Isoëtes longpingii and I. xiangfei, from China are described and illustrated. I. longpingii is a fully submerged plant found in a small pond of Hunan Province. It is morphologically similar to I. sinensis, but differs in its small and tuberculate-cristate megaspores and soft slender leaves that grow up to 60 cm. It is also similar to hexaploid I. orientalis, but differs in its 44 chromosomes and tuberculate-cristate megaspores. I. xiangfei is most similar to diploid I. yunguiensis in megaspore ornamentation, but differs in its microspore ornamentation, oblong sporangium, and 44 number of chromosomes. There are a few individuals of I. longpingii found in Ningxiang City of Hunan Province, and I. xiangfei is distributed in the wetlands of Tongdao and Huitong counties of Hunan Province. Because of their limited geographic ranges, small populations, fewer individuals and disturbed habitats, I. longpingii and I. xiangfei are evaluated as critically endangered(CR)and vulnerable(VU)category, respectively, according to the IUCN Red List criteria. A key to all the current known Chinese quillworts is also provided for further taxonomic identification and conservation of these rare and endangered plants in China.]]> 2022/11/9 0:00:00 1, 2, GU Yufeng^{1, 3}, OU Zhiguo⁴, SHAO Wen⁵, YANG Juan⁶, LU Qiyong⁶, ZHANG Xianchun⁷, LIU Baodong³, WANG Ruijiang^2*, YAN Yuehong^1*]]> SHU Jiangping^{1, 2}, GU Yufeng^{1, 3}, OU Zhiguo⁴, SHAO Wen⁵, YANG Juan⁶, LU Qiyong⁶, ZHANG Xianchun⁷, LIU Baodong³, WANG Ruijiang^2*, YAN Yuehong^1* 38true Selaginella pseudotamariscina X. C. Zhang & C. W. Chen(Selaginellaceae), is described from Vietnam. The placement of this species within Selaginella subg. Stachygynandrum is assessed based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons with related species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that S. pseudotamariscina is sister to S. digitata-S. imbricata clade. Morphologically, the new species is similar to S. tamariscina and S. pulvinata by sharing the rosette-forming habit, but distinguished by its dorsal leaves symmetrical, lanceate, sulcate on upper surface; strobili slightly dorsiventrally complanate and non-resupinate, sporophylls resembling vegetative leaves in form and arrangement, non-resupinate, the ventral sporophylls larger than the dorsal ones, dorsal sporophylls sterile, sporangia only borne on the base of ventral sporophylls.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1,2, YANG Jie^1,2, LUU Hong Truong³, TRAN Gioi³, ZHANG Xianchun^1*]]> ZHANG Menghua^1,2, YANG Jie^1,2, LUU Hong Truong³, TRAN Gioi³, ZHANG Xianchun^1* 37true Bonia amplexicaulis distributed according to observed flowering condition and anatomical observation results of the collected specimens in Mashan County, Guangxi. By comparing the floral characteristics of the reproductive organ structures of Bonia species B. saxatilis, B. parvifloscula and B. amplexicaulis, the three species have the same reproductive organ structure characteristics, but there are differences in the number and size of florets. The comparison of reproductive organs shows that the reproductive organs of Bonia species have special adaptability to karst geomorphic environment, supports that they are independent species according to the differences of nutritive organs.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 *]]> ZHANG Yuqu, YANG Xinjie, CHENG Huyin, GAO Jing, PENG Liang, ZHANG Mingying, ZHANG Gang^* 36true Glochidion arborescens Blume has long been considered to be widely distributed in Yunnan Province, China. Based on years of extensive specimen examinations and field investigations, we demonstrated that all the Chinese specimens previously identified as G. arborescens mostly belonged to G. heyneanum(Wight & Arn.)Wight, while several others belonged to G. acuminatum var. acuminatum Müll. Arg., G. eriocarpum Champ. ex Benth., G. lancolarium(Roxb.)Voigt or G. zeylanicum var. tomentosum(Dalzell)Trimen. G. arborescens is not found to China and thus the distribution of the species in China is excluded. In addition, a lectotype of G. arborescens is specified, and a species key of G. arborescens and relevant misidentified species is provided.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1, GUO Yongjie^{2, 3}, LI Yuling¹, YAO Gang^1*]]> ZHANG Wenhua¹, GUO Yongjie^{2, 3}, LI Yuling¹, YAO Gang^1* 35true Ferula sinkiangensis is a perennial herb, producing fruits only once through its life history, and exclusively habitated in Xinjiang being in the list of state rare and endangered plants Level 2. Besides andromonoecy, usually found in Umbelliferae, plants of male sterility were observed in their populations. Aimed to male sterility and the factors inducing it, comparative observation on morphology of male sterility individuals and functional female flowers were executed through field investigation, and study on cytology of the process of the anther degeneration in female flowers were made from paraffin sections. The results were as follows:(1)Female plants germinated at the end of March and blossomed in the middle of April, and their fruits matured at the end of May; Phenological phases of them were the same as those of andromonoecy.(2)The average height and diameter of plant, and number of the first level branch of female individuals were(71.00±10.92)cm,(71.67±17.64)cm, and(23.83±2.04), separately; The average length and width of basal leaves were(33.41±11.63)cm and(24.47±8.60)cm; The female and the andromonoecy were the same in size of both the plant and the leaf.(3)On female plants, inflorescences on the first and the second level branches were all female, which could bear fruits wholly; The number of umbels in the inflorescence(13.22±4.70)and number of flowers in the umbel(12.03±2.30)and number of total flowers in the inflorescence(159.08)were higher than those in individuals of hermaphrodite; Female plants produced more flowers which could set fruits and bore out-crossing seeds of heterosis.(4)In female umbels flowers located tightly and the distance among flowers were shorter than those in both hermaphrodite and male umbels; Female flowers opened slightly in the whole flowering stage, while petals of both hermaphrodite and male flowers folded reversely.(5)There were no differences in morphological characteristics of petals and pistils among different sexual flowers. But the length(1.79±0.39 mm)and width(1.10±0.21 mm)of petals, and the length of stamens(0.6-1.3 mm)in the functional female flower were the smallest, where anthers degenerated and no pollen stain well developed.