Camellia oleifera, the harvest was still affected by the factors such as the tolerance of disease, insect and drought as well as mating compatibility. Genetic engineering of chloroplast was an effective way to improve the important traits of plant. In order to improve the important traits of C. oleifera, it was necessary to carry out the analysis on codon preference of its chloroplast genome. The whole genome sequence of chloroplast in C. oleifera taken as raw material, 51 CDS who were longer than 300 bps, started with ATG and not repeated were screened for future analysis. The codon preference was conducted by the CodonW software. The results indicated that the GC content of the third base of genetic code was 27.55% and effective number of codons ranged from 35.23 to 56.67 with an average of 46.09 and then 29 codons of 30 whose RSCU were more than 1 ended with A or U. Neutral plot analysis showed the correlation between GC₁₂ and GC₃ was not significant and the coefficient of correlation and regression was 0.143 and 0.057 3, respectively. Frequency analysis showed 55% and 25% of the ENC ratio of genes focused on the region of 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2. Correspondence analysis indicated the first axis accounted for 10.12 variation and the rested three axises accounted for 9.36%, 7.97% and 7.46% and the first four axises accounted for 34.91% in total. All the methods used in this study showed that codon preference was affected by not only mutation and but also selection. Finally the 18 optimal codons including CUU, AUU, GUU, GUA, UAA, CAA, AAA, GAC, GAA, CCU, ACU, GCU, GCA, UGU, CGU, AGU, UUG, GGU were determined. This work provides plenty of information for improving important traits of C. oleifera utilizing the genetic engineering of chloroplast.]]> 2018/2/9 0:00:00 1,3*, YANG Liping², WU Hongying², NONG Youliang¹, WU Shuangcheng¹, XIAO Yufei³, QIN Zihai³, WANG Huayu^1,2, LIU Hailong³]]> WANG Pengliang^1,3*, YANG Liping², WU Hongying², NONG Youliang¹, WU Shuangcheng¹, XIAO Yufei³, QIN Zihai³, WANG Huayu^1,2, LIU Hailong³ 9true H')was 1.38-2.02. The variation range of seventeen amino acids ranged from 10.07% to 35.71%, Shannon-Wiener index(H')was 1.85-2.20. The principal component analysis on main biochemical components showed that the accumulative contribution rate of three main components of protein, sugar and fat was 81.67%. Cluster analysis showed that there were significant differences in the biochemical components among the groups, and the clustering of the groups was closely related to the geographical distribution, and the proportion of biochemical components in the same resources in the basin was similar. Compared with the main varieties, the real resources have higher variability in sugar, protein, fat and other aspects, and have certain potential for development.]]> 2018/2/9 11:35:21 1,2, XU Yeyong², WANG Ming², ZHANG Yongpo³, BA Tu², BA Hatiyaer², PEI Dong^1*]]> WANG Baoqing^1,2, XU Yeyong², WANG Ming², ZHANG Yongpo³, BA Tu², BA Hatiyaer², PEI Dong^1* 8true Comastoma pulmonarium was studied to explore the evolutionary and adaptive significance of this distinctive floral structure in the extreme alpine environment and its effects on plant reproductive fitness. The results showed that in artificially corona removed flowers, pollen grains in anthers(t = 2.61, P<0.05)and fertilization rate(t=2.05, P<0.05)decreased greatly after rain-wash. However, there were no significant differences of the seed weight and seed germination rate between artificially corona removed flowers and control flowers. Additionally, pollen germination rate reduced significantly due to water immersion(t = 30.67, P<0.001)and direct exposure to sunlight(t = 9.89,P<0.001), indicating that hairy corona could maintain viability of pollen grains in front of rain immersion and intense solar radiation. This study indicates that the hairy corona of C. pulmonarium has adaptive significance for both male and female reproductive success in the harsh environment of alpine regions, and further confirms selection on the flower morphology of alpine plants by abiotic factors.]]