1 population and 342 pea mutants in M₂ population.(2)The phenotypic mutation types of mutant peas were diverse, with the coefficient of variation in dry grain weight per plant being the largest at 0.965.(3)By comprehensively analyzing the field phenotypic data, 10 superior pea mutant germplasms were selected. This study enriches the pea germplasm resources and provides a reference for functional gene mining and research, and the breeding of superior pea varieties.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:24 1, LIU Mingxia¹, YAO Yanlin¹, HU Jinglei², WEI Yulong³, ZHANG Huaigang², LIU Baolong², CAO Dong^2*]]> WANG Dongxia¹, LIU Mingxia¹, YAO Yanlin¹, HU Jinglei², WEI Yulong³, ZHANG Huaigang², LIU Baolong², CAO Dong^2* 15true GmYUC2 gene. Based on the resequencing data and the phenotypic identification data of shade tolerance index(STI)in three environments of 394 natural variation populations of soybean in southern China, this research analyzed the natural variation of GmYUC2 gene to respond shade stress in soybean, and developed KASP molecular markers. The results were as follows:(1)The length of CDS sequence for GmYUC2 gene cloned from Gongdou 7 was 1 148 bp, it encoded 382 amino acids, the encoded proteins all contained domains including FMO-like, Pyr-redox-2 and Pyr-redox-3.(2)There existed four SNP variation sites in gene GmYUC2, three SNP variants were located in the intron and one SNP variant was located in the 5_prime_UTR region, SNP2 and SNP3 had the highest linkage degree(r²=0.988 8), followed by SNP1 and SNP4(r²=0.921 934), SNP1 and SNP2 had the lowest linkage degree(r²=0.475 691).(3)Four haplotypes were identified in 394 populations based on these four SNP sites, the Hap1 haplotype was consistent with the reference genome Wm82, and Hap2, Hap3, and Hap4 were all directly mutated from Hap1, the STI of soybean germplasm corresponding to Hap2 was significantly lower than that of Hap1, indicating that the soybean germplasm carrying Hap2 haplotype had better shade-tolerance than that carrying Hap1.(4)Under shady conditions, the expression of gene GmYUC2 was up-regulated in both extremely shade-tolerant germplasm and negative shade-tolerant germplasm, and the expression of gene GmYUC2 was significantly higher in extremely shade-tolerant germplasm than that in negative shade-tolerant germplasm.(5)The KASP molecular marker developed by three SNP mutation sites of gene GmYUC2 was used to verify 18 soybean materials, the identification results of genotype and phenotype were highly consistent with 88.89%. The study cloned GmYUC2 gene successfully, and found GmYUC2 gene played an important role in soybean response to shade stress, the KASP molecular marker developed could be used to identify shade-tolerance of soybean resources at seedling stage. This study provides a reference for further analysis of the main function and expression regulation mechanism of gene GmYUC2, and provides a theoretical basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding of shade tolerance in soybean.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:24 1, TAN Yurong¹, ZHANG Jiaoping², SUN Zudong¹, YANG Shouzhen¹, TANG Xiangmin¹, ZENG Weiying^1*]]> CHEN Dongliang¹, TAN Yurong¹, ZHANG Jiaoping², SUN Zudong¹, YANG Shouzhen¹, TANG Xiangmin¹, ZENG Weiying^1* 14true 2025/7/30 15:12:24 1,2, HAO Ming³, LI Yun¹, CAO Dong^1,2, ZHANG Huaigang^1,2, LIU Baolong^1,2*]]> GONG Zhengwei^1,2, HAO Ming³, LI Yun¹, CAO Dong^1,2, ZHANG Huaigang^1,2, LIU Baolong^1,2* 13true Arabidopsis thaliana. The results were as follows:(1)The Tae-miR167 family comprised 18 members, which gave rise to three mature miRNA sequences. Tae-miR167 exhibited a characteristic hairpin structure.(2)The three matures of Tae-miR167 were expressed in most wheat organs, with relatively higher expression levels observed in roots, leaves, and seeds. The expressiones of Tae-miR167b and Tae-miR167c matures were up-regulated in response to low temperature and PEG-induced drought stress treatments, respectively.(3)The A. thaliana lines of over-expression Tae-miR167c precursor significantly improred germination rates and root lengths under osmotic stress. Additionally, the drought tolerance of these transgenic seedlings was improved, and significant increases were observed in water content, soluble sugar content, and chlorophyll content.