st, 2021, and mainly found from Southwest toward South China. Apart from a few species, most species in China are specifically turned the certain micro-habitats so that they are easily influenced becoming endangered status by the own and external factors. For better understanding the endangered risks of known species of Gesneriaceae in China, we re-assessed the IUCN red list categories of China's Gesneriaceae taxa, then calculated and analyzed the data based on consulting relevant literature, collecting the endangered data of new reported taxa in recent years, and coupling with detailed field investigations for Gesneriaceae in China. At the same time, relied on Gesneriad Committee of China Wild Plant Conservation Association, National Gesneriaceae Germplasm Resources Bank of GXIB and Gesneriad Conservation Center of China, we first created and formulated a new mode for the conservation of China's Gesneriaceae plants, which executed simultaneously new taxa discoveries and formal publications, assessments of the taxon's endangered status, immediately launching conservation programs and new horticultural variety cultivations. Analysis results demonstrate that it is necessary to enhance the attention degree of protection of Gesneriaceae biodiversity by relevant government departments. Thus, we suggest:(1)To further strengthen the understanding for the urgency of protection of China's Gesneriaceae germplasm resource;(2)To conduct series of researches about rescuing conservation, ex & in-situ conservation, re-introduction in similar habitats and development for those groups in CR & EN categories;(3)To promote the development of breeding of new horticultural varieties of Gesneriaceae. All are the important base and essential precondition of Gesneriaceae biodiversity conservation.]]> 2023/6/10 9:42:09 *]]> WEN Fang, FU Longfei, XIN Zibing, XIONG Chi, WEI Yigang^* 6true st, 2021, and mainly found from Southwest toward South China. Apart from a few species, most species in China are specifically turned the certain micro-habitats so that they are easily influenced becoming endangered status by the own and external factors. For better understanding the endangered risks of known species of Gesneriaceae in China, we re-assessed the IUCN red list categories of China's Gesneriaceae taxa, then calculated and analyzed the data based on consulting relevant literature, collecting the endangered data of new reported taxa in recent years, and coupling with detailed field investigations for Gesneriaceae in China. At the same time, relied on Gesneriad Committee of China Wild Plant Conservation Association, National Gesneriaceae Germplasm Resources Bank of GXIB and Gesneriad Conservation Center of China, we first created and formulated a new mode for the conservation of China's Gesneriaceae plants, which executed simultaneously new taxa discoveries and formal publications, assessments of the taxon's endangered status, immediately launching conservation programs and new horticultural variety cultivations. Analysis results demonstrate that it is necessary to enhance the attention degree of protection of Gesneriaceae biodiversity by relevant government departments. Thus, we suggest:(1)To further strengthen the understanding for the urgency of protection of China's Gesneriaceae germplasm resource;(2)To conduct series of researches about rescuing conservation, ex & in-situ conservation, re-introduction in similar habitats and development for those groups in CR & EN categories;(3)To promote the development of breeding of new horticultural varieties of Gesneriaceae. All are the important base and essential precondition of Gesneriaceae biodiversity conservation.]]> 2023/6/10 9:42:09 *]]> WEN Fang, FU Longfei, XIN Zibing, XIONG Chi, WEI Yigang^* 5true Petrocodon Hance is one of the famous ornamental flowers, but most of them are assessed as extremely dangerous(CR), or at least above vulnerable(VU)due to climate turbulence and strong interference of human activities. To reconstruct the temporal and spatial changes of the potential suitable areas of Petrocodon since the last interglacial period, and explore the response of the suitable areas to environmental changes, which provided theoretical guidance for the origin of Petrocodon, the study of geographical differentiation, the conservation of unique germplasm resources in China, and the development and utilization