,and it is one of the dominant species in subtropical area. The intraspecific and interspecific competitions of P.taiwanensis were analyzed quantitatively by using the improved competition index. The results show that with the increase of the size of objective tree and the distance between plants,the intraspecific competition intensity decreases,because of the population density regulation during self-thinning. In the community,there are many other species,but their diameter at breast height is less than that of P.taiwanensis,as a result,the competition intensity of intraspecific was more excessive than that of interspecific. The order of competition intensity is P.taiwanensis—P.taiwanensis>Cunninghamia lanceolata—P.taiwanensis>Quercus glandulifera—P.taiwanensis>other species—P.taiwanensis. The relationship between competition intensity and individual growth of objective tree follows closely the following equation CI=AD^-B,and the changing of competition intensity is very small when the diameter of the objective tree grows to 20 cm. The model can simulate and predict the intraspecific and interspecific competition efficiently. The study provides a new approach to measure the competition intensity and to ascertain the neighborhood zone on studying the plant competition.

Investigation on the plant resources of genus Uvaria in Guangxi

2016/1/15 21:08:50
Basic conditions of genus Uvaria in Guangxi,including distribution area,batanical characters,habitat,resource and the usage,were investigated. The results show that Longzhou has the most abundant species of Uvaria,which reaches 5 kinds. In all Uvaria species,U. microcarpa has the widest distribution area and the richest resources in Guangxi,while U. macclurei has the smallest in both.

Preliminary report of early spring plants of Jiufeng Mountain Region in the middle of Ying Mountain

2016/1/15 21:08:50
Jiufeng mountain,because located in Daqing mountain in the middle of Yin mountain in special,there are rich plant resources understory and the species are various. As a special layer the early spring plants take on an indicate signification. By researching the early spring plants,evidence for ascertaining distributing,characteristic and used technology is provided. Through the investigation to the early spring plant of Jiufeng mountain region,the species of early spring plants are clearly known,and their biological characteristics、the eco-style and significance of biology.

Spermatophytic flora of Zhuhai City in Guangdong Province

2016/1/15 21:08:50
Zhuhai City is located in the southwest to the estuary of Pearl River,belonging to north tropics and oceanic monsoon climate. There are 1 448 species of wild vascular plants,1 359 species of wild seed plants,which belong to 166 families and 664 genera. 13 species in the list are national protected,14 species are provincial rare and threatened species. It is low in endemic elements. Zhuhai's flora shows strong transitional features between tropical and subtropical. There are only small proportion of temperate elements. The floristic relationships between Zhuhai and Jianfengling(Hainan Island),Lushan(Jiangxi Province),and 3 adjacent areas(Macau,Shenzhen,and Nanling)were discussed.

Interspecific associations analysis of Stipa purpurea community in Tuotuo River Area

2016/1/15 21:08:35
Based on variance ratio, χ² test, and Jaccard index, the interspecific association of twelve principal species in Stipa purpurea Steppe community in Tuotuo River Area was studied. The results showed that the overall associations among dominant species in S. purpurea community had significant positive association. The dominant species had stable coexistence relation; Constructive species showed great independence and occupied prior ecological niche in the community, which distributions were not susceptible to others. This partly accounted for the persistency of constructive species in the community. Accompanying species or secondary dominant species with others were significant. They indicated great dependency. Distributions of accompanying species or secondary dominant species were susceptible to other species and only occupied in ferior ecological niche in the community, which resulted in their transition or unstability in the ecosystem development. According to the measuring results, the principal species could be divided into two species groups. But they had no distinct limit. There was direct or indirect relation between them.

Study on the community of Euphorbia hainanensis in the limestone shrubland of Exianling Moutains, Hainan Province

2016/1/15 21:08:35
The characteristics and species diversity of the Euphorbia hainanensis community in Exianling Natural Reserve of Hainan were studied based on community investigation. The result showed that 77 species in 70 genera and 47 families of vascular plants were found in 7 plots of 700 m². The shrub layer and the herb layer are the main composition of the community,and E.hainanensis,Schefflera arboricola,Jasminum elongatum are the main dominant species in the shrub layer. The physiognomy of the community was evergreen,and the life form in the community was dominated by microphanerophytes(22.08%). The B-level frequency is the most important composition with 90% by Raunkiaer's frequency law. The species diversity of the community is relatively poor with the Margalef index of 8.56,the Shannon-Wiener index of 1.38,the Simpon index of 0.90 and the evenness index of 0.32. The species richness pattern of every layers of the community is shrub layer >herb layer>tree layer>liana layer,the species diversity pattern is shrub layer>tree layer>herb layer>liana layer,and the evenness pattern is tree layer>liana layer>shrub layer>herb layer. Because of the excess disturbing by the local minority,the species and the vegetation should be protected efficiently as quickly as possible.

Distribution and characteristic of Chimonanthus germplasm in China

2016/1/15 21:08:35
Based on the survey and preexisting data, this paper deals with with the distributions,the characteristic of vertical distribution and horizontal distribution and habitat of Chimonanthus germplasm in China. The distribution range of Chimonanthus germplasm includes 13 provinces,which is wide and continuous,the current distribution center is from the South of Qinling Mountains to the East of Hengduan Mountains.The span of vertical distribution is very big,but the boundary of vertical distribution is not relative greatly to geographic coordinate. Hydrothermal condition is very important to the exsit of Chimonanthus germplasm. Soil matrix is mostly sand and loam soil. Chimonanthus germplasm is the dominant component of forest layer and bush layer. Chimonanthus, which includes 5 vegetation form,mainly grows in the evergreen defoliate broad-leaved mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest.

Pollination ecology of rare and endangered species Kmeria septentrionalis

2016/1/15 21:08:35
The flowering phenology,species of visiting insects,visitation rate of pollinators and their foraging behavior,and plant species at the same flowering time of Kmeria septentrionalis were investigated in Mulun National Nature Reserve in Guangxi,and the breeding system and spreading distance of pollens of it were determined. The results were as follows:there was difference in flowering phenology for male plants and female plants,and unstable yielding phenomenon in fruiting characteristics was existed for female plants. Insects pollination was the main pollination media of K.septentrionalis,the number of foraging insect species for male plants is 30,the number for female plants is only 14,the common foraging insect species is only 6. There are 17 plant species at the same flowering time,and most of foraging insect species of them are the same as that of K.septentrionalis. Bees and butterfly species are not pollinators.The reasons for low fruit set are not only related to small number of foraging insect species and low visitation rate of pollinators,but also related to the lack of effective pollinators.

Study on the flora of the seed plants in monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest of Xishuangbanna

2016/1/15 21:08:35
The flora of the seed plants in monsoonal evergreen broad-leaved forest of Xishuangbanna is studied based on 1 hm² cumulative sampling plots. 95 families,223 genera and 351 species of seed plants were recorded. There are 41 families of pantropical distribution,which make up 43.16% of the total families. The genera of tropical distribution make up 83.86% of the total genera. The species of tropical and its sub-patterns contribute to 70.37% of the total species,and the ones of tropical Asia distribution are predominant. These results revealed that this flora is obviously tropical Asian attributition,and a part of Malaysian flora. Occurred at the northern margin of tropical Southeast Asia,the forest flora also shows characters of marginal tropics.

A commentary on plant ex situ conservation and its researches in China nearly thirty years

XU Zai-Fu, HUANG Jia-Yuan, HU Hua-Bin, ZHOU Hui-Fang, MENG Ling-Zeng — 2016/1/15 10:58:29
The number of botanical garden has rapidly increased to near 200 in China since 1980s due to shoulder heavy loads in plant ex situ conservation,20 000 species of wild plants,two third of China's flora,have been cultivated in chinese botanical gardens,and the researches on the principles and methodologies of ex situ conservation for rare and endangered plants have also made a mighty advance. The distribution pattern of Chinese botanical gardens,however has the same situation to the world,the richer species of plant where have,the less botanical gardens there are; and it is not only the genetic diversity being ignored,but also one third of protected rare and endangered species didn't growing well,having reproductive barriers and even death. In order to raise the effectiveness of plant ex situ conservation for China,the authors discuss on some strategies as the revising and announcing of “China's Protective Lists of Rare and Endangered Plants”,working out the “China's Strategy for Plant Conservation”,the construction of coordinative mechanism for Chinese botanical gardens,the improvement of Chinese botanical gardens conservation network,and working out the standards of conserving practices for rare and endangered plants in Chinese botanical gardens as well

The alien invasive plants in Guangxi

2016/1/15 10:58:29
74 alien invasive plant species belonging to 57 genera and 26 families are identified and recorded in Guangxi at present based on field investigation and related literatures. Compositae is the most,which consists of 19 species,and Gramineae is the second comprising 10 species. Herbaceous plants are the most and make up 78.4%. Most of them originate from America. Among them,Eupatorium adenophorum,E.odoratum,Parthenium hysterophorus,Eichhornia crassipes ,etc. are most serious and harmful. Their basic characters,successful invasion and developing tendency in Guangxi are discussed and analyzed in this paper. Related prevention and controlling measures are also put forward.

Flora of the seed plants in Huaping National Nature Reserve, Guangxi

2016/1/15 10:58:29
The flora of Huaping National Nature Reserve consist of 1 295 species of wild seed plants,which belong to 583 genera and 163 families,including 10 species of gymnosperms belonging to 7 genera and 5 families,and 1 285 species of angiosperms belonging to 576 genera and 158 families. The floristic elements are complex. There are 9 types and 10 subtypes for 163 families and 13 types and 16 subtypes for 576 genera of wild seed plants,among them,the amount of tropical families is 89 covering 66% of families,and the amount of tropical genera is 285 covering 53% of genera. The flora is archaic,relic and pristine; few-species family and few-species are rich; the endemism is rich,4 families endemic to Eastern Asia,1 family and 23 genera to China. The flora is subtropical in nature.

Morphological characteristics and biomass allocation of Cinnamomum burmannii seedlings on the karst hills of Yangshuo County, Guangxi

2016/1/15 10:58:29
The morphological characteristics and biomass allocation were investigated for seedlings of Cinnamomum burmannii on the karst hills of Yangshuo County,Guangxi. The results showed that mean values of plant height,basal diameter,leaf number,leaf area,root biomass,stem biomass,leaf biomass and total biomass were 21.96 cm,1.52 mm,6.06,57.84 cm²,0.061 3 g,0.109 4 g,0.168 3 g and 0.339 0 g,respectively. Plant height and basal diameter showed a pattern of normal distribution,while other quantitative indices,such as leaf area,leaf number and the biomass of root,leaf,stem and whole plant,showed a pattern of positive skew distribution. Based on the measured data,linear regression,multiple linear regression and power regression were used to model the relation among morphological factors of the seedlings and the relation between morphological factors and biomasses. The regression equations obtained were significant at 0.01 level.

Species composition and ecological characteristics of ferns on the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xishuangbanna

2016/1/15 10:57:49
Based on the data from 4 sampling plots of 50 m×50 m(divided into 400 small plots of 5 m×5 m),floristic composition and ecological characteristics of the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xishuangbanna were studied. Total 64 fern species were recorded from the forest. These ferns were dominated by Chamaephytes and Geophytes with leathery and papery leaves. In species composition,Woodwardia japonica,Athyrium dissifolium,Brainea insignis,Microlepia calvescens,Arachniodes spectabilis and Dryopteris pseudosparsa are the most abundant species with high IVI and considered to be preferential species to the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest. The species Pteris menglaensis is suggested to be an exclusive species to the forest although it is not an abundant species.

Pteridophytic flora in Mt.Lushan

ZHAN Xuan-Huai, PENG Yan-Song, GUI Zhong-Ming — 2016/1/15 10:57:49
There are 247 fern species and varieties of 87 genera and 39 families in Mt.Lushan. The floristic elements analysis shows that the pteridophytic flora of Mt.Lushan is of temperate and tropical features. Among them,there are 38 genera with 160 species of Dryopteridaceae(6 genera,50 species),Polypodiaceae(11 genera,30 species),Athyriaceae(10 genera,30 species),Thelypteridaceae(9 genera,28 species)and Aspleniaceae(2 genera,22 species),accounting for 43.7% of the total genera and 64.8% of the total species respectively,which can stand for the important feature of some fern flora in the area. The pteridophytic components are complex and inter-located,but the majority of them are tropical and temperate including 43 genera(64.2%)and 24 genera(35.8%)of total genera respectively. The East-Asia element is predominant and including 14 genera,accounting for 20.9% of the total genera. The endemic genera are rare and the endemic species are abundant. This also shows that flora is transition from subtropical elements to north temperate. The flora is much more closely allied to Mt.Jinggangshan and Mt.Wuyishan than to the others.

Floristic characteristics of Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An Province, Central Vietnam

2016/1/15 10:57:49
Pu Mat National Park(PMNP)is situated in Nghe An Province,Central Vietnam and in the core area of the well-known biodiversity richness Annamite district. Based on the identification of specimens,2 018 species and 771 genera belonging to 184 families of vascular plant were recorded in the protected area of PMNP. The flora of PMNP represents 21% of the total Vietnamese flora. In the floristic composition of PMNP,magnoliophyta contributes 90.98% species,90.4% genera,and 83.7% families of the total flora. The families with most species richness in the flora include Rubiaceae(37 genera/129 species),Euphorbiaceae(36/99),Orchidaceae(34/73),Lauraceae(11/66),Moraceae(10/54),Papilionaceae(24/51),Fagaceae(4/50),Myrsinaceae(5/48)and Rutaceae(14/45). From the study on the geographical elements of seed plants,11 areal types at family level and 14 areal types at generic level were recognized. Tropical elements in total make up 85.6% of the total family and 90.1% of the total genera,in which tropical Asian elements contribute to 31.4% of the total genera. It is concluded that the flora of PMNP is typically tropical in nature,and is part of tropical Asian flora.

Sprouting characteristics of sprouted woody plants in the mid-mountain humid evergreen broad-leaved forest on Ailao Mountain, Yunnan Province

2016/1/15 10:57:49
Two types of sample plot,the forest logged 20 years ago and undamaged primary forest,have been chosen at Ailao Mountain Xujiaba area in Yunnan Province. By conducting the regeneration way of different species,sprout conditions,the approach of vegetation restoration of this area and the influencing factors of sprouting ability were discussed. The results showed that among seedlings,aboveground sprouts and basal sprouts,the aboverground sprouts took the largest proportion,especially Castanopsis rufescens,Lithocarpus xylocarpus and Camellia forrestii. In the logged forest,the ramets number of the stubs that shorter than 0.5 m was significantly more than the stubs which were 1-2 m high and higher than 2 m. However,there are no significant differences between stubs with different heights in the primary forest; in the logged forest,the lowest place of the sprouts occurrence(less than 1/10)has significant more sprouts than other places; in the primary forest,the lowest place of the sprouts occurrence has significant more sprouts than the places where between 0.5 and 0.9 of the main stems. Reasons of these phenomena are that shorter stumps or the lower place of the stumps can absorb the nutrient from the soil and root more easily.

Point pattern analysis of Fraxinus guilinensis population in karst mountains of Guilin

2016/1/15 10:57:49
In order to discover the distribution pattern and spatial structure of Fraxinus guilinensis populations,the point pattern analysis was applied and the spatial characteristics were effectively described by Ripley's-K function in this paper. The results showed that F.guilinensis populations were mainly randomly distributed.

Study on economic characteristics of biennial and annual upland cotton

2016/1/15 10:57:49
Based on the testing introduction of insect-resistant cultivars of upland cotton,a comparative test of the economic characteristics of biennial and its annual cultivating among 5 cultivars was carried out in Nanning,Guangxi in 2005-2006. The results showed that the average lint yield of biennial cultivating was 1 510.56 kg·hm^-2,14.57% higher than its annual cultivating. Cotton fibre quality characteristics of biennial cultivating is basic uniform with its annual cultivating,and some cotton fibre quality characteristics of biennial cultivating is excellenter than its annual cultivating. Among 5 tested cultivars,the lint yield of cultivars “Zhong 928 F₁” and “Xiangza 3” is 1 845.42 kg·hm^-2 and 1 689.63 kg·hm^-2,their cotton fibre quality is fine and the components of lint yield matched well for each other. It indicates that the cultivar “Zhong 928 F₁” and “Xiangza 3” may be suitable for biennially cultivating used for production in light frost or no frost area.

Biological characteristics of tissue cultured plantlets of Siraitia grosvenorii

JIANG Shui-Yuan, LI Feng, LI Hong, WANG Man-Lian, HUANG Xi-Yang — 2016/1/15 10:57:49
Growth stages,growth and development habits and ecological adaptabilities of tissue cultured plantlets of Siraitia grosvenorii were observed,the result showed:The all-year growth stage was approximately from 240 d to 260 d,and flower and fruit were produced normally in the same year of planting. In the process of growing,the root and tuber had two fastigiums,the first peak was the flowering and fruiting stage in the first or middle ten days of July,the second peak was the withered seedling stage from the first ten days of November to the first ten days of December. The vine grew slowly in 20 d after planting,and then quickly. The main vine and the first order vine made up of spatial skeleton structure, and the second order vine and third order vine composed of the primary fructification vine. The full flower and fruit setting stage was between the last ten days of July and the middle ten days of August,the attachment modes located from the sixth node to fifteenth node of the second order vine and from the third node to eighteen node of the third order vine. The feasible time of pollination was in the intraday morning when male and female flowers were open-bud,the fruit became intumescence after fruit setting and finished in 30 d,but fruit grew about 80 days to become mature. The feasible temperature of growth was about from 22 ℃ to 28 ℃,and the optimum temperature of a period of ten days was from 25 ℃ to 28 ℃ for becoming flower and fruit. The feasible water condition was keeping soil wet and air humidity was above 80%. The optimum light intensity was approximately from 800 to 1 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, light saturation point was 1 212 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,and light compensation point was 26.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. In growth stage,the absorption amount of nitrogen and potassium were more,but in reproductive growth stage,the requirement amount of phosphorus and potassium were increasing especially in full fruit setting and development stage.

A preliminary research on environmental assessment indices based mainly on vegetation indicators for plateau lake wetlands

2016/1/15 10:57:49
Using wetland of Changhu Lake as an example,this paper tried to establish assessment indices of lake wetlands,and they were based mainly on vegetation indicators. The established indices would been applied in assessing environmental conditions of plateau lake wetlands. 10 groups of indicators representing characteristics of vegetation,flora,fauna and habitats were carried out for assessment process. Applicability of the proposed indices was determined on the availability of qualitative and quantitative data related to indicators,which was the premise when assessing. Meanwhile,it was important to note that the usage of the indices would promote collecting the unknown data on vegetation,flora,fauna and habitats of each plateau lake wetland,which would help assessing it's environmental condition synthetically in the future.

Ornithochory of Euryodendron excelsum and its significance in conservation biology

2016/1/15 10:57:49
Euryodendron excelsum H.T.Chang is a monotypic species endemic to China,only distributed in Bajia Region,Guangdong Province. The number of the living plant of the species is rather small. In order to find out the critical roles of its reproductive process,we observed the seed dispersal process and the dispersal effect in Bajia Region. The results show that the seed dispersion of E.excelsum is barochory and ornithochory,and ornithochory plays main role while barochory is not effective. Two common birds,Pycnonotus xanthorrhous and P.jocosus are the main carriers for its seed dispersion. Because all adult trees of E.excelsum are situated inside or near the villages,the frequency of human activities is high. This greatly disturbs ornithochory and makes the grounds under the adults are not so suitable for seedlings growth. With the economic development,a lot of lands in the region have been used as orchards,paddy fields or timber forests,and all these will decrease the effect of ornithochory. For ornithochory plays a very important role in seedlings establishment and distribution expendability of E.excelsum,its two disperser birds should also be protected.

The spermatophytic flora of Huangshi'ao Nature Reserve in Heping of Guangdong Province

2016/1/15 10:57:25
The Huangshi'ao Nature Reserve is located at Heping County,Guangdong Province. There are 1 270 species of wild vascular plants in this area, belonging to 193 families and 659 genera, among them, 161 families,598 genera,and 1 161 species are spermatophyte. The typical families of flora are Fagaceae,Hamamelidaceae,Lauraceae,and Theaceae,etc. There are many geological distribution patterns in this flora. The main areal patterns are tropical and subtropical,and some of the temperate elements also appear in the area. Comparing to some neighbor flora in Guangdong Province,the flora of Chebaling in Shixing County has the highest relationship with the flora of Huangshi'ao for species and genera composition,but the flora of Dinghushan has the highest similarity with Huangshi'ao on family grade.

Floristic analysis of the evergreen broad-leaved forest community from Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province

2016/1/15 10:57:25
Floristic composition of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jiulianshan Mountain was analyzed based on field investigation and community ecology. The community was rich in species diversity,with 144 spermatophyte families including 379 genera and 647 species,in which there were 6 gymnosperm families including 8 genera and 9 species,21 monocotyledon families including 77 genera and 116 species and 117 dicotyledon families including 294 genera and 522 species. Dominant families of the flora were Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Aquifoliaceae,Rosaceae,Ternstroemiaceae,Theaceae,Rubiaceae,Moraceae,and Euphoarbiaceae,most of which are tropical-and-subtropical distribution. As for family systematic distribution,the rate of genera of tropical-and-subtropical to temperate was 100:62.8 in 142 genera of 16 families. As for generic distribution in field investigation data,the tropical-and-subtropical areal type accounted for the majority of genera,in which there were 205 genera belonging to the tropical-and-subtropical areal type,131 genera belonging to the temperate areal type,35 genera belonging to the Cosmopolitan areal type and 8 genera belonging to the Endemic to China areal type. The rate of genera of the tropical-and-subtropical to temperate was 100:63.9. Floristic composition of the evergreen forest community in Jiulianshan and the typical species of the zonal flora will provide scientific foundation for stand rehabilitation and stand establishment approximating to the natural evergreen broad-leaved forest community. This study also indicates that the sampled data based on community research are valid and convenient for floristic and environmental analysis of the evergreen broad-leaved forest community from Jiulianshan Mountain.

Seedling establishment of Tsuga longibracteata in different location of forest gap

2016/1/15 10:57:25
The seedling establishment of Tsuga longibracteata in elliptical gap(area 118 m²)center,middle,edge and under canopy of T.longibracteata forest were studied by seed burial experiments from December 2003 to January 2005 in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve of Fujian,China. The results showed that the difference of location in gaps had evident effects on the seedling establishment of T.longibracteata. In this researching gap,the seedling emergence rates of T.longibracteata in plots of gap center,gap middle,gap edge and under canpy were 10%,10.7%,6% and 6%. The seedling emergence rate showed ratherish increased trend from the canopy to the center of gap. Rain eroding was the main factor that induced the death of seedling in gap center plots and gap middle plots,but insects feeding was the main factor that induced the death of seedling in gap edge plots and under canopy plots. Location in gap had an evident effect on seedling survival. The seedling survival rate in gap middle plots was the highest(11.4%),that in gap center plots was secondly high(6.7%),and seedling in gap edge plots and under canopy plots died out after one growing season. The average height of seedling in gap center plots was the highest among the 4 kinds of gap location plots when seed nutrition expending. The root biomass,stem biomass and total biomass of seedling in gap center plots were ratherish higher than those of seedling in gap middle plots,but the difference was not evident. The leaf biomass,leaf total biomss ratio and leaf upground ratio of seedling in gap center plots were evidently higher,while stem total biomss ratio was lower than those of seedling in gap middle plots.

Preliminary study on the relation between photosynthetic rate and environment factors of Quercus glauca in Guilin karst area

2016/1/15 10:57:25
The relation between photosynthetic rate(Pn)of Quercus glauca and environmental factors had been studied under natural condition in karst area. The results indicated that the curve of diurnal variation of transpiration was single-peaked,and Pn was dual-peaked with obvious midday depression in early summer. The midday depression of photosynthesis was principally caused by decline of stomatal conductance(Gs). The path coefficient analysis showed that the air relative humidity and air temperature were the main environmental factors which direct influenced the Pn.Photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)had no significant directly influence to the Pn, but through other factors affect Pn indirectly.

