Adinandra latifolia from the family Pentaphylacaceae, and the relationship between deuterogenic placenta, carpellary placenta and free central placenta, the flower buds and mature fruits of A. latifolia were observed in detail by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and stereoscopic microscope. Floral buds at different stages of development were collected and fixed in formalin-aceticacid-alcohol, and then dehydrated through an ethanol/amylacetate series, critical point dried with CO₂, Au/Pt sputter coated, prepared samples were examined with SEM. Mature fruits were dissected under a stereoscopic microscope directly without preparation. The results showed that during the floral development, 5 carpel primordia were growth rapidly after the stamens initiation, and then ovary was combined with the axial placenta on the upper part and cavity on the bottom part. After the placenta grew on the carpels(named carpellary placenta), several mounds appear at the top of the receptacle within the position opposite to the carpel in the lower cavity. The mounds combined gradually into a hemispherical deuterogenic placentation. And some fertile ovules appeared on the surface of both the carpellary placenta and deuterogenic placenta. Finally, in mature fruits the fertile ovules turn to seeds on both types of placenta in which vascular bundles are discrete. Therefore, deuterogenic placenta appeared independently and was later than the carpellary placenta. The development of deuterogenic placenta in A. latifolia was different from that of the free central placenta in both Caryophyllaceae and Phytolaccaceae(the axial placenta turned into a free central placenta by the septa disappear), but it is basically identical to that of Primulaceae, Theophrastaceae, Maesaceae, Myrsinaceae from Ericales(the free central placenta formed on top of the receptacle directly).]]> 2020/8/17 12:39:59 *, SHI Dongyan, HE Qiping, SHANG Hongqin]]> ZHANG Ruiju, ZHOU Changlu^*, SHI Dongyan, HE Qiping, SHANG Hongqin 47true Pogostemon cablin is one of the top ten southern medicines which has high economic value. Generally, it is divided into four cultivation types and two chemical types according to the cultivation origin and the composition of volatile oil. However, the characteristics are very similar, and it is difficult to determine the classification of different cultivation varieties. Leaf epidermal hair characteristics as micro-morphology of medicinal plants, are increasingly used in botanical taxonomic research, and the growth and development of epidermal hair can even directly affect the quality of the medicinal material. The glandular hairs of P. cablin are the main synthetic and secretory site of its volatile oil, while the non-glandular hair can play a protective role, affecting its growth and yield. In order to explore the significance of leaf epidermal hairs characteristics in identifying P. cablin varieties, and to provide a reference for the research on the quality formation mechanism of P. cablin. This study was conducted on apical leaves, the fourth pair of leaves and bottom leaves of P. cablin from eight different varieties sources and two harvesting periods(end of June and end of October). The microscope slide was processed by chloral hydrate permeation, and photographed under an optical microscope. The results of variance analysis showed that there were significant differences in the hair density of the leaves of the P. cablin from the same variety in different harvesting time. The epidermal hair density of the P. cablin leaves harvested at the end of June was significantly lower than that of the end of October. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis were the same, the P. cablin of eight different oringins of the same harvesting period can be divided into four categories according to the leaf epidermal hair density and the diameter size of glandular hair, and Nanxiang, Zhaoxiang and Paixiang can be separated, which was in good agreement with the traditional classification results. The epidermal hair density and the diameter size of glandular hair of leaves have some reference value in the classification of P. cablin.]]> 2020/8/17 12:39:59 1, WU Wenru^1*, LAI Huili², HUANG Yuyu¹, WU Xiaoyan¹, CHEN Zhenzhou¹,TAN Xinning¹]]> AN Xin¹, WU Wenru^1*, LAI Huili², HUANG Yuyu¹, WU Xiaoyan¹, CHEN Zhenzhou¹,TAN Xinning¹ 46true Tupistra Ker-Gawl.(Asparagaceae)is revised and three species are recognized in Guangxi, China. Among them, Tupistra cardinalis Aver., N. Tanaka & Son is a newly recorded species to China. In this paper, a detailed description of T. cardinalis, the photographs and geographical distribution of the genus in Guangxi and a key to all the species recognized in China are given. The voucher specimens are stored in Herbarium of Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants(GXMG)and Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany(IBK).]]> 2020/8/17 12:39:59 1, PENG Yude¹, YU Liying¹, XU Weibin^2*]]> NONG Dongxin¹, PENG Yude¹, YU Liying¹, XU Weibin^2* 45true Flora of China, Polypodiaceae includes more than 20 genus of Polypodiaceae in the Qinrenchang classification system, and also includes independent families such as Drynariaceae and Platyceriaceae. The new classification system of Polypodiaceae in the Flora of China with many issues needs further investigation and classification. Here we investigated the spore morphology and perispore ornamentation submicroscopic structure of Polypodiaceae from Shandong Province using scanning electron microscopy(SEM). This is the first palynological study based on the new classification system of Polypodiaceae. The results were as follows: Spores of Polypodiaceae were reniform, bilaterally symmetrical, possessing a perispore with stable ornamentation within species and clear distinctions between subfamily, genus and species. The palynological studies supported two of the subfamilies of Polypodiaceae-Drynaria and Platycerium delineated in the FOC. In addition, the perispore ornamentation combined with leaf morphological characteristics showed that Phymatopteris shandongensis J. X. Li et C. Y. Wang was a distinct species, and should be restored to a species level position rather than incorporated with P. hastata (Thunb.)Pic. Serm., not regard as Phymatopteris but as a new combination Selliguea shandongensis (J. X. Li et C. Y. Wang)J. X. Li & X. J. Li, comb. nov. according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the classification system of Flora of China. Our study not only has accumulated new information for the palynology of Polypodiaceae, but also provides a palynological basis for its new classification system, which is consistent with molecular analysis, and confirms the rationality of the new classification system of Polypodiaceae and its subfamilies.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:46 1, LI Jianxiu^2*]]> LI Xiaojuan¹, LI Jianxiu^2* 44true Epimedium epsteinii, a species endemic to China, and distributes in Tianping Mountain of Hunan Province, which was described based on several cultivated individuals that. No subsequent morphological observation has been conducted since its publication. In order to obtain the accurate and comprehensive morphological variation of E. epsteinii and to provide a basis for clarifying the taxonomic relation of this species and its allied taxa, morphological variation analysis and supplementary description of E. epsteinii were done through the field investigation conducted in flowering period, based on a population in Tianping Mountain(type locality)of Sangzhi County, Hunan Province. The results are as follows: The variation range of the main characters of E. epsteinii is far beyond the original descriptions. For example, the height of flowering stems is 12.0-68.0 cm, which is significantly higher than the original description of 12 cm; Both short, compact rhizomes and long creeping rhizomes are observed within the population, and the individuals of each type are almost equal in number; The other characters, such as length and width of middle leaflet, length of inflorescence and flower colour are present abundant variation; In addition, the fruit and seed characters were described for the first time. Follicles are about 8-13 mm long and containing 2-11 seeds, which with a large oily caruncle(elaisome)attached. Furthermore, photos on the morphology of living plants in the wild are provided to fill the gap of absence of colour illustration of E. epsteinii in extant literature. It is the first very important thing for taxonomic study to pay more attention to taxonomic description after field investigation, especially the analysis of individual variation.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:46 *]]> HE Yiming, HUANG Hua, JIANG Yong, LI Renqing, XU Yanqin^* 43true Pinus armandii colnes from seed orchard in Zixi Mountain of Chuxiong City, Yunnan Province, the needles of 60 clones were taken from six provenances which was used to extract total DNA by modified CTAB method, and the genetic diversity was analyzed by SRAP molecular markers. The results were as follows:(1)Fifteen pairs of polymorphic SRAP primers were screened from 100 pairs of primer combinations. After SRAP-PCR amplification, a total of 194 loci were obtained, and the percentage of polymorphic loci PPB=85.05%, Nei's gene diversity index H=0.233 7, Shannon's information index I=0.341 9, genetic differentiation coefficient between population G_ST=0.355 5.(2)The genetic diversity of 6 provenances of P. armandii was high, and the genetic variation was mainly existed within provenances of P. armandii. The genetic distance between the Huize(HZ)provenance and the Weishan(WS)provenance was the closest(D=0.050 1), that the Huize(HZ)provenance and Yiliang(YL)provenance was the farthest(D =0.361 8).