Quercus phillyreoides(Fagaceae)populations located on castle peak in the Wushan Scenic Spot of southern Fujian, China, are variegated. It differs significantly from the original form in the presence of persistent yellow-brown stellate hairs on the leaf abaxial surface. To explain this phenomenon, the distribution of Q. phillyreoides populations at the summit of castle peak was investigated, where variant, original, and intermediate forms, as well as typical original populations at the foot of castle peak and another allopatric area, were studied. Differences in micromorphological traits were counted using ANOVA based on leaf epidermal anatomy. Ecological factors were linked with a view to discovering the causes of variation and possible pathways of evolution. The results were as follows:(1)The variant form formed an evergreen broad-leaved scrub community with it as the dominant species on the west side of the summit, and the small patch of scrub on the east side is dominated by the original form, with a few intermediate form individuals within the latter.(2)The densities of single trichome base(STB)and compound trichome base(CTB)in the leaf adaxial epidermis of various populations was very low or even less than 1 No.·mm^-2, and the macroscopic expression was glabrous. The mean values of STB density of original, intermediate, and variant forms were increasing in the leaf abaxial epidermis. The mean density of CTB or typical stellate trichome(Tst)on the leaf abaxial epidermis varied from 0.481-1.122 No.·mm^-2 to 57.2 No.·mm^-2 in the variant form population compared with the original form populations, which macroscopically showed the formation of dense hairs. The stomatal length-width ratio increases from original form(1.187-1.205)to variant form(1.258).(3)ANOVA results showed that variant form leaf abaxial epidermal STB, CTB density and stomatal length-width ratio were significantly increased(larger)than the original form(P<0.01), but stomatal density and size did not show regularity and variability among populations(P>0.05). Poor soil, water and heat conditions at the summit of the Wushan castle peak, and combining the background with the obtained results indicate that the variation in the variant Q. phillyreoides leaf abaxial trichomes and stomatal aspect ratio were resistant to drought or temperature extremes. Since pollen flow has not been interrupted, the adaptive evolution of Q. phillyreoides due to specific habitats should be the main reason for this variation compared to geographical isolation. The microscopic traits showed no significant differences(P > 0.05)between the original form population on the top of castle peak and the rest original form populations confirms that the variation has been fixed by long-term selection and the short-term environmental influences play a limited role in shaping the variant traits. This study provides direct evidence that subtropical exceptional granitic landforms promote population differentiation and species formation.]]> 2024/4/1 0:00:00 1, ZHU Yiyao², FU Houhua¹, MA Liang³, CHEN Shipin^1*]]> LIN Yizhe¹, ZHU Yiyao², FU Houhua¹, MA Liang³, CHEN Shipin^1* 12true -1, with greater increases observed in karst region than in non-karst region, and in planted forest than in natural forest, suggesting that vegetation growth dynamics differed significantly across regions and forest types.(3)The spatial pattern of NDVI stability was similar to that of resistance under drought conditions, whereas resilience exhibited an opposite spatial pattern, reflecting a trade-off between the ability of forests to resist drought disturbances and their capacity to recover after disturbance.(4)The stability and resistance of forest NDVI in non-karst region were higher than those in karst region, while the resilience was greater in karst region; in addition, natural forest exhibited higher stability, resistance, and resilience than planted forest. Overall, these results indicate that the response of forest NDVI to drought in Guangxi exhibits pronounced regional and forest-type differences, and provide a scientific basis for adaptive forest management and ecosystem restoration under drought conditions.