-stigma, the scientific names with generic names ended by -cheilos, the scientific names which is difficult to identify its gender based on the end of generic names, and the scientific names with orthographical errors. We discuss these questions here, and correct 13 names which do not meet the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. At last, we discuss the necessary to use the scientific names normatively in Gesneriaceae.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 *]]> XU Weibin^* 17true Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don is a human-defined genus. Phylogenetic reconstruction of this genus and its related genera was carried out on the basis of molecular systematics research in 2011. Most of the species of Sect. Gibbosaccus C.B. Clark were incorporated into Primulina Hance. However, due to historical reasons, the limitations of early classical taxonomy in research methods and the understanding of vegetative organs and reproductive organs of some species of former Chirita need to be further studied, there are still some problems in the classification of some species of this genus, which need to be further studied. For example, in the process of studying Gesneriaceae plants distributed in China and Vietnam, we found that there are taxonomic problems in the identification of two species of Primulina: Primulina swinglei(Merr.)Mich. Möller & A. Weber, which is widely distributed from Southwest China to the middle of Indochina Peninsula, and P. laxiflora(W. T. Wang)Yin Z. Wang, which was originally considered to be endemic to China and Guangxi. Further clarification is needed to clarify the relationship between the two species. In this paper, the morphological comparison of the two species was carried out. At the same time, through the original description comparison, plant specimen examination, cultivation observation and field observation of the two plants, we determined that P. laxiflora is the synonym of P. swinglei. In addition, the lectotype of P. swinglei is also designated here to confirm the taxonomic status of the species.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, KEENE Jeremy³, SHAN Wanyue¹, DO Van Truong⁴, WEN Fang^2,5,6*]]> HONG Xin¹, KEENE Jeremy³, SHAN Wanyue¹, DO Van Truong⁴, WEN Fang^2,5,6* 16true Lysionotus bijantiae D. Borah & A. Joe, was misidentified; it is conspecific with Henckelia oblongifolia(Roxb.)D. J. Middleton & Mich. Möller. We treat Lysionotus bijantiae as a new synonym for Henckelia oblongifolia [previous Chirita oblongifolia(Roxb.)Sinclair] by examining relevant specimens and literature. The type specimens of Lysionotus bijantiae were collected from the southern slope of the Himalayas in Southeast Xizang, China. The diversity of Gesneriaceae in this area is also abundant. The authors attributed it to the genus Lysionotus because of its flower with two stamens, and compared it with other Lysionotus species because of its calyx 5-lobed above the middle, but they ignored the fact that the seed apex had no appendages. We observed that the seeds of this species in the populations of Motuo and the type localities both had no appendages by scanning the seeds with electron microscope, it is confirmed that this species is not a species of Lysionotus, but a species of Henckelia. At the same time, we offer the color images(including seeds scanned images)and the lectotype of Henckelia oblongifolia, and also describe the characteristics and distinguishing methods of the two genera Henckelia Spreng. and Lysionotus D. Don, in order to provide a reference for species identification of the two genera and avoid more confusion of species classification.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, BORAH Dipankar³, DAO Zhiling¹, WEN Fang^2,4*]]> CAI Lei¹, BORAH Dipankar³, DAO Zhiling¹, WEN Fang^2,4* 15true Petrocosmea Oliv. is located in Southwest Mountains of China, and this genus can distribute to India(Assam), Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. It helps researchers to better understand the flora of China & Indo-China Peninsula and the plant biodiversity of Petrocosmea in above-mentioned areas because many new taxa and new national records of this genus were discovered and published in recent years. For instance, Petrocosmea martinii (H. Léveillé)H. Léveillé and P. sericea C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li, formerly considered as endemic species of China, with the former was once thought to be distributed in Guizhou, North Guangxi and Southeast Yunnan and the latter is only distributed in Southeast Yunnan Province, are also found in Vietnam at present. This finding raises the number of Petrocosmea known from Vietnam are five species. Thus, the discovery of two new national records of Petrocosmea hints more new taxa and records will be discovered in those areas where are adjacent to Southwest mountains of China in the future. The descriptions, illustrations, conservation status assessment of two newly recorded Petrocosmea and identification key to all known Petrocosmea from Vietnam are here provided for checking by researchers.