Pinus massoniana forest, Erythrophleum fordii and Pinus massoniana × Erythrophleum fordii mixed plantations in south subtropical China were analyzed, and combined with soil physicochemical properties, the response of gene abundance of CAZymes involved in degrading plant and microbial components to different stands and different soil depths was investigated. Meanwhile, the main regulatory factors were analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)After forest conversion, the gene abundance of CAZymes(GH116, GH115, and AA5)that degraded plant components was significantly increased and was strongly correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), C/N ratio, and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)content.(2)The significant abundance of GH102 and GH25 genes in Pinus massoniana × Erythrophleum fordii mixed plantations indicated that the ability to degrade microbial components in mixed coniferous-broad-leaved plantations was stronger compared to the other two stands. The gene abundance of CAZymes that degraded plant and microbial components in soils of the three stands generally decreased with increasing soil depth, primarily due to the significant positive effect of SOC content.(3)With the growth of the three stands to the later stage, the contribution of microbial-derived carbon to SOC may gradually exceed that of plant-derived carbon, with bacterial-derived components contributing the most. Overall, the distribution of CAZymes genes is closely related to SOC content. Compared to pure stands, Pinus massoniana × Erythrophleum fordii mixed plantations show significant advantages in the gene abundance of GH102 and GH25, potentially indicating higher carbon storage potential. The research results have certain guiding significance for assessing the soil carbon storage pitential of plantations.]]> 2025/10/31 22:04:45 1, LIU Hanying¹, MING Angang^2,3, TENG Jinqian², ZHANG Jing¹, XIE Ting¹, QIN Lin^1*]]> WANG Ting¹, LIU Hanying¹, MING Angang^2,3, TENG Jinqian², ZHANG Jing¹, XIE Ting¹, QIN Lin^1* 10true Pinus massoniana pollen to cryopreservation, the pollen of P. massoniana, as the research object, was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen(LN), at -196 ℃. The physiological indexes related to reactive oxygen species(ROS)were assessed during the freezing process(CK: before freezing; LD: after freezing with liquid nitrogen; HD: after freezing and thawing). Transcriptome sequencing was also performed using the next generation sequencing( NGS)technology and Illumina HiSeq TM 6 000 platform. The results were as follows:(1)The optimal water content for cryopreservation was 3.96%(fresh weight basis). At this water content, the P. massoniana pollen was directly immersed in liquid nitrogen, where it was stored for at least 48 h, then was removed from liquid nitrogen and transferred to room temperature for 20 minutes to achieve thawing. The survival rate was 73.80% after freezing and thawing, compared with 78.54% before freezing.(2)During the cryopreservation process, significant differences were observed in the four indexes of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH), ascorbate peroxidase(APX), and the ability to inhibit hydroxyl free radicals.(3)A total of 65.60 Gb clean data were obtained from transcriptome sequencing, with 38 505 genes mapped to the reference genome(47.84%); the number of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in comparisons of CK vs LD, CK vs HD, and LD vs HD were 232, 268, and 218, respectively. In the current study, Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analyses showed that GO terms such as response to stimulus and antioxidant activity; KEGG pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and peroxisome pathways were significantly enriched. Ten genes in these pathways that may be closely related to protection and repair during cryopreservation were further screened. All the results indicate that the freezing and thawing process which is related to oxidative stress induced by ROS affects the cryopreservation of P. massoniana pollen, as well as the water content. The results of this study help to improve the efficient preservation and utilization of the pollen of Pinus massoniana, and also provide a reference for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of cryopreservation damage.]]