Petrocodon chongqingensis(Gesneriaceae), a new species from Chongqing City, China, is described and illustrated here. This new species morphologically resembles P. hunanensis, and different from the latter in lacking elongated rhizome, petioles densely white villous, both surfaces of leaf blades densely villous and pubescent, bracts alternate, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.3-1.5 × ca. 0.4 mm, corolla fuchsia to reddish purple, 3-5 cm long, ovary ca. 2 cm long and no stipitate. The conservation status of P. chongqingensis is provisionally assessed as “Vulnerable”(VU)according to IUCN Red List categories. The micromorphological characteristics of seed and pollen grain of the new species and seed of its congener were observed by using scanning electron microscope(SEM). Seed shape of the new species and its congener are narrowly oblong, exine ornamentation of P. chongqingensis has rounded, oblong or irregular cave and irregular protrusions, caves also with irregular protrusions. Exine ornamentation of P. hunanensis is reticulate, lumina is rectangular square or irregular, lumina with irregular protrusions. The pollen grain shape of P. chongqingensis is prolate, circular in polar view and oblong in equatorial view, exine ornamentation is microreticulate to perforate, ridge of reticulum with granulate protrusions.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1,2, PENG Tao³, ZHAO Zhiguo², PAN Bo^2,4, WEN Fang^2,4*]]> SU Lanying^1,2, PENG Tao³, ZHAO Zhiguo², PAN Bo^2,4, WEN Fang^2,4* 13true Rhabdothamnopsis, Henckelia, Didymocarpus)and other three genera possess nonreciprocal mirror-image flowers(Paraboea, Ornithoboea, Saintpaulia). Subg. Streptocarpella Engler of Streptocarpus contains both reciprocal and nonreciprocal mirror-image flowers. Gesneriaceae was dominated by nonreciprocal mirror-image flowers with united anthers and hidden sexual organs in floral tubes, distinctive from the typical mirror-image flowers in other families. The main pollinators to mirror-image flowers in these species are small-bodied bees such as Amegilla spp. These unusual floral traits suggest the mirror-image flowers in Gesneriaceae probably had experienced distinctive evolutionary history. Phylogenetic relationships indicate that mirror-image flowers are restricted to the subfamily Didymocarpoideae, which is endemic to the Old World. According to molecular phylogenetic studies, at least five independent origins of mirror-image flowers were found. The highly-specialized pollination mechanism associated with mirror-image flowers might facilitate pollination accuracy and consequently accelerate speciation rate of Didymocarpoideae. It is suggested that molecular phylogenetic methods can be used to explore the evolutionary relationship of reciprocal and nonreciprocal mirror-image flowers in Gesneriaceae to determine the possible role of evolutionary transitions of these two types of mirror-image flowers in the family's speciation histories and long-distance dispersal.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 *]]> LU Tao, LING Shaojun, REN Mingxun^* 12true 2)had 175 species, belonging to 74 families and 139 genera. The composition of families, genera and species were the smallest in the initial stage of exclosure with 6 families, 19 genus and 20 species, respectively, and peaked at the stage of exclosure for 35 a with 48 families, 74 genus and 88 species, respectively. The life-form ratio significantly increased for arbor, increased initially but declined later for shrubs, sharply decreased for herbs, and increased initially but declined later and maintain stable for vines with the prolong of exclosure duration. In the herbaceous layers, the vegetation succession was sequential substitution as follows: sun weeds → sun gramineous plants → mesophily or shade ferns. In shrub layers, shrubs were substituted by arbor seedlings. A structural substitution occured in arbor layers with changing from dominating by evergreen species to co-dominating by evergreen and deciduous species. A synergy restoration effect occurred between vegetation composition and soil fertility. The simple vegetation composition and low diversity connected with low content of soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen and available nitrogen at the initial exclosure stage(5 a). At the middle stage of exclosure(25 a), high diversity connected with high soil fertility. While, in the later stage of exclosure(55 a), low diversity connected with relative low soil fertility although it maintained at relatively high level. The redundancy analysis indicated that the community species composition was significantly affected by soil bulk density(SBD), capillary porosity(CP), total potassium(TK),available potassium(AK)and available phosphorus(AP)in the initial exclosure period, then by soil organic matter(SOM), moisture content(MC), noncapillary porosity(NCP), total nitrogen(TN), available nitrogen(AN), and stoichiometric ratio in the later exclosure period.