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, BUI Hong Quang³, NGUYEN Khang Sinh³, AVERYANOV Leonid⁴, WEN Fang^2,5,6*]]> TRAN Thi Phuong Anh¹, BUI Hong Quang³, NGUYEN Khang Sinh³, AVERYANOV Leonid⁴, WEN Fang^2,5,6* 14true Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume of the Rhynchotechum Blume genus was found in Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region of China. It usually prefers cliffs near perennial streams in primary forests as well as in secondary forests and damp groves near roadsides. This species of Rhynchotechum is characterized by almost opposite leaves, sericeous calyx lobes, axes rusty-yellow villous, short style and small flower, puberulent ovary and glabrous to puberulous fruit. When the research about this genus was published in 2020, Indian scholars recorded that the voucher specimen was collected from India. However, when the GPS longitude and latitude information of the type specimen collection point recorded in the original document was marked on the Map World in official geographic website, this species was found to locate in Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region of China. Therefore, the certificate of origin information recorded in the original document was questioned.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, WANG Xiuping¹, WEN Fang^2,3*]]> HONG Xin¹, WANG Xiuping¹, WEN Fang^2,3* 13true Paraboea nanxiensis Lei Cai & Gui L. Zhang, a new species of Gesneriaceae from karst area around the Sino-Vietnamese border, is described here. The new species is morphologically similar to P. nutans D. Fang & D. H. Qin in the shape and indumentum characters of leaf blade, color of flower, length of the inflorescence and glabrous pistil, but it can be easily distinguished by the shape of the corolla, the color of flower interior, the shape and indumentum of calyx lobes, and capsule morphology. The detailed descriptions, color photographs, distribution and ecology, as well as its morphological relationship with similar species are also provided. In recent years, many new taxa or newly record species have been found in limestone areas along the Sino Vietnam border, it is necessary to strengthen the investigation of plant diversity for better understanding the high biodiversity in this area.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, CAI Lei^2*, WANG Yizhi³, ZHANG Guisheng⁴]]> ZHANG Guiliang¹, CAI Lei^2*, WANG Yizhi³, ZHANG Guisheng⁴ 12true Primulina huangjiniana, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Mount Danxia of Guangdong Province in China, is described and illustrated here. The new species is easily distinguished from the most morphologically similar species P. depressa by its shorter bracts 2.5-6 mm long(vs. 15-30 mm long), subequal(vs. unequal)calyx lobes, filaments with glandular puberulence above the middle, and geniculate near the base(vs. glabrous and geniculate near the middle), stigma obdeltoid, deeply 2-lobed with two linear lobes(vs. lamelliform, slightly 2-lobed with two acute-triangular lobes), and parietal placenta(vs. axile placenta). Including this new species, there are six Primulina species recorded in Mount Danxia. Among them, P. danxiaensis and P. huangjiniana are endemic to Danxia landform. Only two populations of P. huangjiniana were found with no more than 200 mature individuals in Mount Danxia. This new species could be considered as Critically Endangered(CR)according to IUCN Red List Criteria.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, MENG Kaikai¹, GUO Jianqiang², CHEN Fang², LIAO Wenbo¹, FAN Qiang^1*]]> HUANG Cuiying¹, MENG Kaikai¹, GUO Jianqiang², CHEN Fang², LIAO Wenbo¹, FAN Qiang^1* 11true Paraboea have been found there recently. Paraboea minutiflora D. J. Middleton was collected firstly from northern Vietnam in 2001 and was published in 2018, but it is incomplete and lacks type specimens with mature flowers when reported. The description of Paraboea minutiflora was supplemented based on the collections from southeastern Yunnan, China and Ha Giang, Vietnam, and line drawing and photos are also provided. Paraboea minutiflora is most similar to Paraboea glanduliflora Barnett in having glabrous, reflexed calyx and corolla with glandular hairs, but differs from the latter by the upper leaf surfaces covered with brown matted indumentum when young, but glabrescent at maturity, the inflorescences terminal, the corolla 9-12 mm long, the capsule straight, 1.2–2.8 cm long. The discovery of Paraboea minutiflora from southeastern Yunnan, China demonstrates the flora is closely interrelated between the southern limestone karsts of China and the northern limestone karsts of Vietnam.