(6)Abnormal development of the anther on the degenerated stamen appeared in both of parietal cells and male gametophytes from sporogenous cell stage to microspore tetrad stage. In conclusion, the nutrients productivity in plants of male sterility is similar as andromonoecy, but patterns of resource distribution are quite different; there are significant differences between female and hermaphrodite/male flowers in both the morphology and the function; abnormal development of parietal cells, especially because of the lack of tapetum, caused abortion of microspores in the functional female flower.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1*, TAN Dunyan^2,3,4]]> HE Shuang^1*, TAN Dunyan^2,3,4 34true Hypoxis, Curculigo and Molineria, while other characteristics for species identifications. In addition, Molineria should be regarded as an independent genus from Curculigo sensu lato.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1,2, DUAN Hanning¹, WANG Yunqiang³, LI Haitao³, LI Lu^1*]]> TIAN Qin^1,2, DUAN Hanning¹, WANG Yunqiang³, LI Haitao³, LI Lu^1* 33true Primula is an important genus of Primulaceae, which has high ornamental value because of diverse flower colors and long flowering period. In order to provide palynology basis for the taxonomy of this genus, we observed and compared the pollen morphological characteristics of 10 Primula species from the Shergyla Mountains in Tibet by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Moreover, clustering analysis was carried out on the basis of these characteristics of pollen morphology. The results were as follows:(1)Pollen shapes of 10 Primula species varied from oblate to nearly spherical. Among these species, the pollen of P. calderiana was the biggest, and the smallest was that of P. kongboensis. The germinal aperture of P. tibetica was stephanocolpate type. The other pollens usually were tricolporate type, most of the colpus converged to form parasynocolpus in the polar region.(2)The pollen exine ornamentation were mostly foveolate or reticulate, which of P. chungensis and P. tibetica were coarsely reticulate.(3)In traditional classification, 10 species belong to 7 sections respectively. Clustering analysis based on pollen characteristics showed a certain level of consistency with the traditional classification. However, P. tibetica and P. kongboensis, both belonging to Sect. Aleuritia, maintained a relatively distant relationship due to their obvious differences in pollen traits. The preliminary results show that there are interspecific differences in the pollen morphology of 10 Primula species, which can provide a certain degree of reference for classification of plants. But it should be reminded that in addition to pollen characteristics, morphology and molecular biology still need to be comprehensively considered in classification.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 *, CHENG Guilan, HE Dan, ZHANG Lifei, MENG Fanli]]> LIU Lin, ZHANG Liangying^*, CHENG Guilan, HE Dan, ZHANG Lifei, MENG Fanli 32true v)of Ks values. When v was assumed to obey the normal distribution, the Ks distribution had a long tail phenomenon.(3)The correction process was described in detail, which was conducive to the understanding and wide spread of this method. From the application of correction method in angiosperms, it was found that the Ks peak before correction was not linear with time, while the Ks peak after correction was directly proportional to time, indicating that it is very necessary to estimate the time of species evolution events after correcting the Ks peak. It was also found that although the evolution rate of angiosperms was significantly different, the evolution rate between different branches was still partially consistent. For example, Magnoliids had the slowest evolutionary rate, followed by Eudicots and Monocots. When the environment changed greatly, most species of different lineages of angiosperms had synchronous radial evolution and adaptive evolution. Finally, a relatively reliable angiosperm evolution time axis was establish, which helps to understand the evolution process and model, especially to understand the phylogenetic relationship and the causes of diversity and provides phylogenetic and evolutionary support for plant research.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 *]]> JIAO Beibei, WANG Xiyin^* 31true 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1,2, YANG Ruxuan^1,2, LI Rong^1*]]> ZHOU Hanjie^1,2, YANG Ruxuan^1,2, LI Rong^1* 30true Carpinus tientaiensis is an endangered plant species with sparse population densities and is endemic to China. The distribution of this species is restricted to the territory of Zhejiang Province and its survival rate is very low. Based on data of chloroplast genome(cpDNA)single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)in six natural populations(including the mother plants of all populations), we investigated genealogical structure and systematic development, assessed how endangered C. tientaiensis is and put forward relevant conservation strategies. The genomic DNA of C. tientaiensis was extracted using TIANGEN kit method and a library was constructed for high-throughput sequencing with Illumina NovaSeq 6000. To obtain the sequence of chloroplast complete genome, cpDNA maps were constructed using the online program OGDRAW. Nucleotide diversity was analyzed by DnaSP software while PopART was used for haploid network construction and RAxML was adopted for maximum likelihood(ML)tree construction. Finally, MrBayes software was used for construction of Bayes tree. The results were as follows:(1)According to chloroplast complete genome sequence analysis of C. tientaiensis, most of the protein-coding genes and amino acid sequences showed obvious codon preference. Moreover, chloroplast long-term relationship(cpLTR)revealed 32 forward repeats, 25 palindromic repeats and 22 reverse repeats. We detected 87 simple sequence repeats(SSR)in different types, most of which were A/T rich and the number of single nucleotides was the largest.(2)A total of 314 SNPs was identified in the cpDNA of C. tientaiensis. Single-nucleotide substitution indicated that C. tientaiensis was monophyletic and could be categorized into Tiantai County(THS)and Jingning County(JST)populations. The evolution of the haplotypes of the population manifested stellar radiation.(3)The variation of nucleotide diversity was low in all populations(P_i<0.005)and the haplotype diversity of THS and JST populations was also low(H_d 0.5-0.6). This indicated that C. tientaiensis had undergone historically local expansions after experiencing bottlenecks across its evolution history, with lower genetic variation within populations and higher level of diversity among populations. The results of SNP of the cpDNA reveal the genetic diversity and lineage differentiation of C. tientaiensis, and provide theoretical basis for conservation of the genetic resources as well as rescue of this endangered plant species.