(3)The cluster analysis showed that six P. armandii provenances there were classified into three categories: Huize(HZ)and Weishan(WS)provenances were in one category; Chuxiong(CX), Nanhua(NH)and Yiliang(YL)provenances were in the second category; Tengchong(TC)provenance was a separate category. The results indicate that genetic differentiation in P. armandii clones from seed orchard in Zixi Mountain of Chuxiong City has a high level, and it can provide theoretical information and practical guidance for parent selections during the cross breeding and evaluation of germplasm resources of P. armandii as well.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:46 1,2,3, XU Jian^1,2,3, LUO Zhengping⁴, DONG Yunxiang⁴, DONG Zhanghong^1,2,3, QU Shaohong^1,2,3, LI Xianhuang^1,2,3, XIN Peiyao^1,2,3*]]> LIU Cheng^1,2,3, XU Jian^1,2,3, LUO Zhengping⁴, DONG Yunxiang⁴, DONG Zhanghong^1,2,3, QU Shaohong^1,2,3, LI Xianhuang^1,2,3, XIN Peiyao^1,2,3* 42true Angelica dahurica var. formosana, the occurrence process and transport characte-ristics of essential oil were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope. And the accumulation sites of the essential oil were also discussed with histochemical analysis. The results were as follows: The secretory canals in the root of A. dahurica var. formosana was first to occur in pericycle, and the secretory canals in the secondary structure were mainly distributed in phloem and cortex; The biosynthesis of essential oil is not only related to plasmid and cytoplasm of secretory cells, but also may be closely related to surrounding cells; There were abundant golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum in secretory cells, which may participate in transport through the formation of vesicles, and then transfer to the lumen through the cell wall; The secretory activity of secretory cells was active near the corner of the adjacent secretory cell wall, then the electron dense material was accumulated into the lumen; At the mature stage of secretory canals, a large of number oil droplets in secretory cells and lumen, so we believe that the main accumulation sites of essential oil are secretory cells and lumen. This study clarified the occurrence, distribution and essential oil accumulation position of the secretory canals in the root of A. dahurica var. formosana, and revealed the characteristics of transport and accumulation of essential oil during the development of the secretory canals. This study provides a detailed theoretical information for further elucidating the relationship between the growth and development of secretory tissue and the accumulation of effective components.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:47 *]]> LI Boyuan, WANG Juan, GAO Jing, CHEN Xuanmeng, CHEN Ying^* 41true Pinus elliottii ‘Songtai' during development, to clarify its abortion process, abortion mode and influencing factors, and to provide scientific basis for utilization and later research of male sterile varieties of Pinus elliottii, the morphological changes of microstrobilus were observed by using ‘Songtai' s10 abortive line and s9 fertile line as materials, and the microstrobilus was sliced in paraffin and the development of microspore was observed under optical microscope. The results were as follows: There was no significant differences between s10 abortion line and s9 fertile line before meiotic phase of microsporocy deceleration and division, and the growth trend of microstrobilus was the same. In the period of tetrad, s10 microspore cell development and microstrobilus morphological development were abnormal. The time from tetrad to monocyte microspore development of fertile lines is about 5 d. However, the abortion line continued to develop for about 20 d, and the duration was four times that of the fertile line. In the meantime, the development of tapetum cells was abnormal, the degradation was slow, the tissue arrangement of microsporangium wall was disordered, and the degradation was delayed. Finally, s10 forms abnormal dinuclear pollen and no pollen dispersion. So it can be reasoned that the abnormal development of microsporangium wall cells, and the abnormal morphology of microstrobilus.The tapetum develops abnormally in the tetrad period, and the callose enzyme can not be secreted at appropriate time to degrade the callosum wall surrounding the tetrad, nor can it synthesize and transport the energy substances needed for pollen formation in a timely manner. At the same time, the cystic wall cells showed delayed degradation and lamination. This series of abnormal changes leaded to the normal tetrad could not be formed, which made the pollen abortion.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:47 1, YANG Zhangqi^{1, 2, 4, 5*}, HUANG Yongli³]]> ZHOU Yang¹, YANG Zhangqi^{1, 2, 4, 5*}, HUANG Yongli³ 40true Rehmannia glutinosa(RgNDPK Ⅰ), full length cDNA of RgNDPK Ⅰ was obtained by silico cloning from the transcriptome data of Rehmannia glutinosa. The length of RgNDPK Ⅰ was 765 bp. According to bioinformatics analysis, with an open reading frame of 447 bp, RgNDPK Ⅰ encodes 148 amino acids, and has typical nucleoside diphosphate kinase domain and other phosphorylation active sites. The protein encoded by RgNDPK Ⅰ was located in the cytoplasm, and it was hydrophilic protein without transmembrane region. The protein was similar to nucleoside diphosphate kinase of Sesamum indicum and Handroanthus impetiginosus, 97% and 96% respectively. NDPK gene has been cloned in many organisms, and there are many similar conservative domains in the amino acid sequences of different plants, so it is presumed that RgNDPK Ⅰ is a member of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase superfamily. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further exploring the character, structure, function and expression mechanism of RgNDPK Ⅰ.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:47 *]]> LI Bingyi, LI Qianqian, GONG Shimeng, LI Jiaojiao, ZHENG Xue, DUAN Hongying^* 39true MoCYP71, GenBank ID is MK172858)from Malania oleifera was isolated and cloned through analyzing the transcriptome of M. oleifera, then its function was analyzed by bioinformatics analysis, and the expression of MoCYP71 in different developmental periods of fruit was detected. The results were as follows: MoCYP71 gene has 1 572 bp, encodes 523 amid acids, and its sequence of cDNA has 88% identity with the CYP71 cDNA of Coffea eugenioides(XM_027319282)and Coffea arabica(XM_027213456); The relative molecular weight of MoCYP71 protein was 58 976.54, the theoretical pI was 8.10, the molecular formula was C₂₆₇₅H₄₁₈₄N₇₀₄O₇₄₄S₂₇, the instability index(Ⅱ)was 40.84, and the protein belonged to an instable protein; There had no siginal peptide in this protein sequence, and the protein exists in the secretion pathway and contained two transmembrane structure, located in the protein sequences of 20-37 and 311-333, and the transmembrane sites anchored in the organelle membrane; MoCYP71 had all the conserved domain of CYP family, containing proline-rich region(PPSPPRLP), K helix region(KETFR), I helix region(GGIDTS), PERF domain(PERF)and the main identified feature heme-binding region(FGAGRRICPG), and the protein MoCYP71 and the CYP71E protein in Theobroma cacao, Durio zibethinus, Sorghum bicolor(GenBank ID is EOX92908.1, XP_022773875.1and AAC39318.1, respectively)clustered into one clan; The expression level of MoCYP71 gene reduced gradually in the first three months after blossom fading, particularly, 1st month the fruit after blossom fading> 2nd month> 3rd month, however, its expression level increased sharply in 4th month. The present study had a important significance to defense to insect pests, tissue ripening and secondary metabolism digging in Malania oleifera.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:47 *]]> YUAN Xiaolong, CHEN Zhonghua, LI Yunqin, WANG Yi^* 38true Eocherichia coli Ras-like protein)is a new GTP-binding protein. In order to study cloning and functional verification of ERG(ERA-like GTPase)homologous gene in woody plants, one ERG gene was firstly isolated from a cold-tolerant variety of Passiflora edulis(‘Pingtang 1')through the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE). The resutls were as follows: The full-length sequence of PeERG cDNA was 1 518 nucleotides, including a 1 260 bp open reading frame(ORF), flanked by a 38 bp 5'-untranslated region(UTR)and a 220 bp 3'-UTR. PeERG may encode a protein of 420 amino acids, and its secondary structure was rich in alpha helix and extended strand. PeERG protein did not contain both transmembrane region and signal peptidase cleavage site, and had two conserved domains: a GTPase domain and a KH domain. Phylogenetic tree revealed that PeERG was clustered into the same clade as OsERG1, AtERG1 and ERA.(4)Using real-time RT-PCR, the transcripts of PeERG were detectable in various tissues(roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits), and its dynamic expression pattern under low temperature stress was analyzed. Altogether, one ERG gene was isolated from woody plants for the first time. These results will be valuable for further study of the biological function of ERG in plants and enrich the excellent genetic resources of Passiflora edulis.