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1, WEN Yuanguang², ZHOU Xiaoguo^2*, ZHU Hongguang², LI Jingwen¹, YAN Li²]]> LU Zhicheng¹, WEN Yuanguang², ZHOU Xiaoguo^2*, ZHU Hongguang², LI Jingwen¹, YAN Li² 11true H), Simpson index(D_S), evenness index(J)and Margalef index(D_M)of various levels of the community increased gradually along restoration. The SØrensen index of plant communities between different succession stages showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, while the Cody index showed a gradually increasing trend. In summary, the plant community structure and species diversity of different successional stages in karst mountain areas are different, and the group building species and key species have changed obviously. The study of community structure and species diversity has important significance for the understanding of vegetation succession and ecological restoration in karst mountainous areas.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1*, LI Qing¹, LIU Yong²]]> HE Bin^1*, LI Qing¹, LIU Yong² 10true 2, leaf dry matter content was 318.61-573.22 mg·g^-1, specific leaf area was 60.98-236.90 cm²·g^-1, leaf tissue density was 0.022 1-0.036 g·cm^-3.(2)Compared to other areas, the dominant species in this area had smaller specific leaf area and bigger leaf dry matter content, which can reduce water loss and increase nutrient storage, that to adapt to high temperature and lacking of water and soil.(3)Almost all correlations significantly differed among the leaf functional traits. Leaf thickness had a promotional effect on fresh and dry weight, and specific leaf area had a significant inhibiting effect on leaf dry matter content and leaf tissue density.(4)The leaf functional traits changed regularly with the change of soil nutrients. Soil total nitrogen, total kalium and organic carbon had significant effects on leaf functional traits, especially there was very significant in organic carbon. Further analyses indicated that the most appropriate dominant species or constructive species for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in karst plateau-canyon was selected, they were Cladrastis platycarpa, Pistacia weinmannifolia, Eriobotrya japonica. In addition, applying organic fertilizer to Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Lonicera japonica, etc. could improve their adaptability. The research results above have deepened the understanding of vegetation in karst plateau-canyon areas, which provided theoretical and practical bases for vegetation restoration and reconstruction.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 *, ZHANG Yu, XU Min, TAN Daijun]]> CHENG Wen, YU Yanghua, XIONG Kangning^*, ZHANG Yu, XU Min, TAN Daijun 9true Medicago sativa), application of organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and pesticides, film mulching and no measures in study area, to compare the content differences of soil mineral elements in different tillage methods, correlation analysis was also performed to clarify the correlation between mineral elements in soil. The results were as follows:(1)Compared with no measures, the content of Ca, Si, Mn et al. showed an increasing trend, while the content of Fe, Mg, Al et al. decreased, and that the content of Na showed no significant difference.(2)About the supplement of mineral elements, the organic fertilizers applied were the most abundant, the second was plastic mulching, alfalfa is the worst.(3)According to the correlation analysis, there were correlations among soil mineral elements. Al, Si, S and Ni were closely related to other elements, while Fe, Mg, Na, Mn, Cu and Co had significant or extremely significant correlation between elements.(4)Besides, there was an extremely significantly or significantly negative correlation between Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn and B, antagonistic effect. When cultivated of pitaya in dry-hot valley rocky desertification region, the tillage method of applying organic fertilizer is the first choice for nutrient supplement. The deficiency of mineral elements caused by different farming methods should be timely supplemented, especially for Fe, Mg, Al, Na, Cu, Zn et al.