Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae)are described as new from western Sichuan Province. Of them, three new species, R. shimianensis, R. tenuifurcatus and R. perdissectus belong to Sect. Auricomus, one new species, R. ludingensis belongs to Sect. Ranunculus, and the fifth new species, R. filistolonifer, characterized by prostrate and rudiately spreading 10 or more stolons, and 3 petals and 2 stamens per flower, represents a new section. Besides, one variety of R. nephelogenes is described as new too.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 WANG Wencai(WANG Wen-tsai) 18true Aconitum, A. ludingense W. T. Wang, belonging to Subgen. Aconitum, and a new species of the genus Thalictrum, T. stenantherum W. T. Wang, and the morphological differences between it and its close ally, T. sexnervisepalum W. T. Wang are given.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 Aconitum and Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae)from Sichuan WANG Wencai(WANG Wen-tsai)]]> Two new species of Aconitum and Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae)from Sichuan WANG Wencai(WANG Wen-tsai) 17true 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1,2, CHEN Lin^1,2*, WANG Xianrong^1,2]]> WANG Zhangpei^1,2, CHEN Lin^1,2*, WANG Xianrong^1,2 16true Cola clade was the first divergent clade in Sterculioideae, then the Brachychiton clade was sister to the clade Sterculia + Heritiera(WCG, LSC and CDS datasets);(3)In the Cola clade, Cola + Octolobus + Pterygota were the first divergent group, then Firmiana spp.(including Hildegardia)were sister to the clade Scaphium + Pterocymbium. In this study, plastid phylogenomic analyses have well resolved the phylogenetic framework of subfamilies in Malvaceae s.l., and phylogenetic relationship among genera in Sterculioideae. However, phylogenetic positions of Sterculioideae in the Malvadendrina clade and Brachychiton in Sterculioideae, respectively, as well as the concept and circumscription of Firmiana, need to confirm and further investigate using nuclear genomic data in the future.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1,2, CAI Jie³, YANG Junbo³, ZHANG Zhirong³, LI Dezhu³, YU Wenbin^1,4,5*]]> LI Ruozhu^1,2, CAI Jie³, YANG Junbo³, ZHANG Zhirong³, LI Dezhu³, YU Wenbin^1,4,5* 15true Sloanea sinensis(genus Sloanea, family Elaeocarpaceae)as materials, we used Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform to sequence, and then assembled, annotated, and analyzed by bioinformatic methods. Analysis of chloroplast genome characteristics was used by MISA and IRscope. The phylogenetic tree of Fabids was reconstructed by using PhyloSuite. The results were as follows:(1)The complete chloroplast genome of Sloanea sinensis was 157 546 bp in length including two inverted repeats(IRs)of 25 984 bp, which were separated by LSC and SSC of 87 904 bp and 17 674 bp, respectively. The GC content was 37.0%.(2)The genome encoded 113 functional genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. 81 SSR loci were detected in the S. sinensis genome, and most of SSR was composed of nucleobase A and T. Through IR expansion and contraction analysis, we found that there were obvious differences between Elaeocarpus japonicus and Sloanea sinensis in LSC/IRB and IRA/LSC boundaries.(3)The whole chloroplast genome phylogenetic studies showed Sloanea sinensis and Elaeocarpus japonicus were sister to Averrhoa carambola, Oxalis corymbosa and O. drummondii. Sloanea sinensis and Elaeocarpus japonicus representing Elaeocarpaceae belonged to Oxalidales, Fabids, and a strongly support for COM clade in Fabids group. Based on the chloroplast genome of genus Sloanea, the phylogenetic status of Elaeocarpaceae and the COM clade is confirmed.