of gardens. In this paper, combined with 120 distribution records and 17 environmental variables, the optimal MaxEnt model and geographic information technology(ArcGIS)were used to simulate the suitable areas and distribution pattern of Petrocodon in China and Indo-China Peninsula. Based on stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, redundancy analysis and Monte-Carlo test, the dominant variables affecting the current geographical distribution of Petrocodon were evaluated. The results were as follows:(1)The prediction accuracy of the optimized MaxEnt model was high, and the AUC value was greater than 0.96. The potential suitable areas of Petrocodon for the present distribution are continuous from Southwest China to North Vietnam, scattered in central and southern China and blocky in North Myanmar, of which the South Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China was the most suitable.(2)The environmental variables which restrict the geographical distribution of Petrocodon included precipitation of the driest month(bio14), precipitation of the warmest quarter(bio18), precipitation of the wettest quarter(bio16), SD of the temperature seasonality(bio4), min temperature of the coldest month(bio6)and altitude(alt).(3)Under the climate change scenario, the expansion and contraction areas of the suitable habitat of Petrocodon were located in the north and northeast of the current potential distribution area, which were sensitive areas susceptible to climate change. During the last interglacial period, the suitable area of Petrocodon expanded on a large scale, but there was almost no suitable distribution area of Petrocodon in the dry and cold environment during the last glacial maximum. After that, with the aggravation of climate warming, the suitable habitats of Petrocodon increased rapidly to high latitudes, while the suitable habitat in low latitudes decreased.(4)The centroid position of the suitable area for Petrocodon migrated northwards from Yongfu County, Guangxi(110.10° E, 24.69° N)to Chengbu County, Hunan(110.29° E, 26.05° N). To sum up, global warming has a positive impact on the potential distribution area of Petrocodon, but extreme warming will cause the suitable habitat of Petrocodon to shrink, and the niche of Petrocodon will narrow. Southwest China to North Vietnam, which has the advantage of mature karst landform, may be its main refuge.]]> 2023/6/10 9:42:09 1, WEN Fang^2,3, LI Meijun¹, ZHANG Jinquan¹, ZHOU Yulu¹, LI Quanyuan¹, BAI Xinxiang^1*]]> HUANG Hong¹, WEN Fang^2,3, LI Meijun¹, ZHANG Jinquan¹, ZHOU Yulu¹, LI Quanyuan¹, BAI Xinxiang^1* 4true Gyrocheilos is a small genus of Gesneriaceae endemic to hight altitude mountains in Southwest China and Guangdong Province, with only five species. This genus is characterized by laterally bending style, which curves 90° at the top of the style and the stigma right at the mouth of floral tube. This unusual floral trait may have special evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms. In this paper, three Gyrocheilos species, i.e. G. chorisepalus, G. retrotrichus, G. microtrichus were examined to figure out the developmental patterns of floral lateral bending. Breeding systems, floral syndrome and pollination processes were also studied in G. retrotrichus at Dawuling Mountain, Guangdong Province, to explore its pollination adaptations. The results were as follows:(1)G. microtrichus had only left-bending style, while right-bending style were observed in several flowers(2%-3% of the total flowers)of G. chorisepalus and G. retrotrichus, although the individuals and populations were dominated by left-bending style.(2)Pollination observation found that style lateral bending occurred at the early stage of floral bud in G. retrotrichus, with two fertile stamens were anther-united and hidden at the middle of the floral throat, and there was no left and right mirror symmetry relationship with the lateral style.(3)The pollen-ovule ratio(P/O)was( 456.98±15.55), belonging to facultative outcross breeding system. G. retrotrichus had a certain pollen limitation and self-pollination, but the germination rate of outcross seeds was higher, and there might be inbreeding decline.(4)There were few floral visitors and the frequency was low of G. retrotrichus. The main floral visitors were Halictidae, Bombus and Syrphidae. Bombus were large, and they landed on the bent style and the lower lip of the petals when visiting flowers. The side and lower part of the chest could effectively contact the stigma.