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, LIU Ende², HAN Mengqi³, ZHU Xinxin⁴, NGUYEN Khang Sinh⁵, XU Weibin^1*]]> LU Zhaocen¹, LIU Ende², HAN Mengqi³, ZHU Xinxin⁴, NGUYEN Khang Sinh⁵, XU Weibin^1* 10true Litostigma Y. G. Wei, F. Wen & M. Möller(Gesneriaceae)was reported firstly from limestone areas of southwestern China in 2010, included two species, namely Litostigma coriaceifolium Y. G. Wei, F. Wen & M. Möller(Typus generis)from southwestern Guizhou, and Litostigma crystallinum Y. M. Shui & W. H. Chen from southeastern Yunnan. We fortunately found Litostigma crystallinum from Ha Giang, northern Vietnam, and reported here to sufficiently know the diversity of Gesneriaceae in Vietnam. The description of Litostigma crystallinum was supplemented base on the collections from Ha Giang, northern Vietnam, and the habitat photos were also provided. The discovery of Litostigma crystallinum from northern Vietnam demonstrates the closely floristic relationship between northern Vietnam and southern China once again. The new localities are also very important for the conservation of Litostigma crystallinum.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, NGUYEN Khang Sinh^2,3, PHAN Ke Loc⁴, TRAN Thi Phuong Anh³, XU Weibin^1*]]> LU Zhaocen¹, NGUYEN Khang Sinh^2,3, PHAN Ke Loc⁴, TRAN Thi Phuong Anh³, XU Weibin^1* 9true Petrocodon scopulorum (Chun)Y. Z. Wang is a rare plant endemic to China. However, it has never been found in the “Pingfa” area of Guizhou Province, the type locality of P. scopulorum recorded in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. The lack of textual information of the type locality will inevitably brings chaos to the identification and related research of P. scopulorum. In this study, the morphology and molecular analyses as well as textual analyses of protologue confirmed that the type locality of P. scopulorum was “Pingba”, Anshun City. While the type locality recorded in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae is an incorrect translation of the original record of the type specimen. The results here provide a correct type locality record and also a reliable basis for the identification, conservation and research of the P. scopulorum.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, YU Yuesheng¹, LIU Chenggui¹, XU Yingzhi¹, CHEN Ming^1*, LIU Jing²]]> LIU Mingtao¹, YU Yuesheng¹, LIU Chenggui¹, XU Yingzhi¹, CHEN Ming^1*, LIU Jing² 8true Boea clarkeana Hemsl.(Gesneriaceae)is a resurrection plant species endemic to China. In the recent revision, it was incorporated into Damrongia Kerr and renamed as D. clarkeana(Hemsl.)C. Puglisi. In this study, mature seeds of D. clarkeana were used as experimental materials to observe the effects of calcium salt and simulated drought interaction experiments on seed germination and seedling growth in order to explore the adaptation mechanism of the plant to special karst habitats. The results showed that when calcium salt and simulated drought interact, low concentration calcium salt can reduce the inhibition of drought on seed germination and seedling growth, and when low concentration drought interacts with low concentration calcium salt, seed germination and seedling growth will be promoted instead. The promotion effect of low calcium salt and low drought combined conditions on the growth of D. clarkeana also reflects the speciality of the species to limestone soil matrix with poor water retention in karst areas, and also avoids direct niche competition with other plants]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, SHAN Wanyue¹, ZHANG Dandan², CHAO Tiancai², WEN Fang^3,4, ZHOU Shoubiao^2*]]> HONG Xin¹, SHAN Wanyue¹, ZHANG Dandan², CHAO Tiancai², WEN Fang^3,4, ZHOU Shoubiao^2* 7true Hance(Gesneriaceae)consists of 41 species and is mainly distributed in the limestone region of South China. So far, the chromosome numbers of only four species have been reported, with the rest species in the genus remained uninvestigated yet. Furthermore, the evolutionary history of the chromosome number and ploidy in Petrocodon as well as in its sister genus Primulina remain unexplored, and particularly whether it affected their diversifications into extant species diversity remain unknown. In this study, the root tip cells of four species(including one variety)of Petrocodon(i.e. Petrocodon dealbatus var. dealbatus, Petrocodon dealbatus var. denticulatus, Petrocodon longangensis and Petrocodon sp.)which were generated by hydroponic culture method for the cutting leaves, were used for the chromosome experiments. First, the effects of various experimental treating conditions on the quality of chromosome squashing were explored and the chromosome numbers were counted. Then, the evolutionary history of chromosome numbers in Petrocodon and Primulina were traced based on the molecular phylogenetic tree, and whether the diversifications of the species diversity for the two genera were impacted by changes of the chromosome number or especially the ploidy or not was discussed. The results were as follows:(1)The root tip of 1-1.5 cm length, pretreatment for 5 h with 0.002 mol·L^-1 8-hydroxyquinoline solution and dissociation for 4 min was a suitable chromosome preparation condition.