> 2025/10/31 22:04:45 1, ZHANG Ye¹, XU Zhanwu², QIN Zihai¹, WEI Qiulan¹, LIN Dong¹, XIAO Yufei¹, LIU Hailong^1*]]> ZHANG Xiaoning¹, ZHANG Ye¹, XU Zhanwu², QIN Zihai¹, WEI Qiulan¹, LIN Dong¹, XIAO Yufei¹, LIU Hailong^1* 9true Pinus massoniana to insect pests, growth and development, and drought stress. In order to further study the biological function of WRKY family genes and the response to exogenous hormones, the bioinformatics characteristics of PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes were analyzed, and the expression patterns of PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes under exogenous hormones treatment such as abscisic acid(ABA), salicylic acid(SA), methyl jasmonate(MeJA)and gibberellin acid(GA)and calcium ion were studied by qPCR. The results were as follows:(1)PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 proteins encoded 667 and 575 amino acids, respectively, and were subcellularly located in the nucleus, and the N-terminus of the two genes contained a highly conserved WRKYGQK heptapeptide structure, and the C-terminus contained a zinc finger structure, which belonged to the WRKY transcription factor family.(2)In terms of evolutionary relationship, PmWRKY2 protein and PmWRKY6 protein were most closely related to PtXG20020.1 and Pt2G29990.1 proteins from P. tabuliformis, which were also gymnosperm.(3)Compared with CK, the expression of PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes could be significantly induced by the four hormone treatments and the corresponding Ca²⁺ treatment, and their expression levels reached the peak in the late treatment period. Under Ca²⁺ treatment alone, both genes showed an expression trend of first decreasing and the increasing, in which the expression of PmWRKY2 gene was significantly induced in the early stage, and there was no significant difference between the expression of PmWRKY2 gene in the late treatment and the CK, while the expression level of PmWRKY6 gene was significantly higher than that of the CK during the whole treatment. These results show that both PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes can respond to different exogenous signaling substances, but the expression patterns are different.]]> 2025/10/31 22:04:45 1,2, CHEN Hu², CHEN Yinghao², YANG Zhangqi^2*]]> HUANG Jinlong^1,2, CHEN Hu², CHEN Yinghao², YANG Zhangqi^2* 8true Pinus massoniana to ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus), this study used P. massoniana seedlings uninoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi(NE)as the control group(CK), the growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme content of mycorrhizal P. massoniana seedlings, and compared and analyzed the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between inoculated(IN)and uninoculated(CK)treatments using transcriptome technology, followed by functional annotation and metabolic pathway analysis of the DEGs. The results were as follows:(1)Compared with NE, the aboveground biomass and root length of mycorrhizal P. massoniana inoculation were significantly increased(P<0.05), and the physiological indicators such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, catalase(CAT)and peroxidase(POD)were also significantly enhanced(P<0.05).(2)A total of 104 467 Unigenes were obtained through Trinity software assembly, with the largest number of Unigenes in the Nr [66 641(63.79%)] and GO [57 483(55.03%)] databases, while the number of Unigenes in the KOG database was the lowest, accounting for only [12 233(11.71%)] of the total.(3)A total of 2 520 genes showed significant differential expression, compared with NE treatment, 1 611 genes were up-regulated and 909 genes were down-regulated in the IN group.(4)GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results showed that most differentially expressed genes were concentrated in energy metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolic pathways, and were involved in mycorrhiza formation, growth and development of the host plant, synthesis of cellular photosynthetic pigments, etc., playing a positive role in maintaining high levels of antioxidants. These results reveal the interaction mechanism between ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation and P. massoniana, investigate the effects of Suillus luteus on related metabolic pathways and key enzyme genes during the mycorrhiza formation process of P. massoniana, and lay a foundation for future screening of resistance genes involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis in P. massoniana.]]> 2025/10/31 22:04:45 1, XU Qiang¹, ZHOU Xiao², ZHANG Chao³, PAN Deng^3*]]> YU Peiyi¹, XU Qiang¹, ZHOU Xiao², ZHANG Chao³, PAN Deng^3* 7true Pinus massoniana families under drought stress, this study used solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the components and relative contents of needle volatiles in drought-resistant and drought-sensitive P. massoniana seedlings at different stages(normal cultivation, mild drought, severe drought, and drought rewatering). The results were as follows:(1)Sixteen kinds of volatile components from pine needles of P. massoniana seedlings were detected and identified, including five monoterpenes(α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, and terpinolene), nine sesquiterpenes(γ-elemene, copaene, β-elemene, longipinene, caryophyllene, humulene, α-muurolene, γ-muurolene, and δ-cadinene)and two esters(linalyl formate and bornyl acetate).