Liriodendron chinense. Three full-length cDNA of DHHC gene were cloned from Liriodendron leaf buds using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE)strategy, named LcPAT7, LcPAT22 and LcPAT23 respectively. The full-length cDNAs of LcPAT7, LcPAT22 and LcPAT23 were 1 933 bp, 2 592 bp and 2 217 bp, and contain 1 332 bp, 1 839 bp and 1 662 bp ORF, encoding 433, 612 and 533 amino acids, respectively. The predicted molecular weights of the proteins encoded by LcPAT7, LcPAT22 and LcPAT23 were 40.04, 67.3 and 60.57 kDa, respectively. The predicted isoelectric points are 9.15, 9.03 and 7.29, respectively. All the three proteins contained four putative transmembrane(TM)domain structures, and contained a typically DHHC-CRD domain between TM2 and TM3 as most known DHHC protein. Homology analysis showed that the three genes showed high similarity with predicted PAT(protein S-acyltransferase)of other plants. Tissue expression profile by Real-time PCR showed that all the three genes were expressed in various tissues, although the expression levels varied significantly in different tissues. Changes in gene expression patterns in the same gene family indicated their functionally non-redundancy. These results above will provide clues for exploring the underlying mechanism of gene regulation on growth, development, morphogenesis and signal transduction of stress response in L. chinense.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 XU Jia-Juan, LI Huo-Gen 63true Akebia trifoliata by using the RT-PCR technique(designated as AktrPHYA1, GenBank accession number: KP864055), which consists of 3 496 bp, with a 3 426-bp open reading frame(ORF)encoding a 1 141-amino-acid protein. The N-terminal of AktrPHYA1 is dedicates for light acceptation and contains a GAF domain and a phytochrome domain. The C-terminal is a light-regulated region, and is comprised of two PAS domains, a His Kinase A domain and a Histidine kinase-like ATPase domain. The homology protein alignment showed that the AktrPHYA1 shared 83% and 82% identities with the PHYAs from Nelumbo nucifera and Aquileqia formosa, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that monocots and dicots gathered into two branches. In the dicots, Akebia trifoliate, Nelumbo nucifera and Aquileqia formosa clustered together, indicating they are closely genetically related. Expression analysis indicated that AktrPHYA1 was detected in all tissues under investigation, including leaves, stems, male and female flowers and seeds. It was the most strongly expressed in seeds, whereas the most weakly in leaves. The expression pattern implied the likely roles of AktrPHYA1 in Akebia trifoliata. This work will provide information for further research of its functions in plants.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 1,2, HAN Xing-Jie², LIAO Liang², XU Ling-Ling^2*]]> LI Hui-Li^1,2, HAN Xing-Jie², LIAO Liang², XU Ling-Ling^2* 62true Pinus massoniana from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guizhou provinces. Of the 100 primers screened,12 primers were selected and they generated 92 stable bands, among which 86 bands were polymorphic. The result of POPGENE indicated that Nei' s gene diversities(h)at population level were from 0.182 4 to 0.206 5, Shannon's information indexes(I)at population level were from 0.281 8 to 0.317 8, which suggested that the polymorphism level of three populations had small differences. At species level, the percentage of polymorphic bands(PPB)were 93.48%, Nei's gene diversities(H)was 0. 284 2, Shannon's information index(I)was 0.438 1. All those showed that P. massoniana had a higher genetic diversity at the species level. The analysis of genetic structure indicated that the average coefficient gene differentiation(Gst)was 0.315 3, which implied most of genetic variation appeared inner population. And the average number of the gene flow was 1.085 3, which indicated that there were a certain degree of gene exchanges between each population of P. massoniana. The result of AMOVA showed that the genetic differentiation index was 0.246(P=0.001), which indicated that the genetic differentiation was evident among different populations although there were gene exchanges between them. The UPGMA clustering and Mantel test showed that every individual inner population was first gathered for a branch. And there was significant correlation between the genetic distance and geographical distance among these three populations(r=0.972, P=0.001). Therefore, it was concluded from above that the P. massoniana was at a higher level of genetic diversity in gymnosperms; and the majority of genetic variation distributed within population; and the genetic differentiation from different populations of P. massoniana was hardly associated with the genetic drift but maybe caused by the difference from geographical and ecological environments. This study will provide theoretical reference and scientific basis for genetic improvement and plant introduction of P. massoniana.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 1,2,3, DING Gui-Jie^1,2*]]> DU Ming-Feng^1,2,3, DING Gui-Jie^1,2* 61true Triticum aestivum cv. Huaimai 19)were treated in the rotating magnetic field with 11 mT for different times(10, 20, 30 and 60 min), and non-treatment was designed as the control CK. The seed germination potential, germination rate, germination index, plant height, root length, root number, leaf number, dry weight and fresh weight were observed in the study. The results indicated that the treatment of rotating magnetic field for different times could significantly improve wheat seed germination potential, germination rate and germination index. With the increase of time, these germination indexes showed initial increase and then subsequent decrease. The best treatment time was 30 min, where the seed germination potential, germination rate, germination index were more than the control by 8.24%, 7.37% and 11.24%. Treatment of rotating magnetic field could stimulate the development of wheat root system. Root length and root number were significantly higher than the control. It also could accelerate the growth of wheat seedling. Among all the treatments, except for the treatment for 60 min, plant height was significantly higher than the control, and the highest appeared in the treatment for 30 min, which was 11.13% more than the control; Except for the treatment for 10 min, the number of leaves was higher than the control, and the highest appeared in the treatment for 30 min, which was significantly higher than the control by 38.89%. By the treatment of rotating magnetic field for different times, wheat seedling aboveground fresh and dry biomass, underground fresh and dry biomass were higher than the control, and biomass of wheat seedlings showed a low-high-low tendency with the increase of time. The highest appeared in the treatment for 20 min, which were significantly higher than the control. In conclusion, appropriate range of rotating magnetic field has positive effects on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 *]]> HE Zheng-Ting, JIAN Xing-Liang^* 60true Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey' is a species of orchid with high ornamental value and strong market competitiveness. Gene engineering breeding technology provides an effective way for the genetic improvement of ornamental plants. And callus is an ideal transformation receptor. Up to now, callus induction and plant regeneration of Onciudium have been successfully achieved using stem segment, root tip and shoot tip. But there are some shortcomings for these in vitro regeneration systems, such as low frequency and long period of callus induction, difficulty in maintaining embryogenic state of callus, etc. In this research, for the first time protocorm-like bodies of Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey' were used as explants for callus induction and plant regeneration. The effects of different concentrations and combinations of TDZ and 2,4-D on callus proliferation were investigated. The results showed that 1/2MS medium supplemented with 1 mg·L^-1 TDZ and 3 mg·L^-1 2,4-D could promote the induction of whitish and friable callus, the induction rate was 100%. The proliferation rate of callus was mainly affected by the concentration of TDZ, while the callus subculture medium consisted of TDZ in combination with 2,4-D at the concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 mg ·L^-1. When the concentration of TDZ decreased from 1.0 to 0.5 mg·L^-1, proliferation rate of the callus fresh weigh increased significantly. And the optimal medium for callus proliferation contained 1/2MS basal medium, 0.5 mg·L^-1 TDZ and 1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. After four weeks of subculture in the dark, the highest proliferation rate of the callus fresh weigh, which was 6.04 folds, appeared on the optimal medium, while the lowest proliferation rate of the callus fresh weigh, which was 4.50 folds, appeared on the medium containing 1/2MS basal medium, 1.0 mg·L^-1 TDZ and 2.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. The callus subcultured on the optimal proliferation medium for about one month were transferred to T2 medium(3.5 g·L^-1 Hyponex 1 + 20 g·L^-1 sweet potato + 25 g·L^-1 banana + 1 g·L^-1 tryptone + 20 g·L^-1 sucrose + 3.5 g·L^-1 phytagel)and cultured in the dark for PLBs induction. Approximately, 1 328.67 protocorm-like bodies could be generated in one month from an initial culture of 1 g callus fresh weight. Subsequently, the cultures transferred onto the fresh T2 medium. The germination rate of protocorm-like bodies was as high as 90.12% after one month of culture under the light. When transplanted on 1/2MS medium supplemented with 1 g·L^-1active carbon, all shoots became healthy plants after two months. In this study, the callus induction and plant regeneration system of Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey' with high frequency was successfully developed to provide an efficient and stable transformation receptor system for the genetic transformation of Oncidium.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 *, LU Yu]]> HUANG Xia^*, LU Yu 59true (Phaseolus vulgaris )leaves under NaCl stress. The results showed that treatment with NaCl caused a significant decrease in the ratio of F_v/F_m(the potential maximal photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ), F_v'/F_m'(the maximum quantum efficiency of PS Ⅱ photochemistry at illumination ), Y(Ⅱ)(effective photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ photosynthetic), qP(photochemical quenching coefficient), and ETR(the rate of non-cyclic electron transport through PS Ⅱ), but the levels of qN(non-photochemical quenching)and NPQ(non-photochemical quenching)were significantly increased. These results suggested that NaCl stress caused the decrease of the photochemical efficiency of bean leaves and dissipation of light energy. However, the application of exogenous ATP effectively mitigated the decreases of F_v/F_m, F_v'/F_m', Y(Ⅱ), qP and ETR and mitigated the increases of qN and NPQ under NaCl stress. These results suggest that exogenous ATP can improve the photochemical efficiency of photo-system Ⅱ when plants were subjected to NaCl stress.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 *]]> SHI Dai-Long, TIAN Wu-Ying, JIAO Qing-Song, WANG Qing-Wen, FENG Han-Qing, JIA Ling-Yun^* 58true Emmenopterys henryi of different ages, and analyzed the correlations between phenological indices and reproductive modular were in this paper. The results showed that the florescence of E. henryi single flower was 5-9 d, with an average of 6.79 d. With the increasing ages of the E. henryi mother trees, they grown exponentially. For the E. henryi trees of different ages, the first-flowering date was quite different, but the flower fading date was almost the same. As the trees getting old, the first-flowering date came earlier, and therefore the florescence was getting longer. The first-flowering date of 20-50 years old trees was August 9th, whose florescence was 36 d, which was the shortest in all the E. henryi mother trees different ages. In comparison, the first-flowering date of 110-140 years old trees was July 15th, whose florescence was 61 d. For a single E. henryi mother tree, the number of flowers and flower branches, as well as the total fruits amounts significantly increased with the age of the mother tree increased; the number of flowers showed the same changing trend as above as the mother tree getting old; however the number of fruits per branch increased firstly and then decreased as the age of the mother tree increased; the number of flower branches per tree and number of flowers per branch represented the same changing trend on the canopy, the order of which was south > east or west > north of the canopy, upper > middle > bottom crown, while the fruit number per branch showed different trend, the order of which was east > south > west > north of the canopy, middle > bottom > upper crown. The common phenomenon of the E. henryi was that flowering number was extremely larger than that of the fruits. The correlation analysis between the flowering phenology indices and the number of reproductive module showed that, the florescence was extremely significantly related with the number of flower branches, total flower and fruit amounts respectively; the first-flowering date was significantly negatively correlated with the number of the productive module, while the phonological indices represent significant correlations with the age of E. henryi tree.