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1, YU Yanghua^2*, YANG Danli¹, HOU Tangchun¹]]> ZHONG Xinping¹, YU Yanghua^2*, YANG Danli¹, HOU Tangchun¹ 8true Loropetalum chinense community. The results showed that the DW, LDMC, LA, LT, SLA and LTD were significantly different among eight species of plants in tree layer and among seventeen species in shrub layer(P <0.01). The plant species in tree layer had higher DW, LDMC and LT but lower SLA than those in the shrub layer. There was no significant difference in LA and LTD between tree layer and shrub layer species. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the correlations among leaf traits were consistent both in tree layer and in shrub layer except for the relationships of LA with LTD, LDMC and SLA. The principal component analysis shows that among the six leaf traits, DW, LDMC, and LTD might be used as important leaf traits to reflect the adaptations of plants in the tree layer at old-growth forest stage of L. chinense community in karst hills, which mainly represented the ability of plants to resist external disturbances and unfavorable environments and adapt to dry and wet environments. It has the characteristics of “slow investment-income” leaf economic spectrum. SLA and LTD might be used as important leaf traits to reflect the adaptations of plants in the shrub layer at old-growth forest stage of L. chinense community in karst hills, which mainly showed the ability of plants to acquire resources and had the characteristics of “fast investment-income” leaf economic spectrum.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1,2, MA Jiangming^1,2,3*, SU Jing^1,2, QIN Jiashuang^1,2, PAN Xiaomei^1,2, JIAN Rui^1,2]]> MO Yanhua^1,2, MA Jiangming^1,2,3*, SU Jing^1,2, QIN Jiashuang^1,2, PAN Xiaomei^1,2, JIAN Rui^1,2 7true 13C. The results showed that there were 188 vascular plants belonging to 69 families and 141 genera in 36 plots. As the degree of RD intensifies, the diversity index of each species generally showed a downward trend; The diversity of RD species in different grades was arbor layer > shrub layer > herb layer. The dominant species LA decreased with the increase of RD degree, while LT, LDMC and SymboldA@ ¹³C showed an increasing trend, and the leaf traits of dominant species of different RD grades were significantly different(P<0.05). Combined with CCA analysis, soil thickness(ST)and soil water content(SWC)were the most important factors affecting the spatial distribution of plants in RD areas; Through RDA analysis, there was a significant correlation between species diversity index and environmental factors, among which available K(AK), SWC, available nitrogen(AN), ST and soil organic matter(SOM)were the dominant factors affecting species diversity and leaf traits of dominant species. The research results had certain theoretical significance and guiding value for the ecological protection of southwest karst vegetation and vegetation restoration of RD ecosystem.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 *, ZHANG Yu, MA Xuewei, JI Chuanze, MIN Xiaoying]]> ZHANG Shihao, XIONG Kangning^*, ZHANG Yu, MA Xuewei, JI Chuanze, MIN Xiaoying 6true P<0.05), the overall change trend of the three litters was roughly the same in the decomposition process, they all decomposed rapidly in the early stage, slowed down in the middle stage and accelerated in the later stage. The decomposition rate of leaves in secondary forest and shrubbery was basically synchronized at the earlier stage, deciduous shrub>secondary forest leaves in the later, while the decomposition rate of the common green leaves in secondary forest and shrubbery was basically synchronous. The regression equation was used to estimate the time required for the decomposition of litter leaves by 50% and 95%, and it was concluded that the time required for the decomposition of deciduous leaves and evergreen leaves in shrubbery by 50% and 95% was less than that of secondary forests. At different slope positions, the general trend of decomposition rate of three kinds of litters is mesoslope>upslope. The C content of the three litters fluctuates greatly, but the overall change trend is to decrease with the increase of decomposition time, with the increase of decomposition time, the N content increases, while the C/N ratio decreases.