Elatostema(Urticaceae)are described as new from southeastern area of Yunnan Province.(1)E. wenshanense is related E. shanglinense W. T. Wang, and from the latter differs in its densely puberulous stems, at base obliquely cuneate and semi-triplinerved leaf blades, smaller receptacle of pistillate capitulum, and its 12 bracts, which are unequal in size and only three of which are corniculate at apex.(2)E. viridicarinatum is related to E. maguanense W. T. Wang, and from the latter differs in its densely retrose-pubescent and appressed-puberulous stems, longer staminate peduncle, and in its staminate involucre, which consists of 6 2-serite bracts unequal in size, with the 2 outer ones larger abaxially longitudinally 1-green-carinate and 4-6-green-costate, and 4 inner ones smaller and abaxially 1-green-corniculate near the middle.]]> 2017/3/8 14:17:08 WANG Wen-Cai 6true Amaranthus and carried out phylogenetic evolutionary studies on ITS sequences of the 21 species of Amaranthus. Through interspecific and intraspecific genetic distance analysis of ITS sequences, the values of interspecific variation were 0-0.055 1 and intraspecific variation were 0-0.009 2. Using TAXON DNA software to build barcoding gap figure of ITS sequences, we could see interspecific variations of Amaranthus species were moderation. And inter- and intraspecific variation were overlapping in a few. In addition, five or six clades could be separated on the phylogenetic tree constructed by ML methods(according to the bootstrap value). Such as, A. plameri(subgen. Acnida)and A. spinosus(subgen. Amaranthus)clustered together. A. tuberculatus and A. rudis formed a sole clade jointly. A. retroflexus(subgen. Amaranthus, sect. Amaranthus, subsect. Amaranthus)and A. powellii(subgen. Amaranthus, sect. Amaranthus, subsect. Hybrida)had more close relationship. A. caudatus(subgen. Amaranthus, sect. Amaranthus, subsect. Amaranthus)and A. hybridus complex(including A. hybridus, A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus)(subgen. Amaranthus, sect. Amaranthus, subsect. Hybrida)were closer more. Subgen. Albersia was divided into two or three groups, A. polygonoides could be merged into A. albus and A. blitoides, or form a sole clade(Clade 6)by itself according to the bootstrap value. Therefore, categories of three subgenus or two to three sections based on traditional classification systems were problematic, we suggested that classification of Amaranthus in China should be divided into five sections and two subsections, or six sections and two subsections. The five sections and two subsections respectively were sect. Saueranthus including A. palmeri and A. spinosus, sect. Acnida(A. tuberculatus and A. rudis), sect. Amaranthus including subsect. Amaranthus(A. retroflexus and A. powellii)and subsect. Hybrida(A. hybridus, A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus and A. caudatus), sect. Albersia including A. blitum, A. viridis, A. deflexus, A. tricolor, A. graecizans, A. crispus, A. tenuifolius and A. standleyanus, and sect. Blitopsis including A. albus, A. blitoides, A. capensis and A. polygonoides. Most Amaranthus Pecies could be discriminated, only a few allied species(A. rudis and A. tuberculatus complex, and A. hybridus complex)and species under subgen. Albersia could not be separated clearly.]]> 2017/3/8 14:17:08 1, LI Zhen-Yu², LI Jun-Sheng^1*]]> XU Han¹, LI Zhen-Yu², LI Jun-Sheng^1* 5true rbcL sequences in the family Hymenophyllaceae were examined using random-site models along with the estimated time-scale of Hymenophyllaceous phylogeny. By comparing Modles M1a/M2a and M7/M8 under random-site modles, six amino acid sites(125I, 227L, 231A, 258F, 304S and 351L)were found to be positively selected, in which the site 304S was located in the D-loop six, playing an important role in keeping Rubisco function. We also used CAPS v1.0(coevolution analysis using protein sequences)to study the evolutionary relationship between the amino sites within the Rubisco large subunit. Thirty-nine groups of coevolutionary sites were detected(totally thirty-five amino sites), of which 46% were located in the α-helix, 14% in the β-sheet. This complex evolutionary patterns may be related to its earlier origin. In view of this, the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed. The results showed that the initial divergence whin Hymenophyllaceae occurred in the early Triassic. The divergence within Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum occurred in the early Jurassic and Cretaceous, seperatelly. The results also indicated that the ancestral state for the Hymenophyllaceae was terrestrial, suggesting possible roles played by the Thermal Maximum recently. These results provide new insights for how Hymenophyllaceae ferns response to the terrestrial ecosystem changes caused by the rise angiosperms.]]> 2017/3/8 14:17:08 *]]> WANG Chun-Bo, GUO Zhi-You^* 4true Primula chungensis and P. cockburniana, are usually considered as close species for the similar morphological traits. We reconstructed the phylogenetic trees with the Bayesian inference method based on two DNA fragments, the molecular marker we chose was internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast fragment trnL-F, among the two phylogenetic trees we reconstructed, P. chungensis and P. cockburniana got into a branch with 0.81 support, which indicated that P. chungensis and P. cockburniana were sister species. we also utilized principle component analysis based on five morphological traits, and the two species got into two clusters, which indicated that in term of the morphology, there was significant differentiation between the two species, and this differentiation had an important relationship with the mating system, and we discussed the relationship between flora syndrome and breeding system of these two species. We chose eight pairs of SSR primers and sent the polymerase chain reaction production to the company to measure the peak value, according to the