(2)The components of needle volatiles in seedlings of drought-sensitive and drought-resistant P. massoniana families were basically the same, mainly composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes; the compounds with relatively high relative contents included α-pinene, β-pinene, caryophyllene, etc., in which there is no significant difference in the relative contents of the main components(relative content greater than 1%).(3)Under mild drought stress, the relative contents of monoterpene components in needle volatiles of sensitive families decreased sharply, and the relative contents of α-pinene and β-pinene decreased from 39.671% and 14.383% in the unstressed state to 16.855% and 5.048%, respectively; under drought stress, the relative contents of monoterpenes in needle volatives of drought-resistant families decreased(the decline range was much smaller than that of drought-sensitive families), and the relative contents of monoterpenes increased after drought rewatering, tending to return to the state without drought stress.(4)The relative contents of volatile components in pine needles of drought-resistant P. massoniana seedlings changed little under drought stress, while those of volatile components of pine needles of drought-sensitive P. massoniana seedlings changed sharply in the early stage of drought to adapt to external stress; the response of monoterpene components(α-pinene and β-pinene)in needles to drought stress was the most significant difference between sensitive and drought-resistant families. This study laid a foundation for the study of the mechanism of P. massoniana needle volatiles in response to drought stress, and provided ideas for P. massoniana drought resistance breeding.]]> 2026/8/20 10:56:55 *, WU Dongshan]]> XIE Junkang, CHEN Hu, YANG Zhangqi^*, WU Dongshan 6true Albizia odoratissima, Liquidambar formosana, and Schima superba are key native broad-leaved tree species for afforestation in Guangxi, China. To assess the afforestation performance of these species in both pure stands and understory mixed stands with Pinus massoniana, a field experiment was conducted using one-year-old container-grown seedlings of the three broad-leaved species. Two planting configurations were established: pure stands of each species, and mixed stands where each species was interplanted under Pinus massoniana canopies. After three years of growth, differences in trunk growth, crown development, and stem form among the treatments were investigated and analyzed. Additionally, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was employed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the overall growth performance of each species under different configurations. The results were as follows:(1)In the pure plantation, Albizia odoratissima and Liquidambar formosana exhibited greater tree height and diameter at breast height(DBH), with better trunk growth and lower ratio of multtiple tree trunks. By contrast, Schima superba showed larger tree height and DBH as well as superior trunk growth under the understory mixed-planting model.(2)In both pure plantations and understory interplanting under Pinus massoniana plantations, Albizia odoratissima had larger crown diamrter, higher height of clear bole and better natural pruning capacity, together with a relatively small crown-diameter ratio contributing to favorable crown growth. Liquidambar formosana under the purep lantation model possessed low branching rate and height-diameter ratio, presenting good trunk form. Schima superba grown under the Pinus massoniana understory mixed-planting model had low height-diameter ratio and lodging rate, and its trunk form was desirable.(3)The comprehensive AHP evaluation of growth performance ranked the treatments in the following order: Albizia odoratissima(pure forests)> Liquidambar formosana(pure forests)> Schima superba(understory)> Albizia odoratissima (understory)> Schima superba(pure forests)> Liquidambar formosana(understory). Consequently, Albizia odoratissima is identified as the top-performing species in pure stands, while Schima superba is the most suitable for understory mixed planting with Pinus massoniana. This study provides a scientific basis and theoretical reference for optimizing the cultivation techniques of Albizia odoratissima, Liquidambar formosana, and Schima superba in the Guangxi region.]]