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 CHEN Moshun, YANG Zhongyi 29true Biondia Schltr., containing about 13 species, is endemic to China, and Merrillanthus Chun & Tsiang is a monotypic genus distributing only in China and Cambodia. These two genera have been included in Vincetoxicum Wolf, but their phylogenetic positions and taxonomic status need further study because of insufficient samples and phylogenetic analysis. We reconstructed the phylogenetic trees of Tylophorinae based on two ribosomal gene sequence data(ITS, ETS)and five chloroplast gene sequence data(psbA-trnH, trnG, trnL, trnL-F, trnT-L)individually and combined data, which contained two types of species samples [including B. chinensis Schltr.=V. shaanxiense(Schltr.)Meve & Liede and M. hainanensis Chun & Tsiang=V. hainanense(Chun & Tsiang)Meve, H. H. Kong & Liede]. The results showed that Biondia and Merrillanthus were nested inside the Vincetoxicum; the type species B. chinensis Schltr.=V. shaanxiense(Schltr.)Meve & Liede were sister to B. henryi(Warb.)Tsiang & Li=V. henryi(Warb.)Meve & Liede, and formed a clade with V. kawaroense Meve & Liede; while B. insignis Tsiang=V. insigne(Tsiang)Meve,H. H. Kong & Liede belonged to the Subtropical Clade; Merrillanthus formed a clade with V. cissoides(Blume)Kuntze and V. philippicum Meve, Omlor & Liede. Our results support that Biondia and Merrillanthus should be included in Vincetoxicum, but Biondia is polyphyletic, more species samples and data need to be collected and analysed to further explore their phylogenetic positions about Vincetoxicum.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1, ZENG Sijin², TANG Guangda^1,3*]]> LIAO Miao¹, ZENG Sijin², TANG Guangda^1,3* 28true R²=0.380, P<0.05). These results support the diversification rate hypothesis, suggesting that the diversification rate is a primary evolutionary driver of the variation of species richness among families of order Saxifragales. Global cooling may provide opportunities for the expansion of distribution and rapid species diversification of herbaceous, deciduous trees and shrubs those can adapt to cold conditions. The study show that in temperate and alpine spreading groups, the net diversification rate may be the main reason for the differences in species numbers of different taxonomic groups.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1,2, ZHANG Lihao^1,2, ZHANG Haoyu^1,2, WU Tianqing¹, HUANG Linqing³, CHENG Ruijing^1,2, XU Ying^1,2, WANG Qinggang⁴, XU Xiaoting^1,2*]]> GU Jiahao^1,2, ZHANG Lihao^1,2, ZHANG Haoyu^1,2, WU Tianqing¹, HUANG Linqing³, CHENG Ruijing^1,2, XU Ying^1,2, WANG Qinggang⁴, XU Xiaoting^1,2* 27true Cuscuta and Dichondreae were nested in Convolvuloideae and should be treated as tribes.(4)Phylogenetic relationships among the eight tribes were well resolved using the WCG and CDS matrixes: Cardiochlamyeae and Erycibeae formed a clade as the first divergent group of Convolvuloideae, followed by Cuscuteae, with the remaining five tribes forming two major clades.(5)The phylogenomic analyses confirmed that Merremieae were polyphyletic, especially Merremia, and that the circumscription and taxonomy of both Merremieae and Merremia will need revision.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1,2, ZHANG Zhirong³, YANG Junbo³, LI Dezhu³, YU Wenbin^1,4,5*]]> CHEN Liqiong^1,2, ZHANG Zhirong³, YANG Junbo³, LI Dezhu³, YU Wenbin^1,4,5* 26true Acanthocalyx alba is a common medicinal plant in Tibetan of China, and there are few reports on its whole chloroplast genome now. In order to reveal basic characteristics of the whole chloroplast genome of A. alba and explore its phylogeographic structure, ten individuals from five wild populations were sequenced by Illumina sequencing platform. After assembly and annotation, ten complete chloroplast genome sequences were obtained. Moreover, genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships were explored. The results were as follows:(1)The complete chloroplast genomes of A. alba were 155 335-156 266 bp. A total of 113 genes were annotated, including 72 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. The chloroplast genome was highly conserved in species in terms of size, structure, GC content and gene composition.(2)Genomic comparative analysis showed that the fragments with large variation were located in the single copy region, and there was no obvious expansion and contraction at the IR boundaries.(3)Analysis of population genetics revealed rich genetic diversity in the wild populations and significant geographic structure, and there were certain relationships between genetic distances and geographic distances. This study lays the foundation for studies on population genetics and phylogenomics of species in Acanthocalyx.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1, ZHANG Dequan^1,2*]]> ZHANG Qian¹, ZHANG Dequan^1,2* 25true Carcinomyces polyporina, belonging to Basidiomycota, Tremellomycetes, Tremellales, Carcinomycetaceae, which represents a newly recorded genus and species in China, and is the first report of this genus in East Asia. Carcinomyces polyporina is characterized by parasitism on polypores fruitbody, forming gelatinous mycocecidium, basidia with longitudinally septate, and conidia commonly gemmated from basidiospores germination. The specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of Cryptoflora, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences(HKAS 115765).]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:41 1*, DU Fan¹, YE Xiaoyan², FAN Jiaxin¹, JIANG Changsheng³]]> ZHU Xuetai^1*, DU Fan¹, YE Xiaoyan², FAN Jiaxin¹, JIANG Changsheng³ 24true Opuntia humifusa (Raf.)Raf.(Cactaceae), a newly recorded species in China, was discovered during a survey of succulent resources. This species is distinct from other Opuntia species distributed in China, with the dark green prostrate cladodes, no glaucous, spines absent, and bright yellow flowers. O. humifusa is one of the few hardy species in the family Cactaceae. It is native to North America and has been recently naturalized in Wulian County, Rizhao City, Shandong Province, China. It is the northernmost wild cactus found in China. This species might have been introduced and planted during the national promotion of Chinese herbal medicine in the 1950s, and gradually spreaded through human activities. Here we clarify the taxonomic problems of O. humifusa and O. cespitosa in Jiangsu Province, and deliver perspective views for future reasonable development and utilization of O. humifusa in the warm temperate zone of China.