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:47 1,2, RAN Na^1,2, LI Anding^3,4, ZHANG Hongliang⁴, XU Meng^1,2*]]> FAN Hang^1,2, RAN Na^1,2, LI Anding^3,4, ZHANG Hongliang⁴, XU Meng^1,2* 37true Cymbidium goeringii and varieties with abnormal flower, a cDNA was cloned from the flower buds of the common C. goeringii and C. goeringii ‘Tian Peng Mu Dan' by homologous cloning method. The 849 bp D-class MADS-box gene CygoSTK(Genbank accession number is MH917912.1), which was high identity in C. goeringii and C. goeringii ‘Tian Peng Mu Dan', contained a 705 bp complete ORF, encoding 234 amino acid residues; Protein alignment and a phylogenetic tree grouped CygoSTK into the STK lineage. Structural analysis showed that CygoSTK transcription factor contained a highly conserved MADS domain(1-57)and a secondary conserved K domain(91-172); In addition, the C-terminal transcriptional activation region of CygoSTK contained two highly conserved motifs: AGI motif and AGⅡ motif. Furthermore, the relative expression of CygoSTK gene in different floral organs of C. goeringii and C. goeringii ‘Tian Peng Mu Dan' was detected by qPCR. Our data suggested that CygoSTK expression was the highest in the ovary of common C. goeringii and C. goeringii ‘Tian Peng Mu Dan', which was significantly higher than that of the other floral organs(LSD,P<0.05). Our results indicate that the function of CygoSTK gene is highly conserved and CygoSTK is mainly involved in regulating the ovary development of C. goeringii.]]> 2020/5/18 11:13:47 *]]> XIA Shengying, LIU Zhixiong^* 36true Trapa L.(Trapaceae)is a kind of aquatic and polymorphic plants. Based on literature survey, field work, specimen examination and cultivation observations, taxonomic significance of major morphological characters was evaluated. The sizes of fruit bodies and crowns are found to be the reliable diagnostic characters for circumscription of the species, while the sizes of fruit beaks and numbers of horns for identification of the varieties. Consequently, two species, Trapa incisa and T. natans, with the six varieties of T. natans, are recognized with descriptions. The names of the four varieties of T. natans are newly combined with exception of var. bispinosa, viz. T. natans var. quadricaudata, var. complana, var. magnicorona and var. komarovii. The names of ten species and twelve varieties are newly reduced to synonyms. Lectotypes are designated for T. amurensis, T. bispinosa, T. dimorphocarpa, T. japonica and T. manchurica.]]> 2020/2/21 14:10:06 1, JIN Xiaofeng²]]> DING Bingyang¹, JIN Xiaofeng² 35true 2020/2/21 14:10:06 *]]> WANG Faming, MO Quanhui, YE Kaiyu, GONG Hongjuan, LIU Pingping, JIANG Qiaosheng, QI Beibei, LI Jiewei^* 34true Sophora japonica ‘Jinhuai' and two S. japonica ‘Mihuai' varieties were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and the relationship was analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The common characteristics of the pollen of Sophora japonica ‘Jinhuai' and S. japonica ‘Mihuai' included that the polar surface was three-lobed round and the polar surface was smooth; three narrow hole groove reached two poles; middle part of the groove edge was convex and granular protrusions; the groove did not meet on the polar surface, forming a wide trench boundary.(2)The pollen of S. japonica ‘Jinhuai' were nearly spherical, the polar axis of Jinhuai J6 was the longest, and that of Jinhuai J2 was the shortest, the law of polar axis/equator axis was consistent with polar axis. The diameter of the mesh of Jinhuai J2 was the largest, and that of Jinhuai J5 was the the smallest; Mesh density of Jinhuai J6 was the largest, and that of Jinhuai J2 was the smallest.(3)The pollen grains of S. japonica ‘Mihuai' were nearly spherical, and the polar axis/equator axis was significantly smaller than that of S. japonica ‘Jinhuai', but the equatorial axis was larger than that of S. japonica ‘Jinhuai'; the equatorial axis, polar axis, polar axis/equator axis and mesh density of S. japonica ‘Shuangjimihuai' were lower than those of S. japonica ‘Danjimihuai'.(4)The eight varieties could be divided into three groups, Jinhuai J4, Jinhuai J1 and Jinhuai J6 were closely related to each other, Jinhuai J5, Jinhuai J3 and Jinhuai J2 were closely related to each other, Shuangjimihuai and Danjimihuai were closely related to each other. It can be concluded that pollen morphology was an important character for identifying S. japonica ‘Jinhuai' and S. japonica ‘Mihuai', and it can be an important basis for further classification of varieties.]]> 2020/2/21 14:10:06 *, TANG Jianmin, JIANG Yunsheng, XIONG Zhongchen]]> SHI Yancai, WEI Yujing, ZOU Rong^*, TANG Jianmin, JIANG Yunsheng, XIONG Zhongchen 33true C. angustifolius is also distributed in Guizhou, beyond the documented known distribution areas of in Hubei and Chongqing. This study not only enriches and improves the understanding of morphological diversity, habit, geographical distribution of Chloranthus taxa in China, but also provides more detailed and robust evidence for correct identification and classification of different species in Chloranthus, serving as the foundation for future in-depth studies on speciation, evolution and underlying causes of the special distribution patterns in the genus, and ensuring the safe and sustainable development and utilization of these important plant resources.]]> 2020/2/21 14:10:07 *]]> LU Yongbin, JIANG Yuliang, QIN Xinmei, ZHANG Qiang^* 32true 2020/2/21 14:10:07 1,2, CHENG Shu^1,2, YANG Tuo³, YU Kang^1,2, DUAN Xiaoxia^1,4, NI Xuemei^1,4, LI Shiming^1,2, ZHANG Gengyun^1,4*]]> JIN Xin^1,2, CHENG Shu^1,2, YANG Tuo³, YU Kang^1,2, DUAN Xiaoxia^1,4, NI Xuemei^1,4, LI Shiming^1,2, ZHANG Gengyun^1,4* 31true 2020/2/21 14:10:07 1,2,3, XU Fengxia^1,3*]]> CHENG Mei^1,2,3, XU Fengxia^1,3* 30true Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis is a taxonomically difficult complex and widely distributed throughout south of the Yangtze River. In order to understand its intraspecific relationship, we sampled 241 individuals in 81 populations of G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis complex(i.e., G. leucocarpa var. crenulata, G. leucocarpa var. psilocarpa and G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis)representing all Chinese varieties and covering almost recorded distribution ranges in China. One population of G. leucocarpa var. psilocarpa from the Philippines and one population of G. leucocarpa var. leucocarpa from Malaysia were also included. Based on the data from two plastid DNA loci with variable sites in appropriate number, i.e., rpl33-psaJ and trnL-rpl32, we reconstructed phylogenetic trees using both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods, and phylogenetic network using Neighbor-Net method. The results were as follows: There was a distinct genetic differentiation in the G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis complex, and this differentiation was more correlated with geographical distribution rather than morphology. This complex was mainly divided into three clades. One clade was composed of populations from Taiwan of China and the Davao del Sur of Philippines that were previously categorized as G. leucocarpa var. psilocarpa; one clade included populations of the G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis and G. leucocarpa var. crenulata with a distribution in the Hengduan Mountains region; and the remaining clade included the populations mainly distributed in the southeastern range of China, which was composed of G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis and G. leucocarpa var. crenulata as well. Molecular evidence supported G. leucocarpa var. psilocarpa was treated as a variety but did not support G. leucocarpa var. crenulata as a variety. Such genetic differentiation pattern may be caused by geographical isolation. This result lays a basic taxonomic framework for the evaluation and protection of germplasm resources for this ethnical medicinal plant. However, the relationships among populations of G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis has not been well resolved in this study. In particular, it is still unable to clarify genetic differentiation pattern among most populations in Southeast China. Therefore, it is necessary to further carry out phylogeographic study at population level using higher variable nuclear markers in future.]]> 2020/2/21 14:10:07 *]]> LI Yirong, TANG Liping, YANG Shuda, LU Lu^* 29true Arundina graminifolia was investigated using paraffin section, including floral anatomy feature, formation patterns of eight pollinia, anther wall development pattern, and microsporogenesis and male gametogensis. The results were as follows:(1)A ripened anther was composed of two thecae containing two clusters of 4-pollinia with a white anther cap. The anther primordium was differentiated into a pair of lateral thecae bending toward the labium.(2)Due to a combination of a cross and a longitudinal sterile septum differentiated in the center of each micrsoporangia, four sub-microsporangia produced and finally developed into four pollinia adherent together at the base by the incomplete degradation of septa.(3)A complete anther wall was composed of 6-7 layers, including an epidermis, 3-4 fibrous thickened endothecia, a middle layer, and a bi-nucleated tapetum, which conformed to the massive type.(4)The microspore mother cells produced microspore tetrads through simultaneous cytokinesis, which were arranged in tetrahedral, isobilateral, and decussate types. The microspore tetrads developed into 2-celled pollen tetrads which were grouped into granular pollinia. Some embryological features during pollinia development in A. graminifolia were reconfirmed, supplemented, and emphasized based on the data reported, which could provide better understanding of its generic relationships.]]