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 1*, LI Mei¹, LIN Sheng², XIE Peng²]]> GUO Lian-Jin^1*, LI Mei¹, LIN Sheng², XIE Peng² 57true Gentiana crassicaulis and in the growing soil in 20 regions of Yunnan Province. The relationship between inorganic elements in G. crassicaulis and that in the growing soil was evaluated. The contents of inorganic elements in G. crassicaulis and in soil were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and flame photometry. The results showed that inorganic elements content in G. crassicaulis presented K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu regular distribution. The correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that inorganic elements K, Cu, Ca and Zn were the characteristic elements of G. crassicaulis. K in G. crassicaulis had very significantly negative correlation with available Zn in soil; Ca in G. crassicaulis had significantly positive correlation with available Mn in soil; Ca in G. crassicaulis had significantly positive correlation with available Cu in soil; Mg in G. crassicaulis had very significantly positive correlation with exchangeable Ca in soil; Mg in G. crassicaulis also had very significantly positive correlation with exchangeable Mg in soil; Fe in G. crassicaulis had very significant positive correlation with available Fe in soil; Mn in G. crassicaulis had very significant negative correlation with exchangeable Ca in soil; Mn in G. crassicaulis had very significant negative correlation with exchangeable Mg in soil; Cu in G. crassicaulis had significant negative correlation with available K in soil; Cu in G. crassicaulis had significant negative correlation with available Zn in soil; Cu in G. crassicaulis had significant positive correlation with available Fe. The biggest factor affecting inorganic element in G. crassicaulis was available Ca in soil, followed was available Fe and available Cu, and finally was available Mn in soil. This research on G. crassicaulis medicinal herbs and its growth soil inorganic element correlation in 20 regions of Yunnan Province, provided reference for the choice of suitable cultivation area, for G. crassicaulis medicinal materials quality evaluation, from the viewpoint of the inorganic elements and G. crassicaulis resources reasonable use. This result will provide a reference to evaluate the quality of G. crassicaulis from inorganic elements and for reasonable utilization of G. crassicaulis resources and its GAP research.]]> 2016/10/6 0:12:02 1, CHEN Xing-Fu^2*, TANG Qiong¹, LIU Su-Jun¹, CHENG Ying¹, YANG Xiao-Rong¹]]> SONG Jiu-Hua¹, CHEN Xing-Fu^2*, TANG Qiong¹, LIU Su-Jun¹, CHENG Ying¹, YANG Xiao-Rong¹ 56true α,β-unsaturated aldehyde compounds are toxic to plant cells. Therefore, elimination of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde compounds is vital for plant cells to maintain normal life activities. In previous reports, the Arabidopsis At3g04000 gene was identified as encoding a NADPH-dependent chloroplastic aldehyde reductases(AtChlADRs)by enzyme activity assay in vitro and subcellular localization analyse in spiderwort cells. And it was proposed to play important role in scavenging α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons(C≥5)in chloroplasts. To further analysis the roles of At3g04000 gene, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a ProAt3g04000:GUS for analysis of its expression pattern, a At3g04000-EGFP translational fusion for subcellular localization analysis, and 35S:At3g04000 for overexpression of At3g04000 gene. We also used quantitative real time PCR to investigate the transcription of At3g04000 gene during the developmental process of Arabidopsis. The results showed that the transcription of At3g04000 gene was detected in all examined tissues. The highest transcription level of At3g04000 gene was detected in Arabidopsis seedlings, relative high level of At3g04000 gene transcripts were also detected in rosette leaf, cauline leaf, inflorescence and silique, while in root and stem the transcription level of At3g04000 gene was very weak. The results of GUS staining in ProAt3g04000: GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants were in consistency with the results of the quantitative real time PCR analysis. Strong GUS staining was found in vascular tissues and guard cells of cotyledon, rosette leaf and sepal, and weak GUS staining was found in vascular tissues of root. To analyze the subcellular localization of the At3g04000 gene encoded protein, the At3g04000-EGFP transgenic Arabidopsis seedling was observed by confocal microscopy. The results showed that At3g04000 gene encoded protein was not localized in chloroplast, but localized in cytoplasm and nucleus. This study provides tools for further study of the roles of At3g04000 gene in Arabidopsis.]]> 2016/7/12 14:36:43 *]]> BAO Shu-Guang, WEI Qing-Qing, LIU Zhi-Kang, NIE Xiang, MEN Shu-Zhen^* 55true 1, F₂, genotype and plant height analysis of fertile F₂, fertility identification and plant height, tassel length, internode number and internode length analysis of sister cross off-springs were done. Meanwhile, gibberellins were applied on sister cross off-springs, fertility and plant height of which were examined. The results were as follows: The plant height difference of F₁ at the background of 178 and 478 which was significant was the same with that between 178 and 478; Sterile plant height was significantly lower than fertile plant height in F₂ at the background of 178 or 478, and the difference of sterile plant heights was not significant in F₂ at the background of 178 and 478, while the difference of fertile plant heights was significant; In fertile F₂ at the background of 178 or 478 of which the off-springs' fertility separated, the difference between homozygous and heterozygous plant heights was all not significant; In sister cross off-springs, separation ratio of fertile and sterile plants met 1:1, and sterile plant height, tassel length, internode number and internode length were significantly less to those of fertile plant; Exogenous application of gibberellins did not affect the fertility of sterile plants, and the sterile plants showed certain sensitivity to gibberellins at seedling stage, but the plant height of which did not restore to normality finally. Collectively, it was obtained that the dwarfism of this sterile mutant existing with the sterile trait was stable and not affected by nuclear background; There was no dose effect of nuclear male sterile gene on the dwarfism of plant height; Plant height difference of sterile and fertile plants was associated with tassel length, internode number and internode length; The sterile plant did not completely belong to gibberellins reduced response type, the dwarfism of which was not caused only by lack of gibberellins. The recessive gene controlling this male sterile mutant has been mapped at bin 3.06 of the maize third chromosome long arm and it is reported that there are also two maize dwarfism genes at this location. So, it was supposed that the abortion and dwarfism traits of this mutant were possibly regulated by a pleiotropic gene or two recessive genetic linkage genes, and the gene controlling plant height would produce a series of chain reaction, ultimately affecting the content of endogenous gibberellins and being regulated by exogenous gibberellins at certain developmental stages. These research results provide a reference for us to further understand the genetic and physiological mechanism of dwarfism of this mutant.]]> 2016/7/12 14:36:43 *]]> WANG Jing, CHENG Jiang, CAO Mo-Ju^* 54true Alnus nepalensis is one of dominant tree species in the water source area of Yuanyang terrace. As a fast-growing tree species, it has been the important firewood forests and economic forests to local residents. Water constrains its vegetation growth and geographic distribution. In SPAC system, forest vegetation as the main body of forest ecological system and dominate the redistribution of water resources, its absorption of moisture and water utilization change will directly affect the water cycle of forest ecosystem. We conducted this study from May to Novernber of 2014, with accumulative rainfall 1 262 mm. The groundwater in the study area of δ D values ranged from -71‰ to -53‰,δ¹⁸O values ranged from -10.6‰ to -7.0‰, less affected by environmental factors, basically remained stable; In this paper, A. nepalensis roots absorbed water from all the water sources and transport in the xylem water did not occur isotopic fractionation characteristic. We combined with the soil moisture content, the water utilization sources of A. nepalensis mainly came from 40 cm soil layer in dry season and 0-60 cm in rainy season to analyze the A. nepalensis water utilization strategies by comparison with the δ D values of xylem water and soil water, with hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope techniques. The results of quantify analysis its water sources with multivariate linear mixed model of Isosource software showed that A. nepalensis had a wide distribution of water source, both the soil water and groundwater had contribution, 0-60 cm soil water was important water sources in the rainy season, and after raining most of the water source from 0-10 cm soil moisture, the proportion was 66%-73%; Other main water source from 40-60 cm soil water, contribution rate was as high as 73%; In the dry season, A. nepalensis utilize groundwater proportion was higher, the proportion was 18%-68%. Water constrained vegetation growth and geographic distribution. In SPAC system, forest vegetation as the main body of forest ecological system and dominate the redistribution of water resources, its absorption of moisture and water utilization change would directly affect the water cycle of forest ecosystem. This analysis on A. nepalensis water utilization sources from soil water and shallow ground water in different time scales, provides a basic model water utilization of dominant tree species in Yuanyang terrace, more accurated understanding of the water source of dominant tree species in different forest types, and necessary theoretical basis for management the terrace forest ecosystem and develop sustainable terrace in Yuanyang.]]> 2016/7/12 14:36:43 1, SONG Wei-Feng^1*, WU Jin-Kui²,ZHANG Xiao-Juan¹]]> WANG Zhuo-Juan¹, SONG Wei-Feng^1*, WU Jin-Kui²,ZHANG Xiao-Juan¹ 53true Miscanthus sinensis and M. sacchariflora which are energy plants have been widely used in urban landscape architecture. Taking M. sinensis, introduced from Ajialing of Benxi, Liaoning Province, and M. sacchariflora, introduced from Sun Island of Harbin, as materials, and simulating the saline-alkali soil environment of Daqing in northeast of China which include low(concentration 1,2), middle(concentration 3)and high concentration(concentration 4, 5), we studied the seed germination of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflora when they were in the complex salt-alkali stress treatments. The main experiment results were as follows:In the complex salt-alkali stress treatment, the germination percentage of M. sinensis seed decreased with the complex salt-alkali concentration increasing, but other indexes of M. sinensis seed included the germination energy, seed vigor index, germination index, radicle length, germ length, radicle weight, germ weight and drought-salt index increased at first and then decreased. All the indexes of M. sacchariflora seed included the germination percentage, germination energy, seed vigor index, germination index, radicle length, germ length, radicle weight, germ weight and drought-salt index decreased with the mixed alkali-saline concentration increasing. It was found that the two kinds of seeds could resist complex salt-alkali stress of middle and low concentration. When they were in high concentration, all the indexes decreased obviously. But each index of M. sinensis seed was superior to that of M. sacchariflora seed which could indicate that the salinity tolerance of the former was stronger than the latter. The study basically defined the complex salt-alkali tolerance range of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflora seeds. This provides a theoretical basis for the screen of saline-alkali tolerant plant and applications in landscape of energy plants like M. sinensis and M. sacchariflora in the future.]]