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1, XIE Yifei^1,2*, ZHANG Zhixiang³, JIN Jiayi¹, QIU Xiangdong¹, TONG Yang¹]]> WANG Yihui¹, XIE Yifei^1,2*, ZHANG Zhixiang³, JIN Jiayi¹, QIU Xiangdong¹, TONG Yang¹ 14true 2022/1/29 0:00:00 *]]> QI Beibei, WANG Faming, MO Quanhui, YE Kaiyu, GONG Hongjuan, LIU Pingping, JIANG Qiaosheng, LI Jiewei^* 13true Enkianthus Lour. from China, and to explore the difference of nuclear DNA contents between interspecies and intraspecies, we collected 60 samples from 23 populations, representing all six species of Enkianthus in subtropical areas of China, as experimental materials. We used Oryza sativa spp. japonica variety ‘Nipponbare' as an internal standard to determine their nuclear DNA contents by flow cytometry, and then the ploidy level was examined by referencing the 2C-value of a diploid species of E. serrulatus. In addition, the ploidy level was further verified by using traditional chromosome tableting technology. The results were as follows:(1)The mean nuclear DNA contents of Enkianthus species in China ranged from 1.77 to 5.62 pg.(2)Four species in Enkianthus sect. Enkianthus, E. quinqueflorus, E. serrulatus, E. serotinus and E. perulatus were diploid(2n=2x=22), and two species in Enkianthus sect. Racemus, E. chinensis and E. deflexus were tetraploid or hexaploid.(3)For diploid species, the nuclear DNA contents showed significant differences between interspecies and intraspecies(P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in tetraploid and hexaploid species(P>0.05). The results of this study provides reference for the future researches on phylogenetics, biogeography, domestication and genetic breeding of Enkianthus.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1,4, JIANG Lu^1,4, ZHU Dahai², ZHOU Jianwei^3*, FAN Dengmei⁴, ZHANG Zhiyong⁴]]> LIANG Hua ^1,4, JIANG Lu^1,4, ZHU Dahai², ZHOU Jianwei^3*, FAN Dengmei⁴, ZHANG Zhiyong⁴ 12true Chrysantha have high ornamental value, but their classifications are controversial. In order to study the morphological characteristics and taxonomic significance of pollen in sect. Chrysantha, we observed morphological shape, exine ornamentations and perforation characteristics of 10 species of sect. Chrysantha pollen grains by scanning electron microscope, and the polar axis, equatorial axis and length of germination groove were analyzed by clustered. The results were as follows:(1)The pollen of sect. Chrysantha was medium-sized and most of them were subspherical, only C. indochinensis var. tunghinensis was oblate sphere and C. impressinervis was prolate; The extine ornamentation of pollen could be broadly divided into three types: tuberculate-baculate, ornate and verrucate, and the size and density of surface perforation were obviously different.(2)Cluster analysis showed that the pollen morphology of C. perpetua, C. petelotii var. grandiflora, C. petelotii and C. euphlebia were proximity; C. flavida, C. indochinensis, C. micrantha and C. indochinensis var. tunghinensis had similar characteristics; However, C. pubipetala and C. impressinervis were clearly different from the others. The extine ornamentation and perforation of pollen were different, but it was still necessary to combine the polar axis, equatorial axis and the length of germination groove to clearly distinguish the 10 species of sect. Chrysantha. From the perspective of palynology, the pollen of sect. Chrysantha has the general characteristics of Camellia without specificity, and this group plants may not be an independent group, but the pollen morphology of this group plants has obvious inter-specific differences, which can be used as the basis for taxonomy. The results of this study provide the basis for the taxonomic status among species of sect. Chrysantha.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1, WU Wenfei¹, CUI Jia¹, ZHANG Yiyi¹, LI Zhihui², WANG Yi^1*]]> SHI Siyun¹, WU Wenfei¹, CUI Jia¹, ZHANG Yiyi¹, LI Zhihui², WANG Yi^1* 11true Clematis L. is one of the major genera of Ranunculaceae, and has important horticultural and medicinal values. In order to discuss the chromosome evolution law of Clematis plants, reveal the genetic relationship among sections and species, karyotype analysis in 21 Clematis taxa were observed. In this study, the root tips of 21 groups of Clematis were treated and pressed by conventional pressing method, the morphological characteristics of chromosomes were observed, karyotype was analyzed, and cluster analysis was carried out by Ward connection method. C. kirilowii var. chanetii, C. puberula var. tenuisepala, C. tubulosa, C. tibetana and C. peterae were reported for the first time. The results were as follows: All the 21 taxa of Clematis were diploid with x = 8(2n = 2x = 16), the genome of each taxon had at least one pair of