Composition and distribution of vegetation after anthropological disturbance in the Huoxi River Region of Min Mountain, Sichuan Province

2016/1/15 10:57:25
The data on topography maps, vegetation map of Pingwu County and our vegetation survey were used to make vegetation map and DEM of the studied area. By classifying vegetation and analyzing vegetation map and DEM,the pattern of composition and distribution of vegetation along altitude,slope degree and slope aspect gradients were studied. The results show that:(1)Human disturbance especially timbering has resulted in the disappearing of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests in the area. And the area of coniferous forests has shrunk while the area of broad-leaved forests and shrubs has increased;(2)Vegetation distribution shows conspicuous altitudinal gradient. Except for farmlands,the area proportions of other vegetation types are similar with that of the working sites at various position of slope. Distribution of coniferous forests,broad-leaved forests,farmlands and shrubs are influenced by slope aspect;(3)It seems that vegetation types and proportions of their areas in the studied area have been changed by human disturbance,which can be seen along the altitude gradient.

Population pattern and community characteristics of endemic and rare plant Magnolia zenii in Baohuashan National Forest Park

2016/1/15 10:57:25
By applying the contiguous grid quadrats and typical plots,it had been studied about the population pattern and species diversity of the communities Magnolia zenii Cheng in Baohuashan National Forest Park in Zhenjiang City. Based on analyzing the spatial pattern,it was shown that only its semi-nature population Q1 was of contagious distribution type while the other three populations(Q2,Q3,Q4)were of random distribution types. As far as the characters of the communities were concerned,there were 89 species of vascular plants belonging to 43 families and 74 genera in the four plots. M.zenii was sub-dominant species in the communities,which could be divided into three distinct layers: tree,shrub,and herb layers. The result showed that the Shannon-Wiener index diversity order of different layers was herb layer>shrub layer>tree layer in the semi-nature communities,while in the natural communities,it was herb layer>tree layer>shrub layer accordingly.

Study on the germplasm resources of Ginkgo biloba in New Zealand

2016/1/15 10:57:25
New Zealand lies in the southern Pacific Ocean,between Antarctica and equator. It's the first country to develop Ginkgo industry in the southern hemisphere. In New Zealand,the Ginkgo trees have been planted for over 100 years. Ginkgo trees can be found in most of cities on the southern and northern islands,but just used for greening of roadsides,streets,public parks and private gardens. As far as early 21st century,New Zealand has started to develop Ginkgo industry. The extensive investigation and fixed point observation on germplasm resources of Ginkgo were conducted in Auckland,Wellington,Hamilton,Hastings of New Zealand,the results show that there are only four types of nut of Ginkgo biloba,i.e.Meihe,Fozhi,Maling,Yuanzi. These nuts are very small,the biggest one is 2.15 g,the smallest one is only 1.44 g. This paper reports cultivation history,biological characteristics,germplasm resources and present developing conditions of Ginkgo in New Zealand,it can provide some valuable information for cooperation utilization of Ginkgo biloba between China and New Zealand.

Biological characteristics and cultivation technology of Pseudosasa longiligula

JIANG Neng, CHEN Hong, HUANG Shi-Xun, MO Dan, LIN Chun-Rui — 2016/1/15 10:57:25
It is a study on biological characteristics and cultivation technology of Pseudosasa longiligula. The results showed that:its shooting period was short and centralized. The shooting fastigium period was in early April,accounting for 62.7% of the total amount of emerging shoots. The growth curve of high and branch of young bamboo showed the model of“S”growth type,following the rhythm of“slow-fast-slow”. P.longiligula was a kind of monopodial bamboo which had two propagation. The cane with branch layering was the best which survival rate reached above 60%,and the cane with shoot layering only had a survival rate of 38%. The best propagation time was from late December to next February. In the study of growth rhythm,asexual propagation technology and production practice,we present the cultivation technology of P.longiligula.

The kinetics characteristic of Cd²⁺ absorption of Typha angustifolia

2016/1/15 10:57:25
Cd²⁺ concentration of 0,0.2,0.4,0.6,1.0,1.2,and 1.5 mg·L^-1were added in hydroponic culture solution to Typha angustifolia plants,and the Kinetics characteristic of Cd²⁺ absorption of them were studied separately at 4 h,8 h,12 h,and 24 h. Results indicated that the Cd²⁺ absorption of T.angustifolia conformed to Michaelis-Menten Kinetics model in the main. Among the before time periods,in 0-4 h time period,the maximum absorption rate V_max of T.angustifolia was the highest,the K_m was the lowest,and the α value was the highest,it showed that the root absorption ability was the strongest. With the time extending(4-24 h),the V_max decreased,but the completely absorption rate still increased. The kinetic parameters value obtained by V-C construction method and L-B construction method differed insignificantly,and the relativity of the curve imitated by the two methods all were good.

On Macromitrium microstomum, a notable moss species and its geographic distribution

2016/1/15 10:57:04
A notable moss Macromitrium microstomum,which has been recorded from Taiwan,Hainan and Yunnan as Macromtrium reinwardtii,is newly reported from the Nabanhe Nature Reserve. Based on examination of the type and ordinary specimens as well as survey of literature concerned,M.microstomum was described and illustrated. The characteristics of pantropical distribution pattern of the species are discussed and a world distribution map is also presented.

Comparative study on bryophytes of Carlin gold mine and non-gold field area in Nipu, Guizhou

2016/1/15 10:57:04
In this paper,the bryophytes both on Carlin gold mine and non-gold field area of Jiucailantan in Nipu Village of Pu'an County in Guizhou Province were reported for the first time. 15 species belonging to 8 genera of 3 families were found on the Carlin gold mine of Jiucailantan,and 20 species belonging to 15 genera of 9 families on non-gold field area in Nipu. Through comparison,the similarity coefficient of species level was 11.4% between the two sample sites in Nipu. It showed the distinct diversity on bryophytes of Carlin gold mine and non-gold field area. Among these bryophytes,13 species of them(Pohlia leucostoma,P.proligera,Trematodon longicollis.etc.)only grew on Carlin gold mine,indicating that some bryophytes adapted to the substrate of Carlin gold mine,and there were some relations between bryophytes and Carlin gold mine distribution in Nipu area.

Comparison on genus of seed plants between Tongguling and Wuzhishan National Nature Reserve, Hainan Island

2016/1/15 10:57:04
Tongguling National Nature Reserve,which is located in northeastern part of Hainan Island,consists of 984 species and varieties,166 families and 626 genera of vascular plants. Wuzhishan National Nature Reserve,which is located in the central mountainous area of Hainan Island,consists of 2 146 species and varieties,196 families and 911 genera of vascular plants. There are 54 monotypic families and 431 monotypic genera,accounting for 27.11%,68.74% of the total families and genera in flora of Tongguling. Flora of Wuzhishan consists of 35 monotypic families and 496 monotypic genera,accounting for 17.77%,54.5% of the total families and genera. It indicates that the composition in flora of Wuzhishan is more complex and diverse than that of Tongguling,and the species in genus differentiated weakly in both floras. Analysis on both floras indicates that:(1)Pan-tropical type occupies the largest proportion and the next is Tropical Asia one,accounting for 34.5%,17.8% of the total number of non-cosmospolitan in flora of Tongguling respectively; but in flora of Wuzhishan,Tropical Asia type occupies the largest proportion and the next is Pan-tropical one,accounting for 37.5%,24.1% of the total number of non-cosmospolitan of this area. It indicates that both floras are predominated by tropical elements,but number of Pan-tropical one is the most in the former and Tropical Asian one is the dominant in the latter.(2)Flora of Tongguling contains 35 species endemic to Hainan,accounting for 6.53% of the 536 species(varieties)endemic to Hainan; there are 284 species endemic to Hainan(accounting for 52.99% of the total number of the endemics to Hainan),and 16 species endemic to local area in flora of Wuzhishan. This indicates that it is very important to flora of Hainan.

Preliminary study on flora of seed plants of vegeta- tion in Mt.Yuanbaoshan, Guangxi, China

2016/1/15 10:57:04
Mt.Yuanbaoshan is located in the north of Guangxi(109°7'～109°13' E,25°22'～25°32' N). The flora of seed plants of vegetation in Mt.Yuanbaoshan consists of 118 families,337 genera,732 species. Based on the analysis of the florisctic elements,four main conclusions were showed as follows:(1)On the family level and genus level,the flora shows an obvious subtropical floristic connection. Temperate elements interweave with tropic elements,this is a typical characteristic of subtropical mountain.(2)The main components of this flora of vegetation are Pantropic,Tropical Asia,North Temperate,East Asia & North America disjuncted and East Asia.(3)There are many relict,ancient,endemic plant class group in the vegetation of Mt.Yuanbaoshan,these all have important conservation value.(4)The abundant Gymnosperm and varied coniferous forest types is the prominent characteristic of vegetation in Mt.Yuanbaoshan.

Effects of different plant regulators on rooting of Actinidia chinensis cutting

GONG Hong-Juan,LI Jie-Wei,JANG Qiao-Sheng, ZHANG Jing- Chi,LI Chun — 2016/1/15 10:57:04
Using Actinidia chinensis “Guihaia 4” as material,rooting status of cuttings treated with three different plant regulators was studied. The results indicated that:the rooting rate of cuttings treated with IBA1 500 mg·L^-1 was prominently higher than that of cuttings treated with NAA and ABT,and significantly higher than IBA1 000 mg·L^-1; IBA had stimulative effect on number of root and root length,while ABT had stimulative effect on root thickness; the result of principle component analysis suggested that the growth status of cuttings treated with IBA1 500 mg·L^-1 was the best.

Standard operating procedure(SOP)for Artemisia annua

2016/1/15 10:57:04
The division,ecological environment,seedling technique,cultivated technique,harvest and process,file,the quantity examination,packing,store and carry the production for Artemisia annua were investigated according to Good Agricultural Practice of Chinese Crude Drugs(GAP)requirements. The best criteria and methods for all production links in technology have been settled down. Standard Operating Procedure(SOP)for A.annua have been established in order to make its high quality and high yield.

Phytocoenological feature of the rare and endangered plant Camellia nitidissima

2016/1/15 10:55:59
According to the investigations conducted in a field of 4 sampled plots with a total 1 600 m²,119 plant species(diameter at breast height(DBH)were more than 1 cm)belonging to 80 families and 40 genera were recorded in the community of C.nitidissima. 92.5% of these genera are tropical,which therefore showed the tropical characteristic of the community. All of 4 communities located in different altitudes were secondary forest type. They had an evergreen physiognomy with simple structure. Canopy of trees could usually be distinguished into 2-3 layers. The height of 2 communities near the village was 16-20 m. canopy of arbor could be sorted to be 3 layers,of which there are 2 layers in the conservation district with 10cm in height. Mallotus philippensis and Acronychia pedunculata were dominant species in all communities investigated. There were a large number of individual plants and species in the community of C.nitidissima in a unit area. The trees with big size-class in all communities investigated were rare. Therefore, these communities of C.nitidissima were in a rapid processing of succession. Otherwise,the diversity index and ecological dominance index of these communities were higher but the uniformity was lower,indicating that these communities were at the succession of the initial to medium phase with marked dominant species.

Numerical classification and species diversity of Cinnamomum burmannii community in karst hills of Guilin

2016/1/15 10:56:00
Classification of Cinnamomum burmannii communities in karst hills of Guilin was conducted by Two-way Indicator Species Analysis(TWINSPAN),and species diversity was analyzed by various kinds of diversity indices such as the Patrick's richness index(R),Simpson index(D),Shannon-Wiener index(H)and Pielou's evenness index(E). The results show that:(1)the Cinnamomum burmanniicommunities could be divided into five types:Ⅰ.Ass.Cinnamomum burmannii-Albizzia kalkora-Arthraxon hispidus; Ⅱ.Ass.Cinnamomum burmannii-Osmanthus fordii+Mallotus philippinensis-Ophiopogon japonicus; Ⅲ.Ass.Cinnamomum burmannii-Osmanthus fordii-Ophiopogon japonicus+Carex lanceolata; Ⅳ.Ass.Cinnamomum burmannii-Osmanthus fordii+Ligustrum quihoui-Ophiopogon japonicus; Ⅴ.Ass.Cinnamomum burmannii-Cladrastis wilsonii+Osmanthus fordii-Pteris ensiformis+Pseudocyclosorusksubochthodes.(2)the community structure was simple,and species diversity indices were relatively lower. In the five community associations,species diversity indices of association Ⅲ and Ⅴ were higher than others,those of associationⅡ were relatively lower. Influenced by habitat conditions and human disturbance,species diversity was different among the association types.

Distribution and harmful effects of alien invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus in Guangxi

2016/1/15 10:56:00
Parthenium hysterophorus(Asteraceae)is native to Central and South America. For being discovered in recent years,it is distributed in many parts of Guangxi and has spread from roadside to farmland and waste land. This leads to a wide range of harmful effects,including traffic obstruction,destruction of road landscope,reduction of the productivity and carrying capacity in grazed land,land invasion and low crop production. It is also toxic and can cause dermatitis,rhinitis and asthma in humans. As an important alien invasive weed in Guangxi,it is attracted by scientist. Biological characteristics,invasiveness and diffusion of P.hysterophorus in Guangxi are introduced in this article; some measures are also put forward for controlling this dangerous alien species.

Al³⁺ tolerance of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)resources

2016/1/15 10:56:00
The estimating system of common buckwheat Al³⁺ tolerance and the Al³⁺ tolerance of 52 common buckwheat accessions were studied by means of test tube culture method. The results showed that the effective method of the Al³⁺-tolerance identification for common buckwheat are to treat sprouting seeds three days in the 500 μmol/L AlCl₃ solution(pH4.5)at 25 ℃ and to use the seed root growth length in the three days for evaluating the degree of Al³⁺ tolerance. The results of identification of Al³⁺-resistance by this way showed that there are great variations of Al³⁺ tolerance among the different common buckwheat accessions. Among them,some accessions such as Dahonghua from Shaanxi,Daliqiao from Japan,and Honghuaqiao from Guizhou have much higher Al³⁺ tolerance than others,which can be used for studies on the buckwheat breeding and the mechanism of the buckwheat Al³⁺ tolerance.

Relation between seed production and habitats of Epimedium brevicornum

2016/1/15 10:56:00
Epimedium brevicornum which belongs to Berberidaceae was sampled from Jincheng Mountain in Nanchong,Sichuan Province. The fruit production,seed production and seed quality in different habitats have been studied. The results showed that the stem height of plants and length of inflorescence of E.brevicornum varied with habitats,and the fruit quantity of each plant is also different. The seed quantity of each inflorescence have a little difference and the scope of seed production is often 1-8 seeds per individual fruit,but it varied with habitats. By One-way ANOVAs Analysis,the kilo-grain weight of seeds and the fruiting rate of the major inflorescence and lateral inflorescence show significant difference in different habitats. The insect predation rate was different among different habitats. Small seed number,small seed size and low fruiting rate are the reasons of low seed production of E.brevicornum. It is hard to recover quickly when the population was disturbed by humans.

Analysis on the relation between the structural characteristics of plant communities and the microclimate effects in Nanning City, China

2016/1/15 10:56:00
The species,height,quantity,coverage,diameter at breast height of plants in 17 communities of 4 functional area in Nanning City were measured. The microclimate factors,such as atmosphere temperature(Ta),relative humidity(RH),light intensity(LI)and wind speed(WS)were also observed. The structural characteristics of plant communities and the correlation among the above indices were discussed in the light of ecological principles. The results show:(1)in the shade of the plant community,correlations between total coverage(TC),total density(TD)as well as community important value(CIV)are all very significantly negative correlated with atmosphere temperature(Ta)(were discussed in the light of ecological plinciples r=-0.883,-0.718 and -0.824,with P<0.01 respectively),while community important value(CIV)are significanthy positive correlated with relative humidity(RH)(r=0.594 with P<0.05);(2)in the hiatus,total mean height(TMH)and light intensity(LI)show singificant positive correlation(r=0.629 with P<0.05); it is signigicanthy negative correlation between total mean height(TMH)and wind speed(WS)(r=-0.725 with P<0.01). In addition,the plant communities'structures and their microclimate factors'effects show their correlations as follows:(1)it is significantly positive correlation between total mean height(TMH)and shade from light effect(SLE),as well as shelter from wind effect(SWE)(r=0.746 with P<0.01; r=0.653 with P<0.05 respectively);(2)total coverage(TC)and drop in atmosphere temperature effect(DATE)obviously correlate positive(r=0.896 with P<0.01),so do total density(TD)and drop in atmosphere temperature effect(DATE)for their correlation(r=0.742 with P<0.01);(3)community important value(CIV)and all effects of green areas'microclimate factors have significantly positive correlation,some of them even come to quite obviously positive level(r=0.833 with P<0.01; r=0.587 with P<0.05; r=0.675 with P<0.01; r=0.755 with P<0.01 respectively).

Preliminary study on the fern resource and flora in Jinfo Mountain

2016/1/15 10:56:00
Jinfo Mountain locates at the south of Chongqing,belongs to the subtropical humid monsoon climate areas. The fern flora in this mountain is very abundant,which is about 458 species(including varieties and subspecies)represent 107 genera and 46 families,a few of those are precious plants. There are 14 monotypic families,16 minor-species families(between 2 to 5 species),12 multi-species families(including 6 to 19 species),1 macrospecies family(including 20 to 49 species)and 3 extra-species families,occupied 30.43%,34.78%,26.09%,2.17% and 6.53% of the total family number of fern in this Mountain respectively. About 54.35% of the family of fern are tropical species,the distribution patterns of genera are classified into 12 types and most of those are monotypic or minor-species genera. The topical character is enrich with 55 genera,which is about 51.40% of the mountain. At the same time,the fern flora is arohaic,relic and pristine,Endemism is notable. It is closely related with the Wuling Mountain and Daba Mountain in fern area of gennera,and distant with that of Jiuhua Mountain,Hualong Mountain,Qiyun Mountain and Yun Mountain. The distributing model of East Asia,cosmopolitan and the north temperate zone and the disconnected distribution from Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa affect the character of fern flora of Jinfo mountain at most,and that of tropic Asia and those between east Asia and north America affect least. So it is consistent with the opinion that East Sichuan and Western Hubei Province is one of the three endemic centers in China and Jinfo Mountains is locate at this center.

Flora of vascular plants of Jianfengling, Hainan Island

2016/1/15 10:56:00
The authors summarize the natural conditions and vegetation of Jianfengling by surveying in the field and refering to others' study papers. The constitution and features of the vascular flora in Jianfengling are described. It is compared with other regions. At the same time,some new recorded plant was discovered,and key protection wild plants of state and provincial levels in Jianfengling are also reported.

Study on the pteridoflora in Southwest of Zhejiang Province

ZHANG Jian-Xin — 2016/1/15 10:56:00
The pteridoflora in Southwest Zhejiang Province are composed of 396 species(including all kinds of varieties),99 genera,46 families. The representative families are Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae,Athyriaceaea and Thelypteridaceae. The main genera are Dryopteris,Arachniodes,Asplenium,Selaginella and Cyclosorus. The flora elements from varieties of geographical types are complicated. This pteridoflora is not only subtropical in nature,but with some temperate elements. This pteridoflora origin can be traced back to ancient times,many of whose families,genera and relic species are ancient ones. This pteridoflora is rich in species which are endemic to Southwest China. This area is closer to its adjacent area,the sequence of pteridophytas floristic relation between Southwest Zhejiang and adjacent regions can be Southwest China,South China,Japan,Central China,Taiwan,North China,Northwest China,Tibet,Northeast China.

Analysis of altitudinal distribution patterns of families of seed plants in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province

2016/1/15 21:07:42
To search the altitudinal pattern of families of seed plants in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve,the whole mountain is divided into 35 hectometre belts. Vertical distribution of families and vertical differentiation of floristic elements are analyzed. The results are as follows:(1)vertical distributions of most families are relative to their floristic characters,and vertical ranges and concentrating zones of tropical families are lower than that of temperate ones.(2)Primitive families concentrate in medium-low altitude belts.(3)tropic families that approach borders of their distribution area in the reserve exist in low altitude belts strictly.(4)floristic equilibrium point between the tropical families and the temperate ones is roughly located at the altitude of 1 500 m. The clustering analysis of the floristic composition shows that the Alt.2 500 m is the line at which family-grade floristic structure changes intensively. Based on the results of clustering analysis and the facts of floristic component and character in each altitude belts,the region can be divided into 4 sections:<1 200 m,1 200～2 500 m,2 500～3 500 m,>3 500 m.

Preliminary study on the pteridophyte flora of East Guangdong, China

2016/1/15 21:07:42
Based on statistics,analysis and flora comparison,the flora of pteridophyte in East Guangdong were studied. The results showed that: the floristic composing were relatively rich,there were 258 species belonging to 45 families and 97 genera. 12 dominant families were Polypodiaceae,Dryopteridaceae,Athyriaceae,etc. and 10 dominant genera were Asplenium,Pteris,Dryopteris,Sellaginella,etc.,indicating that the pteridophyte flora of East Guangdong belonged to transition district of Old Tropic Region and East-Asian Region. The dominant floristic elements of species were Tropic and East-Asian,especially the Sino-Japan and Tropic-Asia elements. The elements of endemic to China were less than the local seed plant flora. Through the comparison with 6 other flora,latitude and altitude were considered the main factors that influenced pteridophyte flora.

The reoccurrcence of Coelogyne stricta and its phytogeographical significance

LI Li-Qiang — 2016/1/15 21:07:42
Although Rolfe reported in 1 903 that Coelogyne stricta was distributed in Yunnan,China,the specimen had not been collected again in China until recently its wild populations were discovered in Malipo,Yunnan. As the first collected live specimen in China,the author investigated its habitat and flowering phenology,made complementary description and illustration of its morphology,and finally discussed its phytogeographical pattern.

Module biomass structure of the alien invasive plant Conyza canadensis

2016/1/15 21:07:43
Conyza canadensis is one of the alien invasive plants distributed most expensively in China. Biomass structure characteristic and correlation models among different modules of Conyza canadensis population were studied at module level. Their quantitative analysis was also done in this paper. The result showed that the modules biomass of Conyza canadensis was decreased in the sequence of stem,leaf,root,flower,and the biomass proportion of each module to the whole plant biomass was also in the same order with modules biomass. The biomass of root,stem and leaf had significant positive correlations with plant height,and the biomass of each module had significant positive correlation with that of others,too.

Integrated management technology on main diseases and insect pests of Ginkgo biloba

2016/1/15 21:07:43
In Ginkgo biloba producing areas of Guilin,Guangxi,the main plant diseases and insect pests endangering G.biloba are Pammene sp.,Coptotermes formosanus,and Alternaria alternate. The growth and seed production of victim plants generally decrease,especially in old-growth big trees. Our experiments indicated that the optimal approach to the disease and pest control in Ginkgo trees was the combination of forestry activities(such as fertilization,tending,pruning,garden clearance,etc.)with chemical control measures. Such an integrated control method significantly reduced the rate of infested leaves per tree. Compared to the control plot,there was a decrease in the rate of infested leaves per tree by>92% for Pammene sp.,100% for Coptotermes formosanus,and>86% for Alternaria alternate. The average seed production per tree increased by 94.8%(20.3 kg)over the control treatment. The average length of new shoots was 4.6 times higher than that of control plants. Using the integrated control method,the authors had conducted a large demonstration experiment with 145,800 trees in total. According to the average increase in seed production(20.34 kg per tree),the total Ginkgo yield was estimated to increase by 2,965,190 kg,with an increased output value of 47 443 040 RMB. There were significant benefits in economy,society and ecology.