> 2016/7/12 14:36:43 1, WANG Huan¹, XU Peng-Fei², LIU Chang-Le³, ZHOU Yun-Wei ^1*]]> HE Miao¹, WANG Huan¹, XU Peng-Fei², LIU Chang-Le³, ZHOU Yun-Wei ^1* 52true Viola &#215; wittrockiana is accustomed to the cool climate but cannot stand heat stress during its growth and development stages. Three inbred lines of Viola &#215; wittrockiana, namely 08H, HAR and E01 were adopted as trial materials to investigate the physiological and biochemical performance of Viola &#215; wittrockiana after the seedlings were treated with 40 ℃ for 4, 8 and 12 h respectively. The results showed that electrolyte leakages of all three Viola &#215; wittrockiana seedling leaves increased under the heat stress, compared to the controls. And the longer the time of heat stress was, the more the electrolytes leaked. But the soluble sugar, proline content and activity of POD of Viola &#215; wittrockiana increased firstly then decreased with heat stress time prolonged. The peaks of the biochemical indices varied with the index and genotypes. Compared with two other genotypes, the electrolyte leakage rate of HAR was lower under all of heat stress conditions. But its POD enzyme activity was higher all the time. The soluble sugar content and proline content of HAR were up to the highest under 40℃ for 8 h and 4 h respectively. All of these biochemical indices revealed ‘HAR' had the strongest heat resistance. Furthermore, in order to investigate effects of salicylic acid on heat resistance of Viola &#215; wittrockiana seedlings, three genotypes seedlings were pretreated with different salicylic acid concentrations(0.1, 1 and 2 mmol·L^-1)before they treated with heat stress(40 ℃ for 12 h). Compared to the contrast, the electrolyte leakage rates of Viola &#215; wittrockiana seedlings reduced significantly after treated with SA. The electrolyte leakage rates of all genotypes were up to the lowest when the seedlings pretreated with 1 mmol·L^-1 SA. But the soluble sugar contents of Viola &#215; wittrockiana increased when seedlings pretreated with SA, the highest value appeared for three genotypes with SA pretreatment by 1 mmol·L^-1. The proline contents of seedling also increased after SA pretreatment, but the most suitable SA concentrations were different among genotypes. For 08H and HAR, the most effective concentration of SA was 1 mmol·L^-1, but for E01 it was 0.1 mmol·L^-1. With respect to POD activity of Viola &#215; wittrockiana seedlings, it also increased significantly for all genotypes when the seedlings pretreated with SA. But the increasing for different genotypes varied with the SA concentration. Pretreatment with 0.1 mmol·L^-1 was best for E01, and 1 mmol·L^-1 pretreatment was the greatest for 08H and HAR. In short, pretreatment with 1 mmol/L SA was suggested for application to improve heat resistance of Viola &#215; wittrockiana seedling for it could increase the content soluble sugar and reduce the amount of electrolyte leakage of leaf cell more significantly than the other SA concentration(0.1 and 1 mmol·L^-1)under heat stress. The results showed the physiological performance of different Viola &#215; wittrockiana genotypes under heat stress and effects of SA on heat resistance of Viola &#215; wittrockiana seedlings, and provides the basic data for thermal cultivation and breeding of Viola &#215; wittrockiana.]]> 2016/7/12 0:00:00 *, LIU Hui-Chao, CUI Xiang-Nan, LI Mei-Ling]]> DU Xiao-Hua^*, LIU Hui-Chao, CUI Xiang-Nan, LI Mei-Ling 51true Camellia oleifera in C. oleifera plantation. Water defect will reduce the plant photosynthesis with consequent low yield of plants. However, there is little information on the drought stress physiological research of C. oleifera. In order to study the effects of physiology of C. oleifera under constantly drought stress, the 2-year-old seeding of C. oleifera Changlin clones were cultured in pots(30 cm × 30 cm × 25 cm)in greenhouse. There were two water stress treatment groups named respectively control group and drought stress group in this study. The drought stress group suffered from persistent irrigation water deficit, while the control group cultivated under normal irrigation condition. Subsequently, the change of physiological and biochemical indices of leaves including reactive oxygen species contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmotic substances contents, cell membrane permeability and photosynthesis were measured on 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 d after drought stress in order to screen C. oleifera of strong resistant of environmental stress. In this study, the different drought resistance coefficients of C. oleifera such as superoxide anion radical(O^-₂·)content, hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂)content, the activities of peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase(SOD), the relative electric conductivity, proline content(Pro), chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), transpiration rate(Tr)and water use efficiency(WUE)were as drought tolerance indices. Finally, the comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance coefficients of C. oleifera physiological indices was performed with correlation analysis, principal component analysis, subordinative function and weight. The result indicated that 14 indices could be classified into 3 independent comprehensive components, and then utilized the value of weight and subordinative function to perform the values of comprehensive evaluation of different Camellia varieties. According to the value of different comprehensive evaluation value, the order of drought-resistance of nine C. oleifera Changlin clones was “Changlin59” > “Changlin22” > “Changlin53” > “Changlin4” > “Changlin40” > “Changlin8” > “Changlin3” > “Changlin27” > “Changlin18”. The results extensively provide certain scientific basis for breeding, introduction and cultivation of drought-tolerant Camellia varieties in Sichuan.]]> 2016/7/12 14:36:43 *]]> FENG Shi-Ling, CHENG Hao-Ran, LI Xu, DENG Jun-Lin, LIU Lu, DING Chun-Bang^* 50true KAP 5-4 and the receptor-like protein kinase gene CLV1 were amplified piece by piece from eleven maize inbred lines with different tassel size, and used for the analysis of multiple alignment, open reading frames, domain structures, and single nucleotide polymorphism. Their differential expressions in tassel primordial among these inbred lines were detected by fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR, and used for correlation analysis with tassel size measured by number of primary branch and dry weight of tassel. The results showed that the relative expression amount of the KAP 5-4 gene was positively correlated with number of primary branch(r=0.77, P<0.01)and dry weight of tassel(r=0.83, P<0.01). A single nucleotide polymorphism at the 2 104 bp base of the open reading frame of the CLV1 gene from eleven maize inbred lines consisted codon GAC encoding acidic aspartic acid at the 702nd site of the receptor-like protein kinase at the 2 104 to 2 016 bp base in five of the inbred lines, and consisted codon AAC encoding polar asparagine at the same site in the other six inbred lines. The relative expression amount of the CLV1 gene was negatively correlated with number of primary branch(r=-0.92, P<0.01)and dry weight of tassel(r=-0.91, P<0.05)within the former five inbred lines, and negatively correlated only with dry weight of tassel(r=-0.91, P<0.05)within the later six inbred lines. It was concluded that the expression and single nucleotide polymorphism of the KAP 5-4 and CLV1 genes were closely associated with tassel size of maize inbred lines, and functional DNA markers can be developed for DNA marker-assisted selection in maize breeding.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:54 *]]> REN Xiao-Dan, CHEN Ling, YANG Lin, LI Wan-Chen, FU Feng-Ling^* 49true 2016/4/6 22:30:54 *]]> LI Yu-Ying, MA Dong-Fang, WANG Xiao-Ling, FANG Zheng-Wu^* 48true 2016/4/6 22:30:54 1, LIAO Fen¹, LIANG Yong-Jian², LIU Xi-Hui¹, YANG Li-Tao², LI Yang-Rui^1*]]> YANG Liu¹, LIAO Fen¹, LIANG Yong-Jian², LIU Xi-Hui¹, YANG Li-Tao², LI Yang-Rui^1* 47true Arabidopsis were collected from NCBI, and then polygenetic tree was successfully constructed. According to the result of polygenetic which was conducted by using the software CLUSTAL X and the software MEGA5.05, we concluded that the transcription factor WRKY76 was most likely involved in maize sheath blight resistance network. Whether the transcription factor WRKY76 plays a truly important role in sigjnal transduction path is still unknown. The materials used in this study were R15(Resistant line)and Ye478(Susceptible line). R15 and Ye478 under different kinds of stress conditions were used to characterize the expression pattern of WRKY76 gene by qRT-PCR, leaf sheath samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h post Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA inoculation, and 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 h after SA(salicylic acid)and MeJA(methyl jasmine)stress treatment. When leaf sheath samples were inoculated with R. solani AG1-IA at jointing stage, the WRKY76 gene expression was able to reach to the highest at 1 h post inoculation, and its expression was 20 and 32 times higher than control in Ye478(Susceptible line)and R15(Resistant line), with significant difference(P<0.05). The relative expression decreased at 2 h post inoculation. 3 times for Ye478(Susceptible line)while it returned to the original level for R15(Resistant line). The expression pattern in R15(Resistant line)tended to increase along with treatment time increasing, while it was always higher than the susceptible line Ye478 with significant difference(P<0.05). When the maize leaf sheath was treated with SA(salicylic acid), the expression pattern of WRKY76 between Ye478(Susceptible line)and R15(Resistant line)were almost the same level, and its expression in R15(Resistant line)was higher than that of Ye478(Susceptible line). For R15(Resistant line), the relative expression level of WRKY76 was 33 times at 1 h post inoculation compared to the control, 46 times at 2 h post inoculation, and then decreasd to 2.5 time at 12 h post inoculation. However, When the maize leaf sheath was treated with MeJA, Ye478(Susceptible line)presents the downward trend, R15(Resistant line)shows a upward pattern according to the results of relative expression level at each treatment time. There was no significant difference between Ye478(Susceptible line)and R15(Resistant line). Finally research results of this study indicated that the WRKY76 gene expression could be induced by R. solani AG1-IA, SA(salicylic acid)and MeJA(methyl jasmine), and the WRKY76 might be involved in plant resistance signal transduction regulation pathway to maize banded leaf and sheath blight.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:54 1, LI Yue², ZHANG Yin-Chao¹, ZHANG Zhi-Ming¹, PAN Guang-Tang¹, LIN Hai-Jian^1*]]> GAO Wen-Cheng¹, LI Yue², ZHANG Yin-Chao¹, ZHANG Zhi-Ming¹, PAN Guang-Tang¹, LIN Hai-Jian^1* 46true Paeonia lutea and male parents Subsect Vagiatae cultivars ‘Jitsugetsu Nishiki',‘Cengzhongxiao' and ‘Baiyuan Hongxia', totaling 11 parents and 25 progenies, were tested and the pollen grain forms were examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),also floral and leaf morphologies were observed. The results indicated that comparing with both parents, the progenies yielded very few pollen grains with extremely low germination rate but high deformity rate and the deformed grains being twisted, broken or clustered. The progenies pollen grains were shaped like ultra-subprolate with 3-colporoidate, consistent with that of P. lutea and most male parents; while the size was smaller than that of both their parents. The extine patterns included foveolae, foveolate, reticulate and thick-reticulate, greatly affected by their male parents. Combining with the previous results,15 out of the total 25 progenies sharing the patterns of their male parents, only 6 being the same as their female parents, and 4 differing from either parent. Morphologic observation showed that the progenies had leathery flora discs and hairy carpels as their male parents,while the division of leaflet lobes was more shallow but wider than those of their female parent. The flower diameters ran between both parents. Therefore, hairy carpels and widened leaflet lobes plus pollen grain features can be used as morphological identification marks of distant hybridized progenies of which P. lutea is the famle parent.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:54 1,2,3,4,5, SHI Yan-Tong⁶, YUAN Tao^1,2,3,4*]]> ZHAO Na^1,2,3,4,5, SHI Yan-Tong⁶, YUAN Tao^1,2,3,4* 45true 1₈、C²₈、C³₈…successively by “random combinations” method, obtained 3 different primer combinations consisting with lest of primers called “candidate combination”, which possessed the strongest discrimination ability. All of the three could distinguish 18 accessions. And the 3 best primer groups were not consisted with the series of primers which possessed high leaves of PIC values, MI values or high numbers of alleles and so on, but a series primers which possessed an high leaves of complementarity. Lastly, the combination “4-3”(BPPCT001+BPPCT015a+BPPCT017+BPPCT025), which possessed the most polymorphism bands in total of the primers among groups, was finally chosen to establish the fingerprint for the 22 ornamental peach germplasms tested. The rerults showed that to filter candidate primers according to routine polymorphic index could select the few pairs of primers which possessed the strongest discrimination ability per pairs of primer; to filter candidate combination according to “random combination” could furtherly select the few compound modes which possessed the strongest complementarity; to filter core primer combination according to numbers of the bands in total of primers among groups could finally select the unique group which possessed the largest expandable sex. Therefore, “3 steps” for candidate primers-candidate combination-core primer combination was advocated as a scientific method to fitter the core primers of SSR fingerprint. It did constructed the SSR fingerprint for the 22 ornamental peach germplasms tested, and would provide a new approach to construct SSR fingerprints for other crops.