> 2020/2/21 14:10:07 1, 2, LI Lu^1*, ZHANG Jin^{1, 2}, WANG Yunqiang³, Luo Yan⁴, LI Qingqing²]]> TAN Qingqin^{1, 2}, LI Lu^1*, ZHANG Jin^{1, 2}, WANG Yunqiang³, Luo Yan⁴, LI Qingqing² 28true Ainsliaea wuyuanensis Z. H. Chen, Y. L. Xu et X. F. Jin, a new species from Northeast Jiangxi, is described with illustrations and color photos. This new species is very special in the Sect. Aggregatae Beauv. It is very different from other species of this sect. The species is similar to A. grossedentata Franch. from the vein type, differing from the latter in its larger leaf blades, rhombus or rhombus ovate, 11-17 cm long, apex acuminate, base cuneate, middle upper part of leaf margin with one or two pairs of lobed large serrated teeth, both surface glabrous; petiole 2-14 cm long; phyllaries apex acute; longer achenes with densely brown pilose.]]> 2020/2/21 14:10:07 1, CHEN Feng², HONG Yuanhua³, CHEN Zhenghai^2*, JIN Xiaofeng⁴]]> XU Yueliang¹, CHEN Feng², HONG Yuanhua³, CHEN Zhenghai^2*, JIN Xiaofeng⁴ 27true Melastoma dendrisetosum(Melastomataceae)was first reported in 1983. Chen & Renner(2007)merged it within M. sanguineum. In order to clarify the difference between the two and the taxonomic status of M. dendrisetosum, a field investigation, herbarium survey, and an examination of morphological and micromorphological characteristics were performed. M. dendrisetosum was confirmed as a distinct species, obviously different from M. sanguineum. This species is narrowly endemic and extremely endangered. The study provides the latest morphological description of M. dendrisetosum, and lays a foundation for the precise identification and future conservation of this species.]]> 2020/12/14 9:34:20 *]]> WEN Zhenying, ZHOU Yuzhen, ZHAI Junwen, WU Shasha, LAN Siren, CHEN Jinliao, PENG Donghui^* 26true Allium wallichii, we observed the flowering period, flower visitors and nectar, estimated of breeding system by artificial pollination, determined the composition of secondary metabolites in each part by gas chromatography, and detected the significance of bee visiting in two colors by ocean spectrometer. The results were as follows: A. wallichii was protandry, the single flowering stage was 7-8 d, and the continuous flowering time of inflorescence was 25-28 d. The amount of nectar was(0.61±0.07)μL. Apis cerana was the main effective pollinator. The results of the ocean spectrometer showed that purple flower was more significant to bee visiting in leaves. There was a significant difference in flower visit frequency among different flower colors, while there was no difference in single flower visit frequency. When the two colors were present at the same time, the bees gave priority to the purple flowers, due to the influence of smell, when visiting purple flowers, most bees also visited adjacent white flowers. The results of secondary metabolites analysis of A. wallichii showed that stems, ovaries and pedicels contained a variety of irritating sulfur metabolites, while the flower organs and nectar had a variety of secondary metabolites of floral fragrance. Its sexual reproduction was self-matting and cross-mating mixed mating system with apomixis. In summary, there is no pollen restriction of A. wallichii in this area, whose reproductive characteristics have good environmental adaptability. This study provides basic information for resource protection and breeding regulation of A. wallichii.]]> 2020/12/14 9:34:20 1,3, WANG Xiaoyue^1,3, ZHANG Zinan^1,3, XIANG Mengda^1,3, ZHANG Xiangke⁴, TANG Xiaoxin^1,2*]]> TANG Hanqing^1,3, WANG Xiaoyue^1,3, ZHANG Zinan^1,3, XIANG Mengda^1,3, ZHANG Xiangke⁴, TANG Xiaoxin^1,2* 25true Brachycorythis menglianensis has not been discovered again since it has been firstly published in 2001. Until now, it has been only known from the illustration and type specimen. However, characteristics of plants and flowers were described not enough in the original description because of shrunk specimen, which led to be treated as the synonym of B. henryi by Henrik Æ Pedersen. During our field investigation in the Menglian County, South Yunnan, China, we fortunately found one population of B. menglianensis. After comprehensive observation for plant and flower characters using the fresh materials, the results showed that B. menglianensis significantly differed from B. henryi by having ovate and smaller size(2.5-4.7 × 1.7-2.3 cm)leaf, labellum densely papillate adaxially and apex emarginated or 2-lobe. Therefore, we believe that these morphological features represent significant differences for species delimitation and hence reinstate B. menglianensis as a distinct species. Meanwhile, we present more detailed information of morphological characteristics, habitat and survival situation of this species in this paper.]]> 2020/12/14 9:34:21 1, LIU Qiang^{1, 2*}, WU Xunfeng¹, LI Jinlong¹, WANG Boyi¹, PAN Bo²]]> WANG Yuqian¹, LIU Qiang^{1, 2*}, WU Xunfeng¹, LI Jinlong¹, WANG Boyi¹, PAN Bo² 24true Hopea chinensis is one of the representative tree species of tropical seasonal rainforests in China. It is an endangered and protected plant with beautiful tree shape and cold tolerance. To clarify its pollination biology, and breeding system and demonstrate its reproductive potential in Guilin, where this species was introduced for protection, we conducted the following experiments: the observation of flowering phenology, the measurement of floral size and scent, the estimation of the breeding system by out-crossing index(OCI), the pollen-ovule ratio(P/O), pollen viability and the stigma receptivity and self-pollination, the observation of pollinators and the test of their pollination effectiveness, the assessment of reproductive potential and pollination limitation by hand cross-pollination. The results were as follows:(1)The flowering season of H. chinensis in Guilin Botanical Garden is from the end of July to the end of September. It lasts about 60 d. An inflorescence flowers for about 12 d, and the anthesis of a single flower lasts about 3 d. The flowers begin opening from 17:00 to 18:45.(2)H. chinensis is not dichogamous but herkogamous with stigmas higher than anthers. The period of high pollen vigor and that of high stigma receptivity largely coincide.(3)The outcrossing index(OCI)was four and pollen/ovule ratio(P/O)was 10 788±984.(4)Neither flowers self-pollinated nor thoses bagged all the tome set any fruitse, fruit set did not differ significantly between natural pollination and hand cross-pollination.(5)Fungus gnats were the only flower visitor to the H. chinensis in Guilin Botanical Garden and flowers set no fruits with fungus gnat excluded.(6)The floral scent is dominated by β-elemene,(E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene and 1-caryophyllene. In conclusion, H. chinensis breeding system is self-incompatible, and it relies on fungus gnats for fruit production. It can set fruits and produce mature seeds in Guilin. The results can promote the protection and propagation of H. chinensis.]]> 2020/12/14 9:34:21 1,2, ZHU Xiaozhen^1,2, LIU Changqiu², HU Xinghua², TANG Wenxiu², HUANG Shixun^2*]]> LU Qingbiao^1,2, ZHU Xiaozhen^1,2, LIU Changqiu², HU Xinghua², TANG Wenxiu², HUANG Shixun^2* 23true Barnardia japonica that were introduced from Changbai Mountain to the Flower Research Institute of Northeast Forestry University were used as experimental material to explore the annual growth rhythm and flower bud differentiation in Harbin. The annual growth rhythm was studied by field observation method, and the morphological and anatomical features of each stage of flower bud differentiation were observed by paraffin sectioning. The results were as follows:(1)The annual growth rhythm of B. japonica could be divided into four periods, flower bud differentiation and development phase, flowering phase, fruiting phase and dormancy phase.(2)The flower bud differentiation process of B. japonica could be divided into seven stages. In early-middle April, the bulbs were still in the undifferentation phase due to the low soil temperature; the inflorescence primordium differentiation phase appeared in late April; in early May, the primordium differentiated; the florets primordial differentiation arised in late May; in end of May and early June, the primordium was differentiated; the stamen primordium differentiation phase happened in early June; the pistil primordium differentiated in late June. This study clarified the anatomical characteristics of each stage of flower bud differentiation of B. japonica, which provided a scientific basis for garden application and breeding of new varieties.]]> 2020/12/14 9:34:21 1, GONG Mingxue¹, LIU Xiaowei¹, LI Hongyao¹, WANG Huan², HE Miao^1*]]> CHEN Bin¹, GONG Mingxue¹, LIU Xiaowei¹, LI Hongyao¹, WANG Huan², HE Miao^1* 22true Leptopyrum is a monotypic genus in the subfamily Thalictroideae of family Ranunculaceae. Data on floral initiation and development of this genus are still completely lacking. In order to better understand the floral diversity and evolution of Thalictroideae and Ranunculaceae, the morphological initiation and development of the flowers of Leptopyrum fumarioides were studiedby using scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows: Sepals, petals, stamens and carpels of this genus were initiated spirally and the phyllotaxis was spiral. The five young sepals were broad, crescent-shaped and truncate, but the five young petals were and rounded and between young sepals. After sepal initiation, there was a delay in development, and the plastochron between the last sepal and the first petal was relatively long, but the initiation of petals and stamens was continuous. The petal development was delayed with regard to other floral organs. The carpel primordia were plicate. The stigma was covered with unicellular papillae, and the mature ovule was anatropous and unitegmic. Leptopyrum showed similar development features of the sepals, petals and stamens as other members of Thalictroideae, which were also found in other Ranunculaceae. However, spiral floral phyllotaxis and unitegmic ovule were unique characters in Thalictroideae, which support Leptopyrum as a distinct genus.]]