(4)Target gene prediction indicated that Tae-miR167c could bind to an F-box protein, thereby participating in the regulation of abiotic stress response. In conclusion, miR167c was significantly up-regulated under drought stress, and over-expression Tae-miR167c transgenic lines enhanced tolerance to drought stress. This study enhances the understanding of the function of wheat miR167 and provides novel genetic resources for wheat germplasm innovation.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:24 *]]> WANG Lianzhe, LI Di, YANG Yujiao, MA Changrui, ZHU Tao^* 12true 2^-)in root tissue cells of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum cv. Longyu 10), this study employed nitroblue tetrazolium(NBT)histochemical staining coupled with tissue sectioning techniques to systematically analyze the distribution patterns of ROS(O₂^-)signal accumulation and intercellular signaling pathways at both two-dimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)resolution levels. The results were as follows:(1)Under normal treatment(25 ℃), basal ROS(O₂^-)accumulation remained minimal in root tissues, whereas cold stress(4 ℃)triggered a pronounced ROS(O₂^-)signal “burst” phenomenon.(2)Polarized ROS(O₂^-)propagation exhibited a distinct basipetal gradient as root apex-meristematic zone-elongation zone, with signal intensity progressively attenuating along the longitudinal axis, potentially attributable to scavenging activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(PO)] in distal cells.(3)Histological localization revealed preferential ROS(O₂^-)signals accumulation in vascular bundle and scalariform vessel tissue cells, suggesting their pivotal role during the ROS(O₂^-)signal transmission process.(4)Spatial quantification identified maximal ROS(O₂^-)deposition at cell-cell junctions with characteristic signal “hotspots”, indicating the presence of an “intercellular” signal pattern in winter wheat tissue cells. These findings collectively established ROS(O₂^-)as dynamic signaling entities in winter wheat, offering mechanistic insights for cold stress adaptation and signal transmission study and informing novel strategies in molecular breeding for enhanced freezing tolerance.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:24 1,2*, QIAO Yilin¹, SHI Wanxi¹, YANG Cairong³, GAO Xuemei¹, DENG Sumin¹, QIAO Yan¹, MA Jian¹, DUAN Shan¹, WEI Ziyao¹, SONG Chunyan¹, HE Zhumei¹, HE Rong¹]]> QI Weiliang^1,2*, QIAO Yilin¹, SHI Wanxi¹, YANG Cairong³, GAO Xuemei¹, DENG Sumin¹, QIAO Yan¹, MA Jian¹, DUAN Shan¹, WEI Ziyao¹, SONG Chunyan¹, HE Zhumei¹, HE Rong¹ 11true 2025/7/30 15:12:24 1, MA Fucai¹, LI Jiedong¹, MA Wenyan¹, LIU Baolong², CAO Dong², WANG Dongxia^1*]]> LIU Chengkai¹, MA Fucai¹, LI Jiedong¹, MA Wenyan¹, LIU Baolong², CAO Dong², WANG Dongxia^1* 10true REVEILLE 7-like gene in winter wheat and effect of exogenous brassinolide(BR)on the expression of this gene under low temperature stress. In this study, the cDNA sequence of REVEILLE 7-like gene of winter wheat(Dn1)was cloned by RT-PCR, and its bioinformatics analysis was carried out. At the three-leaf stage of winter wheat, BR was sprayed on the leaves, and leaves and tillering nodes of winter wheat were sampled at 4, 0, -10, -25 ℃. The expression patterns of this gene in the leaves and tillers of winter wheat in the above different treatment groups were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results were as follows:( 1 )REVEILLES belonged to MYB transcription factor family, and the full length of REVEILLE 7-like gene was 1 251 bp, which encoded 416 amino acids. The encoded protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein, mainly located in the nucleus.( 2 )REVEILLE 7-like had the closest genetic relationship with Aegilops tauschii and emmer wheat, showing 78.62% sequence identity.( 3 )REVEILLE 7-like gene promoter contained cis-acting elements involved in adversity response, hormone response and MYB binding site.( 4 )The expression pattern analysis showed that the expression level of REVEILLE 7-like gene in the control group was significantly higher at 0 ℃, -10 ℃ and -25 ℃ than at 4 ℃, suggesting that the gene might play an important role in winter wheat under low temperature stress. At -10 ℃ and -25 ℃, the expression level of the gene both in leaves and tillering nodes of winter wheat treated with BR was significantly higher than that in the control group. In summary, these results suggest that the REVEILLE 7-like gene plays an important role in the response of winter wheat to low temperature stress. Exogenous BR application enhances the expression of this gene, particularly in tillering nodes and at lower temperatures(-10 ℃ and -25 ℃), where its expression level is significantly higher than in leaves. This BR-induced upregulation of REVEILLE 7-like expression further improves the cold tolerance of winter wheat, with a more pronounced effect observed in tillering nodes as temperatures decrease..]