satellites except of C. tibetana. The chromosome of C. fusca, C. peterae, C. macropetala, C. aethusifolia, C. puberula var. tenuisepala, C. flammula were ‘2B' type, C. acerifolia, C. fruticose, C. heracleifolia, C. intricate, C. grandidentata, C. brevicaudata, C. puberula var. tenuisepala, C. glauca, C. hexapetala, Clematis kirilowii, C. kirilowii var. chanetii, C. alpina var. ochotensis, C. tangutica, C. tibetana, C. tubulosa, C. vitalba were ‘2A' type. The karyotype asymmetry coefficient ranged from 60.29% to 63.79%. The chromosomes of Clematis were primitive, and the karyotypes varied widely among species. Through the above research, we can draw the following conclusions: The chromosome number of Clematis should evolve from diploid to polyploid, and then aneuploidy be produced through the polyploid diploidization process. The chromosome evolution of Clematis is mainly carried out at the diploid level, which is realized by generating chromosome structural variation, and evolve through four ways: generating heterozygous chromosomes, strengthening karyotype asymmetry, chromosome type change and satellite chromosome change. At the same time, the karyotype characteristics of Clematis are basically consistent with the traditional classification at the section level and species level, which indicates that karyotype analysis can provide new reference basis for the classification of Clematis. The results of the present study have significant scientific values in the further studies on the taxonomy, phylogenetics and resources utilization in genus Clematis.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1, LIU Yanze², WANG Xin¹, LIU Dongyun^1*]]> LI Mingyang¹, LIU Yanze², WANG Xin¹, LIU Dongyun^1* 10true Adiantum reniforme var. sinense(Pteridaceae)which is endemic to shady cliff environments is limited to small areas of Wanzhou and Fuling, Chongqing, China. In order to reveal the growth characteristics of A. reniforme var. sinense in the germplasm resource nursery,we observed the tissue structure of A. reniforme var. sinense, which including in the roots, rhizomes, leaves grown in the sun and in shade. First of all, the roots, rhizomes, leaves were collected and fixed in formaldehyde-alcohol-acetic acid solution, and we cut the tissue structure of the plant with a double-sided blade to make freehand sections, then the tissue were stained with three kinds of 0.1% Sudan red, 0.1% berberine bisulfate-aniline blue, and 0.05% toluidine blue, at last plant tissue sections were observed under the Lycra optical microscope and the fluorescence microscope. In this study, we used brightfield and epifluorescence microscopy to investigate the anatomical structures and histochemical features that may allow this species to thrive in shady, dry cliff environments. The results were as follows:(1)The A. reniforme var. sinense sporophyte had a primary structure, the roots had an endodermis with Casparian walls, suberin lamellae, a thickened sclerenchyma layer around the endodermis, a cortex, and a rhizodermis.(2)The stems had a dictyostele, an endodermis with Casparian walls and suberin lamellae, a thickened sclerenchyma layer around the endodermis, a cortex, and a thin cuticle.(3)The leaves had an endodermis surrounded the vascular bundles, a peripheral sclerenchyma layer, an isolateral mesophyll, a lignified epidermis and a thin cuticle.(4)The dictyostele, endodermis, sclerenchyma layers, and lignified epidermal walls reflected the drought tolerance of A. reniforme var. sinense, while its thin cuticle and isolateral mesophyll suggested tolerance of shady environments. Thus, according to the anatomical characteristics of A. reniforme var. sinense, it is concluded that A. reniforme var. sinense are consistent with adaptations to shady, dry cliff environments.