ex-situ protection, while the plant culture construction is still a little insufficient. In the process of global biodiversity conservation, the important roles of traditional culture in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources have been increasingly valued. At this background, this study emphasized the close connection and co-evolution relationship between biocultural diversity and biodiversity, and reviewed the implication of plant culture in early botanical gardens and Chinese classical gardens. And through the analysis of the main functions of 3 085 modern botanical gardens around the world, we found that only 7.36% of botanical gardens carried out ethnobotanical research, while 11.18% carried out conservation biology research, and 17.18% worked out a plant conservation programme, which revealed the improvement of the protection function and the weakening of the cultural function of modern botanical gardens. Based on the demand for the construction of plant culture in the effective protection of plant diversity in the current botanical garden, this study further analyzed the deficiencies of plant culture construction in botanical gardens in China, including:(1)insufficient plant culture information data in plant species diversity information;(2)lack of consideration of benefit-sharing of traditional knowledge in biodiversity conservation;(3)lack of theme parks that display plant diversity with culture. Focused on the goal of plant diversity conservation and management in the China national botanical garden, we put forward the following suggestions on plant culture construction in the China national botanical garden system from three aspects, in order to provide a reference for the construction of a national botanical garden system with the characteristics of Chinese ecological civilization. Plant diversity protection and utilization: to strengthen the consideration of plant culture in the construction of plant diversity information and germplasm resource bank, encourage ethnobotanical research. Benefit-sharing: to establish access and benefit-sharing(ABS)standard procedures covering traditional knowledge to ensure fair and equitable benefit-sharing. Public participation: to consider display the regionality and uniqueness in China national botanical garden, and add ethnic plant culture theme parks or exhibition halls.]]> 2023/9/1 16:46:31 1,2, LUO Binsheng^2,3, CUI Xia¹, LONG Chunlin^2,4,5*]]> LI Feifei^1,2, LUO Binsheng^2,3, CUI Xia¹, LONG Chunlin^2,4,5* 8true ex-situ conservation of plant species in the South China National Botanical Garden(SCNBG). The results are as follows:(1)A total of 19 154 species, 99 subspecies and 136 varieties(80 597 accession numbers)of vascular plants belonging to 325 families and 3 952 genera have been introduced since 1956, of which 11 581 species, 52 subspecies and 80 varieties(24 352 accession number)belonging to 290 families and 2 777 genera are surviving currently; the introduction records include 565 species of National Key Protected Wild Plants(421 species survived), covering 94.7%(36/38)of the first-class National Key Protected Wild Plants(29 species survived), 76.4%(269/352)of the second-class National Key Protected Wild Plants(229 species survived), and 54.3%(547/1 008)threatened species(414 species survived)in South China.(2)The most species are introduced from Guangdong Province(7 193 accession numbers, 2 523 species), followed by Hainan Province(3 658 accession numbers, 1 593 species), Guangxi Province(4 744 accession numbers, 1 559 species)and other surrounding provinces; the SCNBG has obtained some precious plant resources from the same latitude regions by introducing and exchanging species with 61 countries around the world.(3)17 specialized gardens for ex-situ conservation based on plant taxa(e. g. Magnolia Garden)show a high level in terms of introduction quantity and survival rate.(4)The correlation between the number of surviving species and the frequency of introduction is extremely significant(r = 0.85^***).(5)The survival rate of introduced species distributed naturally in South China is higher than that in other provinces. In the future, the SCNBG needs to strengthen the ex-situ conservation of plants through following points:(1)On the basis of investigation, cataloguing, evaluation and research, strengthening the introduction and collection of rare and endangered plants, native plants and economically important plants in tropical and subtropical regions, further improving the quantity and quality of ex-situ conservation;(2)Establishing an ex-situ conservation network system for plants in South China to effectively protect plant diversity in this region;(3)Improving the infrastructure construction and information management level of ex-situ conservation for higher efficiency;(4)Enhancing international scientific research cooperation and species exchange.]]