(2)All the four species(including one variety)investigated were diploid and the chromosome numbers were the same(2n=2x=36).(3)Although the reconstruction of the ancestral state of the chromosome number of Petrocodon and Primulina failed to give any resolution for the most recent common ancestors of the two genera(generic stem node)and each of the genera(generic crown nodes), the chromosome number of Petrocodon and Primulina was highly conserved with most taxa possessing 2n=2x=36, except for the ploidy or chromosome number changes in few species, suggesting the disproportional diversification of species diversity between Petrocodon and Primulina was not correlated to the change of the chromosome number or ploidy. This study provides a reference for the chromosome preparation of Petrocodon and its allies, and also provides basic data and implications for further research on the classification, systematic evolution and speciation of Petrocodon]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, PAN Bo¹, LU Yongbin¹, SHEN Lina³, ZHANG Qiang¹, LIANG Yanni^2*]]> QIN Xinmei¹, PAN Bo¹, LU Yongbin¹, SHEN Lina³, ZHANG Qiang¹, LIANG Yanni^2* 6true is a group of perennial herbs in Gesneriaceae, which has great morphological variations and large distributional range, growing on various edaphic substrates in different habitats. In this study, focusing on Hemiboea subcapitata, H. pterocaulis, and two other related variations, we investigate and describe the diversities of the morphology and micromorphology; outlined the geographic distributions and habitats by consulting specimens and literature, and long-term field surveys; in addition, the phylogenetic relationship and haplotype network among all types are inferred based on DNA data of the nuclear ITS sequences. The results were as follows:(1)Different variations of the Hemiboea subcapitata complex are able to be distinguished through the combination of multiple traits from stems, leaves, flowers and phenology.(2)The leaf cross-section anatomical micromorphologies are highly similar in terms of basic tissue compositions, epidermal cell shape and stomatal distribution, while there are differences in presence versus absence of the epidermal hair, number of the vascular bundles and arrangement, which are seemingly helpful for the classification.(3)Typical H. subcapitata is widely distributed in central and South China and extends to North Vietnam, growing on different types of rocks, e.g. limestone and sandstone in the limestone region and/or Danxia landform etc., and H. pterocaulis possesses a narrow range in Guilin, Guangxi and is endemic to limestone, while other two types are only distributed in one or a few adjacent limestone hills in Yongfu County, Guilin and restricted to limestone substrates as well.(4)The haplotype network show that each type of H. subcapitata complex has its own unique and unshared haplotypes; the molecular phylogenetic relationships indicate that Hemiboea sp. and H. pterocaulis group together, but the monophyletic lineage consisting of all indivuduals of the former type(i.e. Hemiboea sp. from Jinzhongshan)is nested within the latter; H. subcapitata and H. yongfuensis are reciprocally monophyletic, supporting both of them as independent species. In conclusion, at least three indenpendent species are able to be indentified as the H. subcapitata complex. The sympatric distribution of all the four variations in South China, and even the coexistence of the three of them at the same sites in the same limestone hills do not necessarily mean sympatric speciation, though they likely diverged sympatrically via key trait change(s)such as phenological transition of different flowering times that can have resulted in reproductive isolation.