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:55 1,2, CHENG Yi¹, MA Jian-Wei¹, ZHANG Yun-Ting¹, ZHANG Yong^1*]]> WANG Qing-Ming^1,2, CHENG Yi¹, MA Jian-Wei¹, ZHANG Yun-Ting¹, ZHANG Yong^1* 44true Lilium davidii var. unicolor)by tissue culture could provide technical solutions to realize the mass production of Lanzhou lily bulblet, which needs three steps to achieve, including multiple shoots proliferation, induction of bulblets and enhancement growth of bulblets. The starch content and the characteristic parameters of bulblet were detected at different culture stages. This study acquired an advanced technique that could effectively promote the bulblet formation and development, and induce the growth of main stem. The results demonstrated that the bulblet diameter, weight and number of scales were up to 1.66 cm, 2.48 g and 26.33 pieces, respectively. The starch content showed a gradual increasing trend according to the culture process, which indicated that the starch content was positively correlated to the development of bulblet. In addition, the bulblet size, weight and number of scales showed a positive correlation. The growing point of bulblet was easy to form the main stem when the number of scales reached to 26 or more. In this paper, the invented three-step tissue culture technology effectively promotes bulblet enhancement development, and enlargement of the bulblet can effectively shorten the field growth cycle, improve lily production on time, and also, it can provide technical reference for achievement of mass production of enhancement bulblet.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:55 1, WEI Shao-Long¹, SUN Jia-Man², HAN Yuan-Shan¹, ZHOU Wei¹]]> ZHANG Jin-Zhong¹, WEI Shao-Long¹, SUN Jia-Man², HAN Yuan-Shan¹, ZHOU Wei¹ 43true 2 concentration, were measured using a portable LI-6400XT photosynthesis system. The water potential, the activities of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase)and carbonic anhydras, and the content of malondialdehyde in tomato leaves were determined, simultaneously. The influences of drought stress on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, carbonic anhydrase, and photosynthetic characteristics in tomato leaves were studied. These indexes were used to characterize the water requirement information of tomato seedling. The results showed that leaf water potential decreased gradually with the increase of drought stress. The decrease in water potential of tomato leaves was insignificant when the soil water content was more than 15.00%. However, compared with the control, the decrease was significant when the soil water content was less than 12.00%. The drought stress inhibited the photosynthesis. But the net photosynthetic rate had a rebound when the soil water content was 15.00%. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase played important roles in drought-resistant process of tomato seedlings. Superoxide dismutase and peroxidase had more swift response than catalase under drought stress. Compared with superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, catalase had stronger tolerance to drought stress. The turning point of soil water content responded to drought stress conditions, which affected the activity of antioxidant enzyme, was at about 15.00%. The content of malondialdehyde in tomato leaves increased with the increase of drought stress. The activity of carbonic anhydrase was the highest when soil water content was 15.00%. At this time, carbonic anhydrase can provide enough water and carbon dioxide for photosynthetic organs through the conversion of bicarbonate, which ensured plants could maintain high photosynthetic rate and normal physiological function. Both carbonic anhydrase and photosynthetic rate decreased sharply with the persistent increase of drought stress(less than 12.00% soil water content). At this time, carbonic anhydrase in tomato leaves was not competent in regulating water status, and the photosynthesis declined rapidly. Therefore, we suggested that carbonic anhydrase in tomato leaves participated in the regulation of the photosynthesis under the drought stress. Concluded from above, it was better to irrigate the crop when the soil water content was lower than 15.00% and higher than 12.00%. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and carbonic anhydrase in leaves would provide a general consideration for predicting the best irrigation time for crops.]]> 2016/4/6 0:00:00 1, WU Yan-You^1,2*, SUN Wei-Hong³, XING De-Ke¹, ZHAO Kuan¹, LI Jing-Jie³]]> LIU Han-Xuan¹, WU Yan-You^1,2*, SUN Wei-Hong³, XING De-Ke¹, ZHAO Kuan¹, LI Jing-Jie³ 42true Terminalia catappa into coastal Casuarina equisetifolia windbreak to form mixed forest as windbreak, so as to improve efficiency of wind sheltering and sand fixation and the regional ecological environment. We selected Terminalia catappa of seedling age of 15 d as experimental and irrigate allelochemicals of leachates of Casuarina equisetifolia of concentration of 125 g·L^-1 from roots, rhizosphere soil and litter, and studied the effects of allelopathy of C. equisetifolia on growth, photosynthesis, the damage of membrance system, antioxidant enzyme activity system and proline content of T. catappa seedlings in growing period of 60 d. The results showed that the leachates of roots, litter and rhizosphere soil reduced the survival rates and damaged seedlings of the beginning of the treatment, and significantly affected the plant height, leaves, roots biomass of Terminalia catappa seedlings. Therefore, we could deduce that influence plant growth by the composition of different leachates of Casuarina equisetifolia. All the three leachates significantly reduced the net photosynthesis(Pn), stomatal conductance(Ccond), inter cellular CO₂ concentration(Ci),transpiration rate(Tr), but significantly increased the water use efficiency(WUE)of the seedlings after 15-45 d since the treatment beginning. No significant effect of leachates from C. equisetifolia on the leaf chlorophyll contents of Terminalia catappa seedling of treatment beginning, with the prolong of growth period, but the roots leachates of C. equisetifolia significantly reduced chlorophyll content of seedling. The seedlings growth period of 60 d, all the three leachates significantly increased the cell membrane penetrability and proline content(Pro), but the roots leachate significantly increased the stomatal conductance, inter cellular CO₂ concentration, superoxide dismutase in leaves and catalase in roots of T. catappa. The litter leachates increased the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, and they also reduced peroxidase content. Therefore, seedlings by adjusting its physiological and biochemical designed to the allelopathy stress of leachates of Casuarina equisetifolia, which could be used as one of tree species of the construction of the coastal shelter forest.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:55 *, WANG Jin, LUO Xin-Wu, RUAN Chang-Lin, ZHANG Xiao-Nan]]> FENG Jian, LIU Qiang^*, WANG Jin, LUO Xin-Wu, RUAN Chang-Lin, ZHANG Xiao-Nan 41true -2·s^-1, photoperiod 12 h·d^-1. Then, multiple growth index were evaluated. The results showed that under blue LEDs treatment, in two rice seedlings of different ages, sound seedling index, root activity and root number increased, carbon and nitrogen metabolic activity enhanced, as well as the antioxidase activity. Although three blue LEDs treatments have different influences on the growth of two rice seedlings with different age, rice seedlings grew better under 450 nm illumination. The present results suggested that 450 nm or 490 nm LEDs could be selected as an independent or mixed light source for cultivating rice seedling in practice.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:55 1, WANG Guo-Li², LÜ Zhen-Cheng², ZHANG Yun¹, YI Hong-Lin¹, PENG Yong-Hong^1,2*]]> XIONG Ya-Li¹, WANG Guo-Li², LÜ Zhen-Cheng², ZHANG Yun¹, YI Hong-Lin¹, PENG Yong-Hong^1,2* 40true Paris polyphylla with the treatments of different temperatures were studied by using pot experiment. Three different temperature conditions were controlled by artificial climate boxes, namely low-temperature treatment(10℃/16℃), appropriate-temperature treatment(18℃/24℃), high-temperature treatment(28℃/32℃). The results were as follows:(1)under appropriate temperature treatment, the indexes such as chlorophyll content, maximum net photosynthetic rate, light saturation point, apparent quantum yield were all higher than low and high temperature treatments, while the light compensation point and dark respiration rate were lower than them.(2)The total saponin content in roots of P. polyphylla was the highest under appropriate temperature treatment, which reached 4.33%. And the percents of saponin content under low and high temperature treatments were only 42.26% and 33.49% of the content under appropriate temperature treatment. The amino acid content was also the highest under appropriate temperature.(3)The effective component content of Paris polyphylla was significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate and negatively correlated with respiration rate, which explained that temperature directly affected photosynthesis and respiration, and then affected the accumulation of effective components. It meant that temperature had significant impacts on photosynthetic characteristics and effective contents accumulation of P. polyphylla. The average temperature of 22 ℃(18℃/24℃)was conductive to the growth and effective components accumulation and it was the suitable cultivation temperature of P. polyphylla.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:55 1, 2*, YANG Jia-Sheng¹, YE Yi¹]]> LIANG Juan^{1, 2*}, YANG Jia-Sheng¹, YE Yi¹ 39true Digitaria sanguinalis), barnyard grass(Echinochloa crusgalli)and redroot amaranth(Amaranthus retroflexus). The results showed that when the concentration of wheat straw aqueous extract was respective over 75, 50 and 37.5 g·L^-1, the seed germination rates of large crabgrass, barnyard grass and redroot amaranth were inhabited, while the concentration was over 50 and 37.5 g·L^-1, the seed germination rates of Zhengdan 958 and Nongda 108 were inhabited; but the root and shoot length of large crabgrass, barnyard grass and redroot amaranth decreased obviously when the extract concentration was over 37.5 g·L^-1; while the concentration of wheat straw aqueous extract was under 75 g·L^-1, the root and shoot length of these two kinds of maize were improved obviously, meanwhile the content of chlorophyll and the POD enzyme activity of maize ZD958 were enhanced, and the higher concentration of wheat straw aqueous extract(50 g·L^-1)had an adverse impact on weeds growth, but it was good for the growth of maize Zhengdan 958.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:55 ZHENG Xi, YANG Xi-Xi, LI Xiao-Hua 38true Eupatorium adenophorum. The results showed that with the increasing of lead levels, the contents of lead in subcellular distribution of leaves, stems and roots significant increased. The lead distributed mainly in the soluble partition and cell wall in leaves, occupied 75.34%-84.63% of the total. Lead distributed in stems were similar to it in leaves. It mainly accumulated in the soluble partition and cell wall, which occupied 36.10%-57.14% and 20.07%-36.52%, respectively. And it distributed mainly in cell wall and soluble partition in roots, which occupied 39.20%-49.78% and 28.27%-37.62%, respectively. There was less lead in other organelles. The chemical forms of lead in leaves of E. adenophorum were mainly in HCl and water, occupied 58.74%-73.04% of the total. In stems, the main chemical forms were HAc and NaCl, and the chemical forms of HAc and HCl were predominant in roots, occupied 39.15%-52.91% of the total.]]> 2016/4/6 22:30:55 1,2,3, QI Cheng-Mei¹, LI Yuan^2,3, YAN Dong-Dong^2,3, WANG Qiu-Xia^2,3, GUO Mei-Xia^2,3, CAO Ao-Cheng^2,3*]]> LIU Xiao-Wen^1,2,3, QI Cheng-Mei¹, LI Yuan^2,3, YAN Dong-Dong^2,3, WANG Qiu-Xia^2,3, GUO Mei-Xia^2,3, CAO Ao-Cheng^2,3* 37true Rosa. Three general enzyme bands and four specific enzyme bands at seven isozyme loci(Rf from 0.264 to 0.858)were obtained according to zymogram analysis,which indicated the genetic diversity were abundant,but there were some homology among these materials. The 27 materials could be divided into three groups based on the UPGMA cluster analysis at the similar coefficient 0.57. According to the clustering results, materials from sections Synstylae and Indicae were clustered within one same group, the morphological similarity between these two sections was confirmed again based on our POD isozyme analyses. Whereas Rosa laevigata,and R. bracteata were separated in two different groups,which indicated that these two accessions were distantly related to each other. The samples of old garden roses used in this study were divided into two different groups,and in parallel with the group made of wild species,it indicated that large differences existed on the origin of these samples, which could be used for wide crosses in order to get hybrid offsprings with abundant genetic diversities. Furthermore, according to whether there were specific enzyme bands of male parent in the progenies, five of six hybrids among two hybrid combinations were initially identified as true ones, and the rest one was self-cross variety. These findings could offer basic data for further studies on genetic breeding of rose.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 1,2, WANG Hui², QIU Wen-Chang², HE Heng-Hui², FANG Yan-Ming^1*]]> LIU Cheng-Yuan^1,2, WANG Hui², QIU Wen-Chang², HE Heng-Hui², FANG Yan-Ming^1* 36true pin2, PIN2□∷□GFP and WT as experimental materials, the effects of Al stress on PIN2 protein activity,distribution and Al internalization were investigated with confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that short-term Al treatment or low Al level increased the activity of PIN2 protein in apical cells of Arabidopsis seedlings, while long-term Al treatment or high Al levels inhibited it. The activity of PIN2 protein reached the maximal value in response to 100 μmol·L^-1 Al for 4 h. The results from Western-blotting analysis indicated that Al enhanced the accumulation of PIN2 protein on cell membrane, while decreased it in vesicles. Brefeldin A(BFA),an inhibitor of vesicle transport suppressed Al-induced allocation of PIN2 protein. On the other hand, Al stress could increase the accumulation of H₂O₂ in apices. pin2 had a higher H₂O₂ accumulation and a lower relative root elongation than WT. And the results from Al-Morin staining analysis indicated that pin2 had a lower Al internalization than WT. Taken together, the above results suggested that 100 μmol·L^-1 Al induced the highest activity of PIN2 protein, and enhanced its accumulation in horizontal direction of plasma membrane and Al internalization,thus mediated root growth. The results would provide scientific basis for elucidating Al-influenced auxin transport.