(5)The detected reflected lights of flowers were composed of purple and blue-purple lights and the lower lips and outer floral tube with the highest reflection intensity, more likely to attract bees to land on the corolla's lower lip. Molecular phylogeny indicated that the closest genus of Gyrocheilos was Didymorcarpus, which was characterized by style downward bending and mirror-image flowers, suggesting the style lateral bending in Gyrocheilos probably evolved from either of these conditions. In conclusion, the lateral bending style might provide landing platform for pollinators and the stigma above the lower lips increase contact probability the floral visitors, which is an adaptation to the very low insect visitation due to fragmented and foggy habitats in high altitude areas.]]> 2023/6/10 9:42:09 1,2, LING Shaojun^1,2, REN Mingxun^1,2,*]]> SUN Haoran^1,2, LING Shaojun^1,2, REN Mingxun^1,2,* 3true Lysionotus gamosepalus W. T. Wang var. biflorus A. Joe, Hareesh & M. Sabu in 2017 based on the specimens collected from South Tibet, China, and thought the new variety differed from L. gamosepalus in having leaves with sub-serrate margin, only two flowers from per axil inflorescence, a hairy corolla and two coiled staminodes. However, based on the examination of herbarium specimens and field investigations, we believe that the morphological characteristics of this variety are within the variation range of L. gamosepalus W. T. Wang, the distributions are sympatric, the habitat and phenology are also same. In conclusion, morphological comparisons indicate that the variety is conspecific with L. gamosepalus, we therefore reduce L. gamosepalus var. biflorus as the synonym of L. gamosepalus here.]]> 2023/6/10 9:42:09 1, HAN Mengqi², XU Weibin^1*]]> LU Zhaocen¹, HAN Mengqi², XU Weibin^1* 2true Hemiboea, a genus of Gesneriaceae, with about 44 species, is mainly distributed in southern China, which have important medicinal and ornamental values. It is difficult to obtain suitable root tips for the chromosome preparation because of their small twining roots and small chromosomes. So far, only the chromosome numbers from three species of Hemiboea have been reported, while the chromosome numbers and ploidy of most species are unknown. The relationship between the pattern of chromosome number evolution and species evolution is also unclear. In this study, in order to explore the optimal conditions for chromosome preparation and the relationship between chromosome numbers and species evolution of Hemiboea, firstly, the root tips of six species(including H. subcapitata, H. longgangensis, H. longzhouensis, H. subacaulis var. jiangxiensis, H. follicularis and H. yongfuensis), which were generated by the method of hydroponic rooting for cutting leaves based on the characteristics of leaf cuttage propagation of plants in Hemboea, were used for the chromosome preparation experiments. Then, the effects of different experimental conditions on chromosome preparation were assessed. Next, the conditions were optimized and the chromosome counting was performed. Finally, the evolutionary history of chromosome numbers in Hemiboea and the related genera including Anna and Loxostigma were traced based on the molecular phylogenetic relationships, and the evolutionary pattern of chromosome numbers and relationships with species evolution were studied. The results were as follows:(1)The optimal conditions for karyotype preparation of the plants in Hemiboea were sampling during 9:30-10:00, dissociating for 10 min, and dyeing for 15 min.(2)All the six species of Hemiboea were diploid and with 32 chromosome numbers(2n=2x=32).(3)Except for a few species in the genus, the chromosome numbers of most species might be 2n=2x=32, and the variation of chromosome numbers might be caused by aneuploidy, which had no obvious relationship with the species evolution. This study sheds light on chromosome preparation of Hemiboea and other groups with similar leaf regeneration characteristics, and provides implications for the classification and phylogeny of this group.]]> 2023/6/10 9:42:09 1,2, XIANG Xiaoguo², ZHANG Qiang³, ZHANG Yanjie¹, JIN Weitao^2*]]> GAO Dan^1,2, XIANG Xiaoguo², ZHANG Qiang³, ZHANG Yanjie¹, JIN Weitao^2* 1true