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1,3, HE Wen^2,3*, LIU Peng¹, LIU Siqin¹, LING Jiaxuan¹, LI Mengmeng¹, LI Ning⁴, JIA Bin⁵]]> YU Ling^1,3, HE Wen^2,3*, LIU Peng¹, LIU Siqin¹, LING Jiaxuan¹, LI Mengmeng¹, LI Ning⁴, JIA Bin⁵ 11true Paphiopedilum micranthum ecotypes in karst habitats, this study focused on three ecotypes(lithophytic type, scrub terrestrial type, and understory terrestrial type)co-occurring in a limestone area in southeastern Yunnan. We aimed to compare their nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiencies and elucidate their ecological adaptation strategies from the perspective of carbon-nitrogen allocation. By measuring soil available nitrogen content, and analyzing plant N phenotypes along with the activities of key N metabolism enzymes. We compared inter-ecotype differences in N accumulation and utilization efficiency, followed by correlation analysis of influencing factors. The results were as follows:(1)While no significant difference was observed in nitrogen uptake efficiency(NUpE), nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)differed significantly among ecotypes(P<0.05). The lithophytic type [(2.83±0.14)g·mg^-1] and the understory terrestrial type [(2.83±0.05)g·mg^-1)exhibited significantly higher NUE than the scrub terrestrial type [(2.64±0.22)g·mg^-1).(2)Divergent adaptive characteristics were formed: the understory terrestrial type had significantly greater total root length [(64.80±9.86)cm)and root-to-shoot ratio(0.95±0.22)than the lithophytic type [total root length:(50.26±17.50)cm; root-to-shoot ratio: 0.72±0.17]. In contrast, the lithophytic type displayed the highest nitrogen uptake per unit root length, significantly surpassing the understory terrestrial type(P<0.05). The scrub terrestrial type demonstrated a strong nitrate assimilation capacity, possessing the highest nitrate reductase activity [(49.37±1.08)μg NO₂^-·g^-1 FW·h^-1] and leaf N concentration.(3)Carbon-nitrogen allocation strategies differed markedly: the lithophytic type had the highest whole-plant carbon-to-nitrogen ratio(C/N), whereas the scrub terrestrial type exhibited the greatest C and N accumulations but the lowest C/N. The understory terrestrial type generally displayed intermediate values for these traits.(4)The correlation analysis showed that, nitrogen use efficiency was significantly positively correlated with total root length, root carbon accumulation, and leaf C/N, and significantly negatively correlated with soil ammonium nitrogen content. In conclusion, the different ecotypes develop complementary nitrogen adaptation mechanisms by regulating root architecture and carbon-nitrogen allocation. The lithophytic type achieved the highest nitrogen use efficiency through more nitrogen uptake per unit root length and a resource allocation strategy characterized by a higher C/N. By comparing the differences in nitrogen uptake/use efficiency and N metabolism physiology among ecotypes, this study elucidates their ecological adaptation mechanisms from the perspective of carbon-nitrogen allocation, and provides a theoretical basis for the scientific conservation and cultivation of this species.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1, WU Qian^1,3, LI Yin¹, LI Zongyan^1*, RUAN Yuehong¹, YANG Jianmin¹, NIAN Yaoping²]]> HU Jiaxue¹, WU Qian^1,3, LI Yin¹, LI Zongyan^1*, RUAN Yuehong¹, YANG Jianmin¹, NIAN Yaoping² 10true qMBC, qMBN and qMBP), and soil-microbialstoichiometric imbalance(C_imb:N_imb, C_imb:P_imb and N_imb:P_imb). The results were as follows:(1)The total nitrogen(N_soil)content and total phosphorus(P_soil)content of the soil in N-fixer tree species were significantly higher than that in non-N-fixer, but C_soil:N_soil was significantly lower than those in non-nitrogen-fixer.(2)The contents of microbial biomass carbon(MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN)and microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)were significantly higher in N-fixer than in non-N-fixer. In contrast, the ratios of MBC:MBP and MBN:MBP were significantly lower in N-fixer than in non-N-fixer. No significant differences were observed between N-fixer and non-N-fixer for C_imb:N_imb, C_imb:P_imb and N_imb:P_imb, indicating that they were characterized by a certain degree of internal stability.(3)qMBC of N-fixer was significantly larger than that of non-N-fixer, while qMBN and qMBP showed no significant difference between these two types of tree species. The RDA results showed that C_soil:P_soil, MBN:MBP and C_soil:N_soil were the key factors influencing soil microbial quotient. This study indicates that compared with non-N-fixer, N-fixer has significant advantages in improving soil nutrient status and alleviating soil P limitation in karst areas, which provides an important scientific basis for the selection of tree species in the process of ecological restoration.