> 2020/12/14 9:34:21 1, 2*]]> LUO Minrong^{1, 2*} 21true Anomobryum auratum in native water and Tortula desertorum in rocky face of two species of mosses in different substrates under the No.1 glacier. Ultrastructural comparison of desertorum at room temperature under ultra-low temperature stress and recovery after stress. The mechanism of cold resistance of the mosses in the alpine ice margin was observed at the ultra-low level. After ultrasonic cleaning with ultrasonic analyzer, it was divided into -80 ℃ ultra-low temperature stress, room temperature recovery culture and normal temperature three groups, and ultra-thin sections were prepared by treatment with glutaraldehyde, phosphate buffer, citric acid, ethanol, acetone and other reagents. To observe and analyze the ultrastructure after dyeing. The results were as follows: The mesophyll of the mosses were intact and clear at room temperature. The ultrastructural changes of mesophyll cells under ultra-low temperature stress were as follows: Most of the mesophyll cells of the two mosses did not have plasmolysis, but the structure of the wall was blurred, the cytoplasm contracted; The organelles were destroyed or even disintegrated; The number of starch granules, lipid droplets and vacuoles were greatly increased. During the recovery at room temperature, the number of mitochondria increased, and each organelle structure was more complete than conditions of ultra-low temperature stress. According to the analysis of the ultrastructure in this paper, these changes are presumed to adapt to the rapid recovery of physiological functions of cells. The ultra-low temperature stress at -80 ℃ does not completely lose the physiological function of the mosses, and those functions can also be restored. The thickness of mesophyll cell wall in the natural silver carp was 1 100-1 300 nm. The thickness of mesophyll cell wall in the rocky spurs was 200-700 nm. The cell wall of the rocky spurs wall was thicker than the natural silver carp. It is inferred that the resistance to stress of the thorn wall organelle is also stronger. These two species of mites have strong cold resistance, and their unique cold-resistance mechanism is not only related to the structure and function of plant starch granules and organelles under ultrastructure, but also related to their habitat.]]> 2020/12/14 9:34:21 *]]> HU Cuicui, LU Xiong, WANG Hong^* 20true Pedicularis pandania(Orobanchaceae)was a new species discovered in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. This new species belongs to the alternative-leaved group that characterizing by having abundant basal leaves or only 1-3 cauline leaves, short-tubed and beaked corolla, and the lower lip completely enveloping the beaked galea. Due to the corolla tube was strongly twisted near the calyx, the corolla lower lip was completely upside down, which was distinguished from other Chinese species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that P. pandania fell into the Clade 7, as a sister to species in Ser. Flammeae, Ser. Pseudo-oederianae, Ser. Rhynchodontae,Ser. Filiculae and Ser. Macrorhynchae. Morphologically, however, the new species is easily discriminated from them in the corolla form as mentioned above.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 1, CHENG Yuehong^1*, LIU Rong^2,3, YIN Min⁴, YU Wenbin^2,5,6]]> LIN Hongqiang¹, CHENG Yuehong^1*, LIU Rong^2,3, YIN Min⁴, YU Wenbin^2,5,6 19true PHT1 genes in pineapple(Ananas comosus)was conducted, and the gene structure, encoding protein conserved domain and gene expression were further investigated. The results were as follows:(1)Nine PHT1(AcoPHT1)genes of pineapple, which were located in seven linkage groups and contained one to three introns with various intron phase types, were identified.(2)Except for AcoPHT1.8, AcoPHT1 proteins were all basic proteins, and all the AcoPHT1 proteins were hydrophilic and contained 10 to 13 transmembrane domains, which conserved PHT1 protein tag sequence GGDYPLSATIxSE, and was mainly located in chloroplasts and cytoplasm.(3)AcoPHT1 protein clusters were found in monocotyledons group and monocotyledons and dicotyledons mixed group, and compared to Arabidopsis thaliana, AcoPHT1s proteins had higher similarity with rice PHT1 proteins.(4)The promoter region of AcoPHT1 gene contained a large number of P1BS, W-box and other cis-acting elements, which were related to phosphorus absorption and response to stress.(5)Prediction analysis showed that three genes, AcoPHT1.2, AcoPHT1.8 and AcoPHT1.9 were regulated by multiple miRNAs.(6)The expression of AcoPHT1 gene had tissue-specific and functional redundancy, and different PHT1 genes might play roles in different tissues or development stages. The results provide a theoretical reference for functional identification and breeding application of PHT1 family genes in pineapple.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 *, ZHAO Mingyu, HU Lijuan, HU Yushuang]]> HAN Lihong, LIU Chao^*, ZHAO Mingyu, HU Lijuan, HU Yushuang 18true 2O₂ from chloroplasts, and also the main enzyme in vitamin C metabolism. In this study, a total of 21 species encoding APX gene were identified based on bioinformatics methods, useing Phyllostachys edulis in the genome and transcriptome data to identify of PeAPX gene family members, through comprehensively analyzing its coding protein, basic physical and chemical properties, gene structure, promoter element, system evolution and the collinearity relationship, repeat the tandem, GO annotation and expression pattern. The results were as follows:(1)Most members of the PeAPX gene family were unstable hydrophobic proteins, and the gene structure, motif and domain were relatively conservative, and most APX genes have a highly conserved intron pattern.(2)Phylogenetic relationship showed that APX gene of P. edulis had high homology with APX gene of Oryza sativa, and PeAPX had a high evolutionary conservatism.(3)Ka/Ks analysis showed that all PeAPX genes experienced purified selection pressure. In addition, many cis-acting elements related to stress response and plant hormones were found in the promoter sequence of each APX gene. Combined with expression analysis, it was indicated that APX gene played a positive role in the growth and development of Phyllostachys edulis. This study provides a reference for further understanding of the basic functions of the APX gene family and its antioxidant mechanism, and provides an important reference for the in-depth identification of the functions of APX genes.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 1,2, CHEN Kelong^2,3*, CUI Boliang², YANG Yang^1,2]]> ZHANG Ni^1,2, CHEN Kelong^2,3*, CUI Boliang², YANG Yang^1,2 17true Cinnamomum camphora, and to elucidate the changing law of calcium oxalate crystals in spring, summer, autumn and winter, in this study with C. camphora as test materials, samples were taken from the open field in the four seasons and ultra-thin sections were made and the ultrastructural changes of mesophyll crystal idioblasts were observed with a transmission electron microscope(TEM). The results were as follows: Only a few mesophyll cells had calcium oxalate crystals in spring and the number was relatively small, which were mainly in shape of columnar crystals and square crystals; Calcium oxalate crystals randomly distributed in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells in summer were obviously more in number, bigger in volume, and richer in morphology than those in spring, and the crystals are mostly columnar crystals, square crystals, needle crystals and cluster crystals; The calcium oxalate crystals of the C. camphora mesophyll cells in autumn were similar to those in summer, with a large numbers of and various forms, mainly square and columnar needle crystals, accompanied by crystal clusters; The crystal form of C. camphora mesophyll crystal idioblast in winter was columnar crystals, square crystals and needle crystals, and the number was slightly less than those in summer and autumn. The crystal structure of calcium oxalate existed in the vacuole of C. camphora mesophyll cells throughout the year.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 1,2*, ZHAO Minghua³, ZHANG Xiaoyun^1,2, WANG Baoquan^1,2, LANG Dongmei^1,2, XU Jun^1,2, QI Yujie¹, SHANG Qian¹]]> YOU Yang^1,2*, ZHAO Minghua³, ZHANG Xiaoyun^1,2, WANG Baoquan^1,2, LANG Dongmei^1,2, XU Jun^1,2, QI Yujie¹, SHANG Qian¹ 16true Uncaria rhynchophylla, using paraffin section method, the microscopic morphological features of branch stems and hook of U. rhynchophylla were dissected and compared. The results were as follows: The hook and the stem were both anatomically related and had their own characteristics, and the correlation was that the internal structure of the stem generally determined the internal structure of the hook, which fully reflected that the hook was formed by the metamorphosis of the side branches on the stem; In the middle of hook development, it gradually form an internal structure similar to the stem; The internal structural composition of the stem was more abundant in quantity than the hook, but the hook had only a primary structure; There was no essential difference in the accumulation of medicinal components between the stem and the hook of U. rhynchophylla, the medicinal ingredients were mainly distributed in the phloem, xylem and cortical parenchyma cells. In summary, U. rhynchophylla hook organs were formed by metamorphosis of stems, but only have primary structures. This research can help solve some classification and identification problems that are difficult to solve by morphological traits only, and provides a theoretical reference for judging the abnormal source of hooked stems or tendril stems.