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:42 *]]> WANG Qi, YAN Jing^* 23true Goniothalamus sesquipedalis(Colebr. ex Wall.)Hook. f. & Thomson and G. peduncularis King & Prain are reported as two new records for the flora of China, the two species were found in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China and conserved in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden. G. lii X.L. Hou & Y.M. Shui has been treated as synonym with G. yunnanensis W. T. Wang in Flora of China. Here, we clarified its taxonomical status and treated as a new synonym with G. peduncularis based on living plants observation, the type specimens and the literatures revision. G. sesquipedalis was previously known from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar, and G. peduncularis was only in Myanmar. In this paper, we update the description and illustrate them based on the herbarium specimens and living collections. The voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(HITBC).]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:42 1,2,3, WANG Liyan⁴, ZHOU Shishun¹, LI Jianwu¹, XIAO Chunfen⁵, TAN Yunhong^1,3*]]> YANG Bin^1,2,3, WANG Liyan⁴, ZHOU Shishun¹, LI Jianwu¹, XIAO Chunfen⁵, TAN Yunhong^1,3* 22true Callostylis Blume, Chiloschista Lindl., Diploprora Hook. f., Taeniophyllum Blume and Yoania Maxim., are reported from Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The five newly recorded species are Callostylis rigida Bl., Chiloschista yunnanensis Schlechter, Diploprora championii (Lindl.)Hook. f., Taeniophyllum retrospiculatum King & Pantl. and Yoania prainii King & Pantl. Morphological descriptions and characteristic pictures of the newly recorded genera and species are also attached. The results of this study further enrich the flora data of China, broaden the records of orchids in Tibet, and have important value for the diversity and conservation of orchids in Tibet and adjacent areas.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:42 1, Pubu Dunzhu², XING Zhen¹, LI Huiling³, ZHANG Zhang³, WANG Wei^1*]]> LI Mengkai¹, Pubu Dunzhu², XING Zhen¹, LI Huiling³, ZHANG Zhang³, WANG Wei^1* 21true College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:42 *]]> ZHANG Xu, ZHOU Haiyi, XU Changlong, XU Bo^* 20true Cymbella species collected from Xiang River possesses the following diagnostic features:(1)Cells are small and their lengths are less than 29 μm;(2)Valves exhibit slight dorsiventrality;(3)Distal raphe fissures are dorsally deflected;(4)Apical pore fields are very small and composed of 1-3 transapical rows of porelli, which comprise two forms, one is slit-like, similar to the areolae on the valve face, and the other is rounded with internal openings covered by the flap-like silica projections;(5)Striae 10-12/10 μm at the dorsal middle part, 11-13/10 μm at the ventral middle part, and areolae 30-40/10 μm;(6)And 1-2 stigmata exist near the valve ventral central area. After comparing this species with the type population of Cymbella pavanaensis A. Vigneshwaran et al., in this paper, it is identified as C. pavanaensis. This paper provides a clearer knowledge of the ultrastructure of C. pavanaensis, enlarges its geographical distribution region, and reports it for the first time in China.]]> 2022/11/9 16:47:42 1, LIU Bing^1*, ZHOU Yangyan¹, XU Sanmei^{1, 2}, CHEN Jinhua¹]]> LONG Jiyan¹, LIU Bing^1*, ZHOU Yangyan¹, XU Sanmei^{1, 2}, CHEN Jinhua¹ 19true Boehmeria nivea var. strigosa Zeng Y. Wu & Y. Zhao, a new variety of B. nivea(Urticaceae)from Southwest China, is here described based on evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny. This new variety is mainly characterized by its green abaxial leaf blade, partly connate stipules, and densely patent strigose hairs on stems and potioles. The phylogenetic analysis based on rbcL, nrDNA and rbcL+nrDNA datasets, revealed that all individuals of B. nivea var. strigosa formed a monophyletic group. The conservation status of B. nivea var. strigosa is assessed as “Near Threatened”(NT)according to IUCN evaluation criteria. The discovery of this new variety is not only crucial for the taxonomy of ramie, but also provides reference for the exploration and utilization of ramie.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1,4, Richard I. MILNE⁵, LI Zhipeng^1,2,4, Amos KIPKOECH^1,3, WU Zengyuan^1*]]> ZHAO Ying^1,4, Richard I. MILNE⁵, LI Zhipeng^1,2,4, Amos KIPKOECH^1,3, WU Zengyuan^1* 18true Boehmeria nivea var. strigosa Zeng Y. Wu & Y. Zhao, a new variety of B. nivea(Urticaceae)from Southwest China, is here described based on evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny. This new variety is mainly characterized by its green abaxial leaf blade, partly connate stipules, and densely patent strigose hairs on stems and potioles. The phylogenetic analysis based on rbcL, nrDNA and rbcL+nrDNA datasets, revealed that all individuals of B. nivea var. strigosa formed a monophyletic group. The conservation status of B. nivea var. strigosa is assessed as “Near Threatened”(NT)according to IUCN evaluation criteria. The discovery of this new variety is not only crucial for the taxonomy of ramie, but also provides reference for the exploration and utilization of ramie.]]> 2024/9/27 0:00:00 1,4, Richard I. MILNE⁵, LI Zhipeng^1,2,4, Amos KIPKOECH^1,3, WU Zengyuan^1*]]> ZHAO Ying^1,4, Richard I. MILNE⁵, LI Zhipeng^1,2,4, Amos KIPKOECH^1,3, WU Zengyuan^1* 17true Malmidea in China and further identify its species composition and distribution. The lichen specimens collected from Yunnan Province were classified based on the investigation of lichen resources in the field and the collection of lichen specimens, and combined with the methods of morphology, anatomy and chemistry. Three new records of Malmidea were reported from China, M. indica (D. D. Awasthi & M. R. Agarwal)Hafellner & T. Sprib, M. reunionis Kalb and M. hechicerae Kalb. In this paper, detailed descriptions, morphology and anatomical pictures of the recorded species were provided, and comparison and discussion were made with similar species. A key to all known Chinese Malmidea species was also provided. This study enriches the diversity of Malmidea in China, and has some significance for conservation and study of lichen diversity of China.]]> 2024/9/27 0:00:00 1, WANG Xinyu², XUE Junxia¹, ZHANG Lulu^1*]]> WANG Lei¹, WANG Xinyu², XUE Junxia¹, ZHANG Lulu^1* 16true Peltula Nyl. in Helan Mountain of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the specimens of the genus Peltula Nyl. collected from Helan Mountain of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were classified by morph-anatomical, chemical and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS sequences. Two new records for China, Peltula africana(Jatta)Swinscow & Krog and P. impressa(Vain.)Swinscow & Krog, were identified. P. africana was mainly characterized by squamules undulate, 0.3-3.0 mm across, lower cortex cell palisade. P. impressa was mainly recognised by the black new type of soralia on top of the thallus, the hymenium I +, burgundy and about 64 ascospores. The morphological and anatomical characters of these two species were described in details, the differences with similar species were discussed, and the photos of morphological and anatomical structures of the two species were provided. The results enrich basic data for the genus Peltula Nyl. in China.