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1, ZHANG Junbao¹, WANG Xuesong¹, SHAO Qingyi¹, YANG Sen¹, CAO Jia'ang¹, LIU Lijie^1,2*]]> CHEN Yushu¹, ZHANG Junbao¹, WANG Xuesong¹, SHAO Qingyi¹, YANG Sen¹, CAO Jia'ang¹, LIU Lijie^1,2* 9true Rosa roxburghii, a medicinal and edible plant native to Southwest China, is renowned for its rich bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, vitamin C, and polysaccharides, which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. To advance the genetic research and application of R. roxburghii, this study aimed to construct a comprehensive full-length transcriptome database and identify key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Using PacBio Sequel II single-molecule real-time(SMRT)sequencing, mixed samples from six tissues(flower, leaf, stem, young bark, mature bark, and fruit)were analyzed. Bioinformatics tools were employed for transcriptome assembly, functional annotation, and structural characterization. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 25 003 non-redundant isoforms were obtained, with an average length of 2 471 bp. Among these, 24 357 coding sequences(CDS)were predicted, averaging 1 727 bp, with the majority ranging between 300 - 3 000 bp.(2)Functional annotation using seven databases(GO, KEGG, Nr, Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, KOG, and Pfam)revealed that 24 859 isoforms(99.42%)were annotated. Notably, 99 transcripts were linked to flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), chalcone synthase(CHS), and flavonol synthase(FLS).(3)A total of 1 930 transcription factors(TFs)from 82 families were identified, with 55 TFs(e.g., WRKY, MYB, and bHLH)potentially regulating flavonoid biosynthesis.(4)Structural analysis predicted 95 long non-coding RNAs(LncRNAs)and 12 588 simple sequence repeats(SSRs), from which 10 545 SSR primer pairs were designed. The research findings enrich the genetic database of R. roxburghii, providing a theoretical foundation for the next steps in molecular marker development, growth and development, stress resistance, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, as well as genetic improvement and breeding.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 *]]> HE Bin, ZHANG Yangli, WU Yuhan, TANG Dahai, YANG Qunying, LIU Linya, HUANG Yacheng^* 8true CMO and BADH genes derived from the A and B genomes of different banana genotypes exhibit significant structural divergences, which may lead to functional differentiation. To explore the enzymatic differences between CMO and BADH proteins encoded by the A and B genomes at the protein level, this study cloned the coding sequences of MaCMO and MaBADH from Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Cavendish. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to characterize their structural features. The prokaryotic expression vectors pET28a-MaCMO and pET28a-MaBADH were constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Optimal conditions for active protein expression were screened, and nickel affinity chromatography was employed for protein purification. The results were as follows:(1)MaCMO contained the Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] domain and iron-binding sites typical of oxygenase family proteins, while MaBADH harbors a highly conserved decapeptide motif of aldehyde dehydrogenases.(2)MaCMO consisted of 425 amino acids with a molecular mass of 47.48 kDa, exhibiting a predominantly random coil secondary structure and hydrophilic properties; MaBADH comprised 505 amino acids(55.10 kDa), characterized by an α-helix-rich secondary structure and hydrophilicity.(3)In the BL21(DE3)prokaryotic expression system, MaCMO formed inactive inclusion bodies under induction at 28 ℃ for 18 h with 0.5 mmol·L^-1 IPTG, whereas MaBADH achieved maximal expression of active protein at 37 ℃ for 12 h with 0.1 mmol·L^-1 IPTG and could be efficiently purified via affinity chromatography. In conclusion, the BL21(DE3)system expresses MaCMO as inactive aggregates but produces functional MaBADH. This study provides a protein-level theoretical basis for elucidating functional divergence between CMO and BADH encoded by the A and B genomes in bananas and offers methodological insights for comparative functional studies of homologous genes across plant genomes.