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1, HE Qinxia¹, LI Jiyin¹, MA Hailun¹, HUANG Haimei¹, ZHENG Jiamin¹, MING Angang^2,3, WANG Qingling^2,3, HUANG Xueman^1,3, YOU Yeming^1,3*]]> LIANG Yuying¹, HE Qinxia¹, LI Jiyin¹, MA Hailun¹, HUANG Haimei¹, ZHENG Jiamin¹, MING Angang^2,3, WANG Qingling^2,3, HUANG Xueman^1,3, YOU Yeming^1,3* 9true Davidia involucrata seedlings, a pot control experiment was conducted with one-year-old seedlings as research object and yellow brown soil as the substrate whose basic physical and chemical properties were determined. The “3414” soil testing and formulated fertilization method was adopted to set three factors(N, P, K)with four levels(0, 1, 2, 3), with a total of 14 treatments in all(T1-T14). The seedling growth and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of leaves and roots under different treatments were determined, and the inter-treatment differences and correlation relationships of each index were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The carbon(C)content in leaves and roots of D. involucrata seedlings showed relatively small differences among all treatments. The N and P contents showed significant differences(P<0.05), and they were positively correlated with the application levels of N and P fertilizers, respectively.(2)The C:N and N:P in leaves and roots under T2(N₀P₂K₂)were unbalanced, which limited the growth of D. involucrata seedlings. The N:P ratios in leaves and roots among all treatments ranged from 4.86 to 13.65, all lower than 14, indicating the seedling growth was limited by N.(3)The leaf mass per area, total biomass, plant height increment and ground diameter increment were the lowest under T11(N₃P₂K₂), which were 6.78%, 32.88%, 18.91% and 6.82% lower than those under T1(N₀P₀K₀)respectively. T13(N₁P₂K₁)had the most significant growth-promoting effect, with the above indicators being 12.39%, 82.37%, 192.08% and 120.45% higher than those under T1 respectively.(4)Correlation analysis showed that leaf mass per area was significantly positively correlated with root N content and N:P of leaves and roots(P<0.05), and total biomass was significantly positively correlated with root C content(P<0.05), indicating a certain correlation between growth traits and ecological stoichiometric characteristics.(5)Multiple comparison results showed that N had significant effects on all growth traits, as well as root C and N contents and leaf N and P contents(P<0.05). P had significant effects on leaf mass per area, plant height increment, ground diameter increment and P contents of leaves and roots(P<0.05). K had a significant effect on leaf mass per area, plant height increment and ground diameter increment(P<0.05). In conclusion, balanced application of N, P and K should be emphasized for potted D. involucrata seedlings, and excessive application of N fertilizer(7.95 g·plant^-1)should be avoided due to its inhibitory effect on seedling growth. T13(2.65 g N, 1.00 g P₂O₅, and 1.50 g K₂O)is the optimal fertilization scheme for the growth of D. involucrata seedlings. The precise fertilization model constructed in this study provides core technical support for the population propagation and natural reintroduction of D. involucrata, and contributes to the conservation of this endangered species resource.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1, REN Qifei^2,3*, FU Hangqin¹, CHEN Yunfei^2,3]]> ZHANG Yaoyao¹, REN Qifei^2,3*, FU Hangqin¹, CHEN Yunfei^2,3 8true P. edulis in northern Guilin, Guangxi, China as the study material, we quantified carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P)contents, along with their stoichiometric ratios(C:N, C:P, N:P)across seven organ types [culm, branch, leaf/flower spike, culm stump, culm root, rhizome, and rhizome root] during four flowering periods: pre-flowering, initial flowering, peak flowering, and late flowering. The objective was to elucidate the underlying stoichiometric adaptation mechanisms and resource reallocation strategies that underpin reproductive investment in bamboo. The results were as follows:(1)The C, N, and P contents in different organs exhibited significant differences and temporal dynamics across all four periods. Branches consistently exhibited the highest C content; leaf/flower spike N peaked during pre-flowering, whereas P peaked at peak flowering; culm P, branch C, and leaf N declined monotonically throughout flowering; rhizome C and N showed a unimodal pattern(decreasing then increasing); and P in branches, culm roots, and rhizome roots followed an inverse unimodal trajectory(increasing then decreasing).(2)Stoichiometric ratios displayed distinct spatiotemporal patterns. C:N reached its maximum in culms during initial flowering; C:P peaked in rhizome roots at late flowering; and N:P was the highest in rhizomes during pre-flowering.(3)Significant(P < 0.05)or highly significant(P < 0.01)correlations were observed among C, N, and P contents and ratios across organs within each period, indicating tightly coordinated, stage-dependent nutrient partitioning. In conclusion, during the flowering period of P. edulis, vegetative organs such as branches accumulate C to maintain homeostasis, while leaves/flower spikes accumulate N and P to support metabolic processes. This overall pattern reflects an ecological adaptation strategy characterized by “C homeostasis, P limitation, and N redistribution” ensuring reproductive demands.