Ecological security assessment of intro- ducing aquatic macrophytes

2016/1/15 21:07:43
With the using of aquatic macrophytes,ecological security of water environment becomes a research focus. The invasion of aquatic plant has some biological characteristics,floristic geography,niche characteristics,and habitat characteristics. Ecological security assessment of aquatic plant can prevent from blindness in aquatic macrophytes introduction to some extend. Through the analyses of the characteristics and hazard of aquatic invasive alien plants that threaten the ecological security,this paper proposed the content,process,indicator system,and method for the ecological security assessment of aquatic macrophytes introduction.

Growth law of Calamus simplicifolius at seedling stage

2016/1/15 21:07:43
Ordered specimen cluster analysis was used to characterize the early growth process of Calamus simplicifolius seedlings. The process could be divided into five stages:juvenile stage(April 4-May 21),rapid growth stage(May 22-June 22),second rapid growth stage(June 23-July 22),late growth stage(July 23- November 22)and stopping growth stage(November 23-February 22). Seedlings went straightly into two continual fast growth stages,without an obvious early growth stage. Accelerated growth could be gained with strengthened fertilization and irrigation in the two fast growth stages as well as appropriate management in late growth stage.

Seasonal changes of element concentrations in the leaves of Sabina

2016/1/15 21:07:19
The seasonal changes of dry matters, chlorophyll contents and N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg concentrations in the leaves of S. przewalskii and S. chinensis were studied, the relations among these elements were also discussed. The results showed that N concentrations were positively correlated with chlorophyll contents, reflecting seasonal changes of growth of the evergreen woody plants of Sabina. N and K concentrations in summer and autumn were higher than that in winter and spring, indicating that two species enriched abundant nutrient matters in summer and autumn, which were identical with accumulating higher biomass in these two seasons. P, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations in winter and spring were higher than that in summer and autumn, and this indicated that two species could accumulate abundant inorganic osmotica to adapt itself to low temperature. N and K were accumulated synchronously, P, Na and Mg were accumulated synchronously, however, two species were different in the patterns of element accumulation and seasonal changes, and the relations among elements were very complicated.

Interspecific association of principal tree species in the restorable community of the wind- damaged slash in Junyun Mountain

XU Dong-Yan — 2016/1/15 21:07:19
Interspecific association of principal tree species were studied,using variance ration method,χ2-test of 2×2 contingency table and association coefficient(AC). The study sited lies at the wind-damaged slash in Junyun Mountain,consists of a plot under natural condition and a plot under man-made restorable way. The results showed that:(1)overall relativity and interspecific association were definited positive association in the natural restorable plot,but were negative association in the man-made restorable plot;(2)the number of χ2-test of 2×2 contingency table were 5(3)species-pairs for χ2-test were significant and negative association of 2(1)species-pairs significant(The figure in brackets is species-pair in the man-made restorable plot);(3)association coefficient(AC)could be employed to show association degree of species-pair and the frequency of co-occurrence,the AC of majority of principal trees was comparatively low under the two restorable plots,and man-made restorable polt lower than that of under natural condition;(4)species pairs showed positive association had similar biological traits that made them ecologically adaptive for similar habitats,and that showed negative association occured spaces repelling and adapted different micro-habitat;(5)composition of the plant species and structure showed that both of the natural restorable and man-made communities were unstable stage of succession.

Research summary of the negative influences of the mulched ecosystem of Phyllostachys praecox f.prevernalis forests with organic materials

2016/1/15 21:07:19
The mulched technique with organic materials in P.praecox forest was an efficient approach to improve economic output of bamboo,some negative influences appeared as follows:the deterioration of mechanical composition of the soil,the decreased ability of water retention,the soil acidification,soil nutrient unbalanced,the accumulation of poisonous chemical elements and microflora shifted. Because of degeneration of the soil,the age and stand density of bamboo forests was unreasonable,average diameter at breast height(DBH)and leaf area index(LAI)dropped,bamboo rhizome floated upward,the soil layer got thin. Some improved measures were presented in this paper and got to the key research field according to the degradation of P.praecox forests,including adding guest soil and reclamation to improve the physical structure,applying CaO to adjust the pH,using chemical and biological measures to fix,degrade and remove the poisonous material,importing phosphate-solubilizing bacteria,potassium bacteria and others to transform fixed nutrients to available absorbed by plant,and employing microbe to decompose the rest of organic materials.

The dominant factors of habitat selection of Cordyceps sinensis

2016/1/15 21:07:19
Altitude,slope,vegetation,soil and other environment factors in Cordyceps sinensis habitat were investigated by quadrat method and further analyzed. The results indicated that:(1)C.sinensis was mainly distributed in upper slop of alpine meadow at altitude of 4 000-4 500 m and slope of 15°-30°;(2)the PCA indicated that vegetation and terrain were two dominant factors on the distribution of C.sinensis;(3)one-way ANVOA analysis on soil nutrient showed that,water content,pH value,total nitrogen and total phosphorus in three soil depth had no significant differences,whereas organic matter,organic carbon,available nitrogen,and available phosphorus were significant differences;(4)the discriminant analysis on soil nutrition of three soil depths indicated that in the depth of 5 cm,hydroscopic water,organic carbon,organic matter and available nitrogen had significant effect on the number of C.sinensis; in 15 cm,the most significant factor was total nitrogen; in 25 cm,hydroscopic water,organic matter and organic carbon significantly affected the number of C.sinensis; in all three different soil depths,free water,pH,total phosphorus and available phosphorus had no influence on C.sinensis;(5)in light of this,we concluded that the plant coverage,plant abundance and slop directly could affect the distribution of C.sinensis and soil indirectly affects the distribution of C.sinensis through the influence on vegetation,temperature and humidity.

Effects of dynamic variety of plant community on insect diversity in litchi orchard

HE Jin-Xiang, ZHOU Hao, GUO Lun-Fa, WANG Xin-Gui, ZHAO Zhi-Guo, ZHAO Jian — 2016/1/15 21:07:19
Vegetation diversity is the basic of the diversity of natural enemies in orchard ecosystem. In this study,species and quantity of herbaceous plants of the Lianzhoulu Litchi Orchard were investigated in Heng County,Guangxi. Vegetation diversity in the orchard and its changing laws were studied by analyzing 4 characteristic indexes(species richness index; species diversity index; species evenness index; dominant concentration index). At the same time,the species and quantity of insects dwelling in the orchard were researched,the same 4 characteristic indexes of insect community were also calculated. The results showed that species diversity indexes,species evenness indexes and dominant concentration indexes of orchard vegetation were 0.842-1.370,0.445-0.659 and 0.326-0.518 during April to September respectively. Peak values of diversity indexes of the vegetation appeared simultaneously with that of the insects,both in May to June. A narrow range fluctuation of vegetation diversity indexes caused a large range alteration of the insect diversity indexes,suggesting that the vegetation diversity of orchard markedly worked on the structure and the components of the dwelling insects. There were a closed correlation between vegetation diversity and insect diversity.

A method to exactly measure the morphological quantity of leaf using Scanner and Image J Software

2016/1/15 21:07:19
The conversational paper-weighting method in measuring the leaf area departed from the arbor is trivial,time-consuming and precision-inferior. A method for morphological analyses of leaf was developed by obtaining the digital photo of the real leaf depart from the arbor with the scanner and measuring the length,weight,perimeter and area of leaf and the length of leafstalk with Image J software. The measured data from digital photos were compared with the values from paper cut method. The results showed that this method could be used for measuring large number of samples with the advantages of low price,expeditiousness and exactness in plant morphology,plant physiological ecology,forestry and agriculture research.

Flora of wetland plants in Changhu Lake of Shilin County, Yunnan

2016/1/15 21:07:19
Composition and geographical element characteristics of wetland plant flora in Changhu Lake were studied in this paper for providing scientific foundation of conservation and utilization of the wetland resources. The results showed that:(1)there were 56 wetland plant species that belong to 47 genera and 20 families in Changhu Lake,which implied Changhu Lake's species diversity was obvious;(2)the percentage of cosmopolitan families,genera and species was 95%,40.4% and 19.6% respectively,which showed most wetland plants of Changhu Lake were cosmopolitan;(3)Tropic and temperate areal-types were the main floristic elements,which showed the subtropic characteristics of the flora;(4)the species flora was relatively high in endemic,as the endemic species accounted for 5.4% of the total.

Species diversity of pteridophytes of tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xishuangbanna

LI Bao-Gui, ZHU Hua — 2016/1/15 21:07:02
Based on 4 sampling plots of 50 m×50 m(divided into 400 small plots of 5 m×5 m),α-diversity,β-diversity,Jaccard index and Simpson index of ferns of the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xishuangbanna were studied. It was found that there are 32 fern species in a total 1 hm² area of sampling plot in the forest. The α-diversity,β-diversity,Jaccard index and Simpson index of ferns had similar patterns in the 4 sampling plots. The dominant species are conspicuous although species diversity of ferns was relatively low in the forest. However,the diversity of ferns including the α-diversity,β-diversity,Jaccard index and Simpson index decreased with disturbance,especially the α-diversity decreased conspicuously. It was also revealed that the diversity of ferns did not significantly increase in the old secondary forest comparing with that of primitive forest of the same type. This suggests that conservation of primitive forest is of most importance for the biodiversity conservation of fern species.

A study on the species diversity of Sphagnum from Guizhou Province, China

WANG Xiao-Yu, XIONG Yuan-Xing — 2016/1/15 21:07:02
After identification of more than 150 Sphagnum species collected from various areas of Guizhou province,the species of S.cuspidatulum C.Muell. and the species of S.luzonense Warnst. have been found for the first. Thus,there are 18 species,1 subspecies,1 variety of Sphagnum in Guizhou. The research also discovered that the distribution of the S.multifibrosum which was embodied into China Species Red List has reached Majing and Leigongping of Guizhou except the former area of Anshun.

The DBH increment model of individual trees growing for Larix chinensis

2016/1/15 21:07:02
A model for predicting DBH growth of L.chinensis in different environments was developed by using multiple regression method. Data for this study were collected in Taibai Mountain Natural Reserve of Shaanxi Province of China. Ten plots of 40 m×40 m were investigated,and every plot was stem-mapped,and species,DBH,total height,and crown length were recorded for each tree that had reached a diameter of 5 cm at breast height. Plant size variables(breast height diameter,the crown ratio),competition,environmental factors(elevation,slope angle,slope aspect)were used in the model. The results showed that the function of plant size,competition and elevation were significant. Even though site factors(slope and aspect)accounted for a small percentage of the variation and the function of most factors were not significant,but they were very important,because these factors were often interaction,and the total function to the growth of L.chinensis was significant. The variables in the model correspond quite well with ecological expectations and forestry understanding. Because the sample base was so strong,and the r-value was 0.938 and the p value was less than 0.001,the resulting growth models can be recommended for many regions with similar growth conditions of L.chinensis community in Taibai Mountain.

Present biomass distribution and timber physical structure of Guadua amplexifolia

2016/1/15 21:07:02
Research on individual bamboo biomass and timber physical structure indicated that the allocation of Guadua amplexifolia biomass to branch is higher than moso-bamboo evidently. Root shoot ratio is larger than other sympodial bamboo,so it can be considered as a good breakwind plant because of developed root and branch. Every modularity biomass above ground had significant positive correlation with basal diameter and total height,it can simulated with allometric model. The culm had large relative wall thickness and low moisture content,so it can be cultivated as fine timber-used bamboo. Although the wall thickness differed in culms,the timber volume had significant correlation with basal diameter,and it can be simulated with cubic polynomial.

Preliminary study on seedling and afforestation of rare and endangered trees in karst region of Southwest Guangxi

2016/1/15 21:07:02
During 2003-2005,the technique and the effect of cultivating seedlings and afforestation of 10 karst rare and endangered trees were studied in Longhe Eco-restoration Demonstration District. The preliminary effect showed that 9 tree species which were seeded in the nursery,the germination rate of Lysidice rhodostegia and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius were under 50%,and the rest had over 70%. Malania oleifera was disserved lightly by root-knot nematode,and the rest was seldom plant diseases and insect pests. Most of the seedlings had the same trend of slow growing at early stage and rapid growing at late stage. Among the direct seedings,Caesalpinia sappan grew best,Malania oleifera followed,but Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei,Acrocarpus fraxinifolius and Hainania trichosperma showed poor growth. The survival rates of five tree species such as Zenia insignis and Deutzianthus tonkinensis were over 75%,and the average annual growth of Zenia insignis and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius were over 40 cm,Deutzianthus tonkiensis,Hainania trichosperma and Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei were less than 25 cm.

Reproductive biology characterististics of invasive alien plant Oenothera rosea

WEI Mei-Yu, CHEN Shi-Jun, LIU Li-Ping — 2016/1/15 21:07:02
Oenothera rosea is an invasive alien plant whose single flowering period is 1 d,while the whole flowering period is about 50 d. The quantities of single flower pollen is reached 8 825. The pollen vigor may be reached 53.2%. The high vitality makes the pollen germinate quickly and the germination rate can be reached 44.6%. This kind of plant is self-pollination,whose 1000-grain weight is 0.092 g. The seed germination rate is reached 85%,and the seed may germinate within very short time. The fruit quantity of three-year-old plant is reached 1 274,each of which contains seeds as high as 206. The seed quantity of individual plant is reach 2.6×10⁵. The surface of seed which spreads abroad mainly by wind,and the distance of transmission is one hundred centimeter. The results show that:O.rosea is easy to form single dominant species for its high ability of reproduction and adaption,and easy to form seed bank for its small and round seeds. Moreover,the human activities cause pollen long-range transmission,it will bring great harm.

Survey of wild germplasm of Zanthoxylum nitidum in Guangxi

2016/1/15 21:07:02
Survey on wild germplasm of Zanthoxylum nitidum in Guangxi was conducted via field investigation and interview investigation. It was concluded that there were 18 different species and variaties used as folk medicine of Radix Zanthoxyli in Guangxi. The real origin plant Z.nitidum has two variaties named Z.nitidum var.tomentosum,and Z.nitidum var.nitidum which is made of three types too. The characteristics of plant morphology and community of Z.nitidum are relative to the growing landform condition of the plant,type I usually growing in upland area,while type II,type III and Z.nitidum var.tomentosum in rock mountain area. The difference of morphological characteristics of each variaty and type is mainly on leaf texture and pubescence on the surface of plant. In its growth community structure,the structure of arbor layer is unique,but the ones of shrub and herbage are relatively complex. Due to ecology destroy and unreasonable collecting,the resource of Z.nitidum in Guangxi has been reducing. Through the survey,it can be assessed that total deposit of wild resources of Z.nitidum is about 2 600 ton. The resource is obviously in great shortage. It is suggested that active methods should be adopted for protecting wild resource of Z.nitidum to keep its sustainable utilization.

Plant resources of genus Ardisia in Yunnan

2016/1/15 21:07:02
Based on field investigation,reference collecting and inquiry interview about plant distribution range,this paper sumed up the geographical distribution,medicinal value,morphological characteristics,ornamental characteristics and the resources condition of 19 species of Ardisia from Southeast,South and Southwest-Northwest Yunnan. Meanwhile,it put forward the suggestions and meastures for the protection and reasonable development of plant resources of Ardasia.

Analysis of life table of Litsea glutinosa population on the coast in Dongshan Island

2016/1/15 10:59:06
In order to reveal the life process of Litsea glutinosa population in the natural vegetation of coast zone,the aeolian sand L.glutinosa forest on coast of Dongshan Island was investigated. Based on data statistic,the age structure of L.glutinosa population with the static life table,the curves of survival rate,mortality rate,killing value,mortality density function,cumulative mortality rate,hazard rate function were analyzed. The results showed that the age structure of this population appeared to distribute in an inversed J shape and was at the up-growth stage. The survival curve of the population was between Deevey Ⅱ and Deevey Ⅲ with two peaks of mortality rate. Four functions(survival rate,mortality rate,mortality density function,hazard rate )all indicated that the population increased at the early stage and kept stable at the late stage. L.glutinosa is one of the species dominating the southern subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. L.glutinosa is well adapted on soil and light,with fast growth speed,which is an excellent preclimax species. The results provided fundamental data for the restorationand re-establishment of coast natural vegetation at the early research stage.

Floristic study on the genus Saussurea in Gansu and floristic relations with its adjacent regions

2016/1/15 10:59:06
Saussurea is with about 400 species from Compositae in the world and about 264 species in China and 57 species and 1 variety that belong to 4 subgenera in South Gansu and Qilianshan(east and north edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau). Saussurea is a genus of North Temperate distribution. The floristic characteristic indicates that on the level of species,the areal type of Saussurea is dominated with endemic to China(36%)and Sino-Himalaya(29.5%). It shows that the Temperate Zone with the areal type of Hengduan-Himalaya is a decisive factor of the floristic characteristics. Many species of Saussurea are young,local endemic species. Hengduan-Himalaya is both the centre of abundance and the centre of diversity in the genus,C.China region is a secondary centre of abundance. Since the early Tertiary period,the ancestors of Trib.Cynareae of Compositae migrated and differentiated though the Mediterranea,C.Asia into China,formed the ancestors of Saussurea. The region C.Asia-Himalaya is possible location of its origin,the ancestral primitive Saussurea might be originated at Tertiary period. The lift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau played an important role in the differentiation of Saussurea,subgen.Eriocoryne,subgen.Amphilaena developed highly and the distribution to temperate Asia in this period,forming this young and distribution patterns of the flora now.

Study on neighborhood zone and neighborhood com- petition intensity in Pinus taiwanensis population

2016/1/15 10:59:06
Competition among trees within a population exists when resource availability falls below the sum requirement of the population for optimal growth. Competition for both aboveground and belowground resources takes place over different size zones. It is difficult,if it is not possible to define the zone of influence for use in a competition index(CI)for individual trees that includes all competitors and sources of competition for scarce resources. Generally,researchers have determined empirically that larger influence zones provide better correlations with tree growth. It is important to choose the suitable competition index and qualify the competition zone. Pinus taiwanensis is a common species,and it is one of the dominant species in subtropical area. The results show that:(1)the improved competition index is more suitable to study the neighborhood competition;(2)the method of increasing the range gradually can qualify the competition zone suitably;(3)the competition intensity in P.taiwanensis population increases with the increasing of zone, and in a certain zone, it increases very quickly while it has a little increase beyond the zone, by which the zone of neighborhood can be ascertained;(4)the plants with different diameter scale have different neighborhood zone;(5)the relationship between the competition intensity and the interference zone follows closely the following equation CI=AlnC+B. A new approach to measure the competition intensity and to ascertain the neighborhood zone on studying the plant competition were provided in this paper.

Weibull model of species abundance distribution of Huodendron biaristatum community in Damingshan Nature Reserve

QIN Lin, WEN Yuan-Guang, LUO Ying-Hua, TAN Ling — 2016/1/15 10:59:06
The analyses of species abundance distribution of plant communities are useful for understanding species diversity. Weibull model is one of the most frequently employed models in fitting species abundance distribution of communities. The species abundance distribution of tree layer,shrub layer,and tree +shrub layer of Huodendron biaristatum community in Damingshan Nature Reserve,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,was simulated with Weibull model,respectively. The species abundance class was divided by using the octave rather than equidistance method proposed by Wu and Hong in 1997. The results indicated that they all follow Weibull distribution. The approach presented in this paper can be perfected for fitting species abundance distribution with Weibull model.

Anatomical characteristics of leaf epidermis of Fallopia multiflora and relationships to climate factors

2016/1/15 10:59:06
The epidermal characteristics of mature leaves of Fallopia multiflora from different districts were examined under light-microscope. Multi-statistical analysis was used to clarify the relation between the morphological characteristics of the leaves of F.multiflora and the climate factors. The characteristics of leaf surface including the stomata density,stomata index,stomata width and stomata length,were determined and compared. As a result,stomata were rarely observed at the upper epidermis. The stomata apparatuses on the lower epidermis were non-typical anisocytic type and anomocytic type. Stomata length was 31.1(20-44)μm,stomata width 23.1(16-38)μm,stomata index is 17.1(7.5-26.5)%,stomata density is 241.7(64-573)per square millimeter,respectively. The variations of anatomical characteristics for the lower epidermis of leaves of F.multiflora from different districts were definitely. The results of multi-statistical analysis showed that the stomata length,width and stomata density were closely related to the latitude. With the latitude increased,the stomata length and width decreased(R²=0.619,P<0.05; R²=0.729,P<0.01),while stomata density increased(R²=0.772,P<0.05).

Study on alien weeds of the West-lake scenic spot in Hangzhou

2016/1/15 10:59:07
According to the field investigation and literature analyzing,there are 56 alien weeds belonging to 44 genera,21 families are identified and recorded in West-Lake scenic spot. The species composition, source,and the distribution characteristics are discussed in this paper. The results show that:(1)Compositae,Amaranthaceae,Leguminosae are the three main families;(2)most of the alien weeds originated from North America;(3)uncovered habitats such as wasteland trend to be invaded and settled more easily than others;(4)their occurrences have seasonal differences;(5)species and distribution have dynamic alteration. The changes of alien weeds in 20-30 years were also discussed.

Community structure and regeneration types of dominant species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Beishan of Jinhua， China

2015/12/16 11:38:17
This study was carried out in the evergreen broadleaved forest of Mount Beishan of Jinhua. The community structure and dominant species of the forest were analysed in this paper. The results showed that there were 100 species，67 genera and 31 families of vascular plants. The evergreen broadleaved trees in woody plants were mainly composed of Fagaceae，Theaceae and Lauraceae，which accounted for 62.96%. And the structure incarnated the characteristics of the evergreen broadleaved forest. The species diversity of four layers in the forest was analysed，and the result was shrub layer＞tree layer＞inter layer＞herb layer. The population structures of the different tree species were categorized into four regeneration types based on their sizeclass frequency distribution patterns. After that，combining the biological with ecological characteristics of that species，the diagnosis of succession stage of this community was carried out. Important findings were obtained：(1)The constructive species of this community were Schima superba and Castanopsis sclerophylla，furthermore，Liquidambar formosana and Pinus massoniana also holded important dominance.(2)InverseJ type species，such as Schima superba，Castanopsis sclerophylla and Cinnamomum camphora，were strong shadetolerant and dominant species in climax forest，they could regenerate through seedling bank or sprouting under the closed forest canopy；L type species，such as Loropetalum chinensis，Ligustrum lucidum and Eurya muricata，were broadleaved evergreen small trees or large shrubs，and they were the main components of upper tree layer and shrub layer species in climax community；Sporadic(multimodal)type species，such as Liquidambar formosana，Quercus acutissima and Castanea henryi，had the opportunity and volatility to the population structure，reflecting the characteristics of top pioneer species；Spindle type species，such as Quercus fabri，Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata，were high positive and the pioneer species in the successional sequence，but they had showed a recessionary signs because of the lack of updated population in the community；(3)The successional stage of the forest was classified as a late seral stage community that would develop into a climax community dominated by Schima superba and Castanopsis sclerophylla.

Photosynthetic responses of Phyllostachys edulis‘Pachyloen’to doubled CO2 concentration

SHI JianMin， YANG GuangYao， YANG QingPei， FANG Kai， LI Jian — 2015/12/16 11:38:17
Phyllostachys edulis‘Pachyloen’，a cultivar of Ph.edulis，has the advantages over bamboo shoots and wood. In order to explore the physioecological response and acclimation of Ph.edulis‘Pachyloen’to high CO2 concentration，the photosynthetic characteristics under atmospheric CO2 concentration and doubled CO2 concentration were determined in four seasons by Li6400P. The results showed that the doubled CO2 concentration promoted the maximal net photosynthetic rate(Pmax)，net photosynthetic rate(Pn)，water use efficiency(WUE)，apparent quantum yield(AQY)and light saturate point(LSP). The increments were 62.79%，48.74%，94.41%，8.70% and 16.67% respectively. Transpiration rate(Tr)，dark respiration rate(Rd)and light compensate point(LCP)were decreased under the doubled CO2 concentration，and their decrements were 17.60%，37.25% and 40.50% respectively. After CO2 concentration doubled，the photosynthetic parameters’variation range of Ph.edulis‘Pachyloen’in four seasons were closely related to its leaf physiological activity and climate change. The order of photosynthetic parameters’value was same with that of atmospheric CO2 concentration except LCP. It indicated that the seasonal variation tendency of photosynthetic characteristics had not been changed by the doubled CO2 concentration. On the whole，the photosynthetic response of Ph.edulis‘Pachyloen’to shortterm elevated CO2 concentration accorded with the general law for C3 plant.