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 *, YANG Xiuwei, ZHANG Yonggang]]> DENG Kuanping, YANG Shengwei^*, YANG Xiuwei, ZHANG Yonggang 15true Chenopodium L. species, the karyotypes of four wild Chenopodium species from Qinghai Plateau, including C. glaucum, C. ablum, C. foetidum and C. hybridum, and one cultivated C. quinoa PI614932-HX(3)introduced from the United States were analyzed by using chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization(rDNA FISH). 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA were mapped on the metaphase chromosomes of the five species by FISH. The results of the karyotype analysis were as follows:(1)There were two kinds of ploidies in these Chenopodium species, including a diploid(2n=2x=18)and a tetraploid(2n=4x=36), C. quinoa and C. glaucum were tetraploids, and the other three species were diploids.(2)The karyotype formulas of C. quinoa, C. glaucum, C. ablum, C. foetidum and C. hybridum were 2n=4x=36=34m(2AST)+2sm, 2n=4x=36=32m(4AST)+4sm, 2n=2x=18=16m(4AST)+2sm, 2n=2x=18=18m and 2n=2x=18=16m+2sm, respectively.(3)The chromosomes of Chenopodium were mainly composed of metacentric chromosomes(m)and a few submetacentric chromosomes(sm).(4)Except for C. foetidum belonging to 1B type, the others belonged to 2B type.(5)There were double satellites distributed at different positions with different numbers on the chromosomes of C. quinoa, C. glaucum and C. ablum. The results of 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA FISH were as follows:(1)There were two pairs of 5S rDNA loci and one pair of 45S rDNA loci on the chromosomes of C. quinoa and C. glaucum, one pair of 5S rDNA and one pair of 45S rDNA on the chromosomes of C. ablum and C. hybridum, and only one pair of 5S rDNA on the chromosomes of C. foetidum.(2)5S rDNA and 45S rDNA loci were all located on the short arm of the chromosomes. It is the first report on karyotype analysis with 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA loci in Chenopodium species and the results will provide a cyto-moecular genetic basis for phylogeny and cell biology research of Chenopodium species.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 1,2, LI Xiang^1,2, YUAN Feimin³, LIU Bo^1,2, CHEN Zhiguo^1*]]> QUAN Youjuan^1,2, LI Xiang^1,2, YUAN Feimin³, LIU Bo^1,2, CHEN Zhiguo^1* 14true Salvia miltiorrhiza(tetraploid S. miltiorrhiza f. alba &#215; diploid S. miltiorrhiza)hybrid, morphological variation of triploid pollen during the triploid process was examined. Triploid and diploid pollen were observed at microscopic and ultra-microscopic level using light and scanning electron microscopes. Pollen size and shape data were analyzed to determine statistical significance. The results were as follows:(1)Compared to typical 6-colpate diploid pollen grains, triploid S. miltiorrhiza are 6- or 8-colpate, with increased number of colpi and heterogenous granules on colpus membranes, and abnormal colpate.(2)Exine sculpturing of triploid pollen was reticulate like the diploid. Both 6- and 8-colpate triploid pollen had no perforation or a few small perforations, whereas diploid pollen had many large polygonal perforations in each lumen.(3)In terms of size, mean of the polar axis(P)and equatorial axis(E)in triploid pollen were significantly smaller than that of diploid pollen. The pollen size of triploid hybrid followed a skewed normal distribution, and the coefficient of variation(CV)in P*E value of triploid was greater than that of diploid and existed extreme values. Comparison data revealed variance in colpi and sculpture between triploid and diploid, however no significant differences in pollen shape is found. Overall, the triploid S. miltiorrhiza pollen has more morphological variations due to genetic effect of both ploidy level and heterozygosity.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 *]]> PANG Junxiu, XUE Huifen, LIU Wanqiu, LONG Hong^* 13true Amomum tsaoko, two hundreds and seventy-two individuals were sampled to represent 20 populations of A. tsaoko, and sixty-two individuals of five populations of A. paratsaoko were sampled as a related species materials. For acquiring genetic diversity informations, the sequence variations of their cpDNA were carried out. The results were as follows:(1)Seven haplotypes by the combined sequences were detected, i.e. three haplotypes(H1, H2 and H3)were found in A. tsaoko populations, and six haplotypes(H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 and H7)were found in A. paratsaoko populations. Two haplotypes(H1 and H3)were shared by the two species. H1 was common haplotype, H2 was ancestral haplotype and H6 was specific haplotype to A. tsaoko, while H2, H4, H5 and H7 were specific to A. paratsaoko.(2)The genetic diversity of A. tsaoko was lower than that of A. paratsaoko and mainly existed within populations. The genetic diversity of A. paratsaoko mainly existed among different populations. The genetic diversity and the haplotype diversity(H_d)of the two populations(TC and YP)were all higher than other 18 populations of A. tsaoko.(3)Further analyses indicated that the domesticated region of A. tsaoko would include Maguan, Xichou and Malipo, where at the front area of southeast Yunnan, and the area near Napo, Guangxi, China. Malipo would be the core domestication of A. tsaoko in the region, then the related area would expand to Xichou, Maguan, Pingbian and Napo. TC, YP and XH populations were proposed to protect their genetic diversity. The results of the two species were expected to provide genetic information and theoretical reference for protection and utilization of the germplasm resources.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 1,2, YANG Yaowen¹, LI Guodong^1*]]> ZHAO Xiaoli^1,2, YANG Yaowen¹, LI Guodong^1* 12true s. str. and Apocynaceae s. str. have been combined as a monotypic family of Apocynaceae s. l. based on molecular data, including 5 subfamilies and 25 tribes. However, the relationships between subfamilies and tribes are complicated and needed to be further clarified. Sporogenesis and gametogenesis in Chinese endemic plant of Dregea sinensis var. sinensis(trib. Marsdenieae, subfam. Asclepiadoideae)were investigated using paraffin sectioning, and then the observed embryological characters were compared with those of five subfamilies for taxonomic insights. The results were as follows:(1)The anther was comprised of two lateral thecae containing a pair of pollinia.(2)The developed anther wall consisted of six layers, including an epidermis, two layers of endothecium, a middle layer, and 2-layered tapetum. So, the anther wall development was of Massive type.(3)The tapetum was uni-nucleated,2-layered, and of glandular type. Endothecium developed fibrous thickenings heavily and a slit occurred at abaxial position of each theca when anther was ripened.(4)The microspore mother cells underwent meiosis with a successive cytokinesis and produced microspore tetrads with isobilateral arrangement. The microspores retained in tetrads developed into 3-celled pollens by mitosis twice, which formed a compact pollinium.(5)The pistil was composed of two separate carpels containing many anatropous, tenuinucellar, and unitegmic ovules with marginal parietal placentations. The development of embryo sac conformed to the Polygonum type. These embryological features observed added new data to the tribe Marsdenieae. It was confirmed that the recognition of a monophyletic Apocynaceae s. l. was supported by some distinguished and related embryological characters among five subfamilies.]]> 2021/12/30 15:22:45 1,2, LI Lu^1*, WANG Yanping^1,2, GUO Huijun²]]> AI Jing^1,2, LI Lu^1*, WANG Yanping^1,2, GUO Huijun² 11true Semiliquidambar cathayensis is treated as a grade-two protected plant in China. However, its phylogenetic relationships with species from Hamamelidaceae and Altingiaceae remain unclear. In order to analyze the phylogenetic relationships and adaptive evolution of chloroplast genomes between S. cathayensis and its closely related taxa including species from Hamamelidaceae and Altingiaceae, we reconstructed the maximum likelihood tree and the Bayesian tree to discover the phylogenetic relationships between S. cathayensis and its closely related taxa from 24 sequences that representing 22 species, and further detected the correlation between adaptive sites and selective pressure of protein coding genes under varying models including site model, clade model and branch model. Altingiaceae clade was chosen as the foreground clade. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 133 genes were annotated, including 88 protein-coding genes(11 genes with intron), 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes.(2)Eight chloroplast genomes representing eight species from S. cathayensis and Altingia, Liquidambar were relatively conservative in sequence length, gene number and composition, GC content, and there was not obvious diversity in the four boundaries. Relatively high variation interspecific were also detected in LSC and SSC regions among these eight chloroplast genomes, while the IR regions were high conservatism.(3)Phylogenetic trees showed that S. cathayensis and sampled species of Altingiaceae clustered a group, which further divided into three clades, namely Clade I, Clade Ⅱ and Clade Ⅲ. The phylogenetic relationships among these clades remain unclear due to hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)according to the results of test of ILS.(4)The chloroplast genes such as ndhA, ndhG and rps12 were subjected to selection pressure under the clade model and branch model. Furthermore, 28 sites of ten genes were detected under positive selection with P-value greater than 0.99 based on the site model, which may be related to the adaptive evolution of Altingiaceae. In this study, the results of plastid phylogenomics supports that S. cathayensis belongs to Altingiaceae. Several coding genes among these species of Altingiaceae may have adaptive evolution. These results will provide data for the further resource protection of homonym drugs and pharmacognostic researches of ethnodrug.