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1, HUANG Guiyun¹, ZHANG Guoyu¹,WU Di¹, WU Jinhua¹, LIANG Qianyan¹, YANG Lanfang¹, CHEN Huiyuan¹, WANG Ting², YANG Chaodong^2*]]> LI Linbao¹, HUANG Guiyun¹, ZHANG Guoyu¹,WU Di¹, WU Jinhua¹, LIANG Qianyan¹, YANG Lanfang¹, CHEN Huiyuan¹, WANG Ting², YANG Chaodong^2* 9true RT)genes of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons, and to provide sequences basis for isolating the full-length sequences of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons and studying their function in genus Arachis. Degenerate primers were designed according to the conserved region of RT genes, the genomic DNA of wild peanut species Arachis duranensis with AA genome was amplified by PCR using the degenerated primers. The amplified targeted bands were recovered, cloned and sequenced, and then the sequences were analyzed through bioinformatics analysis. The results were as follows:(1)The amplified targeted bands were all about 260 bp in size. Forty-one and twenty-seven RT genes sequences were cloned from the two wild peanut species respectively. The length of sixty-eight sequences varied from 256 to 270 bp. The proportion of AT, AT/GC and the similarity between nucleotide sequences ranged from 55.86% to 68.42%, 1.27 to 2.17, and 49.8% to 99.2% respectively, showing a higher heterogeneity.(2)The sixty-eight sequences were divided into six families, Family I and Family IV were the main families.(3)Nineteen of sixty-eight sequences had nonsense mutations, and Arachis duranensis (PI219823)had a higher nonsense mutations rate than Arachis duranensis (PI262133).(4)The similarity between amino acid sequences ranged from 4.7% to 100%, showing a high heterogeneity.(5)The tertiary structures of proteins representing sequences in each family were basically similar in overall configuration, but there were great differences in the number of helix structures, folding structures, turns and hydrogen bonds.(6)The conserved motifs among sequences were generally consistent, but there were also some variations, showing a certain degree of heterogeneity. The phylogenetic tree divided sixty-eight sequences into ten classes. Most of sequences were clustered in A and B classes.(7)Some of RT genes sequences from two wild peanut species with AA genome were closely related to RT genes sequences from other plant species, which indicated that there might be transposon horizontal transmission between them. This study provides reference for the development and application of new molecular markers based on Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons in genus Arachis.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1, LIU Junxian³, ZHANG Chong¹, LIU Jing², YANG Taiyi², JIANG Jing², HE Liangqiong², HAN Zhuqiang², TANG Ronghua², ZHUANG Weijian¹, XIONG Faqian^2*]]> CAI Tiecheng¹, LIU Junxian³, ZHANG Chong¹, LIU Jing², YANG Taiyi², JIANG Jing², HE Liangqiong², HAN Zhuqiang², TANG Ronghua², ZHUANG Weijian¹, XIONG Faqian^2* 8true Magnolia (Magnoliaceae)species bloom twice each year, instead of once in most other species in this family, which is a desirable ornamental trait. To investigate the molecular mechanism of the flower bud differentiation during the second bloom each year in these Magnolia species, quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)is frequently used as a sensitive gene expression technique that relies on the stability of reference genes for data normalization. In order to screen the identification of reference gene(s)suitable for molecular characterization of flower bud differentiation stages during second bloom of M. liliflora ‘Hongyuanbao', in this study, leaf and flower bud tissues of M. liliflora ‘Hongyuanbao' at different flower bud differentiation stages were used as materials. Based on transcriptomic sequencing data, eight constitutively expressed genes, including UBC(ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), ACT(actin), β-TUB(tubulin beta), β-TUB5(tubulin beta), α-TUB3(tubulin alpha), PEPC (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), ACP2(acyl carrier protein 2), ACP3(acyl carrier protein 3), were selected as candidate reference genes for qRT-PCR. Primer Premier 5 was used to design the primers. PCR products of all the eight candidate reference genes were analyzed by gel electrophoresis which showed sharp bands with the expected size. Comprehensively analysis was conducted using four softwares including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder to evaluate its expression stability, and its reliability was verified by expression analysis of the target gene TFL1. The results were as follows:(1)Each melting curve was a single peak, which indicated the high specificity of PCR primers.