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, ZHAO Gege¹, LIANG Yongliang², ZHU Yachao², SUN Haoran², TIAN Xinyao², NIU Dongling^1*]]> WANG Siying¹, ZHAO Gege¹, LIANG Yongliang², ZHU Yachao², SUN Haoran², TIAN Xinyao², NIU Dongling^1* 15true Anna Pellegr. in 1930, the taxonomic revisions of this genus have been infrequent. Early publications and revisions of Anna were based on specimens collected by foreign missionaries, which led to problems such as brief or inaccurate descriptions of traits and unclear species definition. When researching publication history, comparing morphology and investigating type locality of Anna ophiorrhizoides(Hemsl.)B. L. Burtt & R. A. Davidson and A. rubidiflora S. Z. He, F. Wen & Y. G. Wei, it was found that Didymocarpus cavaleriei H. Lév. published by H. Léveillé in 1911 and Anna rubidiflora was actually the same species, and Didymocarpus cavaleriei was treated as a synonym of Anna ophiorrhizoides. After comparing the morphological characteristics of multiple populations of A. ophiorrhizoides and A. rubidiflora, it was found that the difference in their morphological characteristics lay in the corolla. It was not appropriate to use differences in corolla color as boundaries for the classificatory units of species. Taking into account the morphological characteristics and geographical distribution characteristics, it was proposed to treat A. rubidiflora as a variety of A. ophiorrhizoides. According to the regulations and suggestions in the 2018 International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants(Shenzhen Code), a new combination and a name at new rank —— A. ophiorrhizoides(Hemsl.)B. L. Burtt & R. A. Davidson var. cavaleriei(H. Lév.)X. X. Bai & F. Wen were proposed, and A. rubidiflora was treated as a synonym of the new combination.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, GU Jiangmiao¹, WEN Fang^2,3, BAI Xinxiang^1*]]> XIONG Xiaokai¹, GU Jiangmiao¹, WEN Fang^2,3, BAI Xinxiang^1* 14true Rhododendron delavayi in landscaping. bHLH transcription factors are pivotal regulators of plant growth, development, and stress responses. This study aimed to identify members of the R. delavayi bHLH transcription factor(RdbHLH)family by utilizing the R. delavayi genome file and transcriptome data. Through bioinformatics methods, we analyzed various aspects, including gene structure, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relationships, protein physicochemical properties, cis-acting elements, protein interaction networks, and expression patterns. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 116 RdbHLH genes were identified, exhibiting significant variations in terms of amino acid composition and molecular weight of proteins. These genes were primarily weakly acidic hydrophilic proteins that function predominantly within the cell nucleus.(2)The RdbHLH family was categorized into 17 subfamilies, where motif structures were conserved within each subfamily but displayed noticeable differences between different subfamilies. Most RdbHLH proteins contained both Motif 1 and Motif 2 at the same time. The promoter region of these genes contained a substantial number of cis-acting elements associated with plant growth and development, hormone response, light response, and stress response.(3)R. delavayi responds to drought stress by activating signal transduction pathways and regulating osmotic pressure and flavonoid biosynthesis systems, leading to stress damage mitigation. Drought stress exerted an impact on the expression of 36 RdbHLH genes, with 12 genes displaying robust induction. Notably, RdbHLH49 and RdbHLH95 might play pivotal regulatory roles in enhancing plant resistance to drought stress. These research findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigations into the biological functions of RdbHLH genes and establish target gene resources for the breeding of superior horticultural varieties of R. delavayi.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, OU Jing^1*, WANG Xiaojing², KE Ke³, FAN Yu¹, ZHOU Yumei¹, FAN Xinyue¹]]> WANG Hongfei¹, OU Jing^1*, WANG Xiaojing², KE Ke³, FAN Yu¹, ZHOU Yumei¹, FAN Xinyue¹ 13true 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1,2, ZHANG Junxin^1,2, YU Liping^1,2, HU Kang^1,2, JI Fengqi^1,2, HUANG Tiran^1,2, YANG Mingfeng^1,2*, MA Lanqing^1,2]]> HE Zhimin^1,2, ZHANG Junxin^1,2, YU Liping^1,2, HU Kang^1,2, JI Fengqi^1,2, HUANG Tiran^1,2, YANG Mingfeng^1,2*, MA Lanqing^1,2 12true Physcomitrium patens U-box family and to analyze their gene expression regularities, their physicochemical characteristics, evolutionary relationship, cis-acting element, tissue expression patterns and stress response were analyzed based on the whole sequencing data of P. patens through bioinformatics technology. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 31 U-box family members were identified in the whole genome of P. patens and were unevenly distributed on 14 chromosomes; their molecular weight sizes ranged from 37.75-117.49 kDa, and their isoelectric points ranged from 5.32-8.55.(2)The evolutionary tree showed that the U-box family members of P. patens were distributed in subfamilies I-IX, among which subfamily Ⅶ contained the largest number of members, with a total of 11 members accounting for about 36.67%. This indicated that P. patens was highly conserved and functionally diversified in the historical evolutionary process.(3)Promoter analysis yielded that P. patens U-box family members had elements that binded several hormones including GA and ABA.(4)Tissue expression analysis yielded that P. patens U-box family members was abundantly expressed mainly in the chloroplast, axoplast, and sporophyte S3 periods.(5)After simulated drought treatment with ABA, mannitol and saturated LiCl, it was found that the proposed stems of gametophytes were yellowed and the expression of PpPUB21 was significantly induced. It is hypothesized that the P. patens U-box family members plays an important role in growth and development and in response to adversity stress, and these findings provide a reference for further research on the U-box gene of P. patens.