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 *, WEI Yanyan]]> ZHOU Yun^*, WEI Yanyan 10true Oxalis are highly ornamentally valuable, but their taxonomy is difficult, which greatly limits the landscape application of this genus. The pollen morphology and exine ornamentation of 14 species of the Oxalis were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and their pollen morphology was clustered and analyzed to explore their interspecific relationship based on the results of palynological clustering. The results were as follows:(1)The pollens of the 14 species observed were subspheroidal or oblatesphere, and in polar view they were all 3-colpate, of which 96.3% were medium-sized and 3.7% were small, with different style types showing the largest grains were produced in stamens with long filaments and the smallest ones in stamens with short filaments; most pollen grains were 3-colpate, sparsely 2-colpate and 4-colpate, O. stellata and O. pes-caprae, respectively; exine ornamentation could be divided into two categories: supra-areolate and reticulate.(2)For the first time, three species with aberrant pollen grains were observed, namely O. glabra, O. simplex and O. pes-caprae. The aberrant pollens exhibited as abnormal number and arrangement of the colpi, but normal exine structure. There were 2-zonocolpate grains in O. glabra, spiralaperturate grains in O. simplex, and 4-zonocolpate grains and spiralaperturate grains in O. pes-caprae. (3)The 14 species could be divided into two categories according to the exine ornamentation, one included O. massonorum and O. nidulans with supra-areolate pollen. The other category included 12 species with reticulate pollen. Species in the latter category could be further divided into four types: O. glabra, O. versicolor, and O. tenuifolia were more closely related; O. compressa, O. pes-caprae, O. namaquana, and O. fabaefolia were more closely related; O. bowiei, O. stellata, and O. perdicaria were more closely related; O. zeekoevleyensis and O. simplex were relatively distantly related to other Oxalis. The results of this study show that species with similar pollen morphology have certain similarity in plant morphology, and the pollen morphology characteristics can be used as the basis for the study of phylogenetic relationship and taxonomic classification, which can further provide a theoretical basis for the selection of parents in Oxalis cross-breeding.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 *]]> CHEN Shengyu, TANG Xiaoyun, XIAO Yun, HAN Ru, ZHAI Junwen, WU Shasha^* 9true Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter(Tang & F.T.Wang)Tatanov is still up for debate. To clarify this status and explore its genetic relationship with closely related species, the candidate DNA barcode sequences of one nuclear gene(ITS)and five chloroplast genes(matK, ndhF, rbcL, trnL and trnL-trnF)were used for PCR amplification and sequencing of 21 individuals from four species, including × Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and its related species. The basic local alignment search tool was then applied to evaluate the identification efficiency of the screened barcode sequences and sequence combinations. Finally, species identification analyses were performed by constructing a phylogenetic tree using the Bayesian inference method. The results were as follows:(1)The ITS + matK sequence combination showed the highest species-resolving degree of 71.4%, which could achieve interspecific differentiation and identification of × Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and its closely related species.(2)According to the phylogenetic tree based on ITS + matK sequence combination, samples of the same species showed better aggregation and were mostly monophyletic, with × Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter clustered together with all Bolboschoenus(Asch.)Palla individuals, rather than Schoenoplectus(Rchb.)Palla species. All × Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and Bolboschoenus maritimus(Linnaeus)Palla samples formed a monophyletic clade. In conclusion, ITS + matK sequence combination appears to be the best barcode sequence for interspecific identification of × Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and its related species. Furthermore, × Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter could be a synonym of Bolboschoenus maritimus rather than a natural hybrid. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the taxonomic research on &#215; Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and its closely related species.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 1, WANG Yucen¹, LIU Wenliang^1,2*]]> ZHANG Shilan¹, WANG Yucen¹, LIU Wenliang^1,2* 8true Rhododendron cultivars and select those with strong drought resistance by using three species of shrub Rhododendron, namely Rhododendron &#215; pulchrum ‘zihe', Rhododendron &#215; hybridum ‘yangmeihong' and R. simsii, as the materials. We used optical techniques to construct embolism vulnerability curves in petal and leaf tissues, and measured petal and leaf anatomical structural traits, and also analyzed the correlation between xylem hydraulic function and anatomical structural traits. The results were as follows:(1)The P₁₂, P₅₀ and P₈₈ values(water potential values corresponding to the occurrence of 12%, 50% and 88% embolism)of petals in Rhododendron &#215; pulchrum ‘zihe', Rhododendron &#215; hybridum ‘yangmeihong' and R. simsii were higher than those of leaves.(2)The embolism vulnerability of petal and leaf tissues varied among the three species, and the speed of petal and leaf embolism occurrence did not coincide, which may be an important characteristic of hybridized horticultural flowering plants.(3)The correlation analysis between P₅₀ values and their morphological characteristics showed that the P₅₀ values of leaves were negatively correlated with leaf palisade tissue thickness, and the P₅₀ values of petals were positively correlated with petal thickness. In conclusion, the study suggests that the petal embolism vulnerability of the three shrubs of Rhododendron is higher than that of the leaves, and the plants preferentially sacrifice the petals to protect the leaves under drought stress. Furthermore, the embolism vulnerability may be related to the leaf palisade tissue thickness and petal thickness. Our findings provide scientific references for screening and cultivating drought-resistant Rhododendron varieties, and selecting and configuring tree species of Rhododendron plants in arid areas.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 1,4, LI Jieting ^1,4, TANG Ming ^1,2, TANG Jing^1,2, ZHANG Ximin^3,4*]]> XIA Ying ^1,4, LI Jieting ^1,4, TANG Ming ^1,2, TANG Jing^1,2, ZHANG Ximin^3,4* 7true Rhododendron have unique poricidal dehiscence anther, but the formation of the dehiscence pore and the mechanism of pollen releasing are not fully known. The purpose of this research was to study the anther development of Rhododendon × pulchrum through microdissection and paraffin section to find out how the dehiscence pore develops and what tissues are involved in its development. The results were as follows:(1)The tissue forming the apical pore and the main body of the anther diverged from the very beginning of the stamen development. The dehiscence pore is formed by breaking down of parenchyma tissue, which is derived from the apical meristem of stamen primordium. The body part of the anther comes from the archesporial cells and they develop into regular pollen sacs with multi-layered anther walls.(2)The anther wall is fully differentiated at the stages from microspore mother cell to microspore tetrad, with 6-7 layers of cells, including 1 layer of epidermis, 2-3 layers of endothecia, 1-2 layers of middle layers and 1 layer of tapetum. The middle layers soon break down after completion of microspore tetrads and the tapetum disappears before the pollen tetrads are fully mature. The epidermis and 2-3 layers of endothecia remain to the end.(3)Unlike those of longitudinal dehiscent anthers, the endothecia of Rhododendon× pulchrum are not fibrous at maturation. Instead, they are persistent and somewhat elastic through accumulation of polysaccharide granules in cells.(4)The four microspores produced by one microspore mother cell do not separate from each other and the pollens are released as tetrads, with viscous threads between pollens and among tetrads. The authors assume that the thickened multi-layer endothecia reduced the inner volume of the pollen sacs, therefore the pollen tetrads at the top are “squeezed out” from the dehiscence pore, and the viscous threads allow the pollen tetrads to be pulled out in clusters by pollinators.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 1*, YANG Rui², YANG Liu¹, DING Kaiyu¹]]> A Haiying^1*, YANG Rui², YANG Liu¹, DING Kaiyu¹ 6true Phyllostachys edulis seeds were revealed in this study, flowering P. edulis was used as the material in the Haiyang Mountain, Guilin, seeds at different stages were collected and fixed. Paraffin sectioning method was employed, and the structural changes of the embryo, endosperm, pericarp, and seed coat were observed under a microscope. The results were as follows:(1)Fertilization and zygote formation in P. edulis were completed within 1 d after flowering, and the zygote entered a dormant period lasting about 5 d. The embryo underwent the stages of proembryo, coleoptile stage, embryonic growth, and mature embryo, and reached basic maturity after 40 d post-flowering. The developmental type of the embryo was categorized as monocotyledonous.