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1,2, GUO Jing^1,2, NONG Junqing², LI Zailiu^1*, XU Zhenguo^2*]]> HU Xiaoxue^1,2, GUO Jing^1,2, NONG Junqing², LI Zailiu^1*, XU Zhenguo^2* 7true Cenchrus fungigraminus, Penmisetum purpureum, P. purpureum cv. Laimu-1, P. purpureum cv. Red, P. alopecuroides, P. glaucum × purpureum, P. americanum, and Saccharum officinarum cv. PNG, were collected within the 400-900 nm wavelength range. By processing the original spectra along with their reciprocal taking logarithm transformations, the first derivatives, and the second derivatives, spectral characteristics were analyzed, and multiple vegetation indices were extracted. Based on six types of feature sets — original spectra, reciprocal taking logarithm transformation, the first derivative, the second derivative, three-edge parameters, and vegetation indices — twenty graded feature combinations were constructed. Classification models were developed using support vector machine(SVM)and random forest(RF)algorithms, with model accuracy evaluated accordingly. The results were as follows:(1)The eight Juncao species exhibited typical vegetation spectral characteristics in the visible light region, with reflectance rising sharply in the red-edge region(700-750 nm).(2)Different spectral processing methods significantly amplified inter-species spectral differences in specific bands, such as reciprocal taking logarithm transformation within 570-650 nm, the first derivatives around 730 nm, and the second derivatives in the 670-760 nm range. The red-edge amplitude, red-edge area, and simple ratio(SR)vegetation index demonstrated the strongest discriminative power among species.(3)Model performance indicated that the SVM algorithm generally outperformed RF. The combination of “original spectra + three-edge parameters” achieved the highest accuracy of 70.56% under SVM, which was 14.03% higher than the same combination under RF. The optimal performance for RF was observed with the “original spectra + reciprocal taking logarithm transformation” combination, though it showed limited adaptability to high-dimensional features. Integrating spectral features from visible and near-infrared bands with spectral transformation techniques and vegetation indices, coupled with the SVM algorithm, provides an effective theoretical foundation and technical support for the rapid and accurate identification and classification of Juncao species.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1, LÜ Shi², ZHENG Renhao¹, LIN Hui², DU Hongwei¹, YAN Huihui², ZHOU Ran¹, WANG Ziyi¹, LIN Dongmei², LIN Zhanxi², LIU Fengshan^2*]]> LI Shengfan¹, LÜ Shi², ZHENG Renhao¹, LIN Hui², DU Hongwei¹, YAN Huihui², ZHOU Ran¹, WANG Ziyi¹, LIN Dongmei², LIN Zhanxi², LIU Fengshan^2* 6true Picea asperata plantations in the Taohe River basin has become increasingly crucial. To explore the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of its carbon storage, this study focused on P. asperata plantations within the Taohe River basin, establishing plots with varying stand ages(young and middle forests)and densities(925-2 800 trees·hm^-2). It systematically measured and comprehensively evaluated the carbon storage and distribution characteristics of different organs(trunk, branch, leaf, bark, root)within the tree layer, the litter layer, and distinct soil horizons(0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm). It provided an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which stand age and density influenced carbon storage. The results were as follows:(1)The total carbon storage of P. asperata plantation ecosystem in the Taohe River basin ranged between 336.25 to 512.39 t·hm^-2. The overall pattern exhibited a hierarchy of carbon storage: soil layer > tree layer > litter layer.(2)The soil layer constituted the most fundamental stable carbon reservoir within ecosystems, holding carbon storage ranging from 256.89 to 300.45 t·hm^-2. This accounted for 69.90% of total carbon storage, with over 60% of soil carbon concentrated within the 0-40 cm soil layer.(3)The carbon storage in the tree layer ranged between 43.12 to 190.02 t·hm^-2, exhibiting pronounced spatio-temporal heterogeneity alongside a significant ‘mid-mature forest carbon accumulation peak'. Carbon was preferentially allocated to the trunk(22.46%-49.42%)and root(19.39%-29.35%)among the various organs. Its distribution strategy was density-regulated: biomass in high-density stands concentrated in the trunk, while in medium-to-low-density stands, all organs grew more evenly, resulting in higher carbon sequestration efficiency.