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, JIANG Shan¹, CHEN Bo², YAN Huiqing^1*]]> WU Xiaoai¹, JIANG Shan¹, CHEN Bo², YAN Huiqing^1* 11true Mussaenda L. has been controversial due to the complex interspecific variation and hybridization within the genus. In order to explore the taxonomical significance of leaf venation characteristics between Mussaenda and its relative genera(Schizomussaenda Li and Psudomussaenda Wernham), and to provide data for the identification, development and utilization when they were regarded as the medical and garden plant resources, the leaf venation characteristics of 22 species of this group were observed by using the cleaning method. The cluster analysis was carried out based on the characteristics of leaf venation, and a classification key of the species was compiled. The results were as follows:(1)The characteristics of the leaf venation of Mussaenda and its relative genera had consistency, which were mainly reflected on that the primary veins were all pinnate, the frequency of inter-secondary veins was less than one per areolation, the angles between the major secondary veins and the midveins were acute, the tertiary veins were mostly penetrating, and the arrangement of the areolation were all irregular.(2)The characteristics of the leaf venation with taxonomic value among genera or species within genera included the type of major secondary vein venation type, the angle between major secondary vein and midvein, the major secondary vein spacing, the connection between major secondary vein and midvein, the existence of inter-secondary vein and intramarginal secondary vein, the penetration type of intercostal tertiary vein, the type of quaternary vein, the branching of freely ending veinlet, and the areole development.(3)According to the cluster analysis, 22 species of this group were clustered into 12 branches, and Schizomussaenda and Psudomussaenda were not clustered into one branch respectively, showing a relatively close genetic relationship. In conclusion, the leaf venation characteristics of Mussaenda and its related taxa can provide new information for the classification of the plants.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, LI Jin², DUAN Tingting^1*]]> ZHANG Duo¹, LI Jin², DUAN Tingting^1* 10true Tacca remains is controversial all the time. Schizocapsa guangxiensis is considered to be the same species as Tacca plantanginea, but some taxonomists classify them into different species based on their morphological differences. In order to clarify the genetic differences and phylogenetic relationship between Schizocapsa guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea, this study conducted high-throughput DNA sequencing of Schizocapsa guangxiensis, assembled a complete chloroplast genome using bioinformatics software, and compared it with the published Tacca plantanginea chloroplast genome. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome size of Schizocapsa guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea was 162 149 bp and 160 749 bp, respectively, and they had the same GC content(36.90%). Notably, the gene types and gene amount were exactly the same in these two species, including 89 protein-coding genes and 37 tRNA genes, and 6 rRNA genes.(2)Codon preference analysis showed that there were certain differences in the codon frequencies used by the two species, but they both prefered codons ending in A/T(U).(3)Compared with T. plantanginea, the SSC boundary of Schizocapsa guangxiensis had obvious expansion, which was the main factor leading to the length variant in chloroplast genome between the two species.(4)There were some sequence divergences between S. guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea in the LSC and SSC regions, especially the intergenic region, which can be exploited as species-specific molecular marker.(5)Phylogenetic results showed that Schizocapsa guangxiensis and Tacca plantanginea had a rather distant genetic relationship. Although Schizocapsa guangxiensis was placed in Tacca, they belong to two different species. This study enriches the genetic information of the chloroplast genome of S. guangxiensis and provides a theoretical basis for species classification, genetic diversity analysis and species protection of S. guangxiensis.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, DENG Yongbiao¹, LV Huqian^1,2, ZHOU Qianru¹, LI Jingjian¹, LU Zhaocen^3*, XIE Wenjuan^1*]]> MA Yunying¹, DENG Yongbiao¹, LV Huqian^1,2, ZHOU Qianru¹, LI Jingjian¹, LU Zhaocen^3*, XIE Wenjuan^1* 9true Quercus subsect. Campylolepides contains three species: Q. acutissima, Q. variabilis and Q. chenii, which is the East Asian clade of Quercus section Cerris. Species formation and phylogeography of whole subsection or species within the subsection have been studied in detail. It has been also found that section Cerris had an ancient gene introgression with section Ilex, which led to the plastid capture. However, the specific evolutionary history of plastids in subsect. Campylolepides and section Ilex remains unclear. Our study performed low-coverage whole genome sequencing on 15 samples from section Ilex and integrated previously published data from subsect. Campylolepides and its relatives, resulting in a total of 325 resequencing data, of which 276 individuals were from three subsect. Campylolepides species and 19 populations. We assembled 325 plastids to perform phylogeographic analysis. The results were as follows:(1)There were shared haplotypes among three species of subsect. Campylolepides, but the plastid haplotypes of the entire subsect. Campylolepides form a monophyletic branch nested within section Ilex species which are distributed from central China to Liangshan, Sichuan.(2)A relictual haplotype of subsect. Campylolepides from the Liaodong Peninsula clustered with Q. pseudosetulosa, a specie of the section Ilex.(3)Both plastid capture events occurred in the middle Miocene, after which no plastid capture occurred between subsect. Campylolepides and section Ilex. It is hypothesized that subsect. Campylolepides and section Ilex have formed almost complete reproductive isolation. The study demonstrates that section Ilex and subsect. Campylolepides have undergone ancient plastid capture events in their evolution history, ultimately lead to the gradual formation of relatively independent evolutionary paths.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, LI Zhimin¹, MA Xiangguang^2*, SUN Wenguang^1*]]> YU Shuliang¹, LI Zhimin¹, MA Xiangguang^2*, SUN Wenguang^1* 8true Artemisia parviflora chloroplast genome and its systematic position, high-throughput sequencing technology were employed for genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools for analyzing. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome of A. parviflora was 151 047 bp, with a typical circular double-stranded tetrad structure, and the GC content was 37.5%.(2)Total 115 unique genes were annotated, including 81 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes.(3)Sixty-eight simple sequence repeats(SSRs)and 37 long repeat sequences were detected.(4)The codon usage bias was weak in the A. parviflora chloroplast genome, and natural selection mainly contributed to the codon usage bias. High-frequency codons tend to ended with A/U.(5)There was no obvious expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat(IR)regions. Five high variation regions(trnH-psbA, rpl16-rps3, ycf15-trnL-UAG, ndhA, and ycf1)were identified which could be used as potential molecular markers for identifying subgen. Dracunculus species.(6)Phylogenetic analysis revealed the systematic position of A. parviflora within subgen. Dracunculus and elucidated the phylogenetic relationships among the various subgenera of Artemisia. This study provides the reference for future molecular marker development and phylogenetic research of Artemisia species.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 *]]> LI Zhifang, CHEN Liling, LUO Shujie, LIU Tianmeng^* 7true Lycoris aurea is a perennial herbaceous plant with important medicinal and ornamental values in the genus Lycoris Herb, the family Amaryllidaceae. The flower has a spider shape with highly exserted stigmas and anthers, which may represent a unique pollination type. In order to explore this type of pollination, we studied its floral characteristics, breeding system, and floral visitors and their behaviors. The results were as follows:(1)The single flower lasted(5.9±0.1)d and the pollen-ovule ratio(P/O)reached about 23 000. The flowers showed reverse herkogamy. On the beginning of flowering, the style and filaments were separated and the angle between them was about 30°. The style gradually moved towards the filaments in the middle and later stages and were finally on the same line with the stigma 2-3 cm higher than the anthers. The stigmas were receptive throughout the flowering period.(2)The breeding system test was self-compatible and bagged flowers cannot set fruit, indicating that pollinators were necessary for pollen transfer. Supplemental hand pollination significantly increased fruit production, indicating the existence of pollen limitation.(3)Four species of swallowtail butterfly were the effective pollinators. Due to the existence of herkogamy in L. aurea, on the beginning of flowering, their hindwings were likely to come into contact with the flattened anthers. Their hindwings might touch the stigma in the middle and later stages and thus the process of pollen transfer was accomplished. In conclusion, this study shows that the uqique floral characteristics of L. aurea are adapted for butterfly wing pollination and also will lay the foundation for its conservation and sustainable utilization.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 *]]> LIAO Rui, LING Xinyu, WU Yuanhui, ZHU Xingfu^* 6true Vitex L. is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, mostly as woody trees or shrubs, and contains many plants with medicinal, ornamental and ecological values. To understand the characteristics of Vitex chloroplast genomes, the phylogenetic position and interspecific relationships of the genus, the chloroplast genome sequence of V. agnus-castus was firstly obtained by de novo assembly and annotation, the genome structure, codon preference, high variation region and repeat sequence were then analyzed with 11 published chloroplast genome sequences of Vitex, and then phylogenetic analysis was conducted. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome of V. agnus-castus was a typically quadripartite structure with a total length of 154 444 bp, in which the length of the large single copy(LSC)region, the small single copy(SSC)region and the inverted repeat(IR)region were 85 229, 17 915 and 51 400 bp, respectively. The chloroplast genome encoded 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes.(2)The 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex were highly conserved in terms of genome length, boundary position of IR region, number of encoded genes and GC content.(3)A total of 31 high frequency codons and six common optimal codons were detected in 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex. Further, the results of ENC-plot, PR2-plot and neutral plot analysis indicated that codon preference was mainly influenced by natural selection.(4)In addition, a total of 14 highly variable regions and 519 simple sequence repeats(SSRs)were detected in the 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex.(5)The molecular phylogenetic inference in this study supported that Vitex belonged to the subfamily Viticoideae(Lamiaceae), not Verbenaceae. Moreover, phylogenetic inference also provided some understanding of the controversial relationships among V. trifolia, V. bicolor and V. rotundifolia, suggesting that V. rotundifolia was considered as a separate species. This study not only enriches the information of genetic resources of V. agnus-castus, increases the understanding of the chloroplast genomes of Vitex, provides candidate molecular markers for population genetics studies of Vitex, but also proves the effectiveness of chloroplast genome sequence in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Vitex.]]> 2024/9/27 0:00:00 1, ZHAO Yanling¹, CHENG Yongqin², JIA Yun³, YANG Yanci^1*]]> XIU Zhiying¹, ZHAO Yanling¹, CHENG Yongqin², JIA Yun³, YANG Yanci^1* 5true Vitex L. is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, mostly as woody trees or shrubs, and contains many plants with medicinal, ornamental and ecological values. To understand the characteristics of Vitex chloroplast genomes, the phylogenetic position and interspecific relationships of the genus, the chloroplast genome sequence of V. agnus-castus was firstly obtained by de novo assembly and annotation, the genome structure, codon preference, high variation region and repeat sequence were then analyzed with 11 published chloroplast genome sequences of Vitex, and then phylogenetic analysis was conducted. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome of V. agnus-castus was a typically quadripartite structure with a total length of 154 444 bp, in which the length of the large single copy(LSC)region, the small single copy(SSC)region and the inverted repeat(IR)region were 85 229, 17 915 and 51 400 bp, respectively. The chloroplast genome encoded 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes.(2)The 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex were highly conserved in terms of genome length, boundary position of IR region, number of encoded genes and GC content.