Phenotypic plasticity and modular biomass of invasive Parthenium hysterophorus in different habitats in south China

2015/12/16 11:38:17
Parthenium hysterophorus is a worldwide weed. In this paper，we compared the phenotypic plasticity and modular biomass among microhabitat types(farmland，grassland，forest edge and roadside)，in a village community alone a road in the autumn of 2008，to answer the two specific questions that:1)phenotypic plasticity may have played a key role in adaption to diverse habitats of P.hysterophorus；and 2)reproductive allocation must have adjusted to adaption diverse habitats. The results indicate that several morphological traits including stem length，stem diameter，inflorescence diameter and branch number of P.hysterophorus were significantly higher in farmland than others，and the proportion of biomass including flower and fruit，stem in farmland habitat have ranked the highest. With vary of the habitats soil fertility，plant density of P.hysterophorus decreased，all the morphological traits have showed a wide range. And biomass allocation proportion of function modules of P.hysterophorus have also made an optimized allocation to fit the varied habitats，for example，biomass of root and leaf related to light foraging and resource competed creased significantly from farmland and roadside to grassland and especially forest edge habitats. Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant positive correlations between the biomass of function modules and stem length，but significant negative correlations between the biomass of function modules and density. The results suggest that high plasticity and strong reproduction allocation in vertical growth may facilitate the invasions of P.hysterophorus.

Growth characteristics of Taxus chinensis var.mairei under different cultivation conditions

LI XinLei， LI JiYuan， FAN ZhengQi， TIAN Min， ZHANG XiaoQing — 2015/12/16 11:38:17
Growth characteristics of 4-6 yearold Taxus chinensis var.mairei under different cultivation conditions were studied，including collar diameter，crown diameter，plant height，sprouting height in current year，branch number in current year and total branch number. The results indicated that the growth of 4-6 yearold seedlings increased with growing ages，but the tendency and growth rate became slower；seedlings manifested respectively the best，the worse and the worst growth in cultivation farmland，uncultivated farmland with soil hardening and farmland get rid of 20 cm cultivation soil. The plant growth of pure forest was better than that in deciduous broadleaved forest with canopy density of 0.6-0.7，which was much remarkable with bigger cultivation density，and they both increased as cultivation density reduced；the difference in plant growth was more significant when there were greater differences in cultivation density.

Study on the seed dispersal and secondary succession of Shek Kwu Chau， Hong Kong

2015/12/16 11:38:17
The original flora of Shek Kwu Chau has been changed. The actual vegetation is typical secondary vegetation，which has developed on the burned area since 1961. Based on the flora and biodiversity investigation on Shek Kwu Chau，a total of 324 vascular plants have been recorded. In this study，a statistical analysis of fruit types and seed dispersal types of each plant were made. Main fruit types on the island were drupe，berry，capsule and legume in all 13 fruit types，with a percentage of 19.75%，18.83%，16.98% and 11.11%，respectively. Four main dispersal modes were assigned to 324 plant species. Animals dispersed the highest percentage of species(71.91%，233)，while the number of anemochorous，hydrochorous and anthropochorous species was 74，21 and 39，respectively. And the animals dispersed species divided into two parts，139 by birds and 156 by other animals. Besides，85 species were dispersed by more than two natural vectors， excluding human reasons. Shrub is the dominated vegetation on the island now，which as an interim stage during the vegetation succession. As a result of the historical reasons and the effects of human activities，the present vegetation on the island depended on the secondary development after fire，and the survival plant species after fire and the animals，especially birds and fruit bats，may be the main factors of the formation of Shek Kwu Chau’s flora.

Analysis of diversity of endophytic fungi in two mangrove plants in Hainan Province

2015/12/16 11:38:17
Diversity of endophytic fungi from mangrove plants Rhizophora stylosa and Kandelia candel in Hainan Province were investigated. The results showed that 30 strains and 27 strains were isolated and identified from the twigs and leaves of two plants，respectively. The dominate genera were Phoma in R.stylosa and Pestalotiopsis in K.candel. Colonization frequencies varied significantly between stems and leaves in the same plant. In R.stylosa and K.candel，the ShannonWiener index was 1.7890 and 1.7473 respectively，and the evenness index was 0.5260 and 05302 respectively，which indicated that the endophytic fungi are rich in both mangrove plants.

Community characteristics and distribution of metal elements in mangroves in Futian of Shenzhen, China

2016/1/15 3:05:17
Mangrove communities are made up of five species of mangrove plants including Kandelia candel,Avicennia marina,Aegiceras corniculatum,Acanthus ilicifolius and Excoecaria agallocha at Futian Mangrove Nature Reserve of Shenzhen. The authors investigated the flora composition,physiognomy and structure,types and distribution of mangrove community,and the causes of ecological changes at Shenzhen Bay. Accumulation and distribution of various metal elements in these mangrove communities were studied. The major element K,Na,Ca,Mg contents in forest soil were homologous from bottom to surface layer; element Fe,Mn were increased slightly from bottom to surface layer; element Cr,Ni,Pb,Hg,Cd and essential element Zn,Cu were increased obviously from bottom to surface layer. Accumulation and distribution of various metal element in five mangrove plants were studied and analyzed by the same way,element K,Na,Ca,Mg contents in all the organism of mangrove plants were sufficient,element Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu contents at all the organism in mangrove plants were in the order of Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. The element Cr,Ni,Pb,Hg,Cd contents had an obvious disparity at all the organism of plants,Ni content was maximum in K.candel and E.agallocha,Pb content was maximum in A.marina,Cr content was maximum in A.corniculatum,Cu content was maximum in A.ilicifolius,Cd and Hg contents were minimum in all the mangrove plants. Accumulation and distribution of various metal element in mangrove plants was dependent on contents of various metal element in forest soil.

Population biology and genetic diversity of Macaranga sampsonii

2016/1/15 3:05:17
An analysis of population biology and genetic diversity of Macaranga sampsonii was taken in DHS-20-hm² permanent plots,which locates on the Dinghushan natural reserve. By use of point pattern analysis and DBH-class structure analysis,it was concluded that M.sampsonii was a light-dependent egy,whose population age structure was approximately pyramid-like. The population habitat was restricted in the canopy gaps because of sunlight deficiency stress. Thirteen microsatellite loci were isolated by methods of magnetic beads enrichment,in which only two loci(15.4%)were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content of these loci ranged from 0 to 0.3734.The average expected heterozygosity of M.sampsonii was 0.0756,which was obviously lower than other Macaranga species. These results indicated that M.sampsonii was in a narrow environment adaptation range and a low population genetic diversity. We should take measures to evaluate and protect its germplasm resource.

Daily changs of photosynthetic ecophysiological characteristics of dominant species of restoration sere in a peak cluster depression region:a case study of Nongla, Mashan County, Guangxi

2016/1/15 3:05:17
Photosynthetic ecophysiological characteristics of different dominant species were investigated by LI-6400 in the Nongla peak cluster depression. The daily changes of some indexes were measured including PAR(Photosynthetically Radiation),air CO₂ concentration(Ca),air temperature(Ta),relative humidity(RH),net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(E),stomatal conductance(Gs),water use efficiency(WUE)and apparent quanta efficiency(AQE)etc. It's indicated that daily changes in environment factors were complicated. Engelhardia roxburhgiana showed“midday depression”of photosynthesis obviously. Pn,E and Gs of Vitex negundo and Alchornea trewioides were higher in values. Imperata cylindrica,a C4 species,had the highest WUE. Engelhardia roxburhgiana and Cyclobalanopsis glauca had higher AQE and WUE in the karst region and were more adaptive in the karst environment. The correlation matrix of net photosynthetic rate and various factors was established by SPSS13.0. It showed that both plant physiological and environmental factors affected photosynthesis,but these factors were variational in different dominant species of restoration sere. Stepwise regression method was used to establish linear regression equations for net photosynthetic rate and various effecting factors. The 5 linear regression equations were statistically significant and could predict effectively.

Advances in studies on plant water use strategy

2016/1/15 3:05:17
Water is one of the most important factors for plants'growth. Plant would undergo a dry season which precipitation was less than wet reason in almost ecosystems in the world. How to use water and what water to use for plants to survive in different seasons and ecosystems became a matter of people concerns. The use of stable isotope techniques in plant ecological research had grown steadily during the past decades. It was easy to apply δD and δ¹⁸O data to water acquisition studies because there was no isotopic fractionation during water uptake by terrestrial plants except some salt-excluding plant species. By analyzing hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition of plant xylem water and available plant water sources,the contributions of the sources to plant could be determined quantitatively using two-or three-compartment linear mixing model. Applying isotope techniques,coupled with other ecological or physiological measurements became a useful way to link the water sources used by plants to other aspects of their water relation. Mixing model had many disadvantages when the sources were more than three. Recently,a set of papers had provided guidelines for the issue. For many species,the water sources varied with seasons,and plants with different functional types and life stages had different water use strategies. Also,different species had different water use strategies.

Notes on flora and distribution of the pteridophytes of Ba Mountains

2016/1/15 3:05:17
Based on the field survey and the known data,the flora and distribution of the pteridophytes in Ba Mountains were analyzed. The result were showed that there were about 289 species(including varieties and forms),79 genera and 34 families of pteridophytes in this region. Floristic and geographic elements are complicated. At genus level,tropical-subtropical distribution types were dominant,accounting for 60.87% of the total genera,and temperate distribution types covered 39.13% of the total. While at the species level,temperate elements were dominant,accounting for 91.23% of the total species,and tropical-subtropical elements covered 8.77% of the total. Of the temperate elements,East Asian element took the largest proportion,including endemic to China,accounting for 86.67% of the total species in the mountains,which indicated that Ba Mountains belonged to China-Japan Sub-zone of pteridophytes. The pteridophytes of Ba Mountains can be divided into 3 altitudinal zones,and their vertical distribution center occured between 1 000-1 800 m above sea level.

Floristic analysis of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Minxi, Fujian Province

KONG Xiang-Hai — 2016/1/15 3:05:17
On the base of 1.6 hm² cumulative sampling plots investigation of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Minxi,116 families,235 genera and 398 species of vascular plants were recorded. Through areal types analysis of family,genera and species,there were 55 families,142 genera and 231 species belonging to tropical-and-subtropical distribution. On the contrary,there were 21 families,68 genera and 148 species falling into the temperate distribution. The rate of tropical-and-subtropical to temperate of family,genera and species was 100:38.18,100:47.89 and 100:64.07. There were 1 family,7genera and 51 species belonging to the Endemic to China areal type. These results revealed that this flora was obviously tropical and subtropical geographical. Dominant families of the flora were Lauraceae,Fagaceae,Magnoliaceae,Theaceae,Rubiaceae,Euphoarbiaceae,and Moraceae,Aquifoliaceae most of which were in tropical and subtropical distribution,those families holding many ancient and primitive genera and species,were typical component of chinese flora. The transition characteristic of this flora,from typical subtropical flora to south subtropical flora,was notable by comparing with different latitude areas.

Influence of sample size on bryophyte ecological indices

2016/1/15 3:04:42
In order to analyze the influences of sample sizes on byophyte ecological indices,plots were located using systematic sampling method under the similar ecological conditions,and the coverage of bryophytes were investigated by nested sampling method,the size of samples were 20 cm×20 cm,30 cm×30 cm,40 cm×40 cm,50 cm×50 cm and 60 cm×60 cm,respectively. A total of 73 plots including 365 samples were surveyed in the present study. Bryophyte coverages at each quadrat were recorded by vision estimation. Data analyses showed that the diversity indices,niche width and overlap,average species number of bryophyte per sample increased with the enlargement of sample size. Sampling size also affected the relationship between enviornmental varialbes and bryophyte distribution. In sites with relatively homogeneous habitats,sampling area for bryophyte communities could be considered from 40 cm×40 cm to 50 cm×50 cm.

Synecological studies on the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huajiaoyuan Nature Reserve, Chuxiong, Yunnan

2016/1/15 3:04:42
Based on 20 sample plots(the area of each plot is 25 m×20 m,total area is 1 hm²)survey,a synecological study was conducted on the Castanopsis orthacantha-Vaccinium duclouxii community in Huajiaoyuan Nature in Chuxiong prefecture,Yunnan Province. The forest is mainly composed of Fagaceae,Vacciniaceae,Theaceae,Illiciaceae and Symplocaceae,of which Fagaceae is the most dominant family. The species diversity of the forest is relatively low. The forest is characterized by trees with no-entire,leathery and evergreen microphyllous leaves,and considered to be an evergreen broad-leaved forest. However,some species of middle mountain humid evergreen broad-leaved forests occur and epiphytic mosses are abundant in the forest due to its distribution at a higher elevation. The forest is a particular type of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest with some transitional characteristics to the middle mountain humid evergreen broad-leaved forest.

Population structure and regenerative characteristics of major tree species of rare plant community in Houhe Nature Reserve

2016/1/15 3:04:42
This study was made on a permanent plot in a rare plant community in the Houhe Nature Reserve,central China. The authors identified and measured all trees in the plot to quantify the community structure and regenerative characteristics of the forest. The forest community was comprised of 19 major tree species including 5 rare and endangered species. The population structures of the different tree species were categorized into four regeneration types based on their size-class frequency distribution patterns:Unimodal type,Sporadic type,Inverse-J type,L type. Unimodal type species were the lack of regeneration seedlings. The sporadic type species and inverse-J type species were major trees in canopy,which could regenerate through seeds and sprouts from roots and stumps. The evergreen broad-leaved tree species with L type had few size classes,which sexual reproduction was preponderant. The successional stage of the forest was classified as a climax community,the rare and endangered tree species were stable and they would live for a long time in the community.

Investigation of wild resource of a rare oil tree Horsfieldia pandurifolia in Yunnan

2016/1/15 3:04:42
Survey on wild resource of Horsfieldia pandurifolia in Yunnan was conducted via field investigation and interview investigation. The results showed that H.pandurifolia was an important species in tropical rain-forest. Due to ecology destroy,the resource of H.pandurifolia has been reducing,a small quantity of individuals survived only at isolated valleys. H.pandurifolia has well biology characteristics including blossom,fructification,seed germination and growing characteristics at the stage of seedling. Ecology destroy was one of the main causations which result in population depression of H.pandurifolia. It is suggested that active methods including in situ conservation,ex situ conservation combined with provenance collection and resource development combined with utilization should be adopted for protecting resource of H.pandurifolia.

Classification System of Wetland Vegetation in Guangxi

LIANG Shi-Chu — 2016/1/15 3:04:18
In this paper, main wetland vegetation types and their classification system in Guangxi were fully analyzed. Based on the classification principle and system of China wetland vegetation,combining with the environmental and community characteristics of Guangxi wetland vegetation,the wetland vegetation in Guangxi could be divided into 5 vegetation type groups,12 vegetation types,7 vegetation sub-types and 144 formations.

Family flora of spermatophyte on Dongshan Island in Fujian

2016/1/15 3:04:18
According to the field investigation and document literature collection,with the analysis about flora of spermatophyte on Dongshan Island in Fujian,the result indicated that:there were 111 families,406 genera and 632 species in this area. Pan-tropical families(45 families,accounting for 40.54% of the total)distributed most,and the next was worldwide-distribution families(42 families,accounting for 37.83% of the total). There were 57 tropical families,accounting for 83.61% of the total(excluding the worldwide-distribution families),and families of single-genus or few-genera were abundant. All of these meant although the flora composition on Dongshan Island was mainly tropical element,they belonged to the northern edge of tropical distribution families. Compositae,Leguninosae and Gramineae were the obvious dominant families,and Rubiaceae,Euphorbiaceae,Rosaceae were also the dominant communities of the island. The similarity comparison of flora on Dongshan Island with Mt.Qingyuan,Mt.Daiyun,Mt.Mangdang,Mt.Wuyi showed that the similarity coefficient of apocarpy families,catkins families and important families all would decrease with the latitude north moved or the distance increasing from the island,which explained that the flora of spermatophyte on Dongshan Island showed obviously island geopolitical characteristics of southern islands of Fujian.

Statistic analysis of mossflora between the Mt. Huangshan and other eleven mountains

2016/1/15 3:04:18
The mossflora was studied by utilizing statistic analysis of two dimensional arrangement of the similarity of the moss flora between the Mt.Huangshan and other eleven mountains in China. The results were agreed with Professor P C Wu's view that original 7 bryological regions of China should be divided into 10 ones according to the distribution of the bryophytes of China,and the authors holded the Mt.Huangshan belonged to the distribution of the bryophytes of the East China region. Depending on the quantitative and qualitative analysis,the authors considered that the mossflora of Mt.Huangshan represented the transitional from subtropical region to temperate region in East China.

Studies on flora of seed plants in Xialei Natural Reserve, Guangxi

2016/1/15 3:04:18
Based on field survey,classification and identification of herbarium collection, the flora of seed plants in Xialei Reserve was analyzed. The results indicated that:(1)the flora of Xialei Natural Reserve was rich.There were 182 families,637 genera,1 069 species(including varieties,subspecies and forms).Of all the plants,there were 65 fern species,belonging to 44 genera and 24 families; 4 gymnosperm species,belonging to 3 genera and 3 families; 1 000 angiosperm species,belonging to 589 genera and 150 families.(2)the reserve was in transitional region of tropical zone and subtropical zone,so the tropical marginality was obvious.The tropic elements were slightly higher than temperate elements,and R/T was 4.75.(3)the origin of the flora was ancient,and geographical composition was complicated.(4)the flora had obvious karst characteristics.(5)there were some rare and endangered plants in the flora,including 14 national key protected wild species.The all results showed that the flora belonged to Paleotropical Kingdom-Malaysian forest flora-Tonkin-Gulf floristic region.

Study on the dominant population Castanopsis tibetana-Chimonanthus nitens community in Mount Sanqingshan, China

2016/1/15 3:04:18
According to a filed survey and analysis of plot data,the characteristics of plant community of Castanopsis tibetana -Chimonanthus nitens in Sanqing Mountain in Jingxi province,China was studied.The results showed that:(1)There are 81 species spermatophyte form 56 genera belonging to 40 families,which the tropical genera is occupted 63.04%,and the temperate genera is occupted 36.96%.(2)In the community D=0.85,H'=2.77,PIE=0.85,Jsw=0.68,Jsi=0.86,Ea=0.37.(3)The community dominant families is mainly the Fagaceae,Calycanthaceae,Lauraceae,Castanopsis tibetana and Chimonanthus nitens are absolutely dominant.(4)The analysis of the life forum show that the phanerophytes are preponderant.There also have some chamaephytes,hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes,but have not annual plants.(5)The community composes is characteried by two-dominant species.The age forum show that the six dominant populations are declining.The frequency grades is A>B>C>D

Ash contents and caloric values of Eucalyptus grandis&#215; Eucalyptus urophylla in different stand ages

2016/1/15 3:04:18
Ash contents and caloric values of leaves,branches,roots,stem-wood and bark of 1-4 years old Eucalyptus grandis×Eucalyptus urophylla were determined by using calorimeter and muffle furnace. The results showed that the ash contents of five parts ranged from(0.42±0.14)% to(4.43±1.35)% with the highest in bark and the lowest in stem-wood,the decreasing orders of them at different stand ages were not in the same way and were irregular,there were significant different in ash contents of leaves,branches,stem-wood and bark except roots at four stand ages(P<0.05). Mean gross caloric values(GCV)and ash free caloric values(AFCV)of different parts ranged from(17.24±0.31)to(20.58±0.34)kJ·g^-1 and(18.04±0.22)to(21.44±0.37)kJ·g^-1 respectively,the distribution law of them at different stand ages were quite different from component to component with leaves having the highest GCV and AFCV and bark the lowest. The differences among stand ages in GCV of leaves,branches,roots and AFCV of leaves,roots,bark were not significant(P>0.05),but making obvious differences in stem-wood and bark's GCV,branches and stem-wood's AFCV(P<0.05). As to the whole tree,4-year-old Eucalyptus grandis&#215;Eucalyptus urophylla had the highest ash content which was 2.76%,while the 2-year-old tree had the highest GCV and AFCV which was 19.06 kJ·g^-1 and 19.53 kJ·g^-1. To whole tree,the differences in ash content and colaric value were not obvious(P>0.05).

Research on biomass and reproductive allocation of Epimedium pubescens Maxim

2016/1/15 3:04:18
To study the biomass of Epimedium pubescens Maxim and the inherent laws of reproductive allocation,this experiment explored the sexual reproduction of E.Pubescens Maxim in altitude and different developmental stages of reproductive allocation. Along with the change of the growing season,the accumulation tendency of total biomass of whole population was low before flowering but fast during flowering then declined gradually after flowering. The peak rate of biomass accumulation was at the floweral and the fruital periods the accumulation of aboveground increase continuously,but the accumalation of underground part varies slightly. So the ratio of underground part and overground part decreases gradually in the sexual reproductional period. The biomass of populations at middle and low altitudes changed little but obviously at high altitude among three developmental stages because of special environmental factors by analyzing the changes of the biomass from the perspective of assignment strategy of recourses,it's found that at the sexual reproductive period,the biomass accumulationes of roots,stems and leaves were higher than others,and that of flowers and fruits reached the highest at the middle and the last stages of the sexual reproductive period. The biomass of buds,flowers and fruits were negatively correlated.

Studies on the ages and annual growth of Huperzia serrata from Hainan

2016/1/15 3:04:18
Huperzia serrata is well known worldwide because of it's Hup A. The requirement of this plant is increasing rapidly. It grows slowly in habitat and its wild resource storage is limited to meet a need. Now the cultivation process has not been established successfully. So it is necessary to study further the biological characters of H.serrata in order to protect the wild resource and cultivate in plantation. Then the authors investigated the natural populations in Bawangling Nature Reserve of Hainan Province. The investigation items included mainly gemma layers,distance between two adjacent layers,plant height and environments. The results showed gemma layer was an important factor to make sure the age of plant because it presented on top of shoot annually. The average height of gemmlings for half a year was 1.42 cm,and the young plant grew for 3 years to 7.94 cm high on average. But the adult plants grew annually from 2.0cm to 2.5 cm longitudinally. Therefore,the age of adult H.serrata plant from gemma was leaf layers +3 according to the plant height and gemma or gemmiphore layers.

Ecological stoichiometrical analysis on the strategies of utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus in Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora in Chongming Dongtan wetland

2016/1/15 2:42:11
N and P contents and N:P in different organs of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora and habitat soil in the typical plant community in Chongming Dongtan wetland were measured. Based on the seasonal dynamics and the strategy of N and P utilization of the two species were analyzed using the theory of ecological stoichiometry. The results showed that the contents of N and P in the two species differed significantly,and the order was P.australis>S.alterniflora. The contents of N and P in different species and the different organs of the same species differed in course of plant growth. The allocation of N and P in different organs of P.australis and S.alterniflora was in the order of leaf>stem>root. N and P contents of the above-and below-ground parts of the two species,was in the order of May>September>July. Accumulation of N and P in P.australiswas higher than those in S.alterniflora. The contents of N and P in the above-ground parts of the two species differed significantly. N contents in S.alterniflora habitat soil were more than those of P.australis. Only in May,soil P contents in S.alterniflora habitats were more than that in P.australis,but in July and September,soil P contents in P.australismore than those in S.alterniflora habitats. N contents in leaves of P.australis were not significantly correlated with those in its habitat soil,while P contents in leaves of P.australis were significantly positively correlated with P contents in its habitat soil. The N contents in leaves of S.alterniflora were significantly positively correlated with soil N contents in its habitat soil,while P contents in leaves of S.alterniflora were not significantly correlated with P contents in its habitat soil. The N:P ratio in leaves of and S.alterniflora had no significant correlation with N,P contents and N:P in habitat soil. At the early and last growth stage,N:P<14 for P.australis,suggesting the growth of P.australis at these stages were N-limited,but at the fast growth stage,14P.australis,suggesting the growth of P.australis at this stage was N-and P-limited. For S.alterniflora,N:P<14 in May,July and September,suggesting that the growth of S.alterniflora was N-limited. Generaly,the primary productivity of P.australis and S.alterniflora was N-limited at most cases.