(4)The carbon storage in the litter layer ranged from 12.53 to 21.92 t·hm^-2, accounting for 3.58% to 4.30% of the total carbon storage. However, its carbon content was remarkably high at 306.04 to 389.32 g·kg^-1, making it a pivotal hub connecting above-ground and below-ground carbon flows. This study confirms that stand age and density are the core factors driving carbon accumulation and distribution within P. asperata plantations ecosystems. By implementing sustainable management strategies centred on density regulation, the carbon sink potential of P. asperata plantations in this region can be effectively harnessed. The results provide crucial theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing the carbon sink function of plantations in the Taohe River basin, safeguarding ecosystem, and achieving regional carbon neutrality objectives.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1,2, REN Zengcao^1,2, ZONG Wenzhen¹, DING Aiqiang^1,2, CHEN Zhengni^1,2*]]> LING Lei^1,2, REN Zengcao^1,2, ZONG Wenzhen¹, DING Aiqiang^1,2, CHEN Zhengni^1,2* 5true Gentiana aristata, a typical alpine species of the Gentiana genus, serves as an ideal research material for analyzing species adaptation mechanisms to extreme environments, developing distinctive medicinal bioactive compounds, and breeding cold-resistant ornamental germplasm. To uncover the pollination biology characteristics of G. aristata and its reproductive adaptation strategies to alpine extreme environments, this study employed a combination of field observations and controlled experiments to systematically investigate its reproductive traits, including flowering dynamics, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollen/ovule ratio(P/O), breeding system, and composition of pollinating insects. The results were as follows:(1)G. aristata exhibited herkogamy and incomplete dichogamy. The longevity of individual flower of G. aristata was(5.97±0.19)d, which significantly extended to(16.13±0.78)d under insect-excluded conditions, representing an adaptive strategy to the variable pollination environment in alpine regions.(2)Both pollen viability and stigma receptivity of G. aristata were maintained for approximately 4 d, with pollen viability peaking on the second day after anthesis and stigma receptivity reaching its maximum on the second day after the stigma fully opened.(3)The results of breeding system showed the fruit setting in bagging without emasculation flowers was primarily attributed to autonomous selfing via temporary corolla closure and assisted selfing by small insects like thrips(Thripidae spp.)and ants(Formica spp.). The fruit setting rates and seed setting rates were low and showed no significant difference between those flowers under natural pollination after emasculation and bagging without emasculation, indicating that both selfing and outcrossing have similar reproductive success, but both were lower than that under natural pollination.(4)The main pollinator of Gentiana aristata was Delia platura, which accounted for 55.17% of all flower visits, with a visit frequency of(0.24±0.04)times·flower^-1·h^-1. In addition to D. platura, other pollinators included various flies and beetles. In summary, Gentiana aristata exhibits high plasticity in flower longevity and possesses a mixed mating system combining selfing and outcrossing. Its main pollinators are abundant flies that show relatively high floral visitation frequency. These traits collectively represent a key reproductive strategy for adapting to the unpredictability of alpine pollination environments. The findings provide critical theoretical support for the conservation of G. aristata germplasm resources and its medicinal development.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 *]]> ZHANG Xinran, ZHAO Suya, WANG Yifan, ZHENG Yuxin, ZHANG Chan^* 4true Caragana turfanensis is a near-threatened plant endemic to Tianshan Mountains of China. To clarify the survival status and developmental trends of its populations, this study investigated the natural populations of C. turfanensis in the Tomur Peak National Nature Reserve. Using quadrat surveys and population statistical methods, we compiled a static life table, fitted survival curves, and conducted a systematic assessment combined with population viability and dynamic quantitative indices. The results were as follows:(1)The population exhibited an “inverted J-shaped” age structure, with a high proportion of seedlings and young individuals, indicating an expanding growth pattern, yet the age-class distribution was uneven.(2)The survival curve conformed to the B3 subtype of the Deevey Type II curve, characterized by extremely high early mortality(up to 90.5% in age class I), reflecting strong environmental filtering.(3)Survival analysis revealed that the survival rate declined sharply with increasing age class(dropping to only 0.9% by age class III), with cumulative mortality reaching 99.1% by age class III, indicating increasing mortality in older classes.