(2)β-TUB, β-TUB5 and α-TUB3 were the most stable reference genes, whereas UBC and ACT were the lest stable.(3)The relative expressions of β-TUB5, α-TUB3, β-TUB and their combinations showed highly consistent results, while ACT and UBC did not effectively standardize the expression level of TFL1.Therefore, β-TUB5, α-TUB3 and β-TUB can be identified as the most suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression in flower bud differentiation during the second bloom of M. liliflora ‘Hongyuanbao'. This study provides useful references for investigating the regulatory mechanisms in Magnolia species flowering.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1,2, CHENG Shaoyu^1,2, WANG Zhuowei^1,2, DAI Mengyi^1,2, DONG Bin^1,2, ZHANG Chao^1,2, ZHANG Shouzhou³, WANG Yaling⁴, SHEN Yamei^1,2*]]> ZHANG Yingjia^1,2, CHENG Shaoyu^1,2, WANG Zhuowei^1,2, DAI Mengyi^1,2, DONG Bin^1,2, ZHANG Chao^1,2, ZHANG Shouzhou³, WANG Yaling⁴, SHEN Yamei^1,2* 7true Sorbus in China(24 species)include Sorbus sect. Aria and Sorbus sect. Micromeles. Some taxonomists divided it into two genera(Aria and Micromeles)or merged into one genus(Aria). Because of the high similarity of inflorescence and fruit, the taxonomic status has been controversial. However, the taxonomic value of leaf venation characteristics of simple-leaved taxa of Sorbus was still unclear. Therefore, 13 species of sect. Micromeles and 7 species of sect. Aria in China were investigated in this study. Cleaning specimen preparation was adopted for the leaf venation characteristics observation. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out based on leaf venation characteristics mainly and partial leaf characters. The results were as follows:(1)The simple-leaved taxa of Sorbus had identical vein framework, the veins of all samples were pinnate, the present condition of areolation was moderate developed, the frequency of intersecondary was less than one per intercostal in all species.(2)There were some differences among different species in major secondary vein framework and numbers, present minor secondary veins or not, major secondary angle to midvein, intercostal tertiary vein fabric, branches of freely ending veinlets, serrate type, laminar size, etc.(3)There were great similarities and multiple venation characteristics crossed between the sect. Aria and sect. Micromeles. For example, major secondary vein framework, laminar size, branching of freely ending veinlets etc. The result of systematic clustering based on leaf venation characteristics did not support the division of the sect. Aria and the sect. Micromeles. The results indicate that the leaf venation characteristics can not be used as the evidence to divide the sect. Aria and the sect. Micromeles into two groups, however, the leaf venation characteristics can be used as the evidence for classification of some simple-leaved taxa of Sorbus.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1, LI Meng¹, HUANG Yajian², ZHOU Yuanhao², WANG Xianrong^1*]]> TIAN Changfen¹, LI Meng¹, HUANG Yajian², ZHOU Yuanhao², WANG Xianrong^1* 6true Fagopyrum esculentum were investigated by using the paraffin section method. The results were as follows:(1)The cytological characteristics of pistil and stamen development of pin type and thrum type flowers had highly similar. Both type flowers had orthotropous ovule, inner and outer integument, and thickly nucellus. Moreover, the megaspore mother cells underwent meiosis and divided into linear type tetrads, and the one in the chalazal end was functional, which suggested that their development of embryo sac belonged to Polygonum type. The anther had four chambers and the anther wall was composed of epidermis, endothecium, one layer of middle layer and glandular tapetum. In addition, meiosis of microspore mother cell was followed by simultaneous cytokinesis and results in common tetrahedral tetrads. Furthermore, most of tetrads were tetrahedral, but a small number of decussate tetrads were also observed in thrum flower. Most of mature pollen grains were 2-cell type, and 3-cell type pollen grains were also observed in pin type and thrum type flowers.