Estimation of leaf area of dominant mangrove plants in Quanzhou Bay Estuarine wetland

FU Wei-Guo, TANG Juan-Juan, WU Yan-You — 2016/1/15 2:42:11

Estimation of leaf area of plant was of great significance for the evaluation of the primary productivity of the ecosystem. Leaf area of dominant mangrove plants,Kandelia candel,Aegiceras corniculatum,and Avicennia marinawere estimated with the indices of maximum leaf length,maximum leaf width,and maximum leaf length×maximum leaf width by using different types of linear or nonlinear regression equations. Then the best fitted regression equation for each mangrove plant was determined,respectively. The results showed that the binary non-linear regression equation Y=0.7297X^<sup>0.8698_{_</sub>}1 X^<sup>1.1600_{_</sub>}2 was optimal fitted regression equation for estimation of leaf area of Kandelia candel,while the exponential equation Y=0.9740X0.9634 and Y=0.7773X0.9954were very suitable for estimation of leaf area of Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina,respectively. Regression testing of 0 -1 and analysis of coefficient of variation showed that the above regression equation could accurately estimate their leaf areas,especially more accurate for estimation of leaf area of A. marina.

Cyclobalanopsis glauca's tree-ring characteristics and its relationship with environment factors in karst region

2016/1/15 2:42:11

Tree ring-width analysis was used to investigate the relation of tree-ring characters and environmental factors in karst region in order to find out relationship between the growth feature of Cyclobalanopsis glauca and environmental factors. All trees chronologies were developed from the cross-dated ring width series using the program WinDENDRO 2006. The results showed that the average ring width and ring index of C.glauca was(2.565±0.028)mm and 1.108±0.012,respectively. The ring width and ring index were increased in association with diameter increases. The correlation analysis showed that the tree-ring index of C.glauca was positively correlated with temperature of previous June,December and current December,while it was negatively correlated with precipitation of previous April,October and current April,and it was also negatively correlated with solar hours of previous August,September and current February. The results indicated that temperature with precipitation and solar hours jointly controled the growth of C.glauca in karst region.

Classification and ecological relationships of seed dor- mancy in Shilin of karst region, Yunnan Province

2016/1/15 2:42:11

Seed dormancy is an important survival strategy adapted by plants to tune the time between seeds dispersal and right germination schedule. Seed germination characteristics and the class of seed dormancy(or non-dormancy)of 35 indigenous plants in limestone-forest region,Yunnan Province were examined. The results showed that the proportion of species with dormancy(D)seeds(19 species,54.29%)was higher than species with non-dormancy(ND)seeds(16 species,45.71%). Seeds of 15 species had physiological dormancy(PD),4 with physical dormancy(PY),and none of them had morphological dormancy(MD),morphophysiological dormancy(MPD)and combinational dormancy(PY+PD). Seeds of species with PY were significantly bigger than those species with ND and PD. The majority(75.00%)of species dispersed seeds in early rainy season(April-July)were ND type,however species dispersed seeds in late rainy season(October)and dry season(November-March)had high proportion of D seeds(80.00% and 61.45%). The majority of trees(68.75%)had dormant seeds,and the majority of shrub(66.67%)and grass(66.67%)had non-dormant seeds.

Characteristics of absorption and accumulation of heavy metals for three dominant plants in Pb-Zn mine tailings eastern Guangdong

2016/1/15 2:42:11

The root,stem,leave samples of three dominant plants,Neyraudia reynaudiana,Vitex negundo,Rhus chinensis,and soil samples were collected from Bingcun Pb-Zn mine tailings in Meixian County,Eastern Guangdong. The contents of Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd were then measured and analyzed comparatively. The results were as followed:the soil pollution in this wasteland was serious,the Pb,Zn and Cd contents were far more than the environmental quality standard for Grade Ⅲ,Cu content also exceeded the standard for Grade Ⅱ. The descending order of heavy metals in non-rhizosphere soil and rhizosphere soil was both Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd,but the heavy metal contents in rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than that in the non-rhizosphere soil. The transfer coefficients of three plants for Pb,Zn,Cu were greater than 1.0,and the enrichment factor of Cu was the highest,while Pb was the minimum,but the enrichment factors of four heavy metals were all less than 1.0,so these three plants did not meet the standards of critical content of hyperaccumulators. These three plants were the dominant plants in this wasteland,indicating that they had a strong tolerance to the heavy metal pollution in the soil,although they were not typical hyperaccumulator,but there was still good effect on remedying contaminated soil.

comA new record of Orchidaceae from mainland China:Goodyera nankoensis Fukuyama

2016/1/15 2:42:11

Goodyera nankoensis Fukuyama,which was previously considered as endemic species of Taiwan was newly recorded from mainland China. The species could be identified by the small leaves with obvious white-green mid vein. The detailed anatomical photos of this plant were provided herein.

A new species of Camellia sect.Paracamellia

2016/1/15 2:42:11

A new species of Camellia osmantha Ye CX,Ma JL et Ye H belonged to Camellia sect.Paracamellia Sealy is described. The new species is a shrub in habit. Its flower is white with fragrant smell. Its perules are not differentiated into bracts and sepals,numerous,and easily deciduous together with petals; stamens are unequal in length; style is shorter and divided upper part. The new species is closer to C.fluviatilis Hand.-Mzt. by fragrant flower but different from whose obovate with caudate tip leaves.

Paraboea glanduliflora, a newly recorded species of Paraboea(Gesneriaceae)from China

2016/1/15 2:42:11

Paraboea glanduliflora,a newly recorded species of Gesneriaceae from China,was reported,an amplified description and related photos were provided. The relationships between this newly recorded species and related taxa were discussed. This species is characterized by frutescent herbs without basal leaves,inflorescence subterminal,cymes 2 or 4 growing in the opposite pairs of axils towards the apical bud,coralla glandular-pubescent.

Miscellaneous notes on Orchidaceae from Hainan(Ⅰ)

2016/1/15 2:42:11

A genera and seven species were newly recorded from Hainan Island,including Stereochilus Lindley,Stereochilus brevirachis Christenson,Bulbophyllum levinei Schlechter,Tainia hongkongensis Rolfe,Zeuxine flava(Wallich ex Lindley)Trimen,Goodyera seikoomontana Yamamoto,Thrixspermum saruwatarii(Hayata)Schlechter,and Tropidia nanhuae W.M.Lin,Kuo Huang et T.P.Lin. The last two species were previously recorded restricted in Taiwan.

Floristic analysis of seed plants in Lagou Nature Reserve of Guangxi

2016/1/15 2:42:11

The statistics and floristic study of Lagou Nature Reserve was reported in this paper. The results indicated that the seed plants were bundant,represented by 985 species,belonging to 594 genera in 153 families. The reserve was in transitional region of center and southern subtropical zone,and was characterized by rich floristic components and complex phytogeographical elements. In addition,the statistics and results obtained from their intensive analyses at different levels revealed that the tropic elements were slightly higher than temperate elements,and the main geographical elements of the genera were Pantropic and E.Asia. Last,compared with its neighboring floras,the flora of Lagou Nature Reserve was closely related to Dayaoshan Nature Reserve,but distantly related to that of Huaping Nature Reserve.

Ecological and geographical distribution of Keteleeria and its systematic evolution in China

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Keteleeria is endemic in Eastern Asia,including 12 species and 2 variants in the world. There are 10 species and 2 variants in China,which is the endemic and diverse center. In China,most of the Keteleeria species concentrate in adjacent area among Hunan,Guizhou and Guangxi,indicating as the center for distribution and differentiation. According to their ecological adaptation and geographical distribution,the Keteleeria species in China could be divided into inland type(Cool-temperate Type,Warm-temperate Type and Southwest Monsoon Type),Sea-closed Type and Islands Type. Karyotype literatures showed that eastern species developed from western ones,as well as northern species from southern ones. Southwest China was the possible origin center of Keteleeria. Then it developed towards east and north.

Phylogeography of Spiraea alpina(Rosaceae) in Hengduan Mountains

2016/1/15 2:22:25

The Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions have been suggested as the important refugia located in the southeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Climate change in the Quaternary Glacial Period has an important effect on spatial distribution and genetic structure of plant distributed there. In this study, the chloroplast trnL-trnF sequence variation of a perennial shrubby species were examined. Sequence data were obtained from 182 individuals of 15 groups covering the Hengduan Mountains. And 7 haplotypes were detected. The total diversity(H_T=0.809)was high while the within-population diversity(H_S=0.236)was low. Molecular variation analysis(AMOVA)results revealed a high level of genetic differentiation(84.48%)among populations. The estimates of interpopulation differentiation were very high(G_ST=0.708,F_ST=0.84476,N_ST=0.863). Further,the higher N_ST than G_ST suggested a distinctly phylogeographical pattern whereas the value of average gene flow(N_m=0.09)was low. Phylogenetic relationship of the 7 haplotypes detected had similar topology with Maximum likelihood(ML)tree analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of haplotypes indentified 3 major clusters of the recovered haplotypes:east,west and the third one in between the first two. Our results indicated that there were multiple refugia for this species during the glacical stages. We failed to detect the large-scale interglacial or postglacial range expansion in this species. The special phylogeographic structure of S.alpina may have resulted from a combination of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Quaternary climatic oscillation and complex topology of the Hengduan Mountains.

Effects of forest gaps on species niche in regeneration layers of Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Effects of forest gaps on species niche in regeneration layers was conducted by improved models of regeneration niche width and niche overlap of Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest in Sanming city,Fujian Province. The results showed that the regeneration niche width of C.kawakamii in forest gaps was higher than that of forest understory, which indicated that forest gaps played an important role in improving the regeneration of C.kawakamii population. The regeneration niche width of Litsea subcoriacea in forest gaps and understory was the maximum,while regeneration niche overlaps between L.subcoriacea and C.kawakamii were relatively high in forest gaps and understory. The regeneration niche overlaps between the population of C.kawakamii and other species were less than 0.6 in forest gaps,showing an obvious trend of resource utilization existing between the C.kawakamii population and other species in forest gaps owing to the micro-habitat heterogeneity. The regeneration niche overlaps between the population of C.kawakamii and Schima superba,Ormosia xylocarpa,Vaccinium carlesii were above 0.6 in forest understory,which indicated that the population competition between C.kawakamii and other species were relatively high as a result of striving for resources and space. The future tree species composition in C.kawakamii natural forest was a mixed community which mainly consisted of L.subcoriacea,S.superba,Itea chinensis and C.kawakamii population. The whole community now is changing in complex direction with diversity species composition.

Dynamics of plant litter and change of soil carbon and nitrogen contents in the process of the vegeta- tion restoration in hilly land in central Hainan Island

2016/1/15 2:22:25

To explore the dynamics of plant litter decomposition and the changes of soil carbon and nitrogen in the hilly land region in central Hainan Island,we conducted an experiment of translocation litter decompositon on the ground in situ and ex situ among the four plant communities of grassland,shrubland,secondary forest and Acacia mangium plantation distibuted in two hilly slopes. The results were as follows: The litter decomposition rates of the 4 types of litter were significantly different in the same site,and the decomposition rate of U.lobata litter was the highest. The decomposition rates of a same type litter were the highest in shrubland among the 4 plant communities,while in the 3 natural plant communities were in the order of shrubland>in grassland>in secondary forest,which indicated that with the progressive succusion the decomposition rates were higher in the eralier stage and then lower in the later stage. The decomposition rates of all litters were lower in A.mangium plantation than in secondary forest. The total contents of carbon and nitrogen in soils were trend to increase with the process of vegetation restoration,i.e.secondary forest>shrub land>grassland.

Traits of fruit, seed and seedling growth of karst native tree species Itoa orientalis

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Itoa orientalis is an excellent native tree species for ecological restoration in stone desertification region. The traits of fruit,seed,sowing,germination and seedling growth of this species were studied in this paper. The results showed that single fruit of I.orientalis weighed 63.20-149.50 g. Vertical and transverse diameters of fruit were 55.59-86.60 mm and 38.59-51.80 mm respectively. Seed mass per fruit was 19.95-57.15 g and seed output was 31.57%-40.81%. Seed number per fruit was 343-690 and each fresh seed weighed 0.0582-0.0857 g. There was a positive correlation between fruit weight and seed output,seed number per fruit and single seed weight. Seed was(25.93±2.80)mm in length and(13.72±2.88)mm in width. The dry seed with wing weighed(0.0153±0.0033)g and that without wing was(0.0112±0.0024)g. Seed wing weight accounted for(26.56±4.53)% of the seed weight. The mean germination days,mean germination index and germination rate were different among different treatments before seed sown. Germination times could be shortened and germination rate could be improved by soaking seed or removing wing or by integrating this two ways. Average growth per month was 3.3-16.3 cm in plant height and 0.32-2.80 mm in stem base. Seedlings from soaking seed grew faster in prophase,while those from no soaking seed grew faster in metaphase.

Genetic diversity of artificially propagation seedlings of a critically endangered plant Euryodendron ex- celsum and its significance for population recovery

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Euryodendron excelsum,which is endemic to China,is an endangered plant from the monotypic genus Euryodendron in the family Theaceae. The species is restricted to one remnant population with less than 200 individuals in Bajia region of Yangchun County,Guangdong Province. It is listed as a second class endangered plant for state protection in China. In the present study,genetic diversity of 7 provenances of E.excelsum artificially propagation seedlings was investigated by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP). We recorded a total of 115 amplified bands using 6 pairs of AFLP primes,68 of which(PPB=59.13%)were polymorphic. The observed number of alleles(Na)and effective number of alleles(Ne)were 1.5826 and 1.3813,respectively. The average values of Nei's genetic diversity index(H)and Shannon polymorphism information index(I)were 0.2215 and 0.3280,respectively. E.excelsum artificially propagation seedlings from 7 provenances were clustered into three groups by UPGMA dendrogram,which was significantly correlated with the geographic distribution of the materials. The results of present study indicated that E.excelsum artificially propagation seedlings from 7 provenances had a relatively high level of genetic diversity. We suggest the future population recovery of this endangered plant could collect seeds and seedling propagation from the above 7 provenances to keep the genetic diversity. This study would provide a profound basis for the population recovery of E.excelsunm.

Module biomass structure traits of the alien invasive Bidens frondosa population

2016/1/15 2:22:25

Bidens frondosa is one of the most widely distributed alien invasive plants in China. Biomass structure characteristic and correlation models among different modules of B.frondosa population were studied at module level by sampling surveys. The quantitative analysis and the relation between the characteristics and its invasiveness were also done in this paper. The results showed that the module biomass of B.frondosa decreased in the sequence of stem,capitulum,root,leaf,and the biomass proportion of each module to the whole plant biomass decreased in the sequence of stem,capitulum,leaf,and root. The biomass of each module had significant positive correlations with plant height,it also had significant positive correlation with that of the others,and all the correlations could be well expressed by exponential model. Stronger phenotypic plasticity of each B.frondosa module and higher biomass allocation greatly enhanced its invasive ability.

Effects of different geographical provenances and matrix on seed germination and seedling initial growth of Tetracentron sinense

2016/1/15 2:22:25

In order to explore the bottleneck of natural regeneration and endangered mechanism in Tetracentron sinense population,the morphology,physiological characteristic and seed germination characteristics of the seeds from four different geographical provenances were measured,and the effects of different temperature,matrix and geographical provenances on seed germination and seedling initial growth were studied. The results are as follows:(1)There were significant difference in the weight per 1000 seeds,plumpness,morphology of different geographical provenances;(2)Germination rate of seed from the different geographical provenances was respectively 74.67%(Leibo),41%(Mabian),67%(Jiuzhaigou),0(Meigu),accordingly the corresponding germination force was respectively 38.33%,10%,27.33%,0%(P<0.01);(3)The seeds in the habitat humus soil had the better advantage in germination rate,force and seedling initial growth than those in soil from habitat or sandy soil,suggesting that the habitat soil was not the endangered factor;(4)The room temperature was better for the seed germination and seedling initial growth than constant temperature,indicating that appropriate alternating temperature was advantage to the seed germination and seedling initial growth;(5)Based on the analysis of seed morphology and germination characteristics,the quality of T.sinense seeds from Leibo were better than that of Mabian and Jiuzhaigou.

Influence of three cultivation patterns on growth of Epimedium wushanense

2016/1/15 2:22:25

To explore the optimum growth conditions of Epimedium wushanense,the influences of three culturing modes(planting density,rhizome length,planting depth)growth of E.wushanense were compared. The experiments were conducted to investigate the plant height,leaf length,branch number,flower buds number and other physiological index.The results indicated that plant density obviously affected the E.wushanense's growth and it was affected significantly under 1 800 plants per hectare treatment. It developed more branches with 15 cm rhizome length of E.wushanense than other groups. And while the cultivation in 20 cm depth promoted the stem growth,the leaf growth were accelerated under 5 cm depth condiction. Further analysis showed that planting density and rhizome length had significant influence on vegetative growth of E.wushanense,and planting depth affected both vegetative growth and reproductive growth of E.Wushanense.

Leaf area regression analysis of five Pyracantha species

2016/1/20 18:33:53

Leaf is an important plant organ for transpiration and photosynthesis. Accurate and non-destructive methods for estimating leaf area are critical to many related studies. In order to get the accurate regression functions to estimate leaf area of Pyracantha species,26401 mature leaf samples,from five species(Pyracantha fortuneana,P. densiflora,P. atalantioides,P. crenulata,P. angustifolia)in Guizhou,Yunnan,Guangxi,Hunan provinces in China,were collected in 2010 and 2011. Leaf analysis software of WinFOLIA was used to measure leaf indices such as leaf area(LA),leaf blade length(L),leaf horizontal width(W),leaf perimeter(LP),leaf vertical length(VL); then LW,L/W,LL and WW were also obtained. Regression analyses between LA and these leaf shape indices of these five species were carried out by using 11 models including power,cubic,quadratic,linear,logarithmic,inverse,compound,S,growth,exponential,logistic model. The results were as follows: leaf area can be modeled better with LW than other indices; leaf area can be modeled better with LW by power,cubic,quadratic and linear models,and power function is the fittest model(R²>0.970); Power models for five Pyracantha species were LA=0.743(LW)0.936,LA=0.748(LW)0.936,LA=0.742(LW)0.955,LA=0.732(LW)0.952 and LA=0.766(LW)0.954 respectively. This study highlight that power model of leaf area based on L×W can be better used to non-destructively estimate leaf area of five Pyracantha species.

Effects of corolla on reproductive fitness of Mirabilis jalapa

2016/1/20 18:33:53

Mirabilis jalapa has permanent floral closure phenomenon after pollination. The effects of corolla on the reproductive fitness of M. jalapa in different weather conditions were studied. The results showed that the time synchronization about the pollen viability,the stigma receptivity,the number of pollen grains and the pollen germination ration on stigma to the top between natural corolla existing and corolla removing were different. The synchronization time of natural corolla existing was more than that of corolla removing. The effects of corolla on seed setting ratio at different bloom stages of M. jalapa in different weather conditions had a certain rule. The seed setting rates of different treatments from high to low presented rule below,natural corolla existing>corolla removing while floral closure>corolla removing while initial dehiscence>corolla removing while initial dehiscence>corolla removing while earlier flowering. In general the retention of closed corolla after pollination improved the reproductive fitness and enhanced its adaptation to the environment.

Effects of position on nectar secretion and fruit set of Epimedium wushanense

2016/1/20 18:33:53

Position effect is a common phenomenon in flowering plant. In this experiment,we studied the position effect within inflorescence in Epimedium wushanense and researched the effects of different positions on reproductive success as well as nectar secretion using One-way ANOVA. The results indicated that the fruit set of E. wushanense was influenced by the different positions significantly. Among the three different positions,the fruit set of base fruit was significantly higher than that of top and middle fruit. Among these three positions of inflorescence,differences in fruit weight,fruit length and breadth were all significant,and for all base>middle>top. The seed number per fruit was influenced significantly by different positions of raceme,and base fruit have more seeds than top fruit. While the differences of the rate of seed abortion per fruit in different positions were not significant,though mean value showed top>middle>base. Nectar standing crop and sugar content were influenced by position significantly. In these three populations,the nectar standing crop in base flowers was higher than that in other positions,but the sugar content of nectar was higher in top flowers. Therefore,in order to protect diversity and stability of E. wushanense populations,we should pay attention to influence on reproductive success caused by position effect,study and protect wild populations of E. wushanense. Meanwhile,we should choose base fruits for experiments and breeding.

Photosynthetic responses of 14 native species of south China to auto-exhaust pollution

2016/1/20 18:33:53

In order to reveal the photosynthetic responses to auto-exhaust pollution,the photosynthetic parameters of 14 native species of south China,planted in botanical garden and road greenland respectively,were tested and contrasted. The results showed that there were three kinds of photosynthetic responses to auto-exhaust pollution of the native species,such as up-regulation of photosynthesis,down-regulation of photosynthesis and non-regulation of photosynthesis. The photosynthesis of Helicia cochinchinensis was up-regulated by raising its stomatal conductance,chlorophyll content and optimal PS Ⅱ efficiency. Seven species of non-regulation of photosynthesis,included Desmos chinensis,Syzygium hancei,Liquidambar formosana,Machilus chinensis,Photinia serrulata,Cinnamomum camphora and Psychotria asiatica,had the ability to harmonize the up-regulation and down-regulation among stomatal conductance,chlorophyll content and optimal PS Ⅱ efficiency. As for species of down-regulation of photosynthesis,included Elaeocarpus sylvestris,Erythrophleum fordii,Cryptocarya concinna,Cyclobalanopsis hui,Gardenia jasminoides and Michelia maudiae,they were sensitive to auto-exhaust pollution,and had no ability to prevent the decline of photosynthesis.

Effects of the ice and snow damage to the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Jiulianshan Mountain in Jiangxi Province

2016/1/20 18:33:53

The ice and snow damage to the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Jiulianshan Mountain National Natural Reserve in Jiangxi Province was studied,and effects of altitude,slope on the damage degree were analyzed. The results were as follows:the upper-layer and mid-layer trees were mostly in model of top breakage,the under-layer trees were subjected to top and trunk breakage,the saplings and seedlings were mostly suffered from bending. In term of MDI,seedlingsMDI in different story was respectively Castanopsis carlesii in upper-layer,Neolitsea chuii in mid-layer,C. carlesii in under-layer and sapling,Eurya distichophylla in seedling; however, species with the lowest MDI in different stories were respectively Alniphyllum fortunei in upper-layer,Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis in mid-layer and under-layer,Eurya loquaiana in sapling and Tricalysia dubia in seedling. The trunk breakage ratio and MDI of upper-layer trees,top breakage ratio and MDI of mid-layer trees; trunk breakage ratio and MDI of under-layer trees,bending ratio of saplings,trunk breakage ratio of saplings,uprooting ratio of saplings,MDI of saplings,trunk breakage ratio and MDI of seedlings were significantly different between different latitude habitats(P<0.05); In the whole,different damage indexes of trees under 700-760 m altitude habitat were higher than individuals under 640-700 m altitude habitat. Under different slope habitats,damage indexes in different layers had no significant difference(P>0.05).