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 *]]> CAO Hua-Ping, WU Dao-Ming, GAN Hai-Hua, SHEN Hong^* 35true Siraitia grosvenorii after space flight, and to create elite germplasms, ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeats)molecular markers were used to detect the genome-wide DNA polymorphism and to make cluster analysis of 28 S. grosvenorii samples including space-flight accessions and main cultivars. Se-venteen primers which had clear polymorphic bands were selected from 100 primers. A total of 157 bands were detected, of which 83 bands were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate of 52.87%. Genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.707 to 0.987. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed that 28 samples formed three primary distinct clusters: Cluster I included two space mutation germplasms B6 and B3♀; Cluster Ⅱ contained space mutation germplasm A1♀, A14, A18 and all the main cultivars; The remaining space mutation germplasm belonged to cluster Ⅲ. These results were as follows:(1)Space mutation could result in genetic variation of S. grosvenorii.(2)A1♀, A14 and A18 might gain positive mutation because their genetic backgrounds were similar with the main cultivars, which could provide useful information for creating new elite germplasms in S. grosvenorii.]]> 2017/5/31 21:28:36 XIANG Qiao-Yan, HUANG Xi-Yang, LI Hong, GAN Jin-Jia, LIANG Yong-Shi, JIANG Shui-Yuan 34true Cunninghamia lanceolata is a fast-growing and high-yield timber forest species endemic in China. It has many advantages of fast growth, high production, good quality and wide use, and plays an important role in the forestry production in South China. In this research, an experiment of embryogenic callus induction was carried out. In the experiment, six different genotypes of C. lanceolata improvement species were used as initial explant, and four factors affecting embryogenic callus induction were studied and analysed. These four factors were the key elements on embryogenic callus formation, and they were as follows: genotypes, 6-BA combination, inoculating ways and developmental stages of immature zygotic embryos including. The results showed that the factors of genotypes, 6-BA combination, inoculating ways and developmental stages of immature zygotic embryos all had significant effects on the induction rate of embryogenic callus, but the influence degree each were not identical. Three genotypes in six genotypes obtained embryogenic callus, and one of the genotype(S18)had the highest induction rate of embryogenic callus with 11.7%. When the range of 6-BA combinations was from 1.0 mg·L^-1 to 1.5 mg·L^-1, the genotype S18 had the highest induction rate. The best method of inoculating was to peel and cut a small hole on end of seed. It was not a good inoculating way to take out zygotic embryos from endosperm, and the zygotic embryos were easy to die in that way. The inoculating method of only cutting a small hole on end of seed and non-peeling was unsuited for embryogenic callus induction. The suitable developmental stage for embryogenic callus induction was from fertilization stage to embryo organ differentiation stage, and it was difficult to obtain embryogenic callus when the zygotic embryos entered into the mature stage. The results indicated that the zygotic embryos which already entered into the mature stage were used as initial explants in the experiment of embryogenic callus induction, and they grew into a complete plant, not callus]]> 2017/5/31 21:28:36 1, CHEN Dai-Xi^1*, LAO Guang-Jie², HUANG Kai-Yong¹, LIANG Ji³, MO Yong-De⁴]]> CHEN Qin¹, CHEN Dai-Xi^1*, LAO Guang-Jie², HUANG Kai-Yong¹, LIANG Ji³, MO Yong-De⁴ 33true Tectona grandis were treated by different LEDs, then the growth index(plant height, leaf width, fresh leaf mass and whole-plant dry weight)and chlorophyll content were measured and the leaf surface structures were observed underelectron microscopy, in order to discover the effects of LED lights on the growth and development of plantlets and to find the optimal light environment for their rapid growth. The results showed that the plantlet height was H_FL﹥H_1RB﹥H_S﹥H_2RB﹥H_3RB﹥H_D and the axillary bud height was h_FL﹥h_s﹥h_d﹥h_1RB﹥h_2RB﹥h_3RB, under the following six different lights: fluorescent lamp(FL), three mixtures of R plus B LED(1RB, 2RB, 3RB), full spectrum light LED(S)and scattered light(D). The maximum leaf width was significantly larger in plantlets that were cultured under 2RB and 3RB than those under FL, S and D. Moreover, the maximum leaf width and fresh leaf mass increased significantly aslight intensity of RB increased. Undercondition D and S lights, the plant dry weights were significantly lighter than those under the other LEDs. Chlorophyll contents were greater in plantlets under RB and S than those under condition FL and condition D. The adaxial epidermal cells of plantlets under 2RB and 3RB were in the shape of irregular polygonand inlaid each other, while those under other conditions appeared in the shape of circles. The stomata amounts on the abaxial of plantlets under lights(FL, RB, S)were 1.5 times more than that under no lighting equipment(D). The stomatal pores of plantlets under 2RB and 3RB opened more widely than those under condition FL and D, the guard cells appeared as well-type protuberance. Overall, the fluorescent light and the full spectrum light LED were suitable for Tectona grandis multiplication culture according to significant height growth of plantlets and fast differentiation of axillary bud, and further contributed to increase the proliferation rate. On the other hand, mixtures of R plus B LED(3RB, 2RB)were beneficial in strong seedling culture with big leaf sizes, strong seedling, high biomass, fully-developed leaf epidermal structure, contributing to increase photosynthesis.]]> 2017/5/31 21:28:36 QIU Zhen-Fei, ZENG Bing-Shan, GUO Guang-Sheng, LIU Ying 32true 2, alcohol, warm water, and ethylene all cause rapid fruit softening problems. Hence, keeping fruit freshness after de-astringency is critical in the persimmon post-harvest industry, and efficient fresh keeping methods are in urgent need for this area. The present study aimed to clarify the effect of exogenous ascorbic acid(AsA)treatment on persimmon fruit softening, cell wall degradation, and antioxidant system changes after CO₂ de-astringency, in order to develop the me-thods extending persimmon shelf-life. Persimmon(Diospyros kaki cv. Niuxin)fruit harvested from middle part of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region with routine CO₂ astringency removal treatment was taken as experimental material, after treating fruit sepal with five percent AsA solution, changes of physiologic and biochemical indexes related to persimmon fruit softening, cell wall degradation, and antioxidant system were studied. The results showed that AsA treatment maximized ‘Niuxin' Persimmon freshness. Exogenous AsA treatment produced higher firmness and lower total chromatism than either a blank or a control similarly treated with deionized water. From the seventh(7th)to the fifteenth(15th)days after treatment, AsA treatment delayed fruit protopectin decreasing rate and soluble pectin increasing rate, and treated fruit showed lower activity of cell wall degrading enzyme polygalacturonase(PG)and cellulase(Cx)than both of blank and control. During the whole storage period, the exogenous AsA treatment impeded the decrease of fruit endogenous AsA level, as well as better controlled peroxidase(POD)activity and malondialdehyde(MDA)accumulation, and the function of fruit antioxidant system was well protected. Additionally, the AsA treatment also enhanced reducing sugar content to a certain extent. Finally, the supplement post-harvest AsA treatment extends persimmon shelf-life after de-astringency and improves fruit commodity quality. The present work proposes to explain the physiological mechanisms of the fruit softening regulation by exogenous AsA treatment, provides basal knowledge and evidence for development of new post-harvest technologies, as well as offer guidelines to improving persimmon storability for the purpose of maintaining fruit quality in persimmon industry.]]> 2017/5/31 21:28:37 *, WANG Kun, ZHANG Yu, QIN Hui]]> FAN Ling-Jiao, SUN Ning-Jing^*, WANG Kun, ZHANG Yu, QIN Hui 31true Magnolia delavayi(Magnoliaceae, Magnolia)distributed in Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan and Guizhou. As an evergreen arbor or large shrub plant, M. delavayi plays a significant role in garden landscaping and courtyard greening, and is also an important breeding resource. There were report on the pollen germination of M. delavayi, which was the key factor to the success of the hybrid breeding. To investigate the optimal cultured conditions of pollen germination and pollen tube growth of M. delavayi, the hanging drop method were used to culture fresh pollen grains of M. delavayi in liquid culture mediums with different concentrations of sucrose, boric acid under distinct temperature and lightness gradients. The results were as follows:(1)The most suitable temperature of M. delavayi was 27 ℃.(2)Under light and dark condition, the pollen germination rate of more than 16%, when the best concentration of sugar culture was 5% and the best concentration of boric acid was 0.001%.(3)Combined action sucrose and boric acid could be effectively promoted the pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The optimum liquid culture medium for pollen germination and pollen tube growth of M. delavayi contained 5% sucrose + 0.001% boric acid under light, in which pollen germination rate was 41.27% and the length of pollen tube was 281.49 μm; the appropriate nutrient liquid included 5% sucrose + 0.01% boric acid with pollen germination rate reaching 45.71% and 254.00 μm of the pollen tube length under the dark condition. The results discovered in this study will be useful for further artificial breeding and exploring germplasm resources of M. delavayi.]]> 2017/4/20 23:46:53 1,2 , XU Hai-Yan², GONG Xun², WANG Shi-Yu^1*]]> LI Fo-Lian^1,2 , XU Hai-Yan², GONG Xun², WANG Shi-Yu^1* 30true Pto gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase(STK)whose molecular characterization provides valuable insights into the disease resistance mechanism of tomato and it is considered as a promising candidate for engineering broad-spectrum pathogen resistance in this crop. In this study, a pair of degenerate primers based on conserved subdomains of plant STKs similar to the tomato Pto protein were used to amplify similar sequences in Hevea brasiliensis. A fragment of -550 bp was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The sequence analysis of several clones revealed twelve distinct sequences were highly similar to STKs. Based on their significant similarity with the tomato Pto protein(BLASTX E value <3e-53), seven of them were classified as Pto resistance gene candidates(Pto-RGCs). Multiple sequence alignment of the hevea Pto-RGC products revealed that these sequences contained several conserved subdomains in most STKs and also several conserved residues that are crucial for Pto function. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis showed that the hevea Pto-RGCs were clustered with Pto suggesting a common evolutionary origin with this R gene. The Pto-RGCs isolated in this study represent a valuable sequence resource that could assist in the development of disease resistance in hevea.]]> 2017/4/20 23:46:53 1,3, PANG Yu-XIN^1,3, MO Ting-Hui^2*, ZENG Li-Xing²]]> ZHANG Ying-Bo^1,3, PANG Yu-XIN^1,3, MO Ting-Hui^2*, ZENG Li-Xing² 29true Cephalotaxus mannii is an indigenous plant to Hainan, China, which is the main material of cephalotaxuin eloids. The cephalotaxus alkaloids are anti-cancer drugs which have been used widely in clinic. But C. mannii is rare. The plant suspension cell culture can increase the yield of secondary metabolites steadily. And some adopted strategies have been developed to increase the yield in plant cell culture, such as add metabolic inhibitor. L-alanine is an effective inhibitor of pyruvate kinase(PK), which is an important limited enzyme in the glycolytic pathway(EMP). To investigate the effects of L-alanine on suspension cell growth and the cephalotaxine production of C. mannii, different doses of L-alanine(10, 30, 50 and 100 mg·L^-1)were added into the C. mannii cells at different stages(10, 15, 20 and 25 d)of culture time. Then the cell growth, the cell activity and the cephalotaxine production were determined. The results showed that the cell growth and cell activity of C. mannii were inhibited after adding L-alanine, the cultures treated with 30 mg·L^-1)L-alanine at day 15 showed the highest cephalotaxine yield(4.853 6 mg·L^-1), which was 1.7 times that of the control cultures(2.853 8 mg·L^-1). Then, the residue sucrose contents of the culture, the activity of pyruvate kinase(PK)which is the key enzyme of EMP pathway, the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH)which is the key enzyme of hexose monophosphate pathway(HMP pathway)were all been determined to investigate the effects of L-alanine on cell glucose metabolism of C. mannii. The results showed that after adding L-alanine, the sucrose consumption rate of treated cells had no significant difference compared with the control cells, the PK activity of treated cells was decreased by 29.10% compared with the control cells(25.37 U·g^-1), the G6PDH activity of treated cells was 1.33 times of that in the control cells(53.49 U·g^-1). The results suggest that the carbon metabolic flux flow to HMP pathway from EMP pathway in some degree, so it can be presumed that the precursor PEP accumulated and the other precursor E4P also increased, which all benefit to the synthesis of cephalotaxine production.]]