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1, 3, YU Jiaxuan¹, LI Xinguo^1*, LIU Juhua^2*]]> ZHU Bowei^{1, 3}, YU Jiaxuan¹, LI Xinguo^1*, LIU Juhua^2* 7true Sophora alopecuroides, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of S. alopecuroides using Illumina platform, and performed assembly, annotation and characteristic analysis by bioinformatics methods, conducting phylogenetic studies and divergence time estimation of S. alopecuroides based on chloroplast genomes and single-copy orthologous genes. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome of S. alopecuroides was 154 399 bp in length, with a typical quadripartite structure and 36.6% GC content, which contained 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes.(2)A total of 94 simple sequence repeat(SSR)sites were detected in the chloroplast genome, which were mainly distributed in the intergenic regions and dominated by single nucleotide A/T repeats.(3)Simultaneously, codon bias analysis indicated that leucine(Leu)was the most frequent amino acid used(10.39%). There were 21 codons whose relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU)was greater than 1 and ΔRSCU≥0.08, all of which mainly ended in A/U. Their preferences are influenced by the combined effects of mutation and natural selection.(4)We also found that the ycf2 gene of the chloroplast genome in S. alopecuroides were under positive selection through selective pressure analysis.(5)Additionally, due to the different evolutionary rates of organelle genes and nuclear genes, the topological structures of phylogenetic trees constructed based on chloroplast genome sequences and single-copy orthologous gene sequences screened from transcriptome/genome were not exactly the same, but the results showed that S. alopecuroides and S. davidii were closely related. Estimates of divergence times indicated that the estimated differentiation time of S. alopecuroides based on chloroplast genome(8.05 Mya)was much smaller than that based on single-copy of orthologous gene(18.28 Mya). This study clarified the chloroplast genome characteristics and obtained reasonable phylogenetic position and differentiation time of S. alopecuroide. It provides fundamental data and reference value for subsequent discussions on the phylogeny, genetic diversity, and selection and utilization of germplasm resources of Sophora in the future.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1, HU Xiayu¹, LIU Yuping^1,2, SU Xu^1,2*, LIU Tao¹, MAO Xuanrui¹, XU Yujie¹, YANG Ping¹, ZHANG Penghui¹, ZHENG Changyuan¹]]> CAI RANG Zhaxi¹, HU Xiayu¹, LIU Yuping^1,2, SU Xu^1,2*, LIU Tao¹, MAO Xuanrui¹, XU Yujie¹, YANG Ping¹, ZHANG Penghui¹, ZHENG Changyuan¹ 6true PvoRR22 was cloned based on the Plukenetia volubilis genome and transcriptome database, and its bioinformatics and expression patterns of different tissues and inflorescence buds treated with 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)were analyzed in this study. The results were as follows:(1)PvoRR22 encoded a protein of 170 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 18.65 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 4.54. PvoRR22 was characterized as a hydrophilic protein and localized in the nucleus.(2)Phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest evolutionary relationship of PvoRR22 was the homologs from Ricinus communis and Euphorbia peplus.(3)PvoRR22 promoter sequences contained a large number of cis-acting elements those responded to light, a circadian rhythm and abiotic stress, and hormones including abscisic acid, auxin, and jasmonic acid.(4)PlantRegMap analysis revealed that PvoRR22 might be primarily regulated by the transcription factors of MYB and ERF family.(5)PvoRR22 was principally expressed in the roots, stems, and stem apexes of Plukenetia volubilis, with the highest expression levels in the roots. The expression levels of PvoRR22 peaked at 12 h in inflorescence buds after 6-BA treatment. In conclusion, PvoRR22 may play an important role in the growth and development of the roots, stems, and stem apexes in P. volubilis, as well as in cytokinin signal transduction. This study lays a foundation for further research on the function of PvoRR22.