> 2018/2/9 11:35:21 1, ZHANG Xin¹, MI Zhaorong², HUANG Yuhan¹, MA Jianmin^1*]]> ZHANG Chan¹, ZHANG Xin¹, MI Zhaorong², HUANG Yuhan¹, MA Jianmin^1* 7true Saussurea tangutica, the floral characteristics and reproductive allocation of fourteen populations of S. tangutica from different altitudes on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were determined through field investigation and drying-weighing method. The results were as follows:(1)Reproductive allocation presented a linear decline with increasing individual size(above-ground biomass and plant height);(2)Above-ground biomass, plant height, the number of tubulous, and the biomass of reproductive and vegetative organs at the flowering stage all showed a linear decline with rising altitude, while the biomass of tubulous increased with rising altitude;(3)There was a common balance between the number and size of tubulous, the biomass of reproductive and vegetative organs, the weight of stamens and pistils, as well as the number of pollen grains and the length of filaments. It can be concluded as follows:(1)As an external factor, altitude significantly affects the floral characteristics of S. tangutica, and individual size also potentially regulates reproductive allocation;(2)S. tangutica at different altitudes can utilize the limited resource effectively and decrease vegetative growth by reducing its size to promote reproductive growth.]]> 2018/2/9 11:35:21 *, QI Rulin, YANG Yang]]> YANG Yajun, WANG Yifeng^*, QI Rulin, YANG Yang 6true Camellia species in Guizhou plateau(ⅢD 10 d)were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and amino acid ratio coefficient method. The results were as follows:(1)Thirteen kinds of amino acids were checked out in seeds of five wild Camellia species. The total amounts of amino acids were extremely different, and the contents of essential amino acids and non essential amino acids were significantly different(P<0.01,P<0.05), and the first restriction amino acid content was different. The total amino acid and essential amino acid contents of C. longistyla and C. kweichouensis were respectively 33.01, 26.33, and 13.29,10.38 mg·g^-1.(2)The grain weight, oil content, water content of different seeds showed significant differences. The seed oil content was significantly positively correlated with unsaturated fatty acid content(R=0.524, P<0.05). The content of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds was significantly negatively correlated with the content of palmitic acid and oleic acid(R=-0.791, P<0.01; R=-0.776, P<0.01). The seed oil rate and the unsaturated fatty acid content of C. longistyla and C. kweichouensis reached 43.93%, 71.89% and 43.91%, 71.85% respectively.(3)The ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids of C. luteoflora, C. rhytidophylla, C. kweichouensis, C. longistyla and C. delicata was 44.9, 43.3, 39.0, 40.9, 33.8, and the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids was 81.6, 76.4, 64.0, 67.4, 51.0 respectively. Except for the low ratio of C. delicata, the other four species reached the ideal protein standard of WHO/FAO, the nutritional value of seed was high. And the seed oil quality of C. longistyla and C. kweichouensis was close to the current oil standard of China(GB11765-2003), therefore, the two species can be utilized as important tea oil Camellia species germplasm resources.]]> 2018/2/9 11:35:21 1, WANG Jianwen², HONG Jiang², FAN Zhiwei¹, TANG Shenghu¹, ZOU Tiancai^2*]]> LIU Haiyan¹, WANG Jianwen², HONG Jiang², FAN Zhiwei¹, TANG Shenghu¹, ZOU Tiancai^2* 5true Jatropha curcas is a monoecious plant, which has been seen as one of the potential biomass energy tree species because oil content in the seeds is high and it can be used as biodiesel. However, seed oil production is mainly depended on seed yield, which is restricted by the low ratio of female flowers to male flowers. So the number of female flowers is one of the key factors to increase seed yield, and it is of great significance to analyze the causes of the differences in the number of female and male flowers and to study the molecular mechanisms of sex differentiation and flower development in J. curcas. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of sex differentiation and flower development, we chose ten members of MADS-BOX family gene in J. curcas (JcAGL1, JcAGL6, JcAGL9, JcAGL11, JcAGL15, JcAGL61-3, JcAGL62-1, JcAGL62-6, JcAGL62-7, JcAGL80-2), total RNA were extracted from female and male flowers at different stages of early developments, cDNA were synthesized by using these RNA, and qRT-PCR method was used to detect and analyze the expression of these genes in female and male flowers. The results were described as below: The expression of target genes was different between pistillate and staminate at the beginning of development, for example, the expression of JcAGL6 and JcAGL15 in staminate flowers was higher than that in pistillate flowers, while the expression of JcAGL1,JcAGL9 and JcAGL11 in pistillate flowers was higher than that in staminate flowers, showing that the expression of target genes in floral primordia directly or indirectly determines the direction of sex differentiation. Expression level of target genes was different between pistillate and staminate flowers in later development: With flowers development, the variation of target genes expression in pistillate and staminate flowers was different, indicating different expression patterns of target genes between pistillate and staminate flowers. In addition, it can be seen that each target gene has different functions in the process. Our results provide theory evidence to further study the expression of genes related to the development of pistillate and staminate flowers, and lay the foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism of sex differentiation and flower development in J. curcas.]]