(2)Comparing the pistil and stamen developmental progress between the pin type and thrum type flowers, the development of microspores in thrum type flower was more slowly than that of the pin type flower, but the male gametophytes in thrum type flower grew faster. However, mature embryo sac and pollen grains were observed when pin type and thrum type flowers bloomed.(3)According to the reproduction development process of two type flowers, many relatively primitive embryological characteristics, and some relatively evolutionary embryological characteristics, such as orthotropous ovule and 3-cell type pollen grains, coexisted in common buckwheat. This study not only accumulated the morphological data of the distylous flower reproductive development in common buckwheat, but also provided embryological evidence for understanding the genetic relationships among the species of Caryophyllales.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 *]]> WANG Xuan, CHEN Yan, LIU Zhixiong^* 5true Pseudosasa viridula, the process of sporogenesis and gametogenesis of P. viridula were studied using traditional paraffin section and microscopy techniques. The results were as follows:(1)Each flower contained three anthers(rarely 6)and an anther with four pollen sacs.(2)The anther wall belonged to the basic type, which composed of four layers of cells, which were epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum from outside to inside.(3)The cytokinesis microspore mother cell in meiosis division in successive and the microspore tetrads were medially zygomorphic.(4)Mature pollen grains were 2-cell type or 3-cell type, and some abortions occurred in the mononuclear stage of microspores.(5)Its ovary was unilocular, with parietal placenta was anatropous, double integument and crassinucellate.(6)The embryo sac was the polygonum type composed of an egg organ, a polar nucleus and three antipodal cells. The pistil structure was complete with embryo sac normal development, and the microspore abortion occurs in the single nuclear pollen stage. It is the typical male sterility and pollen abortion that may be the main reasons for the low seed-setting rate of P. viridula. This study clarified the process of sporogenesis and gametogenesis of P. viridula, and initially revealed the reasons for the low seed-setting rate of this species, which provides basic information for the study of cross breeding of P. viridula.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1,2, GUO Chunce^1,2, WANG Yan¹, XIAO Jiao^1,2, WU Zhengchun^1,2, LIU Haiwen^1,2, YANG Guangyao^1,2, YU Fen^1,2*]]> ZHAO Wanqi ^1,2, GUO Chunce^1,2, WANG Yan¹, XIAO Jiao^1,2, WU Zhengchun^1,2, LIU Haiwen^1,2, YANG Guangyao^1,2, YU Fen^1,2* 4true Impatiens L.(Balsaminaceae)is a genus that contains ca. 1 000 species mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. Several studies have been carried out within this genus, however, there is still paucity in the karyotype research. In order to explore the genetic relationship of cytological and micromorphological characters among related species of Impatiens, the chromosome and leaf epidermal characteristics of the genus were studied. Here, we report the chromosome analysis and leaf epidermal characteristics of three related Imaptiens species, I. liboensis, I. chishuiensis and I. tubulosa, using conventional squash method together with light microscopy observations. The results were as follows:(1)The karyotypes of all these three species were 2B. I. liboensis, the chromosome number was 2n=16, and the karyotype formula was 2n=2x=16=6m+4sm+2st+4T, whereas, for I. chishuiensis, the chromosome number was 2n=14, and the karyotype formula was 2n=2x=14=12m+2sm. Additionally, in I. tubulosa, the chromosome number was 2n=14 or 2n=18, and the karyotype formula was 2n=2x=14=4m+4sm+6T or 2n=2x=18=4m+2sm+12T.(2)In terms of leaf epidermal characteristics, the shape of epidermal cells for these species was irregular, with anticlinal walls sinuolate or sinuous; Stomata were only observed from the abaxial side; The stomatal index and stomatal density of the three species of Impatiens were quite different, and can be used for the taxonomy of these three Imaptiens species. The chromosome number, karyotype and leaf epidermal characteristics of I. liboensis and I. chishuiensis were reported for the first time. Therefore, the high species diversity in Impatiens is reflected in the hypervariable chromosome number and leaf epidermis, chromosome karyotype and leaf epidermal characteristics hence could be used to study the relationship and geographical distribution of the genus Impatiens and as important features for its taxonomy.