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1,2, FU Qiantang^1*]]> CHEN Weiyue^1,2, FU Qiantang^1* 5true Marchantia polymorpha is an emerging model plant with many advantages such as a small genome and low gene redundancy. To explore the regulatory mechanism of PP2A in plant growth, the full-length coding region of MpPP2A-A subunit was cloned from M. polymorpha, and its expression was analyzed by using bioinformatics software and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technology. At the same time, a knockout mutant of MpPP2A-A gene was constructed. The results were as follows:(1)The full-length coding region of the MpPP2A-A gene was 1 761 bp, encoding 586 amino acids, containing three domains and no signal peptide.(2)The amino acid sequence alignment analysis indicated that PP2A-A was relatively conserved during plant evolution.(3)Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR showed that the expression of MpPP2A-A gene in the apical notch, thallus, and gemma cup decreased successively.(4)Three independent mutant lines were successfully obtained by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. It was found that the area of the mutant gemma was significantly reduced compared with wild-type Tak1, and its morphology was abnormal. The research results show that MpPP2A-A gene plays an important role in the growth process of M. polymorpha gemma, laying a foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanism of PP2A-A gene in regulating plant growth and development in the future.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1,2,3, JIANG Xinhua^1,2, ZHANG Bangyue^1,2, CHEN Sha^1,2, ZHANG Jingjing^1,2, LI Xiangyuan^1,2, RONG Duoyan^1,2,3*]]> LIU Wenzhen^1,2,3, JIANG Xinhua^1,2, ZHANG Bangyue^1,2, CHEN Sha^1,2, ZHANG Jingjing^1,2, LI Xiangyuan^1,2, RONG Duoyan^1,2,3* 4true Zizyphus jujuba cv. Dongzao, a late-maturing fresh-eating jujube variety unique to China, features tender flesh, abundant juice and minimal residues. It is not only nutritionally rich but also has the value of serving as a medicinal substitute, making it highly popular among consumers. DNA methylation, as an important epigenetic modification method, plays a core role in plants' response to stress and the process of fruit development. RWD40 protein is a key protein involved in the methylation regulation pathway. It affects the expression of a series of downstream genes by regulating the DNA methylation level, and thus has a profound impact on the development process of fruits, the synthesis and accumulation of flavor substances, etc., ultimately affecting the fruit quality. In order to reveal which upstream protein regulates the expression of RWD40 gene remains unclear, this study employed the yeast one-hybrid technique to preliminarily screen for upstream candidate regulatory factors of the ZjRWD40 gene. The results were as follows:(1)The titer of the three-frame expression library of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao cDNA reached 4×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1, and the recombination rate was 100%.(2)Stress-defense elements ABRE, MBS, and TGACG-motif were identified from the promoter region of the ZjRWD40 gene family, and bait vectors Bait1-ABRE, Bait2-MBS, and Bait3-TGACG-motif were constructed through bait sequences, respectively.(3)The results of screening upstream regulatory factors through yeast one-hybrid showed that Bait1-ABRE exhibited a self-activation. A total of eleven gene sequences were initially retrieved from the Bait2-MBS and Bait3-TGACG-motif bait vectors. Among them, five gene sequences were directly related to plant stress-resistance responses. The proteins encoded by these genes might regulated the expression of the ZjRWD40 gene through interactions with the MBS element and the TGACG-motif element, thus affecting its DNA methylation level. This study provides certain reference for the molecular network mechanism by which the ZjRWD40 gene regulates the fruit development of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao, and also lays a theoretical foundation for the drought-resistant breeding of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao. Future research will focus on using transcriptome sequencing technology to identify the downstream regulatory genes of ZjRWD40, aiming to further clarify its molecular pathway in the stress regulation of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1, WANG Huiran¹, WANG Jiawei^1,3, ZHOU Jun^1,2, REN Yufeng^1,2, XU Wendi^1,2*, ZHANG Kun¹, QIAO Shuai¹, ZHANG Zhikai¹]]> WANG Jiaqi¹, WANG Huiran¹, WANG Jiawei^1,3, ZHOU Jun^1,2, REN Yufeng^1,2, XU Wendi^1,2*, ZHANG Kun¹, QIAO Shuai¹, ZHANG Zhikai¹ 3true Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium hybrids(Den-Phals)are important ornamental