Niche characteristics of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Orchidaceae)with two ecotypes in Bawangling Nature Reserve, Hainan Island

2016/1/20 18:33:53

Phalaenopsis pulcherrima,an endemic orchid plant species in East Asia,presents two ecotypes which are characterized by green and red on the leaf dorsal side under natural conditions. Niche breadth and niche overlap of plant species in herb layer of P. pulcherrima communities in Bawangling Nature Reserve of Hainan Island were investigated for the position and relationship of the two ecotypes. The results indicated that Garnotia patula,P. pulcherrima and Mnesithea mollicoma had biggish important values in this layer. Niche breadth of Hedyotis consanguinea and Phalaenopsis pulcherrima with red dorsal are the greatest. Moreover,P. pulchrrima with red dorsal had higher value in niche breadth than P. pulcherrima with green dorsal. The niche overlap between P. pulcherrima and most of other species were great. High niche overlap was also showed between the two ecotypes of P. pulcherrima. These findings suggested that both ecotypes of P. pulchrrima were highly adapted to the local habitat,while competition between these two ecotypes might be potentially high.

Comparative study on Rhododendron and its distribution in W-Sichuan and SE-Tibet

ZHUANG Ping, WANG Fei, SHAO Hui-Min — 2016/1/20 18:33:53

Pattern of Rhododendron and its group quantity,geographical distribution type and vertical distribution were studied by the comparative biology between the both areas of W-Sichuan and SE-Tibet of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The results showed that there were characteristics of Rhododendron for more original,large groups and high-class in taxology in W-Sichuan where there was a wider relationship between E-China and Mt. N-Hengduans,and a lower vertical distribution for the groups and endemic species. And the results also showed that there were those for much younger,smaller,endemic and low-class groups in SE-Tibet where there was a major relationship between Mt. N-Hengduans and a higher vertical distribution for them. Phenomena of the vertical substitution is obvious between the close groups of Rhododendron in both of the two areas. For the above characteristics and phenomena we can conclude these closely relation and correspond to three historical nodes and events about the warm-moist climate in the last Cretaceous Period,the gradual raise of Tibet Plateau in a long time before or after Oligocene in the Tertiary Period and the rapid raise of the plateau with the glacier happen in the Quaternary Period. Thereby it is opened out that the course and characters dissimilate in the flora and their vertical distribution of Rhododendron from the east to the west China under the common background of the bio-geology. And base on it,three different core areas can be drawn,W-Sichuan-NE-Yunnan,NW-W-Yunnan and SE-S-Tibet in the modern distribution center of Rhododendron in the wide Sino-Himalaya flora region.

The first recording of Pogonia minor(Makino) Makino in Gungdong and the important value

ZENG Xian-Feng — 2016/1/20 18:33:53

Pogonia minor(Makino)Makino was reported as a new record to Guangdong Province,China,the voucher specimens are deposited in Plant Herbarium,College of Forestry,South China Agricultural University(CANT). The important value of the discovery was commented.

New records of Elatostema and Pellionia (Urticaceae)from Vietnam

2016/1/20 18:33:53

Seven newly recorded species of Elatostema and Pellionia(Urticaceae)are reported. They are E. cyrtandrifolium,E. xanthophyllum,E. sinense,E. platyphyllum,E. nasutum,P. brevifolia and P. grijsii. The citation of specimens and their distribution are provided.

Pteridophyte flora of Ganjiangyuan Nature Reserve

2016/1/20 18:33:53

Based on the investigation and data access,the floristic analysis of pteridophyte in Ganjiangyuan Nature Reserve was studied. The results indicated that in this area there were 216 species of ferns belonging to 75 genera in 35 families,and the ratio of these families,genera and species accounting for the total number of ferns in Jiangxi Province was 71.4%,65.8% and 49.9%,respectively. The number of families containing more than seven species was 9,and the families in tropical and subtropical distribution accounted for 74.3% in the family areal types. The number of the genus areal types was 10. The tropical distribution type had 51 genera,which accounted for 68% of the total genera,while the temperate distribution type had 4 genera,which accounted for 5% of the total genera. The geographic distribution of species can be divided into four types,including 35.6% ingredients,49.1% subtropical elements and about 13.4% unique components of China. The species similarity analysis showed that this flora and Qiyunshan were closely related,and the similarity coefficient was 75.1%.

Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on Ni, Cu and Zn in subtropical forest soils

2016/1/15 2:06:44

A field-simulated nitrogen deposition experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of added nitrogen on soil the microelements Ni,Cu and Zn in two adjacent natural broad-leaved forests(Castanopsis fabric,CAF and Cinnamomum chekiangense,CIC)and a coniferous plantation(Cunninghamia lanceolata,CUL). Three treatments were set as the control(CK)of 0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,low nitrogen(LN)treatment of 30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 and high nitrogen(HN)treatment of 100 kg·hm^-2·a^-1. The results showed that the orders of three kinds of microelements content were roughly CUL>CAF>CIC. After three days of nitrogen addition,significant effects were only found between CK and LN or HN for Ni content in the CUL forest soil and between HN and CK or LN for Cu content under litter removed,and there were no significant differences among all treatments in CIC and CAF forest soil. On the whole,the impact of litter for three kinds of forest soils on microelements content was not found. Compared with the data before nitrogen addition,Ni,Cu and Zn contents in the three forest soils all decreased,with the most decreasing amplitude for CIC forest soil at the LN treatment.

Effects of mulching management on stoichiometry of soil C, N and P in Phyllostachys praecox plantations

2016/1/15 2:06:44

In order to gain better price and incomes by shoot earlier sprouting,the practice of mulching management of Phyllostachys praecox plantations in Zhejiang Province has been carried out,while mulching management for years led to the stand degradation. Thus the contents of soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus elements and its stoichiometry for the treatments of 6,3,1 a mulching and non-mulching(NM)in P. praecox stands were analyzed to provide theoretical basis for sustainable management of the stand. The results showed that contents of soil C,N and P for mulching and NM P. praecox stands decreased significantly with soil depth increasing,and the contents of soil C,N and P for mulching stand were significantly higher than that of NM stand. Meanwhile C and N contents in topsoil(0-20 cm)increased significantly with the extended years of mulching management. There was no significant difference on P content at soil layers 0-50 cm and C,N contents at soil layers 20-50 cm among 3,1 a and NM stands,while that for 6 a mulching stand was significant higher than those for 3,1 a and in NM stand. Moreover it was found that there was no significant difference for soil C:N in the same soil layers,while with the extended years of mulching management,soil C:P and N:P increased on the whole,and positive correlation coefficient and coordinated variations of C and N,P decreased. All results indicated that excessive accumulations of C and N at distribution area of rhizome-root system(0-20 cm soil layers)and imbalance of soil nutrients were the main reasons of stand degradation for P. praecox plantations. Hence it was concluded that management measures including scientific fertilization,removal of mulching materials after mulching management in time,rotated mulching should be conducted to avoid stand degradation further.

Research on nitrogen reserves of rubber forest ecosystem in Danzhou of Hainan Island

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Rubber forest ecosystem are consisted of the arborous layer,the understory layer,litter layer and soil layer. The rubber forest in Danzhou of Hainan Island was divided into six age levels,which were investigated by sampling,the nitrogen content indoor was tested and analyzed,and then nitrogen reserves of each layer and ecosystem could be gained. The results were as follows:(1)The soil N contents and reserves of the first generation and second generation rubber plantation in Danzhou all decreased with the increase of soil layer. Those of the first generation were less than the second in 0-20 cm,and these of the first and second generations were almost the same in 20-40 cm,these of the first generation were significantly more than the second under 40 cm;(2)The range of nitrogen stock of rubber plantation ecosystem in Hainan Danzhou was 5.30-8.53 t·hm^-2,the average was 6.447 t·hm^-2,thereinto,the soil was 5.727 t·hm^-2,the vegetation(include arbor and understory)was 0.694 t·hm^-2,the litter was 0.026 t·hm^-2; the soil's nitrogen stock account for the most,reached to 88.83%,and it was the main part of rubber plantation ecosystem's nitrogen stock. The soil of rubber plantations in Danzhou was under the condition of lacking N collectively,it was necessary to fertilize with N or compound fertility.

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizae of Viburnum utile in karst areas

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Viburnum utile is a major component of scrub in karst areas. To better elucidate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity,distribution associated with V. utile,and the effect of growth of Medicago sativa inoculated with the dominant species,we collected soil samples from Maolan karst forest. The results indicated that the infection rating of Viburnum utile by AMF was 82.1%. Sixteen species of arbuscular mycorrhizae belonging to two genera were isolated and identified from soil samples,including 7 species of Glomus and 9 species of Acaulospora. Meanwhile,Glomus intraradices,Acaulospora rugosa and A. spinosa were the dominant species. In addition,the growth and SOD,POD,and CAT activities of the Medicago sativa inoculated with dominant species were improved compared to the control without inoculation. These results would provide new insight into the AM fungal diversity and specificity,and play an important role in screening to identify excellent plant-AM fungus combination.

Variation characteristics of soil microbial community functional diversity in the rhizosphere of Abrus mollis under continuous cropping

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Abrus mollis is one of the important Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of liver disease. However,its yield and quality decline with serious continuous cropping obstacle. In this study,rhizosphere soil samples of A. mollis from different years of continuous cropping and uncultivated soil sample as control were collected from Yulin City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The changes of soil microbial community functional diversity in the rhizosphere of A. mollis under continuous cropping were assessed using sole-carbon-source utilization by Biolog GN2 plate,in order to explore the production decline mechanisms of A. mollis in terms of microbial ecology. The results showed that continuous cropping significantly reduced the microbial functional diversity indices,such as Shannon,Simpson and McIntosh. The ability of utilizing carbon sources by microorganisms also significantly decreased with continuous cropping. Principal component analysis(PCA)resolved different years of continuous cropping of A. mollis,and the soil microbial community shifted after planting A. mollis compared to that in uncultivated soil. Correlation analysis indicated that the yield of A. mollis had a positive correlation with microbial diversity indices,AWCD,and had a significant negative correlation with PC1,which showed that the yield reduction of A. mollis with continuous cropping to some extent was related to the decline of soil microbial functional diversity and the shift of soil microbial community.

Living situation and characteristics of the community of endangered Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis in Mount Nanfengmian of Jiangxi Province

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis is a national protected plant of Class Ⅰ,critically endangered and endemic to China. By using sampling plot method,the research was conducted on the characteristics of the community including Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis in the virgin forest without human disturbance in Mount Nanfengmian in Jiangxi Province. The results showed that the community contained the vascular plants 68 species,belonging to 34 families and 47 genera. The dominant families mainly included Ericaceae(2 genera,8 species),Theaceae(4 genera,6 species),Aquifoliaceae(1 genus,6 species),Lauraceae(2 genera,5 species)and Fagaceae(3 genera,4 species),accounting for 42.0% of the total number of species. The tropical genera accounted for 46.5% of the total number of non-world genera,the temperate genera 48.8%,and Endemic to China genera 4.5%. Arborous layer of the community could be divided into four layers and the dominant species in the first layer and the second layer included Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis,Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangensis,Taxus wallichiana var. mairei and Cyclobalanopsis multinervis etc. It can be concluded that the population of Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis is in a stable state and the community including the species is a climax community.

Cytogeographical study on Pedicularis longiflora from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

2016/1/15 2:06:44

Karyotypes and cytogeography of 9 populations of Pedicularis longiflora from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China,were presented. The chromosome numbers of all populations were 2n=16,the basic chromosome number was x=8. The available chromosomal data indicated that the population from Zhongdian in Yunnan might be original,and the populations from Ritu in Tibet and Menyuan in Qinghai were advanced. 9 populations of P. longiflora were all diploid,without the occurrence of polyploidy. The one possible explanation is that Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau could have served as refuge during the last Quaternary glaciation,diploid is well preserved,and has been little effected by glaciation; the other possible explanation is that it may be effected by environmental selection pressure.

Interspecific relationships of major species in Ammoden- dron argenteum communities of Takeermohuer Desert

2016/1/15 2:05:15

Based on the data from the field,the interspecific relationships of the major species in Ammodendron argenteum communities of Takeermohuer Desert were studied by Fisher's exact test for 2×2 contingency table, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test,coupled with DCA ordinatio. The results indicated that positive association coefficients of 3 species-pairs and negative association coefficients of 3 species-pairs for the Fisher's exact test were significant. In the Pearson's correlation coefficient test,the number of species-pairs being significantly positive was 1,while the negative was 12. According to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient,14 species-pairs had significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01)correlation,including 13 negative correlation species-pairs and 1 positive correlation species-pairs,accounting for 14.29% and 1.1% respectively in the total 91 species-pairs. The interspecific relationships of A. argenteum communities were incompact,the element of communities would change while the environment condition alter,the A. argenteum communities were evolving into steady and independent phase.

Relations among litters, soil nutrients and fine root biomass of Casuarina equisetifolia in the north of Hainan Island

2016/1/15 2:05:15

The relations among litters,soil nutrients and fine root biomass of Casuarina equisetifolia plantation as windbreak were studied by comparing treatment(litters removed)and control(litters preserved)sites on the coast of Gui Linyang,Haikou City. The main results were as follows:(1)Annual litters in the sites of treatment and control were 6.0162 t·hm^-2 and 5.9505 t·hm^-2 respectively. According to the statistic analysis,there was no significant difference between the two sites. It seemed that the temporal patterns of litters were similar in the two sties. In the components of litters,the leaf litters took up the largest percentage and their monthly dynamics were similar with the total litters. The miscellaneous litters took the second place. Bark and branches litters took the least percentage;(2)It seemed that there was a same monthly pattern of N,P and K return from the litters in the two sites respectively. The order of quantity about the nutrients returned from the leaves was N>K>P;(3)If there was no fresh litter in the treatment site in a short time,the soil nutrients had no significant between the two sites;(4)The seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass had a “single apex” respectively and no significant difference between the two sites during the experiment,but with the time's increase,the treatment site's fine root biomass had a lower trend than the control site. Maybe one of the reasons on reducing the fine root biomass was litter clearing.

Spatial distribution patterns of natural Rhizophora stylosa population

ZHOU Yuan-Man, HUANG Jian-Jian, HAN Wei-Dong, YANG Shu-Zhen — 2016/1/15 2:05:15

According to the map of individual location,the distribution patterns of natural Rhizophora stylosa population were investigated in different tidal zones with different sampling scales at Gaoqiao Mangrove Nature Reserve applying 7 aggregation indices such as diffusion coefficient,aggregation index,patchiness index,dispersal index,mean crowding index,negative binomial parameter and Cassie index,and field data were obtained by tallying with contiguous grid quadrate method. The results showed that the natural R. stylosa population tended to be distributed randomly in high-and low-tide belts,while to be aggregative in the mid-tide belt. Furthermore,its distribution pattern tended slightly to randomness in pure forest,while to high aggregation in mixed forest,C >1,I_δ>1,K<8,m^*/x^->1,C_a>0. Although,the spatial patterns of Rhizophora stylosa population differed at various spatial scales,the aggregation intensity of the population decreased with increment of sampling scale,the population showed aggregation pattern obviously at 5 m×5 m,aggregation pattern with relatively lower intensity at 5 m×10 m,and critical status between aggregation and random at 10 m×10 m sampling scale. It was correlated with heterogenicity of environmental conditions and its biological characteristics.

Spatial distribution pattern in Emmenopterys henryi and Phyllostachys edulis mixed forest in Lushan Mountain

2016/1/15 2:05:15

In order to understand the effects of Phyllostachys edulis expansion on Emmenopterys henryi in Lushan Mountain, a typical plot of 50 m×50 m was surveyed and Ripley's K(t)function was applied to diagnose spatial patterns and spatial associations between species pairs. Phyllostachys edulis saplings showed aggregated distributions at relatively smaller scales and tended to be randomly or regularly distribution at larger scales. Adult Emmenopterys henryi showed random distribution at smaller scales and aggregated distribution at larger scales. The spatial pattern of Phyllostachys edulis was aggregated distribution at all scales, the aggregation degree increased with the scales. No significant correlation was observed between Phyllostachys edulis and Emmenopterys henryi saplings at smaller scales, but there was generally a significantly negative correlation between them on the larger scales. There was significantly negative correlation between adult Emmenopterys henryi and Phyllostachys edulis at all scales. Population patterns and spatial association depended on spatial scales, individual sizes and so did their inter-specific. Necessary management should be taken to the forest communities where Emmenopterys henry grew. Harvesting bamboos including rhizome and some other larger trees would provide a good environment for Emmenopterys henryi and restore its nature and reasonable population configuration. Otherwise, Emmenopterys henryi as a rare and endangered species would be in danger of extinction in Lushan Mountain.

Diversity analysis of fruit traits and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of persimmon germplasm resources in Guangxi

2016/1/15 2:05:15

The diversity of fruit traits and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the persimmon germplasm resources which collected from different climatic regions were studied in order to further reveal the information of persimmon germplasm resources in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results indicated that there were ample diversities in the fruit traits of different genotypes about the persimmon germplasm resources. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation index FCI of the 86 accessions of persimmon germplasms was 1.849 to 3.947 with an average of 2.835. The persimmon germplasms could be divided into five grades according to the FCI range. The number of germplasms in the fifth grade which had the highest FCI value was the fewest,accounting for 3.49% of the total collected germplasms. The number of germplasms in the first grade which had the lowest FCI value was the most,accounting for 48.84%. The FCI value of persimmon cultivars Yueshi,Niuxinshi,Dafangshi,Jingshi,Jixinshi,Xiaofangshi,Huoshi and some seedlings were high,their comprehensive fruit traits were excellent and were highly recommended to be used in the development and utilization. Some seedlings with excellent individual trait were not suitable for growing and promotion directly,but they were very useful in the improvement of persimmon varieties.

sup>Effect of different habitats and floral characteristics on fruit set in Epimedium wushanense

QUAN Qiu-Mei — 2016/1/15 2:05:15

The survey of the fruit-setting characteristics of E. wushanense revealed in the three habitats were as follows:(1)the resource and reproduction of floral characteristics had no difference among the three habitats,eg. No significant differences of branches per plant,inflorescences number per plant and flowers per plant weas observed among the three habitats;(2)Fruit-setting number per plant, Fruit-setting rate per plant and fruit setting rate per inflorescence of PLS and SAA were remarkably higher than the PESS;(3)The branches per plant and inflorescences number per plant of three floral characteristics had no difference in three habitats. The flowers per plant and fruit set of Population 1 was less than the other populations;(4)The full seed per fruit,percentage of seeds abortion per fruit and number of seeds abortion per fruit were significant different in three floral characteristics,but among the population,which revealed the seeds per fruit had been affected more by floral characteristics. The result suggested that the seed setting characteristics of E. wushanense were affected by its flower types and habitats and more by the latter.

Christisonia siamensis Craib, a newly recorded species of Christisonia(Orobanchaceae)from China

TAN Yun-Hong — 2016/1/15 2:05:15

Christisonia siamensis Craib is reported as a new record species to China. A morphological description of the species was given based on the newly discoverd population,which grew under the tropical rain forest at an altitude of 750 m. The main difference between C. hookeri Clarke is:calyx whitish or yellowish,sometimes dark purple,tubular,with distinct delta-shaped calyx teeth,corolla long tubular,5 lobed,purple,lobes bluish to violet with a yellow patch on the middle of the lower lip stretching down the interior of the tube. Filaments glabrous,anthers 1-celled,massed together; 1 pair often prominently spurred; spur with an obvious conical projection at the tip; dehiscence by apical pore.

Hymenochaete in China. 5. Two new records from Yunnan Province

2016/1/15 2:05:15

Hymenochaete contiformis and H. rufomarginata,collected from Yunnan Province,are newly recorded in China. While Hymenochaete contiformis is characterized by its anatomical structure(without a cortex and hyphal layer),long setae and large basidiospores; H. rufomarginata is distinguished by its presence of numerous hyphidia and both small setae and basidiospores. Illustrated descriptions of these two species based on the Chinese materials and an identification key to all the 30 Hymenochaete species in Yunnan Province are provided.

Size structure and dynamic of the Picea crassifolia populations on eastern Qilian Mountains

CHEN Yin-Ping, YU Fei, YANG Zong-Juan, ZHANG Jing, LI Dong-Hua, ZHANG Feng-Xia — 2016/1/21 12:11:50

The structure and growth trend of the Picea crassifolia populations on eastern Qilian Mountains were analyzed using the method of size structure and cluster. The results demonstrated that there were four types of size structure of the populations as the increasing type,the stationary type,the mature type and the declining type; the Picea crassifolia populations on eastern Qilian Mountains were mostly in middle-aged forest stage,belonging to a stationary type; the relationship between size structure dynamic of the populations and succession appeared to be linear,embodying the tendency toward steady state of the population by self-organization and self-development; some non-linear fluctuation of size structure occurred in the mature and over mature stages,embodying the relative steady-state by self-regulation and self-repair of the population.

Population structure dynamics of Liriodendron chinensis, a case study on a natural population in Maoer Mountain, Guangxi

2016/1/21 12:11:50

In order to provide reference and further explore endangered mechanism of Liriodendron chinensis natural populations the population structure dynamic of L.chinensis was analyzed by taking a natural population in Maoer Mountain of Guilin,Guangxi,as a sample. Based on the theory of population life table and survival analysis,the life table of L.chinensis population was constructed by replacing age classes with size-classes,and the population structure dynamic of L.chinensis was explored. The census data showed that the number of young seedling was larger than that of middle aged and old individuals,indicating that the population was in an incremental status. The survival curve in this population appeared to be a Deevey-Ⅱ type,with a peak of mortality in size class Ⅳ. It can be concluded that the population size of L.chinensis in Maoer mountain declined sharply in early stage,stablized in middle stage and fell rapidly in last stage.

Study on the populations regeneration dynamics of Pinus armandii in Xiaolongshan Nature Reserve

2016/1/21 12:11:50

The static life table of Pinus armandii population in the Xiaolongshan Nature Reserve in Gansu was compiled based on the population life table and theory of survival analysis using the size class structure represented by DBH class and smoothing out technique. The size class structure,curves of mortality rate,vanish rate,survival function of the P.armandii,as well as the regeneration dynamics,mortality and causes of seedling were analyzed. The results were as follows:P.armandii population size class structure were developing,characterized early growth,medium stability and later recession; the whole life process of the population had demonstrated three death peaks,of which the mortality of seedlings coming to be low and stable later,was relatively high. Consistent with the natural dynamic rule of populations,it also showed the significance and effect of “Natural Forest Protection Project”; the study indicated the dynamic and change trends of P.armandii population were crucial for both the ecological monitoring and the forest protection applied in the reserve.

Effects of Cr⁶⁺ on microorganism population in

2016/1/21 12:11:50

The effects of hexavalent chromium on fungi,bacteria and actinomycetes communities were studied by constructed a minitype tubs-vertical flow Coix aquatica wetland(CAW),adding 1/2 Hoaglands nutrient solution plus 0,5,20,40,60 mg/L K₂Cr₂O₇ respectively,and constructing a no plant wetland(NPW)which corresponding nutrient and hexavalent chromium concentrations as control experiment. The results as follows:(1)The populations of fungi,bacteria and actinomycetes in CAW were bigger than that in NPW;(2)Low or middle level hexavalent chromium concentrations(5,20 mg/L)had stimulative effect on fungi in CAW and bacteria,actinomycetes in NPW. Microorganism population in C.aquatica constructed wetlands had the tolerant ability under the low or middle(5,20 mg/L)Cr⁶⁺ stress.

Coix aquatica constructed wetlands

2016/1/21 12:11:50

To survey the species of macrofungi in Yaoluoping Nature Reserve,five different vegetation types were selected,which were Ⅰ(deciduous broadleaf forest),Ⅱ(mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest),III(Pinus taiwanensis forest),Ⅳ(mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaf forest),and Ⅴ(bamboo forest). The results showed that 228 species belonging to 99 genera of 47 families were found. Five dominant fungal families were the Russulaceae,Polyporaceae,Boletaceae,Tricholomataceae and Amanitaceae,and 31,22,22,19 and 14 species,were respectively found in these families. In the sample lands,the richest macrofungi was in deciduous broadleaf forest with 93 species,while the poorest was in the bamboo forest with 9 species only.