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1,2, SHU Huijuan^1,2, Wang Ting^1,2, Cai Xiuzhen^1,2, Cong Yiyan^1,2, KUANG Renping^1,2*]]> LIANG Xiaoli^1,2, SHU Huijuan^1,2, Wang Ting^1,2, Cai Xiuzhen^1,2, Cong Yiyan^1,2, KUANG Renping^1,2* 3true Rhododendron plants and investigate the distribution of Rhododendron plants in different colors. R. delavayi, R. agastum and R. irroratum in high, medium and low intensity human interference habitats were taken as materials. Five-point sampling method was used to count the number of Rhododendron plants in different habitats, floral traits were measured by a vernier caliper, the number of pollen grains were counted by a light microscope, the spectral reflectance of colors was measured by an ocean spectrometer, and the Gephi software was used to draw network diagrams of the number of plants. The results were as follows:(1)The plant number of R. agastum was significantly higher than that of R. delavayi and R. irroratum.(2)The trait indexes of vegetative and reproductive organs of R. delavayi in low intensity interference habitat were higher than those in high and medium intensity interference habitats; Different intensity interference habitats had no significant influence on floral traits of R. agastum; The trait indexes of vegetative and reproductive organs of R. irroratum in medium and low intensity interference habitats were significantly higher than those in high intensity interference habitats.(3)The colors of R. delavayi and R. agastum showed higher reflection values at 400-500 nm wavelengths, while colors of R. irroratum showed higher reflection values at 400-700 nm wavelengths.(4)R. agastum was distributed closely with the other two species of Rhododendron in high and medium intensity interference habitats, while R. delavayi and R. agastum were more closely distributed in low intensity interference habitat. This study provides a crucial theoretical basis for the population management and biodiversity conservation of Rhododendron species.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 1,3, DONG Xi^1,3, WU Jiangming³, HU Lianyu³, TANG Ming^1,2, WANG Xiaoyue^1,2*]]> HU Demei^1,3, DONG Xi^1,3, WU Jiangming³, HU Lianyu³, TANG Ming^1,2, WANG Xiaoyue^1,2* 2true Bambusa tuldoides in wild, and to summarize their abortion types, the appearance morphology of each part of floral organs and the development process of male and female gametophytes of B. tuldoides were observed by means of anatomy and sectioning, and the reasons for the low seed-setting rate were also analyzed. The results were as follow:(1)The spikelets of B. tuldoides were of infinite inflorescences. The florets in the lower part of the spikelets developed first, and there were latent buds developed at the base, which had the characteristics of definite inflorescence; The petioles of spikelets were undeveloped, and the spikelets developed in cluster at each node of the floral branch.(2)Each floret had 1 palea, 1 lemma, 6 stamens, 3 lodicules and 1 pistil; The lodicule was transparent and had well-developed cilia on the edge; The ovary had prismatic protrusions and the upper part of which had villi, and was unilocular and lateral membranous with a anatropous ovule. The stigmas were three-lobed and feathery.(3)The anther of B. tuldoides had four sporangia, and the anther wall was composed of four layers, epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum; The tapetum was glandular, and degenerated completely after maturity; The meiosis was successive and the microspore tetrads were bilaterally, and the mature pollen grains were three-celled.(4)Several abortion types were found in pistils and stamens, which might be the main reasons for the low seed-setting rate of B. tuldoides. All the above results indicate that the morphological structure of B. tuldoides floral organs is normal, while the female and male gametophytes developed abnormally, which cause the low seed setting rate.]]> 2022/1/29 0:00:00 *]]> LONG Hao, CHU Caihua, JIN Diankun, LV Zhuo, WANG Shuguang^* 1true