> 2017/4/20 23:46:53 *]]> JIANG Xuan-Xian, LI Yong-Cheng^* 28true 2PO₄)and Vitamin C(V_C). We tested these compounds against control by spraying distilled water on the seedlings, growth indice and physiological and biochemical indices of leaves of maize seedlings. The main results are as follows:(1)Compared to control, the pretreated maize seedlings with nine exogenous compounds had higher relative growth rate, dry weight accumulation rate and free proline content but the seedlings had lower relative electrical conductivity under different treatments.(2)When transferred to chilling stress at 4 ℃, as compared to control of water treatment, the pretreated seedlings with nine exogenous compounds cold resistant agent could maintain higher relative growth rate, dry weight accumulation rate, root vigor, proline content and soluble protein content of the maize seedlings, the soluble sugar content as well. At the same time, the pretreated reduced MDA content and lipid peroxidation, which finally enhanced chilling tolerance of the maize seedlings. The study confirmed that under the circumstance of chilling stress, the pretreatments with nine exogenous compounds which be composed of SA, ABA, KH₂PO₄ and V_C all could increase chilling tolerance of maize seedlings to different contents. Comprehensive analysis of various growth and physiological indices showed that different exogenous compounds had different effects. Of all treatments, the compound of SA 0.14 g·L^-1 + ABA 0.015 g·L^-1 + KH₂PO₄ 3.0 g·L^-1 + V_C 3.0 g·L^-1pretreatment produced the best effect.]]> 2017/4/20 23:46:53 *, ZHANG Ji, CHEN Jin-Yuan]]> GUO Nan-Nan, CHEN Xue-Lin^*, ZHANG Ji, CHEN Jin-Yuan 27true Pyrenaria microcarpa, belong to Theaceae, Tutcheria is an evergreen tree with beauty shape, brilliant leaf, pure white color flowers, dense fruit and great value for enjoyment. It is a potential new biological energy plants for high oil content in its seeds. In order to provide scientific support for cottage breeding and cultivation of Pyrenaria microcarpa, an experiment was designed to find out the optimum conditions of cuttings rooting in this species. Taking rooting rate, rooting number, average root length, and rooting effect index as evaluation index system, the effects of four factors including hormone type and concentration, treating time, substrate type on rooting of cuttings of 1-2 year(s)old branches of P. Microcarpa were studied with orthogonal design L₉(3⁴). The results showed that substrate type was the key factor affecting rooting of cuttings, hormone type was second, and treating time was the least. The substrate type had significant effects on rooting effect index of cuttings, while effects of other three factors did not achieve significant levels. The optimum treatment of rooting of cuttings was treated with 500 mg·L^-1 NAA for 12 h, and taking peat soil as substrate. The results provide scientific basis for cultivation, exploitation and utilization of P. microcarpa.]]> 2017/4/20 23:46:53 1, CHAI Sheng-Feng^1*, ZOU Rong¹, LI Ji-Tao¹, GAO Li-Mei¹, YANG Xue², WEI Xiao¹]]> TANG Jian-Min¹, CHAI Sheng-Feng^1*, ZOU Rong¹, LI Ji-Tao¹, GAO Li-Mei¹, YANG Xue², WEI Xiao¹ 26true Cananga is a primitive genus in it. The study on its embryo development is of great significance to reveal the embryological characteristics of the basic angiosperms.In this study, the ovule, megaspore and female gametophyte development of C. odorata were studied with the traditional pa- raffin section method. The results showed that the ovules of C. odorata were anatropous, assinucellate and tritegmic. The third integument(or middle integument)occured in the megaspore mother cell stage, initials and enlarges between the inner and outer integuments, on the two sides of the chalaza end. The development of the female gametophyte conformed to the polygonum type. Occassionaly two linear arranged female gametophytes were found in the same ovule and both female gametophytes were developed from megaspore mother cell, with similar size and shape. This study on sexual reproduction process, especially on the process of embryogenesis and development will add some basic information about the primitive embryological features of angiosperms.]]> 2017/4/20 23:46:53 1,2, XU Feng-Xia^1*]]> GAN Yang-Ying^1,2, XU Feng-Xia^1* 25true 2017/4/20 23:46:53 *]]> ZHANG Qi-Di, DENG Jiao, LIANG Cheng-Gang, CHEN Qing-Fu^* 24true in vitro regeneration system of strawberry ‘Akihim'(Fragaria × ananassa), callus induction and plant regeneration protocol was designed for solve browning problem. A formal L₉(3⁴)orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the browning research in pri-mary culture using explants of creeping stems excised from aseptic seedlings. Based on the improved medium above, single-factor experiments were conducted to select effective plant growth regulators and appropriate concentrations on blank MS medium. A L₉(3⁴)orthogonal experiment was designed to study effects of types and concentrations of plant growth regulators on callus induction, adventitious shoot formation, and plant regeneration. The results indicated that MS medium was inferior to B₅ and 1/2MS in inhibiting browning condition. The browning rate was dramatically reduced while the callus still survived on the medium with the addition of 20 g·L^-1 Na₂S₂O₃. The callus induction and shoot formation of the explants were observed on MS + 0.1 mg· L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 mg·L^-1 2, 4-D + 0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA with effective inhibiting browning. The optimal medium protocol for multiple shoots proliferation was MS + 0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA where the proliferation coefficient was 12.86 after 30 d. Healthily regenerated plants were yielded on culture medium 1/2MS + 1.0 g·L^-1 AC after 35 d, with a rooting rate of 92.50%. More than 95% of plantlets survived after transplanting into field. The rapid propagation system is helpful to provide homogeneous progeny and high quality seedlings for cultivation of strawberry ‘Akihime' as well as a technical reference for other strawberry species in vitro regeneration.]]> 2018/4/26 15:28:48 1, WANG Yuanzhong^2,3, HUANG Hengyu^1,3*, LI Jixiang³, MA Lijuan¹]]> ZHANG Aili¹, WANG Yuanzhong^2,3, HUANG Hengyu^1,3*, LI Jixiang³, MA Lijuan¹ 23true PAL gene transformed into Pyrus bretschneideri was used to reduce the expression of endogenous PAL gene in P. bretschneideri. According to pear PAL gene sequences in GenBank, a pair of primers were designed, and a 496 bp partial PAL gene fragment was amplified by RT-PCR. The PAL antisense expression vector pBI121-AsPAL was constructed by reverse inserting PAL gene fragment into pBI121 MCS region. The pBI121-AsPAL was transduced into Agrobacterium EHA105 by electro transformation method. Then, pBI121-AsPAL was transformed into tissue cultured P. bretschneideri plants mediated by Agrobacterium. Twenty-three transgenic lines harboring the anti-sense PAL fragment were verified by PCR. The Real-time PCR results showed that the expression level of endogenous PAL gene in transgenic plants was lower than that of non transgenic pear,with amount of non transgenic pear 65%-75%. The results showed that with transformation mediated by Agrobacterium, the expression of endogenous PAL gene was specifically inhibited in antisense RNA transgenic P. bretschneideri seedlings. Therefore, this study provides reference for improvement of the pear fruit quality and species.]]> 2018/4/26 15:28:48 *, XU Dongqian, YAN Hongbo]]> LI Huixuan^*, XU Dongqian, YAN Hongbo 22true C4H,a pair of primers were designed and used to amplify a fragment of IbC4H gene(GenBank accession: GQ373157)by RT-PCR from sweet potato using RT-PCR and RACE technique. A 1 668 bp full-length cDNA sequence was obtained. Analysis of C4H cDNA indicated that it encoded a peptide containing 505 amino acids and the sequence comparison with the C4H gene of potatoes, apples, blackberries, ammi majus and rapes showed that identity was all above 70%. The predicted secondary structure demonstrated that alpha helix and random coil were the most important structural conformation. However, extended chain distributed in the whole protein. The predicted tertiary structure demonstrated that IbC4H had binding sites of cytochrome P450 with oxygen and iron. The study will be helpful to understand more about the roles involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis at the molecular level and provides a candidate genes for metabolic engineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in purple-fleshed sweetpotato.]]> 2018/4/26 15:28:48 1, LIU Xu^1*, YANG Chunxian², HUANG Yuanshe³, FU Yufan², ZHANG Qitang²]]> ZHANG Hualing¹, LIU Xu^1*, YANG Chunxian², HUANG Yuanshe³, FU Yufan², ZHANG Qitang² 21true Garcinia paucinervis, the morphological characters of fruits and seeds were observed and measured, morphological differentiations within and among different populations were analyzed, then the laws of seed germination and seedling growth were observed, and the effects of four plant growth regulators and two chemicals on seed germination and seedling growth were studied as well. The results showed that the lengths and widths of G. paucinervis seeds were 2.48-3.08 cm and 1.49-1.67 cm, respectively. The hundred seed weight was 392.50-438.18 g. There were evident morphological differentiations among fruits and seeds of three populations, and most of phenotypic traits of HR(Hurun Town)population were the smallest among three populations. The fruits and seeds of AN(Anning Township)population were rounder, nevertheless which of NG(Nonggang Nature Reserve)population were slenderer. Within populations, the differentiations of fruit and seed weight had relatively evident characters, while their overall shapes had relatively stable characters. The seeds were preserved during seed germination, and adventitious roots eventually replaced the radicles and then became taproots gradually. The germination processes of three populations were slow, the intermediate stages of the processes were almost stagnant, and the emergences of seedlings were very irregular. The order of germination rate of three populations was AN(78.33%)>NG(55%)>HR(48.33%). Therefore, the seeds of G. paucinervis had dormancy characteristics. In terms of seed germination, the 6-Benzylaminopurine(6-BA)treatment with 80 mg·L^-1 soaked for 24 h had the best effect, with the shortest germination time lag(GTL), the highest germination percentage(GP), and the lowest mean germination time(MGT). In respect of germination, in combination with the growth of seedlings, both 10-50 mg·L^-1 6-BA and 500 mg·L^-1 gibberellic acid(GA₃)treatments were better, and 50 mg·L^-1 6-BA was the best treatment for promotion effect, especially. The low concentration of KNO₃ and NH₄NO₃ solution could increase GP, but they did not significantly accelerate germination processes. Indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and 1-Naphthylacetic acid(NAA)could even inhibit seed germination and seedling growth. The results can provide morphological data for genetic diversity of the rare and endangered plant G. paucinervis, and provide scientific information for better protection, development and utilization of valuable G. paucinervis.]]> 2018/4/26 15:28:48 1,2, WEI Xiao², WU Shaohua^1*, CHAI Shengfeng², Lv Shihong², HAN Yu^2,3]]> ZHANG Junjie^1,2, WEI Xiao², WU Shaohua^1*, CHAI Shengfeng², Lv Shihong², HAN Yu^2,3 20true -2 in early season and 5.91, 5.97, 5.90 t·hm^-2 in late season, but all showed no significant difference. The conclusions showed that machine-transplanting rice indicated no obvious differences on dry matter, nutrient accumulation, and yield potential with hand-planting rice and hand-throwing rice, but obvious differences on dry matter and nutrient accumulation process.]]