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, HUANG Zhangping², LU Yongbin², QIN Xinmei², HUANG Yusong², LI Huimin¹, ZHANG Qiang^2*]]> LI Jiahui¹, HUANG Zhangping², LU Yongbin², QIN Xinmei², HUANG Yusong², LI Huimin¹, ZHANG Qiang^2* 5true 2020/11/4 10:05:01 *]]> GE Yuzhen, XIN Zibing, LI Shu, FU Longfei, WEN Fang^* 4true Metapetrocosmea peltata(Gesneriaceae)is an endemic species distributed in the middle and southern mountainous area of Hainan Island. In this study, we collected 172 M. peltata individuals from 11 natural populations, and assessed the genetic diversity and differentiation of this species based on sequence variation of intergenic transcribed spacer(ITS)region. In addition, the factors that may impact the level and distribution of genetic diversity were explored. The results were as follows:(1)M. peltata had a high level of genetic diversity at its species level(H_T=0.998, π=0.023 5), however, the gene flow between populations was very weak(N_m=0.04), whereas the genetic differentiation was quite strong(G_ST=0.375).(2)Most haplotypes of M. peltata were population specific, only except for BM and NM populations, which shared a few haplotypes.(3)Mantel test showed that the genetic distances between haplotypes were correlated with their geographic distances(correlation index r=0.322, P=0.010).(4)Structure analysis clustered individuals of M. peltata into six genetic groups, whose geographic distributions were largely concordant with the isolation pattern of Hainan mountainous area caused by Changhua River. The geographic distribution of genetic clusters was further supported by population cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance. This study manifests the isolation effect of Changhua River on the distribution of genetic diversity of M. peltata.(5)AMOVA analysis showed that 67% genetic variation was partitioned among populations, suggesting genetic differentiation of this species was mainly caused by geographic isolation. In conclusion, geographic isolation of Hainan mountainous area caused by Changhua River and its tributaries should be the driving force for the strong genetic differentiation among M. peltata populations, and also may lead to the high genetic diversity detected at the species level of M. peltata. This study not only provides recommendation for efficient conservation and utilization of M. peltata, a potential ornamental plant species, but also facilitates the understanding of geographic distribution of genetic variation for Hainan Island endemic and other plant species.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 1, LING Shaojun¹, CHEN Weifang¹, REN Mingxun¹, TANG Liang^1,2*]]> LI Ge¹, LING Shaojun¹, CHEN Weifang¹, REN Mingxun¹, TANG Liang^1,2* 3true Aeschynanthus fulgens Wall. ex R. Br. is newly recorded from Cangyuan County, Yunnan in China. In this paper, Chinese description of the species was enriched, its voucher specimen and pictures were also supplemented. The pollen morphological characteristics of A. fulgens Wall. ex R. Br. and A. hookeri C. B. Clarke were compared, and the differences of pollen morphology and the ornamentations of the two were found to be significant. The vouchers are kept in the herbaria of Henan Agricultural University(HEAC).]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 *]]> LI Xiaojing, YI Ran, SHI Zhiyuan, LI Jiamei^* 2true of the world. There are many endemic species. For the purpose of introdution and cultivation, germplasm presrvation and hybridization breeding, this study focused on the flowering phenological period, flowering habit, ovary development, pollen activity and other flowering biological characteristics of eight Primulina species endemic to Guangxi, including Primulina linearifolia, P. ophiopogoide, P. spinulosa, P. macrorhiza, P. linearicalyx, P. leprosa, P. guizhongensis and P. baishouensis. The results were as follows:(1)There were significant differences between in the wild and the artifical conditions in the flowering period, single bud blooming amount and single flower opening duration of these eight endemic species in Guangxi. In artificial conditions, the amount of flowering per plant and the duration of flower blooming were better than those of wild plants.(2)The duration of single flowering period of different species was 3-14 d. The stamens stopped growth in bud stage. The maturities of pistils and stamens were inconsistent, the stamens matured earlier than the pistils.(3)The pollen vitality was increasing from half-open to fully-open stage, which could reach more than 90% in fully-open stage.(4)The stigma was most compatible in the fully-opend stage of the corolla. At corolla completely open stage, the stigma receptivity rised to the highest level.(5)Self pollination was sterile, cross pollination was fertile. The seed germination rate of crossing seeds was more than 80%. This study provides data to support the multiplication of rare species and germplasm resources preservation, and also provides solutions for hybridization breeding in Primulina.]]> 2020/11/4 10:05:01 LAI Bidan, DENG Zhengyu, SUN Qi 1true