> 2023/9/1 16:46:31 1,2, ZHANG Yiqi^1,2, REN Hai^1,2,3, NING Zulin^1,2*, LIAO Jingping^1,2]]> XIE Dan^1,2, ZHANG Yiqi^1,2, REN Hai^1,2,3, NING Zulin^1,2*, LIAO Jingping^1,2 7true 2023/9/1 16:46:31 1,2, QIN Fei^2,3, XUE Tiantian^2,3, ZHANG Wendi^2,3, LIU Qin^2,4,AN Mingtai^1*, YU Shengxiang^2,3*]]> YU Jianghong^1,2, QIN Fei^2,3, XUE Tiantian^2,3, ZHANG Wendi^2,3, LIU Qin^2,4,AN Mingtai^1*, YU Shengxiang^2,3* 6true Hydrocera triflora is an endangered species. Its genetic diversity is unclear and endangered mechanism has not been reported. In this study, 34 samples of H. triflora from seven populations were used to obtain single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)by Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing(RAD-seq). We discussed the endangered mechanisms of H. triflora by analyzing population genetic diversity and structure. Additionally, we combined these results with historical population dynamics analysis and predictions of potential species distribution in different climate scenarios. The results were as follows:(1)H. triflora had low genetic diversity(H_o=0.156 9, H_e=0.165 4, π=0.186 5)and high genetic differentiation coefficient; AMOVA analysis showed that genetic variation mainly occurred within populations.(2)The Mantel test indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between environmental distance and genetic distance, as well as geographical distance, with respective P-values of 0.041 2 and 0.008 2.(3)The effective population size of H. triflora had been continuously declining since the mid-Holocene.(4)The total potential distribution area of H. triflora change slightly in the future compared to that in the modern climate. However, in scenarios of high CO₂ emissions, the high suitable area decreased significantly and changed into low suitable area, especially in the Malay Islands where the suitable habitat was almost to extinction. The results indicate that habitat fragmentation caused a sustained decrease in the genetic diversity and effective population size of H. triflora. Therefore, the low self-renewal capacity, as well as detrimental environmental conditions such as human disturbance and urbanization, are the primary factors contributing to its endangered state. It is recommended to strengthen the in-situ protection of H. triflora, employing techniques such as artificial pollination to enhance gene flow among populations and thereby increase genetic diversity, and at the same time, we should focus on protecting wetlands from destruction.]]> 2023/9/1 16:46:31 1, WANG Meng¹, ZHENG Xilong², ZHANG Rui³, HE Song⁴, YAN Yuehong^1*]]> WU Xinyi¹, WANG Meng¹, ZHENG Xilong², ZHANG Rui³, HE Song⁴, YAN Yuehong^1* 5true 2023/9/1 16:46:31 1, ZHOU Ying², DONG Yifei³, LUO Binsheng^4*]]> HU Renchuan¹, ZHOU Ying², DONG Yifei³, LUO Binsheng^4* 4true Pseudolarix amabilis is one of the most internationally influential ancient relict plants in China, and faces a multitude of threats, including habitat fragmentation, population isolation, and declining numbers. Fortunately, the Village Fengshui forests, sacred forests protected by Fengshui culture, has emerged as a potential refuge for the natural population of P. amabilis. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms by which the Village Fengshui forests safeguards the natural population of P. amabilis warrant in-depth exploration. To address this research gap, this study employed rigorous field investigations and community interviews to comprehensively assess the recruitment status, conservation behaviors, and extent of disturbances for the natural population of P. amabilis. Moreover, we selected the P. amabilis population in Linjiatang as a representative study case to elucidate the protective and management paradigm of P. amabilis Village Fengshui forests. The results were as follows:(1)The diameter at breast height(DBH)structure of P. amabilis in the Village Fengshui forests exhibited continuity, and the seedling density was higher compared to other habitat types.(2)Protecting effectiveness of Village Fengshui forests in the natural population of P. amabilis could be attributed to the Fengshui and taboo cultures associated with Shuikou forest(Village Fengshui forests near water sources), cemetery forest, and Yangji tree(heritage tree near residential houses).(3)The development of rural tourism further contributed to the preservation of P. amabilis Village Fengshui forests. In conclusion, in the context of rural revitalization, the protection and management approach based on Fengshui and taboo cultures in Village Fengshui forests presents an effective paradigm for safeguarding the natural population of P. amabilis.]]> 2023/9/1 16:46:31 *, ZHOU Lihua, LONG Yuxiao, CHEN Yuan]]> JIN Cheng, YANG Yongchuan^*, ZHOU Lihua, LONG Yuxiao, CHEN Yuan 3true 2023/9/1 16:46:31 *]]> LI Caihui, XU Shuang^* 2true 2023/9/1 16:46:31 1,2,3, CHENG Zhuo^1,2,3, LONG Chunlin^1,2,3,4*]]> LIN Chen^1,2,3, CHENG Zhuo^1,2,3, LONG Chunlin^1,2,3,4* 1true