(4)Population dynamic index analysis indicated that the dynamic indices of all age classes of C. turfanensis were positive, reflecting an overall increasing population trend. However, the V'_pi value(3.14%)was close to zero, implying extremely slow growth under natural disturbances. The maximum risk value of random disturbance for the population(P_max=0.04%)demonstrated weak resistance to environmental interference and high ecological vulnerability. In conclusion, although C. turfanensis populations possess growth potential, the extremely high early mortality causes a severe “seedling bottleneck”, resulting in poor population stability. It is recommended to implement measures such as microhabitat improvement, establishment of protected micro-reserves, and enhancement of artificial assisted regeneration to break through the early survival bottleneck and promote population recovery and stability.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1,2, LIU Jingwen¹, MA Xinhui¹, ZHANG Hanrui¹, TANG Jia¹, TIAN Zhongping³, ZHANG Kai^1,2*]]> MAIMAITI Mierkamili^1,2, LIU Jingwen¹, MA Xinhui¹, ZHANG Hanrui¹, TANG Jia¹, TIAN Zhongping³, ZHANG Kai^1,2* 3true -2, with the order of EBF> MCBF> MEF.(2)The relationship between water-holding capacity(Q)and immersion time(t)followed the logarithmic function [Q=aln(t)+b], and the relationship between water-absorption rate(V)and immersion time(t)followed the power function(V=ktⁿ); there was a significant logarithmic relationship between water-losing capacity and seasoning time(R²>0.95, P<0.05), whereas a significant power function relationship was found between water-losing rate and seasoning time(R²>0.95, P<0.05).(3)The effective interception rate ranged from 49.46% to 116.13%, and the effective interception capacity ranged from 0.41 to 3.09 t·hm^-2. Among them, the effective interception capacity of EBF and MCBF was significantly higher than that of MEF(P<0.05). In conclusion, there were significant differences in the hydrological regulation efficiency of litter among different forest types in the Dayaoshan Reserve, Guangxi. EBF not only had the highest rainfall interception capacity but also exhibited better coordination between water-holding and water-release. The results of this study can provide empirical basis and parameter support for the accurate evaluation of water conservation functions, quantification of ecological benefits, and protection and management decisions of subtropical montane forests.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:34 1,2, MENG Jian¹, XU Zhanyong¹, LUO Weisheng¹, LU Feng¹, LIU Xionghui ², TANG Qiuyue², QIN Kun³, TAN Bizeng^1*]]> QIN Zhiwei^1,2, MENG Jian¹, XU Zhanyong¹, LUO Weisheng¹, LU Feng¹, LIU Xionghui ², TANG Qiuyue², QIN Kun³, TAN Bizeng^1* 2true Macadamia sp., a tropical to subtropical montane plant, possesses considerable economic and ecological significances. Understanding its potential ecologically suitable areas under future climate change scenarios is of great importance for promoting sustainable economic development and soil and water conservation in mountainous regions of China. This study integrated the MaxEnt model with ArcGIS technology to analyze current distribution data of Macadamia sp. in China, along with environmental variables including climatic, topographic, and soil factors, etc. Key environmental determinants influencing its distribution were identified, and the potential distribution patterns of suitable areas were projected for four future time periods: the 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s. The results were as follows:(1)The MaxEnt model demonstrated high accuracy in simulating the potential geographic distribution of Macadamia sp. in China.(2)Annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, isothermality, and temperature annual range were identified as the most influential environmental variables shaping its distribution.(3)Across all climate scenarios, Yunnan Province consistently exhibited the largest distribution area of suitable area, followed by the southeastern coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Guangxi.(4)Under all three future climate scenarios(SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5), the total area of suitable areas gradually decreased over time, accompanied by increasing fragmentation, while the spatial shifts of the overall centroid remained minimal. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential ecological distribution patterns, and offers a scientific basis for the development of large-scale cultivation strategies.]]> 2026/7/13 23:22:35 1, WANG Xuezhao^2,3,4, LI Xiaona^2,4*, ZHANG Lin¹, WANG Leiguang⁵]]> PAN Yinxixue¹, WANG Xuezhao^2,3,4, LI Xiaona^2,4*, ZHANG Lin¹, WANG Leiguang⁵ 1true