(2)The endosperm developed earlier than the embryo, and its development type was categorized as nuclear endosperm, which went through four stages: free nuclear, cellularization, cell differentiation, and maturation. In the stage of cell differentiation, starch endosperm cells and aleurone layer cells were formed. The starch endosperm cells mainly accumulated starch granules, while the aleurone layer cells mainly accumulated mineral elements, lipids, and proteins, etc.(3)One day after flowering, the cells of the pericarp and seed coat exhibited regular shape, rich in contents, and intact in structure. From 10-20 d after flowering, the number of layers of endocarp and ectocarp and seed coat decreased, the shape changed, and starch granules began to appear in the mesocarp cells. From 20-60 d after flowering, as the nutrient substances of endosperm cells accumulated and their volume increased, mechanical pressure was exerted outward, resulting in the gradual dissolution of mesocarp cells, leaving only remnants of cell walls. The ectocarp cells were elongated with thickened cell walls, forming a protective structure together with the remaining cell walls of the mesocarp cells. The cortex played a crucial role in synthesizing and transporting nutrients, as well as protecting the development of the embryo and endosperm throughout the seed development process. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improving the reproductive biology in bamboo species and understanding the development of embryo and endosperm in bamboo plants.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 1,2, LI Zailiu², XU Zhenguo^1*]]> JIA Dongdong^1,2, LI Zailiu², XU Zhenguo^1* 5true Impatiens exhibits some varied floral features with a dichogamous reproductive system, in which pollination biology plays a key role in speciation and adaptive evolution. China is one of the centers of Impatiens species, including a large number of endemic and sympatric distributions, but there are few data on their pollination biology. Comparative pollination biology of two Chinese endemic and sympatric species, Impatiens corchorifolia and I. cyathiflora, were investigated, including flowering phenology, floral features, pollinators, behavior of pollinators, and as well as breeding systems. The results were as follows:(1)Morphology of spur was varied in two species, which played a key role in different floral syndromes. The spurs in I. corchorifolia and I. cyathiflora could produced a similar nectar sugar content,(45.48 ± 2.28)% and(46.12 ± 1.48)%, respectively. They could share two pollinators, Apis cerana and Vespa. However, the short spur in I. corchorifolia produced less amount of(4.57 ± 1.43)μL nectar while the long spur in I. cyathiflora yielded more nectar content of(10.15 ± 3.28)μL. And then, the latter also could be pollinated by the other insects including one species of Macroglossum and two species of Bombus.(2)The behavior of the common pollinators shared in I. corchorifolia and I. cyathiflora were obviously distinguished by their staggered flower visits and differential sizes of flower channels for visitors with inconsistent positions of pollens carried.(3)Breeding system experiments showed that species possessed obvious hybridization barriers and obvious cross-pollination. Thus, significant differences in spur morphology lead to distinct pollination syndrome differentiation and different pollinator behavior. Both species prefer cross-pollination to self-fertiliation, which greatly depend on the effective pollinators. Reproductive isolation could be maintained by different flower visiting behavior of shared pollinators, differences in floral morphology, and heterozygous discordance. It provides new evidence for a better understanding the relationships between pollination syndrome, pollinators behavior, and cross-breeding stystem in Impatiens.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 1,2, ZHU Yong¹, LI Qingqing^2,3, WANG Yuecheng¹, TAO Lei^1,2, LI Lu^1*]]> ZHANG Yingduo^1,2, ZHU Yong¹, LI Qingqing^2,3, WANG Yuecheng¹, TAO Lei^1,2, LI Lu^1* 4true Iris scariosa is a perennial spring flowering Iridaceae species with important ornamental value. To explore the floral syndrome and breeding system and promote the utilization of this germplasm, flowering phenology, floral syndrome, breeding system and pollination traits of this species were studied in field and controlled experiments. The results were as follows:(1)I. scariosa began to flowering in early-May, peak flowering period was at mid-May, and final flowering period was at late-May, the duration of flowering was 16 d.(2)Its blue-purple flowers had scent and a small amount of nectar, and individual flower duration was 2.5-3.0 d.(3)Results of pollination experiments suggested that the breeding system of I. scariosa is obligate xenogamy, without apomixes and the ability of spontaneous self-pollination.(4)I. scariosa has a generalist pollination system, with Apis mellifera, A. cerana and Halictus sp. being pollinators. These insects initiated pollination while foraging for pollen, and their visitation frequencies were(0.57±0.05),(0.42±0.04)and(0.19±0.03)times·flower^-1·h^-1, respectively. Floral traits of this species, such as bright flower colors, large flower display, the peak of insect visitation overlapping with the period of highest pollen viability and the optimal stigma receptivity of pollen, yellow beard appendage on the outer tepals, etc., ensure the completion of the pollination process and enhance the successful outcrossing. This study provides an important theoretical information for the resource utilization and germplasm innovation of I. scariosa.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 1, MA Hanze¹, MAMUT Jannathan^1,2*]]> LI Qi¹, MA Hanze¹, MAMUT Jannathan^1,2* 3true psbK-psbI, atpF-atpH and trnL-F of 212 individuals from 19 populations in China of Pinellia ternata, a Araceae Pinellia perennial herb with high value of medicin, to explore the genetic diversity, genetic structure, geographical distribution pattern and its causes, and also explore the historical dynamics of its population. The results were as follows:(1)The total haplotype diversity(H_d)of P. ternata was 0.882 and the total nucleotide diversity(π)was 1.23 × 10^-3, which means high genetic diversity at the species level.(2)The results of molecular analysis of variance(AMOVA)showed that genetic variation of P. ternata occurred mainly in 89.27% of populations, with significant genetic differentiation(F_ST=0.909, P<0.001)and lower within population genetic diversity(H_S=0.134). The coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations was 0.855 and 0.913 respectively, N_ST> G_ST(0.01<P<0.05)indicated that the chloroplast haplotypes had obvious molecular lineage and geographical structure.(3)The central test results showed that Tajima's D value, Fu and Li's D value and Fu and Li's F^* value were insignificantly positive value. Fu's Fs value was insignificantly negative value. And the mismatch analysis curve showed double peaks, indicating that the P. ternata populations had not experienced expansion events.(4)The geographical distribution of haplotype showed that the southwest and central eastern regions were characterized by higher haplotype diversity, and there were unique haplotype. For this reason, it is speculated that there were ice age shelters in these two regions during the Quaternary ice age. In a word, through the analysis of three chloroplast genes of P. ternata in different regions, we have clarified its genetic diversity, genetic structure and geographical distribution pattern. In addition, we have put forward scientific suggestions and protection strategies for molecular screening and protection of excellent provenances of P. ternata.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 *]]> WU Min, WU Shiqi, PAN Feng, SHI Tian, ZHAO Cai^* 2true Angelica dahurica is a common species of medicine and food homology, which is not only a common clinical traditional Chinese medicine, but also a spice, with a wide range of uses. In order to obtain the whole genome sequence information of A. dahurica, we used A. dahurica var. formosana leaf DNA as material, and the Nanopore sequencing technology was used to establish its nucleotide sequences database, then genome assembly, function annotation and evolution analysis were carried out by bioinformatic methods. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 662 Gb of the third-generation data were obtained after fittering the original sequencing data, with the Read N50 about 32 932 bp. The assembled A. dahurica genome size was 5.6 Gb, Contig N50 was about 806 638 bp.(2)The genes were with gene annotations accounted for 66.47% after being compared with functional databases such as NR, KOG and KEGG. The result of KOG gene annotation was that the protein function of A. dahurica concentrated in the general functional prediction, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones and signal transduction mechanisms. GO functional classification indicated that the genes of A. dahurica concentrated on cell biological processes and components. KEGG analysis found that the A. dahurica genes mostly involved in metabolic pathways.(3)And 45 genes of BGLU family were identified in A. dahurica. In this study, the whole genome of A. dahurica is resolved by the third-generation sequencing technology for the first time, which provides important theoretical references for the systematic biological study and the further study of the function of BGLU in the growth and development of A. dahurica.]]> 2024/4/28 12:18:32 *]]> WANG Yalan, ZHOU Luojing, ZHANG Lingyu, ZHANG Jing,BIAN Jinhui, GAO Jihai^* 1true