anlysis of the softwae STRUCTUER based on the nuclear microsatellite marker, the appropriate value of K was two, the result of structure consisted of two area and with different colors, the red area represented the population of P. cockburniana, and the green area represented the populations of P. chungensis, which meant that there was significant and stable differentiations between the two species on the molecular level. Then we calculated the differentiation time between the two species with Ima2 based on the united chloroplast fragments, which showed turbulent environment and geological and historical accidents in Pleistocene may have an important effect on the differentiation of the two species. Finally we analysed the ecological niches of the two species with the software maxent. The results indicated that the precipitation of the driest quarter, range of annual temperature, isothermality and the annual average precipitation had important effects on the distribution of P. chungensis,the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the driest month, annual average precipitation and the precipitation seasonality had an important effect on the distribution of P. cockburniana. We speculate that the different ecological niches had been influenced by the phylogenetic evolution of the species, and in turn the different niches can also promote the phylogenetic evolution process.]]> 2017/3/8 14:17:08 *]]> ZHANG Hua-Jie, LI Qing-Jun^* 3true Glycyrrhiza. A total of 68 individuals of Glycyrrhiza were selected including 34 parental species, G. uralensis, G. glabra, G. inflata and 34 artificial interspecific crosses, G. uralensis♀ × G. glabra♂, G. glabra♀ × G. uralensis♂, G. uralensis♀ × G. inflata♂ and G. inflata♀ × G. uralensis♂. Thirty-four artificial interspecific crosses were performed and the sequence polymorphisms of chloroplast DNA(cpDNA)and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)of nuclear gene of parents and progenies were studied. Sequence analysis showed that ITS sequences of parents and progenies had the same length of 614 bp and altogether four variable sites, with three genotypes. Two different ITS sequence copies at four variable sites were found in each individual of F₁ hybrids, one from the paternal and the other from the female parent, about which the detection ratio was 100%. It suggested that 34 artificial interspecific crosses produced successful F₁ hybrids in this research and genetic trait of ITS could infer parents of Glycyrrhiza. Sequence analysis showed that the cpDNA rbcL, matK and trnH-psbA sequences of parents and artificial interspecific crosses had the same length, within a total of four variable sites and six genotypes. Two different cpDNA haplotypes were found in Glycyrrhiza. The cpDNA haplotypes of F₁ hybrids matched those of the male parents and that ratio was up to 97.1%, indicating that the genetic trait was mainly inherited from the paternal parent. This result demonstrated that the chloroplast inheritance pattern of Glycyrrhiza was mostly paternal inheritance, which provides new insights into the use of cpDNA markers in studies of natural hybrids and genetic polymorphism in Glycyrrhiza.]]> 2017/3/8 14:17:08 1, LU Jia-Hui^1,2,3*, LI Xue-Yu³, ZHOU Ling-Ling¹, XIE Liang-Bi¹, LI Xiao-Lan¹, SONG Feng¹]]> CHEN Chao-Nan¹, LU Jia-Hui^1,2,3*, LI Xue-Yu³, ZHOU Ling-Ling¹, XIE Liang-Bi¹, LI Xiao-Lan¹, SONG Feng¹ 2true Rosa L. species from China was observed by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope(SEM). Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells were polygonal or irregular in shape with anticlinal walls undulate or straight and arched. The size of leaf epidermal cells has greater interspecific difference in general. The upper epidermal cells of the genus were almost all polygonal and the upper epidermal cells were slightly larger than the lower epidermal cells. Periclinal walls of most epidermal cells of the genus were sunken and some fraction of epidermal cells were bulging under the scanning electron microscope. All 29 plants of the subgen. Rosa L. were hypostomatic except for amphistomatic R. berberifolia belonging to subgen. Hulthemia. Most stomatal types were anomocytic with some others anomotetracytic or paratetracytic as well as stomatal shape elliptic, widely elliptic or oblong elliptic. Inner margin of outer stomatal rim were nearly smooth or sinuolate, or with sinuous and sinuate, besides, ornamentation of outer stomatal rim were smooth or nearly smooth or with scaly waxy layer with most stomata apparatus “T” type thickening of guard cells poles. Two kinds of trichomes were distinguished in this study. They were pubescence or glandular in Rosa L., and most species had long pubescence or short pubescence, as well a small number of plants were glabrous. Bases of most single pubescences had no specialization and were surrounded by ordinary epidermal cells. Only a very small group of species were surrounded by specialized radial cells. The cuticular wax ornamentation were nearly smooth, papillose or granulate, or with layer of small processes and flake-like waxy layer. All the observed species of the subgen. Rosa L. were unilaminar outer stomatal rim except for R. berberifolia belonging to subgen. Hulthemia and that R. berberifolia also had trichomes in just the upper epidermis. So R. berberifolia belonged to subgen. Hulthemia had a special position in evolution, which was also explained by the research results of this paper. There were no clear regularity in the micro morphological characteristics of the leaf epidermis of Rosa L. in each group within the genus, but it can provide the basis for systematic taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships between species, and leaf epidermis characters can be used to differentiate similar species that were easily confused with each other. The significance of these epidermal features was discussed.]]> 2017/3/8 14:17:08 *]]> ZENG Ni, ZHANG Jian-Ru, CHANG Zhao-Yang^* 1true