(3)A total of 31 high frequency codons and six common optimal codons were detected in 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex. Further, the results of ENC-plot, PR2-plot and neutral plot analysis indicated that codon preference was mainly influenced by natural selection.(4)In addition, a total of 14 highly variable regions and 519 simple sequence repeats(SSRs)were detected in the 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex.(5)The molecular phylogenetic inference in this study supported that Vitex belonged to the subfamily Viticoideae(Lamiaceae), not Verbenaceae. Moreover, phylogenetic inference also provided some understanding of the controversial relationships among V. trifolia, V. bicolor and V. rotundifolia, suggesting that V. rotundifolia was considered as a separate species. This study not only enriches the information of genetic resources of V. agnus-castus, increases the understanding of the chloroplast genomes of Vitex, provides candidate molecular markers for population genetics studies of Vitex, but also proves the effectiveness of chloroplast genome sequence in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Vitex.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, ZHAO Yanling¹, CHENG Yongqin², JIA Yun³, YANG Yanci^1*]]> XIU Zhiying¹, ZHAO Yanling¹, CHENG Yongqin², JIA Yun³, YANG Yanci^1* 4true Carex moorcroftii leaf plots were set up along the gradient of habitat aridification, and the response of leaf anatomical structure to habitat aridification was analyzed in this study. The results were as follows:(1)The epidermal cells, bulliform cells and air cavity area on the abaxial surface of leaf tip and leaf base, leaf thickness and mechanical tissue thickness at leaf base were significantly positively correlated with soil volumetric moisture content(R²=0.06-0.34, P<0.01); the paraxial cuticle thickness, cell area, number of vascular bundles in parts of leaf tip, leaf middle and leaf base, and diameter of vascular bundle in leaf middle were significantly negatively correlated with soil volumetric moisture content(R²=0.08-0.53, P<0.01).(2)The anatomical structure of C. moorcroftii leaf had great plasticity(0.53-0.94)and variability(18%-63%), and bulliform cells, air cavities, and paraxial epidermal cells had the greatest plasticity and variability, and the plasticity index and the coefficient of variation of leaf base anatomical structure were significantly higher than that of leaf tip and leaf middle(P<0.05). When the habitat was aridified, C. moorcroftii leaf adapt to the arid habitat by thickening the cuticle on the paraxial surface, increasing the epidermal cell area, decreasing the air cavity area, and differentiating middle cells, and mainly adopted protective and frugal strategies to adapt to the arid habitat. The results of this study are helpful to reveal the response strategies of C. moorcroftii leaf anatomical structure to arid habitat, and provide theoretical reference for protection and vegetation restoration of alpine meadow.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1, WANG Hongbin², ZHANG Dacai^1*]]> CAI Huiwen¹, WANG Hongbin², ZHANG Dacai^1* 3true Yulania denudata with variegated leaf, the green leaves, variegated leaves and yellow leaves of Y. denudata with variegated leaf were used as experimental materials. The anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics in three types of leaves were compared from the aspects of photosynthetic pigment content, leaf anatomical structure and light response curve. The results were as follows:(1)The yellow leaf spots of Y. denudata with variegated leaf were chlorophyll-type leaf spots formed by the decrease of chlorophyll content due to the abnormal structure of chloroplasts.(2)The structure of thylakoids in the yellow region of Y. denudata with variegated leaf was abnormal, and ATP synthesis was blocked, which hindered the progress of photosynthesis.(3)The anatomical structure showed that the palisade tissue of the green leaf was developed, the chloroplast integrity and pigment content were higher than those of the variegated leaf and the yellow leaf, and the net photosynthetic rate was higher.(4)There were significant differences in the maximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point between the green leaf and the variegated leaf, and the green leaf could withstand a wider range of bright light than the variegated leaf. This study further elucidates that the chloroplast structure of Y. denudata with variegated leaf affects its photosynthetic characteristics, and provides a reference for the breeding of excellent germplasm of Y. denudata with variegated leaf.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:58 1,2, YE Kang², SONG Xiqiang¹, QIN Jun², SHAO Wen², HU Yonghong^1,2*]]> ZHU Kaili^1,2, YE Kang², SONG Xiqiang¹, QIN Jun², SHAO Wen², HU Yonghong^1,2* 2true Tuberculata of Camellia genus, 10 species of the section, leaf epidermal micromorphology and pollen morphology were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and based on pollen features and leaf epidermal features to clustered separately. The results were as follows:(1)10 species had no significant difference in pollen morphology and size, the pollen shape was subspheroidal, prolate or oblatesphere; the outline in polar view was trilete rounded or trilete regular teiangular; the outline in equatorial view was oblong or fusiform, P/E ranged from 0.85 to 1.16; the aperature type was tricolporate aperature. The exine sculpture was significantly different, the feature had coarsely warty, foveolate reticulate or rugulate with beadedmun, and had important classification value for sect. Tuberculata.(2)The cluster analysis of the measurement index showed that when the Euclidean distance was 4.5, the 10 species were divided into four groups, and some of the classification results were the same as the macroscopic morphological classification.(3)The leaf epidermal cells of 10 species were irregular or polygon, with great morphological differences among species. There were glands in the upper and lower epidermis of C. zengii, C. rhytidophylla and C. rubimuricata; cyclic type stomatal apparatuses were only distributed in the lower epidermis; anticlinal wall pattern were sinuolate, sinuous, repand and sinuate.(4)The cell size and stomatal features(size and density)of leaf epidermis micromorphology were significantly different between species. This study shows that pollen morphology and leaf epidermal micromorphology are diverse in sect. Tuberculata, which can be used as the basis for distinguishing some closely related species in sect. Tuberculata.]]> 2024/9/27 10:20:59 1, XIAO Xu¹, RAN Zhaohui¹, LI Zhi^1,2*]]> YAN Chao¹, XIAO Xu¹, RAN Zhaohui¹, LI Zhi^1,2* 1true