GIS-based three-dimensional space evolution of analysis from Gossampinus malabarica phenological phase in Guangxi

2016/1/21 12:11:51

The main phenophase of kapok in guangxi were analysed from kapok sequence and its corresponding observatory latitude,longitude and altitude,with natural phenological theory as the guide,GIS for technical support,weather station phenology material and geographic information material for basic data,using the linear multivariate regression analysis method.Then kapok of main period that the three dimensional space evolution model were established in Guangxi,where 3D spatial evolution special charts of main phenophase of kapok were made. It could analyze the change rule of three dimensional space from main phenology kapok in Guangxi. The results showed that the main phenology kapok were evolved gradually in Guangxi from low latitude of the southern coast to hight latitude of the north,and it was evolved gradually from low elevation of the plain and hilly area to high altitude mountainous area as the same latitude.

Floristic endemism of seed plants in the southern Gaoligong Mountains

2016/1/21 12:11:51

The southern Gaoligong Mountains is one of the hot spots for global biodiversity research,where a total of 192 families of wild seed plants,878 genera and 2 807 species have been indentified The plants in this area are diversified and endemic, including 8 endemic families only found in the Middle and East Asia, 17 Chinese endemic genera, 1 085 Chinese endemic species,305 Yunnan endemic species and 82 species endemic to the southern Gailigong Mountains. Thanks to the special geological and ecological environment,and intact preservation of ancient endemism,a lot of new endemic elements emerge.

Newly recorded invasive plants in Guangxi

2016/1/21 12:11:51

Three new species of invasive plant,Mimosa diplotricha C.,Veronica arvensis L.and Bidens frondosa L.were reported as new records of Guangxi. Description and illustrations were provided. The voucher specimens were kept in Plant Herbarium,Guangxi Institute of Botany,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences(IBK).

Eleocharis pellucida, a newly recorded plant of the family Cyperaceae from Shandong Province

2016/1/21 12:11:51

Eleocharis pellucida,a newly recorded plant of the genus Eleocharis(Cyperaceae)from Shandong Province,was reported,and its morphological and anatomical characters were studied in detail.

Five new records from Guangxi

2016/1/21 12:11:51

Five species Glinus lotoides L.,Passiflora wilsonii Hemsl,Hymenodictyon orixense(Roxb.)Mabberley,Mikania cordata(Burm.f.B.L.Robinson,Convolvulus nummularius Linnaeus)were new to Guangxi.

Research on forest ecosystem services in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

2015/12/15 14:36:46

This paper assessed the economic value of forest ecosystem services of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on the basis of the forest resource of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2009，the data of long term observation of Forest Ecosystem Research Station and the data of social commonality，adopting Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China (LY/T17212008). The results showed that the annual average value of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region forest ecosystem services was 838.893 billion yuan. The annual mean value of forest ecosystem services was 607.0 hundred yuan per hectare. The sort of 7 service functions value:water supply＞carbon fixed and oxygen released＞biodiversity conservation＞environmental purification＞soil conservation＞forest nutrition storage＞ forest tourism. The descending order of different forest type was softwood forests(37.86%)＞pine forests(14.79%)＞eucalyptus forests(12.07%)＞fir forests(10.61%)＞shishan shrubbery(7.71%)＞shrubbery economic forests(360%)＞oak forests(3.25%)＞broad leaf forests(2.98%)＞arbor economic forests(269%)＞bamboo forests(255%)＞tushan shrubbery(1.88%)＞mangrove(0.02%). Provide a scientific basis for the protection of ecological environment and accounting of green GDP，as well as quantifying the ecological value of forest resources.

Ecosystem service value supplied by vegetation for avoiding phosphorus pollution within Xijiang River Basin， Guangxi

2015/12/15 14:36:46

The application of 3S technology provides new methodologies for rapid valuation of ecosystem services. On the basis of Geographic Information System（GIS）software package ArcGIS9.2，a model was established to simulate the ecosystem service supplied by the ecosystem within Xijiang River Basin，Guangxi for avoiding the receiving waters from nonpoint source pollution and its economic value. Total phosphorus（TP）was chosen as a pollutant surrogate and the pollutant loading coefficient，as well as the vegetation filtering coefficient of different land use/cover types were used to simulate the spatial patterns of the annual quantity of the pollutant that were prevented from entering the water environment by the vegetation in each cell followed the flow path in watershed in the year 2008. The economic value of the ecosystem service in this model was determined by the expected water quality standard and marginal cost of purifying pollutant. The results showed that the flat regions were the high hydraulic connectivity areas of the watershed of Xijiang River. The farmlands in Guilin，Liuzhou，Nanning，Laibin and Guigang were phosphorus critical source areas（CSA），distributed similarly as the high hydraulic connectivity areas. In 2008，the total of phosphorus prevented from entering the reservoir by vegetation in watershed was 2 673.36 t•a1，which was 73.2% of the total CSA index. Forest contributes most to this ecosystem service value. The total value of the service for avoiding the receiving waters from phosphorus pollution was 34.6244 million yuan.

Community character of Celtis sinensis of Fangshan National Geological Park in Nanjing

2015/12/15 14:36:46

The community character of Celtis sinensis of Fangshan National Geological Park in Nanjing was studied using quadrat survey. The results were as followed:(1)the dominant species of the community was C.sinensis，of which the important value was 44.481%，and there were Broussonetia papyrifera，Castanea seguinii，Zelkova serrata，Quercus acutissima，Ulmus parvifolia and Robinia pseudoacacia in upper layer as main companion tree species； (2)the population structure was simple and there were 15 arborous species at upper layer，and the species diversity indexes of the tree layer were a bit low by analyzed five indices，species richness(S)，ShannonWiener index(H′)，Simpson index(D)，PIE index，Pielou evenness index(J)，and these indexes were 7.429，1.406，0.696，0.054，0.723 by calculation； (3)the diameter class structure of C.sinensis population showed the seedlings numbers of class Ⅰ and Ⅱ were less，so that the young seedlings reservoir was not seriously enough. The ability of selfrenewing of the population was bad，so they tended to atrophy quantitatively and were in the decline； (4)the spatial pattern of seven sampling plots were aggregative distribution through testing clusterintensity coefficient for instance Kvalue of negative binomial，dispersal index(C)，index of dispersion pattern(Iδ)，Cassie index(Ca)，clumping index(I)，index of mean crowding(m*)and index of patchiness(m*/m)，but there were certain difference among seven sampling quadrats in their aggregative degree.

Effects of nitrogen application and rowspacing on canopy structure and yield of fresh waxy maize

2015/12/15 14:36:46

With the same density, the influences of nitrogen application and row spacing on population canopy SPAD, LAI, photosynthetic power, angle and value of leaves, PAR, DIFN,yield and yield components were analyzed. The results showed that SPAD, value of leaves, PAR increased with the increasing nitrogen application amount in the same density and row spacing,but all treamts were distinctive. Angle of leaves decreased with the increasing fertilization；the influences of different fertilization amount on DIFN had little effect, and the difference was not significant,but yield of waxy maize was significant. 12-18 d after pollination,LAI was bigger, photosynthetic power was the strongest with the row spacing 70cm and N3 application,and there was obvious differences in other growth periods.

Eria clavicaulis， a new record of Orchidaceae from Yunnan， China

2015/12/15 14:36:46

Eria clavicaulis Wall.ex Lindl.is reported from China for the first time. This species is characterized by its inflorescence short with two longpedicelled flowers，and two large yellow bracts. It differs from the E.marginatus Rolfe. by its rachis，pedicel plus ovary and sepals glabrous and the lateral lobes bigger than midlobe.

A new name for a new combination of Berberis （Berberidaceae） from China

LI XinHua — 2015/12/15 14:36:46

Berberis and Mahonia are two closely related genera of Berberidaceae. Laferrière formally transferred all specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis in 1997，thus there are many new combinations now. Among them，a new combination，B.bodinieri(Gagnep.)Laferr.（Xiao Guo Shi Da Gong Lao），originally occurred in Guizhou Province of China，was an illegal later homonym，because Léveillé already published B.bodinieri Lév.（Dian Xiao Bo） in 1911，when describing a new species of Berberis from Yunnan Province of China，and by now B.bodinieri Lév.has not been recorded in important monographs on Berberis of China and of the world yet. Therefore，a new name，B.qianensis X.H.Li nom.nov.was proposed to replace B.bodinieri(Gagnep.)Laferr.，a later homonym of B.bodinieri Lév.. Also a brief introduction was given to B.bodinieri Lév.

New records of Gomphostemma （Lamiaceae） in mainland China

2015/12/15 14:36:46

Gomphostemma chinense Oliv.var.cauliflorum C.Y.Wu，Gomphostemma hainanense C.Y.Wu are firstly reported to mainland China.

西双版纳地区钝叶榕的物候变化规律

2015/12/15 11:54:15

桂林尧山桉树及马尾松林秋季土壤碳通量特征

2015/12/15 11:54:15

生物炭添加对土壤呼吸和有机碳含量的影响

2015/12/15 11:54:15

林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片养分特征及其与土壤养分的关系

2015/12/15 11:54:15

念珠藻对岩溶水中Ca^２＋、HCO^３－利用效率实验研究

2015/12/15 11:54:15

遮荫对濒危植物甜菜树光合生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

2015/12/15 11:54:15

中国瑞香科一新记录属———十瓣瑞香属

2015/12/15 11:54:15

入侵植物薇甘菊在广西的分布与危害

2015/12/15 11:54:15

Analyzing variation characteristics of vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)in Guangxi

2015/12/15 11:20:20

Using MOD17A3 data from EOS/MODIS,this article analyzed spatio-temporal characteristics of vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)in Guangxi. The results showed that NPP in 2005 had the lowest value(625 gC·m^-2·a^-1),while 2003 had the largest mean value(714 gC·m^-2·a^-1); and the average annual value of the vegetation NPP was 662 gC·m^-2·a^-1 from 2001 to 2010. The NPP value of different type vegetation showed great differences,for example,the NPP of forests,shrubs and crops was 834,614,517 gC·m^-2·a^-1 respectively. In this decade,annual NPP declined significantly,and the annual average temperature and precipitation had significant effect on NPP,the sunshine time had no significant effect on NPP time changing. The influencing factor of NPP spatial pattern was slope,following by longitude,again to topographical features,latitude,and precipitation. Annual NPP of tropical and subtropical forests and shrub in karst region during this ten years was less than those in non-karst region,but the forest and agricultural vegetation had the opposite trend. Overall,the vegetation NPP was 683 gC·m^-2·a^-1 in non-karst region and 620 gC·m^-2·a^-1 in karst region.

Effects of N and P additions on foliar stoichiometry and photosynthetic characteristics of Potentilla fruiticosa

2015/12/15 11:20:20

In a global context,increasing of nitrogen and phosphorus are affecting the ecosystem biogeochemical cycles,which may have an impact on nutrient retention properties of plants. We studied the potential effects of nutrients additions on foliar nutrient and photosynthetic traits of Potentilla fruiticosa in a sub-alpine meadow,and the relationships between these leaf traits. The treatments involved additions of 5,10 and 15 g·m^-2 nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)alone and combined,respectively,and a control(no nutrient added). The results showed,at the treatment level,N or P addition alone increased N:P ratio(N:P)significantly of P. fruiticosa,but nutrients addition treatments had no significant effect on foliar nitrogen content(N_mass),phosphorus content(P_mass),leaf mass per area(LMA),net photosynthetic rate(P_n)and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency(PNUE). Nutrient levels had significant effect on foliar N_mass,N:P,P_n and PNUE in each treatment,except P_mass and LMA in P addition alone,and there was a decreasing but insignificant trend of LMA with increasing nutrients levels. Across the study,the N_mass was positively correlated with the P_mass(R²=0.347,P<0.001)and the N:P(R²=0.018,P<0.05),while the P_mass was significantly negatively correlated with the N:P(R²=0.505,P<0.001). The LMA had a significantly negative relationship with the P_n(R²=0.02,P<0.05),but a significantly positively one with the PNUE(R²=0.077,P<0.001). In general,these results suggested moderate environmental change would change nutrient retention,photosynthetic capacity and nutritional use strategy of P. fruiticosa.

Quantitative classification and ordination of Stipa purpurea steppe community in source region of the Yangtze River

2015/12/15 11:20:20

The typical Stipa purpurea steppe in the source region of the Yangtze River was selected as subject. Multivariate statistics methods including TWINSPAN, DCA and correlation analysis were used to calculate the data on the basis of investigating a large number of vegetation communities in this region, in order to investigate the community characteristics, community diversity, and the relationship between community and environment factors. The results were as follows:(1)The species composition of S. purpurea steppe in the study area was relatively simple. The dominant families of seed plants were Gramineae and Compositoe, and the dominant areal types of genera were North temperate type;(2)The S. purpurea steppe community in the source region of the Yangtze River could be classified into 4 ecological associations:Ass. Stipa purpurea + Oxytropis densa, Ass. Stipa purpurea + Kengyilia thoroldia, Ass. Stipa purpurea + Carex ivanovae and Ass. Stipa purpurea + Leontopodium humilum;(3)The major environmental factors influenced the distribution of Stipa purpurea steppe ecological associations in source region of the Yangtze River firstly were space factors(altitude, longitude and latitude), then water factors(precipitation, wetness);(4)Ass. Stipa purpurea + Carex ivanovae hold the three highest indexes of the 4 ecological associations in the study area. Both evenness index and Simpson index were influenced by space factors and water factors. The present study proclaim the inner ecological rules of Stipa purpurea steppe in source region of the Yangtze River,and will play a very important role in maintaining the ecosystem equilibrium of ecologically fragile zones

Comparative study on the ability which utilized hydrophytes purify polluted water of river

2015/12/15 11:20:20

The paper explored the purify effects to polluted water on 8 hydrophytes:Acorus calamus,Phragmites australis,Pistia stratiotes,Canna indica,Hydrocotyle vulgaris,Alternanthera bettzickiana,Eichhornia crassipes and Myriophyllum verticillatum,they were setted up for tow groups which were cultivated in pollution water with single species and several species compound planting,and then formed 12 planting units,thereby carried out the comparative study on these hydrophytes purify ability to pollutants of river and compared the removal efficiency and the situation of growth and development. Two groups treatments all had the purification ability to pollutants,with the time extension,the purified efficiency rise gradually to total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),ammonia nitrogen(NH₃-N)and turbidity; the removal efficiency of COD_Mn showed that in the initiate period it was higher,then the efficiency had a little drop,and rise again,reached a high purifying efficiency. In all treaments,about 30%-33.3% treatments made the primary polluted water which TP content was 4 times and TN content was 5-6 times as that of Ⅴ grade water reached Ⅲ grade water level,among 20%-25% of them reached Ⅱ grade water level; other treaments,about 20%-30% made TP,TN content dropped 2-3 times,so that the polluted water reached Ⅴgrade or nearⅤgrade water level. In aspect of ammonia nitrogen content,passed through plants purification,the 58.3% planting units(treaments)had made the polluted water that ammonia nitrogen content was 6-7 times as that of Ⅴgrade water reached Ⅲ grade water level,among of them,about 50% planting units reached Ⅱ grade water level; other about 35% units were purified to approach Ⅴgrade water level. Seen the efficiency in whole,except of exceptional species,the purification efficiency of all group treatments were higher than contrast. In the respect of plant morphology,except of Pistia stratiotes presented some leaves lose,their root,stem and leaves of other plants were increase,showed that these plants adapt to these pollution water. The purification level and effect showed that compound species planting were better and more stable than single species planting,the purification ability of emerged aquatic plants were stronger than floating plants and submerged plants. The research results shall provide the theoretical foundation and reference for establishing the hydrophytes communities which is strong ability to purify pollutants,the landscape effect is better and the structures is stable.

Soil nutrient characteristics of Rhododendron communities at different altitudes in Yunnan

2015/12/15 11:20:20

In order to study the content of Rhododendron soil nutrients among the altitude(2183～3310 m)in Yunnan,we analyzed the characterization of the Rhododendron of soil and discussed the variation of soil nutrient with rising of the altitude. In total,the soil of Rhododendron community in ten different altitudes were collected,and the Rhododendron soil characterization including pH,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium and mineral elements were analyzed in our study. The results were as follows:(1)The Rhododendron soil nutrients in different altitudes were significantly different with the character of stereoscopic change;(2)With the rising of the altitude,the pH,organic matter,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,total manganese,and zinc in the soil of Rhododendron community soil was firstly increased,later decreased and finally increased. While,with the rising of the altitude,conductivity,total dissolved solids,total potassium,total phosphorus and total iron and copper in the soil of Rhododendron community showed firstly decreased,then increased and finally decreased;(3)The organic matter and total nitrogen of R. adenogynum community were higher than other species of Rhododendron at contigeous altitude. The soil nutrients in different altitudes were significant different,and soil nutrients correlated with each other.

Relationships between terrestrial bryophytes and eco-environmental factors in Baihua Mountain National Nature Reserve in Beijing

TIAN Ye-Lin, WANG Wen-He, WANG Tian — 2015/12/15 11:20:20

The method of Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to analyzed the data of terrestrial bryophytes of 37 forest sites in Mt. Baihua. The relationships between the terrestrial bryophytes and the environmental variables were revealed in the biplots of CCA:same forests became a group,forests in similar environment get together,the same forest in different environment became a group and some forest in special environment gather a group. Bassed on the correlation coefficients of the environmental variables with the first two axes,the environmental variables that decided the distribution of the 33 bryophytes were canopy density,shrub coverage,altitude,base and human disturbance. CCA two-dimensional ordination diagram of 37 sites of forests-enviromental factors showed the diversities character between the sites and environmental variables.

Investigation and landscape application evaluation on Carex resources in Beijing

2015/12/15 11:20:20

Carex plant is excellent ground cover plants in city landscape,and plays an important role in the restoration and improvement of ecological environment,this paper in order to understand the wild Carex resources in Beijing,and lay the foundation for Carex plant germplasm breeding. From the spring of 2006 to 2008,we investigated the Carex resources at 20 sites in Beijing. The results showed that Carex was widely spread in various environment,including valley,roadside,field side,hillsides,under thin or thick forests and fringe wetland,which indicated that Carex had very high tolerance to shade,drought,leanness and waterlogging. In total 21 accessions of Carex were collected,and their growth and phenological periods were observed in field plots. According to comprehensive evaluation on their stress tolerance and qualitative traits,three species of Carex(C. leucochlora,C. humilis,C. lanceolata)suitable for grass plant in Beijing were selected.

A new record of Pennilabium(Orchidaceae), P. struthio Carr from China[J]. Guihaia,2014,34(5):670-672 A new record of Pennilabium(Orchidaceae), P. struthio Carr from China

2015/12/15 11:20:20

Pennilabium struthio Carr(Orchidaceae)is reported as a new record from China. The detailed morphological descriptions and photoes are also provided. It is subsimilar to P. yunnanense S. C. Chen & Y. B. Luo,from which it differs by having non-resupinate flowers,elliptic sepals,slightly toothed tip of elliptic-obovate petals,dilate below the narrowly obtuse apex of spur.

Two newly recorded species of Pellionia (Urticaceae)from Vietnam

2015/12/15 11:20:20

Pellionia caulialata S. Y. Liou and P. leiocarpa W. T. Wang(Urticaceae),two species previously known only from China,are newly recorded from Vietnam. They were found in Northern Vietnam,their vouchers are kept in the Herbarium(PE)of Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China and their descriptions are also provided.

Effects of different land-use types on soil enzyme activity in karst mountain areas of Southwest Guangxi

2015/12/15 11:19:55

Five kinds of land use types with the same altitude at a typical rocky desertification mountainous region of Pingguo County in Guangxi were chosen to investigate the changes in soil enzyme activity under different land use in karst mountain areas of Southwest Guangxi. Five kinds of land use included secondary forest(SF),bushwood(B),waste grassland(WG),waste land(WL)and cropland(C). The results showed that different land use types significantly influenced the enzyme activity. Soil urease,proteinase,amylase,alkaline phosphatase,acid phosphatase,peroxidase,polyphenol oxidase and cellulose behaved the same change besides of invertase. The rate order of soil enzyme activity was SF>B>C>WG>WL relatively. With an exception of polyphenol oxidase,soil enzymes with the same land use at wet season were higher than that in dry season on the whole. Correlation analysis showed a significant relation among soil urease,proteinase,amylase,alkaline phosphatase,cellulose,polyphenol oxidase and so on,which also related soil nutrition content with indicators,therefore,soil enzyme could be useful for reflecting soil quality. The significant difference was observed in different land use types owing to special factors such as framing soil micro-environment and plant species composition. Now,human interference was inevitable in this region,in order to realize the healthy development in typical rocky desertification mountainous region of Pingguo County in Guangxi,the soil enzyme changes should be taken into consideration,the land use types with rare disturbance and woodland restoration mode of land use should be chosen as far as possible.

Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow soil properties and enzyme activity in response to fertilization gradients in different seasons

2015/12/15 11:19:55

Different fertilization gradients affect to the soil total nutrient,available nutrients,pH,water content,organic carbon and soil urease activity in alpine meadow in Maqu area were studied. To reveal the alpine meadow soil nutrient and enzyme activity in response to fertilization gradients. The results were as follows:(1)With the increase of fertilization gradients,soil pH tended to reduce obviously,fertilizing caused soil acidification in grassland ecosystem,total phosphorus and rapid available phosphorus increased obviously as the increase of fertilization gradients;(2)Soil total nitrogen,organic carbon and urease activity changed as a single peak curve as the increase of fertilization gradients. It was higher in the fertilizer gradients of 30 or 60 g·m^-2,and the soil resources gradually reduced in the fertilizer gradient of 90 g·m^-2;(3)Seasonal variation had a certain influence on soil nutrients,total nitrogen and total phosphorus content were higher in September,The available nitrogen content was generally lower in September,available phosphorus was lower in May;(4)The influence of fertilizer application on soil nutrients was not simple linear positive correlation. The fertilization gradients of 30-60 g·m^-2 could be used as the best fertilizer levels in alpine meadow. Soil organic carbon and urease activity could be used as the important indicators to measuring soil fertilizer and soil quality in fertilization gradients. High rate of fertilization(≥90 g·m^-2)can be regarded as the threshold to effect the structure and function in alpine meadow,soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity.

Research advances in the relationships between species diversity and invasibility in grassland communities

2015/12/15 11:19:55

This paper reviewed the progress in the relationship between species diversity and invasibility in the grassland communities. At present,the mechanism of scale dependence was mainly used to explain the opposite results of the relationship between species diversity and invasibility. Basing on the analysis of other complex relationships,we speculated that species character,plant regeneration,interspecific interaction and the mechanism of community assembly may be the reason that led to the complex relationships. Several other issues should be integrated into the study to explain the complex relationship,i.e.,the application of species diversity-invasibility relationship in different trophics,the link of the change of community assembly and the species diversity-invasibility relationship,and the effect of time scale on the species diversity-invasibility relationship.

Topography related regeneration dynamics of Fagus hayata during 2006-2011 at Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province

2015/12/15 11:19:55

Fagus hayatae is one of the second class nationally protected plants in China. It is listed by IUCN as an endangered species. Moreover,plant community dominated by F. hayatae is scarce. To explore the regeneration dynamics of F. hayata in Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang,we established 1 hm² dynamic plot in 2006,all woody plants with DBH(diameter at breast height)≥1 cm in the plot were tagged,mapped,measured and identified. Based on data from censuses between 2006 and 2011,the DBH structures and rates of mortality and recruitment were analysed. We built a static life table,and compiled the mortality rate and disappearing curve of F. hayata. Also,we analysed the environmental factors' effects on the growth rates and DBH structure of F. hayata using redundancy analysis(RDA). The results were as follows:(1)A total of 20 stems were recruited and the population size increased by 4.3% in five years;(2)The size class abundances structure represented a reverse J shape,indicating a stable population structure;(3)The mortality rate curve and disappearing curve had similar shape,both with local peaks at the 4^th,6^th and 10^th age classes;(4)The growth of F. hayata was mostly affected by convexity and slope,while less influenced by elevation and aspect.Fagus hayatae is one of the second class nationally protected plants in China. It is listed by IUCN as an endangered species. Moreover,plant community dominated by F. hayatae is scarce. To explore the regeneration dynamics of F. hayata in Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang,we established 1 hm² dynamic plot in 2006,all woody plants with DBH(diameter at breast height)≥1 cm in the plot were tagged,mapped,measured and identified. Based on data from censuses between 2006 and 2011,the DBH structures and rates of mortality and recruitment were analysed. We built a static life table,and compiled the mortality rate and disappearing curve of F. hayata. Also,we analysed the environmental factors' effects on the growth rates and DBH structure of F. hayata using redundancy analysis(RDA). The results were as follows:(1)A total of 20 stems were recruited and the population size increased by 4.3% in five years;(2)The size class abundances structure represented a reverse J shape,indicating a stable population structure;(3)The mortality rate curve and disappearing curve had similar shape,both with local peaks at the 4^th,6^th and 10^th age classes;(4)The growth of F. hayata was mostly affected by convexity and slope,while less influenced by elevation and aspect.