> 2018/4/26 15:28:48 1, TANG Guorong^2,5, WEI Jiequan³, WEI Chengkun³, WEI Shanqing², HUANG Min⁴, SONG Hong¹, RUAN Chunfang³, JIANG Ligeng^2*]]> ZENG Yongyue¹, TANG Guorong^2,5, WEI Jiequan³, WEI Chengkun³, WEI Shanqing², HUANG Min⁴, SONG Hong¹, RUAN Chunfang³, JIANG Ligeng^2* 19true Alpinia oxyphylla was one of the four famous south medicines in China. Its seeds were the recalcitrant seeds, which could not be preserved in dried and frozen environment, therefore, the seeds of Alpinia oxyphylla could not be reserved by regular way, in low temperature and low humidity conservation. In order to solve the A. oxyphylla seeds with long-term and stability storage, we focused on seed moisture content and freezing manner, cryopreservation method optimization, seed vigor indexes under liquid nitrogen, and the effects of cryopreservation on the physiological and biochemical characteristics. The seed vigor indexes, including germination, activity of α-amylase, SOD, POD, dehydrogenase, MDA. The results showed that the A. oxyphylla seeds with water content of 13.92%-14.38% cryopreservated by rapid freezing could obtain the optimum effect. After liquid nitrogen freezing, the germination rate of the seeds decreased significantly, but with the extension of the freezing time, the germination rate was more than 50%. There was no significant effect on the activity of α-amylase and the content of MDA in liquid nitrogen, a decrease in the dehydrogenase and POD activity of seeds after freezing, and the activity of SOD increased with the adding of freezing time. Above results indicate that freezing time have a certain influence on seeds vigor of A. oxyphylla, but it can promote some performance of seeds. Both in germination rate, and physiological and biochemical indexes, show that A. oxyphylla seeds preserved with liquid nitrogen is feasible.]]> 2018/4/26 15:28:49 *]]> ZENG Lin, WU Yi, HE Mingjun, GU Yakun, WANG Deli^* 18true Mchelia platypetala was taken as scion, seedlings of Magnolia denudate, M. liliflora, Michelia chapensis and M. maudiae were taken as rootstock, those four kinds of grafted seedlings were used as experimental materials in this study. Based on the measurement of growth and physiological indexes, we initially evaluated the compatibility between M. platypetala and four rootstocks by principal component analysis and subordinate function(SF)method. The results showed that, M. maudiae enjoyed the highest survival rate of 88.33%, while the second one was Magnolia liliflora with 83.33% survival rate and the third one was M. denudata with a survival rate of 75%, and Michelia chapensis was the lowest one which was only 63.33%. Rootstock had a great influence on seedling height of grafted seedlings, M. maudiae and Magnolia liliflora were the highest, M. denudata came to the second, Michelia chapensis was the shortest one. The effects on the number of leaf showed some differences in the early stage, while the differences narrowed later. During the growth period, the chlorophyll contents of the four grafted seedlings showed the change of two peak types, carotenoid content, soluble protein content, POD and SOD activities were increased at the beginning but decreased later; While the soluble sugar content decreased first and then increased. Among four kinds of rootstocks, all physiological indexes of Magnolia denudata, M. liliflora and Michelia maudiae were similar,while that of M. chapensis was at a lower level in whole growth period. From the compatibility index, M. maudiae was the highest with 0.518, the lowest one was M. chapensis with 0.470. According to the comprehensive analysis, each of four rootstocks had a certain compatibility, among which M. maudiae were the best, and M. chapensis were the worst.]]> 2018/4/26 15:28:49 *, CHAI Yixia, HU Manjun, LUO Feng]]> CAI Mengying, JIN Xiaoling^*, CHAI Yixia, HU Manjun, LUO Feng 17true 2019/4/26 14:11:33 *, LIU Fangjun, LAI Peiheng, QIN Xiaoyi, LI Jiajun]]> LI Suli, SONG Yani, LI Zhigang^*, LIU Fangjun, LAI Peiheng, QIN Xiaoyi, LI Jiajun 16true Eucalyptus urophylla &#215; E. grandis DH3229 seedlings as test material, a experiment was conducted to study nitric oxide(NO)alleviate the toxic effects of Aluminum(Al). In this experiment, E. urophylla &#215; E. grandis DH3229 were subjected to six treatments [two levels of Al stress and three levels of sodium nitroprusside(SNP)]. In this paper, we measured four plant growth indexs(root biomass, stem biomass, leaf biomass, and root stem ratio)and nine plant physiologic indexs(chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, chlorophyll a/b, MDA content, relative electrical conductivity, free proline content, soluble sugar content, and SOD content)among different treatments. We used one-way ANOVAs and Duncan multiple-range test to exam the differences between four plant growth indexs and nine plant physiologic indexs in six treatments. And then, we used principle conponent analysis(PCA)to reduce the number of dimensions without much loss of information based on similarities and differences, and we defined a limited number of “principal components” that describe independent variation structures in the data. At last, we chose an appropriate SNP content to alleviate the toxic effects of Al. The results showed that Al stress significantly inhibited root, stem, leaf biomass of seedlings, and the content of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b. Meanwhile, Al stress significantly increased the relative electrical conductivity, MDA, SOD and proline content. The application of 10 μmol·L^-1 SNP increased siginificantly root and leaf biomass, the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b under Al stress; and decreased siginificantly the relative electrical conductivity, MDA and proline content. Apply an appropriate amount of SNP could effectively alleviate the toxic effects of Al on Eucalyptus seedling growth. However, high concentration of SNP could inhibit the growth of Eucalyptus seedling.]]> 2019/4/26 14:11:33 1,2, LUO Wenji¹, WEI Jie³, HU Houzhen^1,4, WANG Linghui¹, TENG Weichao^1*]]> HOU Wenjuan^1,2, LUO Wenji¹, WEI Jie³, HU Houzhen^1,4, WANG Linghui¹, TENG Weichao^1* 15true AGPase had PLN02241 protein domain belonging to GlgC family protein and ADP_Glucose_PP and NTP_transferase domain belonging to cl11394 family protein. The accession number of AGPase gene was KP751443. GBSS and SSS had Glyco_transf_5, GT1_Glycogen_synthase_DULL1_like conserved domain belonging to cl10013 family protein. The accession numbers of GBSS and SSS genes were KP751445 and KP751444, respectively.(2)The starch content showed an increasing trend in the process of the formation and development of lily bulblet swelling. The starch content was up to 44.52% at the stem differentiation stage after bulblet swelling, which was the highest. The three starch synthesis-related genes were up-regulated gradually in bulblets and leaves. The expression of these three starch synthesis-related genes were up to the peak at the stem differentiation stage after bulblet swelling. The expression of AGPase, GBSS and SSS were 10.79, 6.92 and 5.12 in bulblet, and were 6.79, 5.22 and 4.41 in leaves, respectively. The genes expression were much higher in bulblets than in leaves. There was a positive correlation between the starch synthesis-related gene expression and the content of starch and bulblet swelling. The finding provides a reference for propagation production of lily bulblet, by which the expression of key synthesis-related genes can be regulated to promote the swelling development of lily bulblet.]]> 2019/4/26 14:11:33 1,2, SUN Jiaman³, LI Chaosheng², WEI Liping², FAN Yanping^1*]]> ZHANG Jinzhong^1,2, SUN Jiaman³, LI Chaosheng², WEI Liping², FAN Yanping^1* 14true Angelica sinensis were planted in a matrix containing different proportions of attapulgite clay(the volume ratio of attapulgite clay and matrix was 0:1, 1:100, 1:70, 1:50, 1:20)to study the physiological effects of Cu stress on A. sinensis seedlings and the protective effect of attapulgite clay on A. sinensis seedlings under CuCl₂ stress. The results were as follows:(1)With the increase of exogenous CuCl₂ concentration, Y(Ⅱ)(PS Ⅱ operation efficiency), ETR(rate non-cyclic electron transport throughPS Ⅱ ), qP(photochemical quenching), and chlorophyll content of leaves of A. sinensis seedlings decreased, while the qN(non-photochemical quenching), soluble protein content, activities of antioxidant enzymes(SOD, POD, CAT, and APX), the content of H₂O₂and the CuCl₂ content in the leaves and roots increased significantly. The results showed that the Cu stress decreased in both photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll synthesis of A. sinensis seedlings, and increased the content of Cu and oxidation pressure in tissues.(2)Under Cu stress, the presence of attapulgite clay in the growth matrix could alleviate the copper-stress-induced decreases in the Y(Ⅱ), qP, ETR, and chlorophyll content of the leaves, and could alleviate the copper-stress-induced increases of the qN, soluble protein content, activities of antioxidant enzymes, content of H₂O₂ as well as copper contents in the leaves and roots. Our results indicate that the attapulgite clay can reduce the absorption of available Cu²⁺ by adsorbing or immobilizing free and exchangeable Cu²⁺ in the matrix, thus relieving the physiological pressure caused by Cu²⁺ on plants, which is propitious to its growth. And in the order of the mitigation is 1:70 > 1:50 > 1:20 ≥ 1:100 > 0:1, this is due to the fact that when there is too much attapulgite clay in the matrix, the absorption of Cu²⁺ in the matrix will also affect the original physical properties of the matrix such as aeration, permeability and pH and so on. These results together manifest that the attapulgite clay in the matrix can alleviate the copper-induced physiological stress on A. sinensis seedlings.]]> 2019/4/26 14:11:33 *]]> ZHANG Mudan, SAI NAO Wangqing, RAN Ruilan, Da Mengting, Jia Lingyun, SUN Kun, FENG Hanqing^* 13true Actinidia chinensis, and multiply the new seedling resources fast and effectively, and lay foundation for the genetic transformation of kiwifruit, the petioles and leaves of A. chinensis ‘Donghong' were chosen as explants, and the effects of different plant growth regulators on frequencies of callus formation and adventitious bud regeneration were investigated by culturing on the induction medium. Moreover, the influence of different types of plant growth regulators on the induction of adventitious roots was also analyzed. The results showed that the combination of different concentrations of 6-BA and NAA had strong effect on the bud regeneration rate, and the optimum combination(MS + 0.5 μg·mL^-1 6-BA + 0.2 μg·mL^-1 NAA)were obtained, in which the frequency of bud regeneration from leaves and petioles reached 63.4% and 91.2% after 35 d culture, respectively. The adventitious bud regeneration rate of petiole explant of A. chinensis ‘Donghong' was significantly higher than that of leaf explant. The frequency of adventitious bud regeneration from petioles was up to 91.2% and the average amount of regenerated buds for each petiole explant was 9-12. The result suggested that IBA was much more effective than NAA for rooting. The best cencentration of IBA was 0.5 μg·mL^-1, and the rate of adventitious root regeneration and the average number of roots per shoot were 93% and 6, respectively. More than 80% of plantlets survived after transplanting. This fast and direct diffe-rentiation simplified the process of adventitious bud formation differentiated from callus, which shortened the culture process and provided a powerful guarantee for the rapid industrialization of seedling production.]]> 2019/4/26 14:11:33 1,2, LI Dawei^1,2, ZHONG Caihong^1,2*]]> LV Haiyan^1,2, LI Dawei^1,2, ZHONG Caihong^1,2* 12true 3. And 0.2% mercuric chloride sterilization for 20 min inhibited germination of kiwifruit seeds, the various index was significantly lower than aseptic stirring method, sprouts grew slowly, most of the seeds could not develop into young seedlings within the allotted time. In addition, aseptic stirring method was a physical method, and it was harmless for seeds, workers and environment. The study indicated that the practicality and advantage of aseptic stirring method, and found the ability of NaClO to break the dormancy of kiwifruit seeds, which provided a reference for the obtaining aseptic seeds of other same type of fruits.]]> 2019/4/26 14:11:33 *]]> SUN Jingjie, YANG Di, ZOU Tingting, ZHAO Xinshi, TANG Juan, SHI Jiajie, ZHANG Naiqun^* 11true Cymbidium tracyanum was selected as explant to screen out the conditions to regenerate with highly efficiency, by evaluating the effects of basic medium and hormone combination on the plant regeneration of C. tracyanum, and the effects of illumination time and culture temperature on the growth of plantlets were also studied. The results were as follows: The optimum basic medium for C. tracyanum growth was 1/2 MS. The optimal medium for protocorm induction was 1/2 MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA, 95.00% of the seeds developed into the protocorms after cultured for 50 d. The optimal medium for protocorm proliferation was 1/2 MS+2.0 mg·L^-1 NAA, the maximum proliferation multiple of protocorm reached 4.25 after cultured for 30 d. The optimal medium for protocorm differentiation was 1/2 MS+2.0 mg·L^-1 NAA+60 g·L^-1 mashed potato+0.5 g·L^-1acticarbon, the induction rate of indefinite bud was 98.33% after cultured for 10 d, the rooting rate was 94.67% after cultured for 40 d. In the process of plantlets subculture, temperature of 20 ℃, illumination time of 12 h·d^-1 and illumination intensity of 2 000 lx were suited for the growth of plantlets, the physiological scorch rate of leaf tip was 3.33%. Using humus as cultivation substrate, the transplanting survival rate of plantlets was 97.78%. This study provides an effective way for keeping good varieties of features and rapid propagation of C. tracyanum, at the same time, helps to solve some theoretical problems in factory production of C. tracyanum.]]