plants in tropical areas, with unique flower shapes and rich colors, and have extremely high industrial value in flower market. Molecular breeding is an important means to break through the limitations of traditional breeding, and screening marker genes assisted transformation can accelerate transgenic process. In order to obtain suitable selection marker genes and agents for genetic transformation of Den-Phals, the study took the embryogenic calluses(ECs)and protocorms of Dendrobium ‘Sonia Hiasakul' and Dendrobium ‘Nobile Lindl.' as explants, and placed them on media containing different concentrations of kanamycin, geneticin(G418), hygromycin and bialaphos to test the sensitivity of two varieties to different screening agents observe the growth status of them, and calculate the survival rate. Furthermore, conducted genetic transformation test using the optimal screening marker gene and screening agent. The results were as follows:(1)The explants of the two varieties had consistent sensitivity to different screening agents, that is, they were relatively sensitive to hygromycin, G418, bialaphos, but insensitive to kanamycin and could still growth normally in the culture medium with a concentration of 700 mg·L^-1.(2)The lethal concentrations of hygromycin, G418 and bialaphos to explants were 30, 50, 7 mg·L^-1, respectively.(3)Using hygromycin as the screening agent and hpt as the screening marker gene, the initial screening concentration of 30 mg·L^-1 was optimal, with the screening cycle extended, increasing the concentration of the screening agent was beneficial for obtaining transgenic lines. The study has determined the sensitivity and minimum lethal concentrations of two varieties of Den-Phals to different screening agents; hpt, npt, and bar can all be used as screening marker genes for establishment of genetic transformation systems of Den-Phals, with corresponding screening agents are hygromycin, G418, and bialaphos. In addition, during genetic transformation screening process, increasing the concentration gradient of the screening agent is beneficial for obtaining transgenic explants.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1,2, LI Yamei^2,4, LI Chonghui², YIN Junmei^2,3*]]> JIANG Qionghai^1,2, LI Yamei^2,4, LI Chonghui², YIN Junmei^2,3* 2true Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium hybrids(Den-Phals). In order to explore the biosynthesis of carotenoids in Den-Phals flowers two key synthase genes DhLCYB and DhLCYE on the downstream branch of carotenoid synthesis pathway were cloned from the flower buds of Den-Phals cultivar Dendrobium ‘Thongchai Gold', and their sequences were analyzed, and their expression characteristics at different stages of flower development in Den-Phals with different flower colors were measured using RT-qPCR, and their correlation with the composition and content of carotenoids were analyzed, which were investigated through targeted metabolomics assay. The results were as follows:(1)Transcripts of DhLCYB and DhLCYE genes were cloned. Their amino acid sequences showed the highest homology to those of species of the same genus, D. candidum and D. chrysotoxum, showed the highest homology. As two lycopene cyclase enzymes, DhLCYB and DhLCYE showed highly similar in protein 3D structure.(2)DhLCYB and DhLCYE had different expression characteristics at different stages of flowering in Den-Phals. DhLCYE had a higher expression level in yellow flowers than that in purple-red flowers, and was significantly positively correlated with the content of lutein and α-carotene; there was no regular pattern in the expression of DhLCYB in various cultivars with different colors, but its expression level during the S1 stage was significantly positively correlated with the β, β- carotenoid metabolites of LCYB catalytic branching pathways such as antheraxanthin and violaxanthin.(3)A total of 48 kinds of carotenoids were identified from the flowers of Den-Phals, including 4 carotenes and 44 xanthophylls; the total carotenoid content was higher in yellow cultivars than that in purple-red ones.(4)The content of 15 kinds of carotenoids and their derivatives, as well as total carotenoids, was significantly negatively correlated with the chroma a^* value and significantly positively correlated with b^* value. This study provides genetic resources and breeding ideas for flower color improvement of Den-Phals.]]> 2025/7/30 15:12:25 1,2, LUO Xiaoyan², LI Yamei², LI Chonghui^2*]]> CHEN Manman^1,2, LUO Xiaoyan², LI Yamei², LI Chonghui^2* 1true