> 2018/2/9 0:00:00 *]]> LIAO Wang, YAN Xiaoxue, WU Jun, CHEN Fang^* 4true Cymbidium sinense ‘Lv mosu'× C.hybridum ‘Shijieheping' F1 generation of hybrids was studied by means of tissue culture and chemical mutagenesis. The results showed that 0.03% colchicine treatment for 72 h, induced mutation rate was 36%, the mortality rate of 36%, the induced effect was the best; the polyploidy plant had more lignified roots than the diploid plants, the plants were dwarfed, the veins, leaves were dark green, the leaves were thickened and broadened, rough and double leaf twist, slow growth and so on, while the stomata and guard cells were larger and the stomatal density was decreased. DNA ploidy was analyzed by flow cytometry and the values of fluorescence channel were 88 in diploid plants and 176 in polyploid plants, the polyploid plants were tetraploid.]]> 2018/2/9 0:00:00 *]]> SONG Lian, Yang Junxu, LIU Dan, LI Zhilin, WANG Yuying^* 3true Elaeis guineensis )belongs to palmae perennial woody oil crop, known as “oil king of the world”, and its fruit oil content is up to 50%. Fruit of oil palm consists of exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp(shell)and seed, mesocap and seed is the resource of oil, and shell thicknees play an important role in fruit oil content. SHELL gene controls the shell thickness, which is a kind of MADS-box homologous gene. Moreover, variation of SHELL between dura and pisifera is mainly two SNP loci in the first exon. Specific markers were developed according to two SNP loci, in order to evaluate germplasm resources of oil palm early. Four SNP markers were designed according to SHELL gene sequence. Four pairs of SNP primers were designed with two SNP loci, which existed strong mismatch base in the second position from 3'-end respectively. Four pairs of SNP primers were amplified in two tenera palms and two dura palms to screen effective primers. PCR result showed that SNP marker EgSh(N)-f/EgSh(SNP)-2r was able to identify dura and tenera palms effectively. Verification experiment using 24 plants revealed that this marker could accurately determine the shell thickness of oil palm. In this study, results showed that SNP marker EgSh(N)-f/EgSh(SNP)-2r might be used for early molecular identification, which would provide technical support for high yield breeding of oil palm.]]> 2018/2/9 0:00:00 1, 2, XIA Wei³, XIAO Yong^{1, 2}, WANG Yong^{1, 2}, CAO Hongxing^{1, 2}, LI Dongxia^{1, 2}, LEI Xintao^{1, 2*}]]> SHI Peng^{1, 2}, XIA Wei³, XIAO Yong^{1, 2}, WANG Yong^{1, 2}, CAO Hongxing^{1, 2}, LI Dongxia^{1, 2}, LEI Xintao^{1, 2*} 2true bHLH transcription factor gene in Ginkgo biloba, we isolated a bHLH gene from G. biloba and carried out bioinformatics and expression analyses. In this study, a cDNA sequence of bHLH gene was isolated from G. biloba by PCR, which was designated as GbbHLH91. DNA sequencing and sequence analysis showed that the amplified GbbHLH91 gene was 1 425 bp, GbbHLH91 gene contained a complete open reading frame, and the open reading frame of GbbHLH91 was 1 065 bp, encoding 354 amino acids. The predicted GbbHLH91 protein had a molecular mass of 40.1 kDa with isoelectric point value of 8.20. Homology analysis with BLASTP and Align X indicated that the putative GbbHLH91 share a high identical with other known bHLH proteins from different plant species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GbbHLH91 protein was closely related to bHLH protein from Pinus tabuliformis, and was 60% identity to bHLH from Amborella trichopoda, which indicated the bHLH gene was relatively conserved during evolution. Real-time PCR assay found that GbbHLH91 gene was expressed in all tested tissues of Ginkgo biloba, while expression level in leaf was the highest, followed by root and stem, the GbbHLH91 gene was lowly expressed in female flowers and fruits of G. biloba, and the lowest in male flower. The expression level of GbbHLH91 gene in G. biloba leaves at different developmental stages was also different. The expression level of GbbHLH91 gene was the highest in mid-April, and then the expression level of the gene showed a decreasing trend with the growth and development of G. biloba leaves. These results provide a preliminary basis for further validation of the GbbHLH91 gene function.]]> 2018/2/9 0:00:00 1, ZHU Li², SHEN Shan², ZHANG Weiwei^2*]]> HE Changwen¹, ZHU Li², SHEN Shan², ZHANG Weiwei^2* 1true