> 2019/4/26 14:11:33 1,2, SONG Kaijie¹, CAI Xitong¹, YANG Zedong¹, WANG Bing¹, LAN Xiaozhong^1,2*]]> YUAN Fang^1,2, SONG Kaijie¹, CAI Xitong¹, YANG Zedong¹, WANG Bing¹, LAN Xiaozhong^1,2* 10true Rhododendron, the direction feature about the genus was studied based on the cross combinations of 33 reciprocal pairs and 186 combinations of selfing nature to be clear, involving five subgenera, three sections, twelve subsections and 32 species of Rhododendron. The results were as follows:(1)In inter-specific cross of Rhododendron, there was the same direction of number rate change from bidirectional fertility to unidirectional sterility to bidirectional sterility with the parent alliance from origin→advance and the relationship from closeness to alienation; The inter-specific cross appeared more easily in Intra-Subgen. Hymenanthes as the primitive group than in Intra-Subgen. Rhododendron as the more advance group, and as both of the above two subge-nera had more relationship in evolution, the fertility rate of Subgen. Hymenanthes × Subgen. Rhododendron appeared higher than that of the other inter-subgeneric cross.(2)In the evolutionary dimension, the unidirectional sterility in inter-specific hybrid of the genus usually had no obvious fixed direction of parent collocation, but in Intra-Subgen. Hymenanthes(Intra-HY), Intra-Subgen. Rhododendron and Subgen. Tsutsus × Subgen. Pentanthera, the collocation had a certain tendency.(3)The fertility of inter-specific cross had obvious relevance with parental self-character, the total tendency of fertility size showed SC × SC>SI × SC≥SC × SI>SI × SI, the general direction of the reproductive behavior evolution of Rhododendron was from self-compatibility(SC)to self-incompatibility(SI)and accompany with increase of outcrossing reproductive isolation.(4)Cytoplasmic sterility and polyploid intervention were two important causes that resulted in unidirectional incompatibility or sterility, and SI increased the rate of the hybrid sterility drastically.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 ZHUANG Ping 9true Castanea henryi forest, enhance the cultivation and management level of C. henryi, and further improve its yield, quality and economic benefits. Two ways of whole area reclamation and ring area reclamation were used to carry out deep digging and reclamation for C. henryi woodland soil four years. The changes of soil physical and chemical properties before and after reclamation, the tree growth, leaf phenotype and physiological characteristics, fruiting, yield and quality of C. henryi were measured, and the statistical data were compared and analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The effect of deep excavation on soil physical and chemical properties of C. henryi forest was remarkable. Soil bulk density of the two reclamations were increased by 31.21% and more(0-30 cm), and the soil moisture content, soil porosity, organic matter content and various macroeliement content were increased in different degrees, soil fertility and its ability to maintain water and fertilizer had been enhanced significantly.(2)The soil organic matter content, available phosphorus content and exchangeable magnesium content in the ring reclamation area were higher than those in the whole reclamation area, and the soil organic matter content of ring reclamation increased by 40.59% compared with that before reclamation, which was far higher than that of whole reclamation(17.76%). Those indicated that the effect of ring reclamation was better than that of whole reclamation form the view of soil fertilizer reservation ability.(3)The improvement of soil fertility enhanced its fertilizer supply ability to the chestnut leaves, and the water content, chlorophyll content and various mineral elements contents of leaves were increased significantly, thus enhancing its photosynthesis ability.(4)Deep digging and reclamation also had significant improvement effects on the tree growth, fruiting ability, yield, chestnut weight and its nutritional quality, thereinto, the yield per unit area of whole reclamation and ring reclamation were 1.75 times and 1.33 times as much as the control respectively, and the total weight of chestnut bract, nut weight, seed rate, soluble sugar content, phosphorus and potassium content were significantly higher than the control, while the percentage of empty bracts were significantly lower than the control. In summary, deep digging and reclamation is an effective measure to improve woodland soil and improve productivity of C. henryi.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 1, YANG Long², WU Conglian², ZHANG Pingsheng¹, GONG Bangchu^1*, LAI Junsheng²]]> JIANG Xibing¹, YANG Long², WU Conglian², ZHANG Pingsheng¹, GONG Bangchu^1*, LAI Junsheng² 8true Sphagnum magellanicum shoots growing in the open area and forest margin of Yueliangwan wetland, respectively, in the Changbai Mountains were chosen as study materials. A portable pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometer was used in this study to measure chlorophyll fluorescent parameters. We analyzed the fluorescent responses of the two types of S. magellanicum shoots to trampling intensities and trampling rounds by simulating anthropogenic trampling indoor. Effective PS Ⅱ quantum yield [Y(Ⅱ)] and electron transport rate(ETR)of red S. magellanicum decreased with trampling intensity increase, while those of yellow-green type increased with trampling in the second round of trampling. Y(Ⅱ)and ETR of red-type S. magellanicum under anthropogenic trampling were significantly lower than those in control group, while for yellow-green type they under lightly trampling were lower in comparison to those in control group. Non-regulated energy dissipation [Y(NO)] of yellow-green S. magellanicum decreased with trampling. Our results indicate that Sphagnum can tolerate certain trampling stress, but its growth will be strongly inhibited by the cumulative effect of the stress. Our study also suggest that yellow-green S. magellanicum in forest margin is more tolerant to trampling than red-type in the open area. Tourist trampling in wetlands especially the open area should be reduced or even strictly forbidden in the protection and management of wetlands in the future.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 1,2, BU Zhaojun^1,2*, LIU Chao^1,2, HU Xuefeng^1,2, CHEN Yongda^1,2]]> FAN Beibei^1,2, BU Zhaojun^1,2*, LIU Chao^1,2, HU Xuefeng^1,2, CHEN Yongda^1,2 7true Ralstonia solanacearum, the effects of two different rootstocks on the resistance to bacterial wilt and the quanantity of rhizospheric microorganisms were studied. “Fanzhen No.1”, “Qiezhen No. 21” and cherry tomato variety “Fen beibei” were used as rootstocks and scion, respectively. And the rhizospheric microorganisms were separated by dilution plate method. The results were as follows:(1)Grafting significantly improved the resistance of tomato to bacterial wilt, reduced the incidence rate and disease index, and delayed the onset of disease.(2)The quantity of R. solanacearum decreased gradually from root to shoot and showed dynamic changes du-ring the infection process. Grafting with disease-resistant rootstocks significantly reduced the quantity of R. solanacearum in rhizospheric matrix and roots, and the quantity of pathogenic bacteria in shoot was significantly lower than that of scion-self-rooted grafted plants. After inoculation, the quantities of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizospheric matrix of all grafted combinations increased first and then decreased as the disease progressed.(3)In general, grafting with disease-resistant rootstocks increased the quantities of rhizospheric microorganisms, bacteria and actinomycetes while decreased the quantity of fungi, and improved the rhizospheric microenvironment, which plays an important role in redu-cing the incidence rate of tomato bacterial wilt.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 *]]> ZHAO Wenzong, ZHENG Xuyang, ZHANG Yingqing, ZHONG Chuan, YANG Yanjuan, YU Wenjin^* 6true Chenopodium ambrosioides and its two main components α-terpene and cymene on the photosynthetic characteristics of Vicia faba seedlings. The results showed that the volatile oil treatment significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance(G_s), transpiration rate(T_r), maximum photochemical efficiency(F_v/F_m), actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPS Ⅱ)and total chlorophyll content. However, it increased the concentration of intercellular CO₂(C_i), which was the dual effect of dose and time, and the effect of high dosed volatile oil treatment was irreversible. Compared with the control group, α-terpene treatment reduced P_n, F_v/F_m and ΦPS Ⅱ, increased C_i, G_s and T_r, and all the parameters were gradually approaching to the control level after stopping treatment. However, the effects of cymene on photosynthetic characteristics of Vicia faba seedlings were not significant. These results suggested that the volatile allelochemical stress from Chenopodium ambrosioides on photosynthesis of receptor plants was due to the the synergistic effect of many allelochemicals, instead of a single component.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 1, ZHOU Jian^1,2, MA Danwei^1*, HUANG Su¹, MENG Qiaoqiao¹]]> GU Congjing¹, ZHOU Jian^1,2, MA Danwei^1*, HUANG Su¹, MENG Qiaoqiao¹ 5true Cymbidium hybridum ‘hongjiu' and C. tortisepalum ‘biancaosuhua' were used as materials. The results were as follows: 1/2MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+NAA1.0 mg·L^-1+AC 0.05%+banana 80 g·L^-1 had the best conductive effects on proliferation of protocorm, and the proliferative rate reached to 307%; 1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+AC 0.05%+banana 80 g·L^-1 medium was beneficial to differential protocorm culture, and the differential rate was 82%; 1/2MS+TDZ 2.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+AC 0.05%+banana 80 g·L^-1 medium was conductive to proliferation and differentiation of rhizome, and the proliferative rate reached 293%, the differential rate was 79%. Medium of 1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L^-1+AC 0.05%+banana 80 g·L^-1 was the best for rooting, the rooting rate was 84.7%, and the roots were healthy with strong seedlings, and the leaves were dark green. This system provides technical support for large-scale production of hybrid orchid seedlings.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 *, Li Ru]]> LIU Yang, WANG Yuying, LI Zhilin^*, Li Ru 4true 2019/10/25 14:38:22 1, LONG Qiangyu¹, DING Feng^2*, XU Shilan¹, HUANG Xing¹, HUANG Sijie¹, YANG Yahan¹, LI Feng¹, ZHANG Shuwei²]]> PAN Jiechun¹, LONG Qiangyu¹, DING Feng^2*, XU Shilan¹, HUANG Xing¹, HUANG Sijie¹, YANG Yahan¹, LI Feng¹, ZHANG Shuwei² 3true Castanopsis hystrix seedlings as experimental material, we measured key substances in the process of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen assimilation of Chlorophyll, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity, total contents of ATP enzyme, PEP carboxylase and RUBP carboxylase content, and their superiorities were evaluated with principal component analysis and membership function method. The results were as follows: There were significant differences of all indexes among the 29 families. Chlorophyll a content varied from 0.13 to 0.72 mg·g^-1FW, chlorophyll b content varied from 0.01 to 0.27 mg·g^-1FW, chlorophyll(a+b)content varied from 0.18 to 0.98 mg·g^-1FW, carotenoid content varied from 0.03 to 0.32 mg·g^-1FW, nitrate reductase(NR)activity varied from 1.16 to 10.26 μg·g^-1·h^-1, glutamine synthetase(GS)activity varied from 0.30 to 1.24 A·mg^-1protein·h^-1, total contents of ATPase varied from 0.37 to 3.55 U·mg^-1 prot, PEP Case content varied from 8.42 to 21.24 IU·L^-1 and RUBP case content varied from 2.09 to 9.12 ng·mL^-1. Among indexes, the total contents of ATP enzyme varied most, followed by the nitrate reductase activity, and the RUBP carboxylase content varied minimum. The ten families was selected respectively by principal component analysis and the method of subordinate function respectively and repetition rate reached 90%. Repeat the families were B2, B5, P5, A6, P3, P6, R3, D2 and R4 families. This instructed that principal component analysis and subordinate function method are good for the evaluation of the second generation family of Castanopsis hystrix.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 *, LIU Xiu, CAO Yanyun, HUANG Zhiling, HAO Haikun]]> TAN Zhangqiang, SHEN Wenhui^*, LIU Xiu, CAO Yanyun, HUANG Zhiling, HAO Haikun 2true Psammosilene tunicoides is an important component of various Chinese patent medicines such as “Yunnan Baiyao”, and its active ingredient is triterpenoid saponin. MYC2 is an important transcription factor, which plays an important role in regulating the secondary metabolic accumulation of triterpenoids in plants. In this study, we cloned two transcription factors( ptMYC2-1 and ptMYC2-2 )of Psammosilene tunicoides based on transcriptome sequencing. Meanwhile, the homology, physical and chemical parameters, hydrophobicity, transmembrane helices, subcellular location, domain, target gene binding site were predicted through bioinformatics software. The experimental results showed that the proteins encoded by the two transcription factors belonged to the hydrophilic protein and did not exist the transmembrane region, and both of them were non-secreted proteins, and without signal peptide. The subcellular of two transcription factors localizes to the nucleus. Domain analysis revealed that both genes contained the bHLH family domain. We predicted that the promoter of these genes( HMGR, FPS, SE and β-AS), which involved the triterpenoid saponin synthesis pathway of Psammosilene tunicoides, contained the E-box binding domain. This study provides the basic information for stu-dying the regulatory mechanisms of the ptMYC2 gene in the metabolic pathway of triterpenoid saponins.]]> 2019/10/25 14:38:22 *]]> MENG Wenjun, ZHANG Aili, JIANG Lexiao, ZHU Wenjie, DUAN Li, QIAN Zigang^* 1true