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1, RONG Li^1*, YU Guosong², LI Qin¹]]> WANG Min¹, RONG Li^1*, YU Guosong², LI Qin¹ 5true 4 plants in vegetation restoration of the karst region was explored, and the essential characteristics of C₄ plant resources in Guizhou karst region were revealed, by consulting literatures, checking the specimen library of Forestry College of Guizhou University, investigating on-site community and collecting specimens, as well as based on carbon isotope ratio method to study the water utilization characteristics of typical C₄ plants. The results showed that 141 species of C₄ plants belonging to 74 genera and 15 families were found in the Guizhou karst region, which accounted for 62.05%, 46.25% and 24.48% of the countrywide families, genera and species respectively, and they were composed mainly of Gramineae and Cyperaceae; The species of C₄ plants in the area were either annual plants or perennial plants, and the species number of perennial plant were slightly more than the annual plant; The overall water ecotype was dry, and the siccocolous and the mesad accounted for 84.82% and 31.21% of the total amount; C₄ plants in karst region had high water use efficiency, while there was no significant difference among different water ecotypes; The C₄ plant resources in Guizhou karst region had the essential characteristics of abundant resources, wide application, long-term utilization, strong competitiveness, large-area distribution, drought-producing and wide water use. Karst region provides a suitable habitat for C₄plants. Under natural conditions, most of them are restoring early species, which is conducive to ecological restoration in karst region. C₄ plants have good ecological adaptability under the harsh ecological environment of Guizhou karst region, and present relatively high value for medicinal, edible, feeding, landscape and other purposes. The exploitation of C₄ plants is of great significance for the ecological restoration in Guizhou and the economic and social development of Guizhou area.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1, HUANG Zongsheng^2*, QIAN Changjiang³, FU Yuhong³, YU Yanghua⁴, YAN Lingbin⁵]]> LIU Yifu¹, HUANG Zongsheng^2*, QIAN Changjiang³, FU Yuhong³, YU Yanghua⁴, YAN Lingbin⁵ 4true Sophora davidii. Sucrose, maltose, sorbitol and PEG(6000)were used as penetrant in this paper. The development, maturation, and germination of somatic embryo was determined by different penetrant comparation. The results were as follows: the rate of somatic embryogenesis reached up to 66.21%, and the total number of embryos can achieve 79 when embryonic callus from hypocotyl of Sophora davidii were cultured in MS+ 2,4-D 0.2 mg·L^-1 +NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+ 6-BA 2.0 mg·L^-1 + TDZ 1.0 mg·L^-1+sucrose 40 g·L^-1+ glutamine 100 mg·L^-1+plant gel 3 g·L^-1. Adding 7% sucrose could promote the maturation rate of somatic embryo to 64.36%, meanwhile could also increase the development of polycotyledonous abnormal embryo. The maturation rate of somatic embryo went up as high as 88.89%, and the proportion of abnormal embryo the lowest, when somatic embryo were cultured in 2% maltose +2% sorbitol +4% sucrose combination medium. The maturation rate of somatic embryo was 82.35%, when the concentration of PEG was 30 g·L^-1. Torpedo embryo was suitable for transported culture, the formative rate of somatic embryo was up to 90.58%. The rooting rate of mature somatic embryo was high, for 87.47% from three sugar combination culture. This study provides a theoretical reference and a feasible scheme for the development of somatic embryo seedling of Sophora davidii.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 WU Lifang, WEI Xiaomei 3true 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1,2, LI Jiaofeng^1,2, HUANG Changying^1,2, LIU Runhong^1,2, JIANG Yong^1,2*, LU Zhiren^1,2, LIANG Shichu^1,2]]> PAN Yuanfang^1,2, LI Jiaofeng^1,2, HUANG Changying^1,2, LIU Runhong^1,2, JIANG Yong^1,2*, LU Zhiren^1,2, LIANG Shichu^1,2 2true P<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between leaf length, width and TH(P<0.01). There were significant positive correlation between FW, DW and AR(P<0.01). There were significant positive correlation between TH and Chlc(P<0.01), the correlation between other factors was not significant.(3)The coefficient of variation of plant leaf traits in the study was 15.82%-139.14%, mostly with high coefficient of variation(84.40%-131.01%). The contribution rate of AR and FW were higher, there are 84.40% and 90.28%, plants of different growth forms were stable on TH.(4)In Shilin karst areas, plant leaves adapt to special habitats with lower TH, SLA, Chlc and higher DMC. The above indicates that plants in Shilin karst areas can adapt to special habitats by forming different leaf characteristics. The paper provide a theoretical and piratical reference for the restoration and protection in karst area.]]> 2019/8/26 11:11:31 1,2, LU Weili^3*, JIANG Lisha⁴, JIN Ke³, QI Zheng³]]> PANG Zhiqiang^1,2, LU Weili^3*, JIANG Lisha⁴, JIN Ke³, QI Zheng³ 1true