Biological response of Iris pseudacorus leaf and its effect on water purification

2015/12/15 11:19:55

Pot experiment was conducted to study leaf growth of Iris pseudacorus under water logging stress. Five different treatments of the test,and carry out water purification test in the soil. The results were as follows:Flooded depth increased number of leaves decreased significantly,half submerged growth and the most favorable,flooding time on leaf number,leaf length,leaf width and leaf area were significant; Leaf length,width and leaf number with the flooding treatment under the conditions of no significant difference; No significant differences in three growth soil,effect of water was higher than the soil; Planting I. pseudacorus treatment decreased pH was neutral, it could purify the water quality in a certain extent,but the effect of purification of nitrogen and phosphorus was not obvious. The experiment showed that I. pseudacorus the half submergence growth effect was best,the purification effect of nitrogen and phosphorus was not obvious.

Leaf traits and biomass dynamics of modular population in different age classes Artocarpus nanchuanensis seedlings

2015/12/15 11:19:55

SLA,LDMC and modules dynamics of Artocarpus nanchuanensis in Chongqing were studied systematically. The results showed that with the increase of A. nanchuanensis seedling ages,the biomass of the single A. nanchuanensis increased significantly,in which the difference of branch biomass was the biggest,the disparity even to 477.23 times between 2 and 5 age seedlings. The reserved modules biomass generally allocated in the order: branch biomass>leaf biomass>root biomass. The average biomass distribution rate of stem and branch increased generally,leaf ratio decreased,root ratio changed small. It showed that the chance to receive biomass varied among different modules. Branches had priority over stems in this aspect. With the increase of A. nanchuanensis seedling ages,the trend of SLA change was increased firstly,then decreased,and SLA of one-year-old leave was higher than those of two-year-old. At the same time,LDMC increased generally,but LDMC of current year leave was higher than those of one year.

Ichtyoselmis Lidén & Fukuhara(Papaveraceae) ——a new record of Guangxi

2015/12/15 11:19:55

The genus Ichtyoselmis Lidén & Fukuhara(Papaveraceae)and the species I.macrantha(Oliver)Lidén is reported as a new record of Guangxi Province.

A new record of Orchidaceae from mainland China: Gastrochilus somai(Hayata)Hayata

2015/12/15 11:19:55

Gastrochilus somai (Hayata)Hayata,a newly recorded species from Fujian,mainland China,was described and illustrated. The species was discovered in Fujian Province,providing a good material to test the taxonomy between G. somai(Hayata)Hayata and G. japonicas(Makino)Schltr.,and the floristic relationship between mainland China and nearby islands.

Floor lichens species distribution characteristics in Altay Two River Sources Natural Reserve in Xinjiang, China

2015/12/15 10:55:20

The floor lichens species in the Altay Two River Sources Natural Reserve were divided into four different communities based on the species coverage in the 20 different sampling sites. The communities were named according to the dominant floor lichen species and cluster and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were used to analyze and divided communities. Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA)was used to analyze the correlation of floor lichen species with environments. According to the result of multivariate analysis and universal characteristics of habitat,the floor lichens community in forest ecosystem in Altay Two River Sources Natural Reserve can be generalized four types:(1)Peltigera leucophlebia + Cladonia sulphurina+C. chlorophaea community;(2)Stereocaulon tomentosum+ Pneopolydatata+ P. nigripunctata community;(3)Leptogium saturninum+Cladina mitis+Pneopolydotata membranacea community;(4)Cetraria nivalis + C. borealis + Paphthosa community. The results reflected a certain correlation of the distribution of floor lichen species with different altitude,canopy density,soil humidity,soil pH and shrub coverage in the study area.

Pollen dispersal patterns of the endangered plant Pinus dabeshanensis in a seed production stand

2015/12/15 10:55:20

Pinus dabeshanensis is a typical wind-pollinated plant,of which the pollen dispersal makes a crucial composition of the gene flow. The pollen dispersal and its spatial distribution in seed production stand of P. dabeshanensis by using traditional paraffin section method were investigated,and the relationship among meteorological factors,planting density and the pollen dispersal pattern analyzed. The results showed the pollen begins to disperse in the middle of May,with a period of 14 days and the peak dispersal of 3 days. Moreover,the pollen density of smaller planting density on the downhill slope seems higher than that of the uphill slope where had a higher plantation density. Furthermore,the maximum pollen density per day was between 10:00 a. m. and 14:00 p. m.; and the higher pollen density was at the upper part of plants,the highest density was at 50 m from the pollen source. Therefore,we suggest to transplant plants from higher density for promoting the flower bud development and improving the seed quality.

Carbon storage of poplar plantations in upper and middle reaches of Huangpu River, Shanghai

2015/12/15 10:55:20
Poplar tree is a fast growing and strong adaptability tree species,which is one of the important tree species used for fast-growing forest silviculture in our country. In this study,poplar plantations were studied and allometric equations for different organs such as root,trunk,bark,branch and foliage of poplar tree were established in the upper and middle reaches of Huangpu River. The carbon storage of tree biomass,forest floor and soils(0-50 cm)were estimated in three 9 year-old stands. The results showed that there was a significantly relationship between individual biomass and the diameter at breast height for the allometric equation in each organs,with the coefficient of determination(R²=0.96-0.99,P<0.001). Total carbon storage in the poplar tree stands was 90.9 t·hm^-2. In the total carbon storage of the poplar tree stands,tree biomass carbon storage proportionally accounted for 36.6%,and each organs ranked as:trunk>root>branch>bark>foliage. The forest floor was accounted 1.7%. The soil was the biggest part which accounted 61.6%. This result indicated that the poplar young plantations currently were at fast-growing stage,which had an important role for carbon sequestration management in Shanghai.

Experimental research of phytoremediation properties about Phytolacca acinosa on Mn-contaminated soil

2015/12/15 10:55:20
Phyloalcca acinosa found in the territory of China is a kind of perennial and herbaceous manganese hyperaccumulator plant. In order to achieve the best effect of repairment, the potential of P. acinosa for removal of manganese in soil were evaluated, and confirmed the optimal harvest time, used by the indoor test of earth culture. The results showed that P. acinosa could transport Mn in soil to its aerial part. The Mn concentration in its leaves was the maximum, its average value was 17 043 mg/kg DW, and much greater than the average value of Mn concentration in its stems and roots separately. The average enrichment capacity of single plant reached the highest value when the concentration was 500 mg/kg DW. One Phyloalcca acinosa could enriched 13 mg Mn averagely. It was determinated that its best harvest time was 60 d in the dynamic experiment, the foot end's biomass of P. acinosa which was reaped in different time had unconspicuous diversity(P>0.05), while the aerial part had a bigger diversity. Sequential harvest wouldn't change the biological concentration ability of P. acinosa to Mn. These results indicated that P. acinosa had a strong accumulation ability to manganese, and it was a kind of excellent species to repair Mn-contaminated soil. This was significant for the treatment of heavy metal pollution of soil and the improvement of database in the field of phytoremediation.

Microsatellites primer development for Ottelia acuminata (Hydrocharitaceae), a submerged macrophyte endemic to southwestern China

2015/12/15 10:10:33
Ottelia acuminata(Gagnepain)Dandy(Hydrocharitaceae),is a submerged monocot endemic to southwestern China. Using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats(FIASCO)protocol,nine polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified by the genotyping of forty-five individuals from three natural populations. The number of alleles(N_A)per locus within populations varied from one to three. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.933 and 0.000 to 0.605,respectively. These microsatellite primers can be used in future studies on the phylogeography and ecological genetics of O. acuminata.

Reproductive allocation of three sympatric Comastoma(Gentianaceae)species

2015/12/15 10:10:33
Resource allocation strategy is central to plant life-history theory and thus receive extensive attention of ecologists and evolutionists. However,there are few research about the resource allocation strategies of sympatric species of the same genus. We studied the plant traits and reproductive allocation of three sympatric Comastoma species which are all alpine annual herbs of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Our results were as follows:(1)there were significant differences in plant height,flower number every plant,top flower size and reproductive allocation among three species due to their different mating systems,habitats and life-history strategies;(2)in all three species,there was positive relationship between resource allocation of vegetative organs and reproductive organs,and no trade-off between vegetative growth and reproduction was found;(3)the reproductive investment increased but the proportion of reproduction(reproductive allocation)decreased with increased individual size,which was consistent with the previous conclusions,indicating size-dependency of reproductive allocation and this might be resultant from the allometric relationship between reproductive allocation and individual size.

Flowering phenology and reproductive features of the Epimedium pubescens in Jincheng Mountain

2015/12/15 10:10:34
This paper studied phenological characteristics of Epimedium pubescens in three different habitats and its effected on reproductive success by using field observations. The results showed that the flowering span of the population,individual,inflorescence and single flowering were approximately 22-34,31-41,9-18 and 4-8 d,respectively. The flowering amplitudes curves of E. pubescens individual plant in three samples were basically identical, and showed a single peak concentration blossom style. The correlation analysis among the first flowering date,duration,flower number and fruit number showed that there was negative correlation between fruit number and first flowering date and a positive correlation to flower number and duration.

Composition and dynamics of seed rain in four species of Fagaceae in Qinling Mountains

2015/12/15 10:10:34
The composition and dynamic of seed rain is a key stage in plant regeneration. From August to December in 2011 and 2012,the seed rain of four Fagaceae species(Castanea mollissima,Quercus variabilis,Q. aliena,Q. glandulifera)were investigated in the Foping Nature Reserve in southern slope of Qinling Mountains. The results were as follows:(1)The seed rain of these four species began in the middle of August,and finished in the end of November. The fall peaks of seed rain were in late September to middle October,and the fall peak of each seed rain category in C. mollissima was earlier than other three species;(2)Whether in 2011 or 2012,there were significant differences in each seed rain category dynamics among Q. variabilis,Q. aliena and Q. glandulifera,but each seed rain category dynamic in C. mollissima was not significantly different;(3)There were significant differences in seed rain dynamics of these four species between years,and the seed rain density of each category was higher in 2011 than in 2012(except for Q. variabilis). This result conjectured that 2011 might be the relatively mast seeding year for these species.

Interspecific relationship of rare and endangered Ulmus lamellosa community in Taiyue Moutain of Shanxi

2015/12/15 10:10:34
The study area Shigao Mountain located in the northern end of National Forest Park in Taiyue Mountain,which is a concentrated distribution area of Ulmus lamellosa in China. Based on 2×2 contingency table,and by using χ²-test,Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation,this paper studied the interspecific relationship of dominant species in U. lamellosa community in Taiyue Mountain. Variance analysis showed that the interspecific correlations of tree layer and shrub layer of U. lamellosa community were not significant. It reflected that there was a certain relationship between species in the region,but there were still independent distribution patterns. Different test results indicated that most species pairs in the tree layer and the shrub layer did not show significant association,which might be related to the serial stage of the forest and the ecological characteristics of the species. The forest was developing to the stable stage.

Interspecific relationship of dominant shrub species in Yunqiu Mountain area

2015/12/15 10:10:34
With important value matrix and 2×2 list of 69 shrub samples as the foundation,with variance ratio method,x²-test,Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient and real station, the relevance of 20 dominant species and 190 species pairs were studied in Yunqiu Mountain area. The results of variance ratio showed that 20 dominant species overall displayed significant positive correlation. The community structure and species composition would gradually tend to perfect and stable. The x²-test,Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient showed that most of the species pairs association did not reach significant level,species correlation were relatively loose. And it showed that the shrub community was the stabile in Yunqiu mountain area. According to the adaptation way of 20 dominant population to the environment and leading ecological factors aided by PCA sorting, they were divided into two ecological species group, which revealed the dominant species of the region's major relationship with the environment.

Analysis on the growth characteristics of Eupatorium catarium in different types of habitats

2015/12/15 10:10:34
Morphological characteristics such as LA,SLA,LDMC and plant height,biomass and biomass distribution and population quantitative trait of Eupatorium catarium such as population coverage and density,were determinated to study the differences of morphological characteristics,biomass and biomass distribution and population quantitative trait of E. catarium in farmland,wastelands Eucalyptus forest and roadside 4 different kinds of habitats. The results were as followed:Light and soil nutrients had significant influence on the morphological characteristics,biomass and biomass distribution and population quantitative trait of E. catarium,indicating that E. catarium in low-light but high soil nutrient habitats had larger LA,SLA and plant height, but smaller leaf LDMC and fewer plants inflorescence. Biomass of E. catarium was mainly allocated to the leaf and stem organs,but limited to the root and the flower organ. Whereas,LA,SLA and plant height of E. catarium in high-light but low soil nutrient habitats were smaller,but leaf LDMC lager. Biomass of E. catarium was mainly allocated to the root and the flower organs. Population traits such as population coverage,density,biomass and height are smaller,indicating poor population growth. High-light and high soil nutrient habitats was optimum habitat for E. catarium,in which morphological indicators of E. catarium such as plant height,base diameter,crown width and number of inflorescences,as well as the population traits such as population coverage,density and biomass were larger,indicating better population growth.

Gomphostemma mastersii, a newly recorded species of Gomphostemma (Labiatae)from China

2015/12/15 10:10:34
Gomphostemma mastersii Benth. ex Hook. f.,a newly recorded species of Labiatae from China, is reported,an amplified description and related photos are provided. G. mastersii is the only species with fusiform roots in the genus Gomphostemma.

Pteridophyte flora in Taibaishan Nature Reserve of Shaanxi Province

2015/12/15 10:10:34
Pteridophyte floras in Taibaishan Natural Reserve were studied,and the results were as follows:there were 110 species of ferns belonging to 39 genera and 21 families. The dominant families and genera were obvious. In the area,the dominant families were Athyriaceae,Dryopteridaceae,Polypodiaceae and the dominant genera were Selaginella,Adiantum,Polystichum,Asplenium,Dryopteris and Lepisorus. The families geogrophical elements belonged to world distribution accounting for 47.6% of the total in this area,the general geogrophical elements were dominanted by temperate composition occupying about 58.3% of all the generals and the species' covers also temperate composition with the proportion of 48.2% in all. On the aspect of geographical kinship,they were closely related to Funiushan in Henan and Hualongshan in Shaanxi,less closely with Tangjiahe in Sichuan,Wulushan in Shanxi,Songshan in Beijing,Maojingba in Hebei,Shennongjia in Hubei,and had a distant relation to Hupingshan in Hunan,Qilianshan in Gansu,ultimately,the farhermost one is Nanhuashan in Ningxia.

Floristic composition and ecological characteristics of ferns in a tropical dipterocarp rainforest in Mengla, Xishuangbanna

LI Bao-Gui — 2015/12/14 17:22:08
Based on ecological plot surrey and statistical analysis,the species composition and ecological characteristics of the ferns in the dipterocarp rain forest in Mengla,southern Yunnan were studied. In a 1 hm² sampling plot(4 subplots of 50 m×50 m,with 400 small quadrats of 5 m×5 m),48 species with 13 159 individuals were recorded. In ecological characteristics,40 species of non epiphytical ferns had 22.45% coverage of the plot area,but lack of species with high coverage. Tectaria fuscipes,Bolbitis heteroclita,Tectaria polymorpha had high frequency distributions,and Bolbitis heteroclita,Tectaria polymorpha,T. fuscipes,Diplazium dilatum,Pteridrys cnemidaria,Tectaria herpetocoulos contributed 86.31% of important values in the plot. They were the representatives of the ferns in the dipterocarp forest. In life forms,hemicryptophytes contributed 80% of the total species. The species with chartaceous leaves made up 54.17% of the total species,and herbaceous leaves made up 27.08%. In leaf types,the species with pinnate leaves contributed to 89.58% of the total species. Compared to the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest with 1 hm² sampling area in Xishuangbanna,the number and dominance of fern species in the dipterocarp rain forest were conspicuously more. The different altitude and habitats were the main factors to species composition and their populations. The results could be helpful to make comparison with other tropical forests.

Effects of tree height on sap flow, whole-tree transpiration and time lag of Schima superba

2015/12/14 17:22:09
Plantation area has been increasing in recent years,which is not the only effective solution for the social consequences caused by forest deforestation but also plays an important role in solving many environmental problems,like erosion control and carbon dioxide reduction. It has great significance for plantation growth,restoration and management by understanding their transpiration efficiency and growth characteristic of plantation. In order to do that,sap flow of 12 trees were measured in a Schima superba plantation in South China. All sample trees were grouped according to height into three ranks:dominant tree,intermediate tree and suppressed tree. Cross-correlation analysis was performed to estimate time lag between sap flux density and PAR measurement being a substitute for canopy transpiration at this site. It showed that in those days with similar environmental conditions,daily courses of sap flow trends at breast height were similar among all the trees. No matter at daily or monthly scale,the sap flux density and whole-tree transpiration of all measured trees were ranked as:dominant tree>intermediate tree>suppressed tree; and at the seasonal scale,the amount of transpiration was higher in wet season than that in dry season. The time lag showed significant variation across different ranges of height,in which time lag of dominant tree and intermediate tree was 20 min,and that of suppressed tree was 50 min. It did not show any significant variation in different seasons,and the differences of time lag in the same height rank were less than 10 min in both wet and dry seasons. This suggested that the soil moisture was relatively sufficient in the dry season in South China,and that the hydraulic resistance of sapwood was not altered by decline of soil moisture and the long distance of conductive pathway. In our site,the time lags of the taller dominant trees and intermediate trees were short with high amount of transpiration and little transport resistance because they took a favorable position in the stand. However,the time lag of the shorter suppressed trees was large with fewer amounts of transpiration due to great transport resistance. They not only could not acquire sufficient resources of water and light for photosynthesis,but also returned limited photosynthate to the root system belowground. The non-uniform nutrient cycle resulted in obvious differentiations within the S. superb,and consequently the suppressed trees would be eliminated from the stand. This paper pointed out that suppressed trees which grow smaller and weaker could be cut regularly in the later growth stage of Schima superb. It could increase the resource distribution of enough water and light for plant photosynthesis,and that improved the stand quality and increases stand productive capacity.

Effects of simulated acid rain on soil organic carbon fractions in southern subtropical forests

2015/12/14 17:22:10
Soil carbon cycling is one of the important links in soil ecosystem,while the soil ecosystem is the final acceptor of the acid rain. Thus,the acid rain will have dramatic impacts on the stability of soil organic carbon and even the forest soil carbon cycling. Soil is also the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystem,and stores approximately 1 500 Pg of C in the upper meter of soil. Even a small change of the contents can result in a significant consequence on carbon cycling in forest. The readily oxidation organic carbon(ROC),as one of the liable soil organic carbon fractions,is more sensitive to environmental changes and its turnover rate is faster than other stable soil organic carbon. Consequently,ROC is considered as an early indicator of changes in total soil organic carbon(TOC). However,there have been very few studies on the fractions of soil organic carbon(liable and stable organic carbon)in response to the acid rain at home and abroad,despite the fact that acid rain has recently become a serious environmental threat in this region. In this paper,four gradients of simulated acid rain(SAR)treatments were designed[control(natural lake water,pH4.5±0.3),pH4.0,pH3.5,pH3.0] to investigate the effects of simulated acid rain on soil organic carbon fractions,including total soil organic carbon,readily oxidation organic carbon and non-readily oxidation organic carbon(NROC),in three forests[i.e. a pine forest(PF),a mixed conifer and broadleaf forest(MF)and broadleaved forest(BF)] of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in southern China. The acidic solutions were used a mixture of H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ in a 1:1 mole ratio to the natural lake water. Results showed that ROC,NROC and TOC in the topsoil(0-20 cm)varied with types of forest: MF >BF>PF. After 25 months' SAR treatments,the pH values in the forest topsoil reduced gradually with the increase of acidity,and presented a trend toward increasing soil acidification with SAR. This phenomenon was in consistent with results from other researchers at Dinghushan Nature Reserve. Meanwhile,the concentrations of ROC in BF(7.14 g·kg^-1 for CK,8.29 g·kg^-1 for pH4.0,8.74 g·kg^-1 for pH 3.5,9.84 g·kg^-1 for pH3.0),MF(8.58 g·kg^-1 for CK,8.53 g·kg^-1 for pH4.0,10.28 g·kg^-1 for 3.5,10.36 g·kg^-1 for pH3.0)and PF(3.90 g·kg^-1 for CK,4.49 g·kg^-1 for pH4.0,4.74 g·kg^-1 for pH3.5,5.48 g·kg^-1 for pH3.0),which indicated ROC increased gradually with the decrease of treatment pH value in all forests. Meanwhile,the percentage of ROC to total soil organic carbon was also increased. However,due to the relative stability of soil total organic carbon,the concentrations of TOC and NROC were not significantly different among the four treatments in all forests(P>0.05). The results indicated that the ROC was more sensitive to long-term acid rain treatment,and would have negative effects on the accumulation of soil organic carbon. However,more long-term investigations are needed in order to validate the role of acid rain on soil organic carbon storage.

Characteristics of nutrient contents and storages in Castanopsis hystrix and Betula alnoides

2015/12/14 17:22:10
Nutrient elements in different organs of the plant and different contents or storages of nutrient elements in the same organs,not only reflect the plant's own biological characteristics,but also reflect the plant under certain habitats capacity to absorb and accumulation of mineral from soil. To illustrate the characteristics of nutrient element contents and storages of different valuable local forestation hardwood species in the southern subtropical area of China,we studied the contents and storages of five nutrient elements(N,P,K,Ca and Mg)in Castanopsis hystrix and Betula alnoides from the Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry located in Pingxiang,Guangxi. We have got some meaningful results from collecting plant samples,laboratory test and statistical analysis method. The total contents of these five nutrient elements in different organs of Castanopsis hystrix and Betula alnoides were in the order of leaf>fine root>twig>medium root>thick root>bark>root tip>stem. The contents of N and K were the highest among the five elements,followed by Ca and Mg,while P was the lowest in various organs of the two trees. The contents of N and P in leaf were significantly higher than those in other organs for Castanopsis hystrix and Betula alnoides(P<0.05),and the two trees were defined as the P limited plants based on the N:P ratio in the leaf. In addition to root tip,the total storage amounts of nutrient elements in different organs of the two trees in order were stem>twig>bark>leaf>thick root>fine root>medium root. The nutrient utilization efficiency of Castanopsis hystrix was slightly higher than that of Betula alnoides. The study revealed that the nutritional requirements of Castanopsis hystrix and Betula alnoides would provide theoretical basis for adjusting and improving the two trees growing environment,as well as making forest land nutrient management strategies.

Habenaria vidua,a new recorded of Orchidaceae from Yunnan,China[J].Guihaia,2015,35(1):75-76 Habenaria vidua, a new recorded of Orchidaceae from Yunnan, China

2015/12/14 17:22:11
Habenaria vidua E. C. Parish & Rchb. f(Orchidaceae)is reported from China for the first time. The species is characterized by its special habitat on limestone. It differs from the H. tonkinensis Seidenfaden by its green lateral sepals and lip,and the side-lobes of lip sticking up.

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