> 2026/8/20 10:56:55 1, TANG Guoqiang^1*, FENG Yuanheng², LI Yunjing¹, YANG Zhangqi², YAN Yan¹, LIANG Junxia¹, HUANG Shihuan¹, HUANG Yongli¹]]> MENG Lanyang¹, TANG Guoqiang^1*, FENG Yuanheng², LI Yunjing¹, YANG Zhangqi², YAN Yan¹, LIANG Junxia¹, HUANG Shihuan¹, HUANG Yongli¹ 5true Pinus massoniana plantations under the unique island habitat, this study focused on P. massoniana forests in the Sandu'ao Gulf Islands of Ningde, Fujian Province, China. Based on community survey data, we calculated net phylogenetic relatedness index(NRI)and net the nearest taxon index(NTI)for the arbor, shrub, and herb layers to characterize their phylogenetic structures. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, regression analysis, spatial lag model(SLM), and structural equation model(SEM)were comprehensively employed to parse the influence pathways and spatial effects of climatic, edaphic, and light factors on the phylogenetic structure of each synusia. The results were as follows:(1)Significant differences in phylogenetic structure were observed among synusiae: the arbor layer was predominantly characterized by phylogenetic overdispersion, indicating weak habitat filtering and suggesting that competitive exclusion dominates its construction process; the shrub layer tended towards phylogenetic clustering, reflecting a strong effect of environmental filtering; the herb layer exhibited weak overdispersion, implying more complex construction mechanisms.(2)Soil pH was identified as the dominant environmental factor regulating community phylogenetic structure; available nitrogen not only had a direct positive effect on the phylogenetic indices of the arbor and herb layers but also served as a mediating variable for the indirect effect of soil pH; canopy density exerted a significant regulatory effect on the phylogenetic structure of the arbor layer, highlighting the critical role of light conditions in its construction.(3)The NTI of the herb layer displayed a significant spatial lag effect under the environmental distance-weighted matrix, meaning its phylogenetic structure was significantly influenced by the community composition of neighboring plots; canopy density, soil pH, and wind speed were the core driving factors of this spatial effect, exhibiting the most significant comprehensive positive effect, and this finding revealed the synergistic roles of habitat heterogeneity and wind disturbance in shaping the community phylogenetic construction of the herb layer. This study reveals the differentiated driving mechanisms of phylogenetic structure across different synusiae of island P. massoniana plantations, and clarifies the relative contributions of environmental filtering and spatial effects on island plant community construction. The results provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecosystem protection of P. massoniana plantations in island areas.]]> 2026/8/20 10:56:55 *]]> WANG Xiaoying, OU Jingyao, XIAO Zixin, ZHU Qiqi, XIAO Jihong, DENG Chuanyuan^* 4true Pinus massoniana plantations under the unique island habitat, this study focused on P. massoniana forests in the Sandu'ao Gulf Islands of Ningde, Fujian Province, China. Based on community survey data, we calculated net phylogenetic relatedness index(NRI)and net the nearest taxon index(NTI)for the arbor, shrub, and herb layers to characterize their phylogenetic structures. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, regression analysis, spatial lag model(SLM), and structural equation model(SEM)were comprehensively employed to parse the influence pathways and spatial effects of climatic, edaphic, and light factors on the phylogenetic structure of each synusia. The results were as follows:(1)Significant differences in phylogenetic structure were observed among synusiae: the arbor layer was predominantly characterized by phylogenetic overdispersion, indicating weak habitat filtering and suggesting that competitive exclusion dominates its construction process; the shrub layer tended towards phylogenetic clustering, reflecting a strong effect of environmental filtering; the herb layer exhibited weak overdispersion, implying more complex construction mechanisms.(2)Soil pH was identified as the dominant environmental factor regulating community phylogenetic structure; available nitrogen not only had a direct positive effect on the phylogenetic indices of the arbor and herb layers but also served as a mediating variable for the indirect effect of soil pH; canopy density exerted a significant regulatory effect on the phylogenetic structure of the arbor layer, highlighting the critical role of light conditions in its construction.(3)The NTI of the herb layer displayed a significant spatial lag effect under the environmental distance-weighted matrix, meaning its phylogenetic structure was significantly influenced by the community composition of neighboring plots; canopy density, soil pH, and wind speed were the core driving factors of this spatial effect, exhibiting the most significant comprehensive positive effect, and this finding revealed the synergistic roles of habitat heterogeneity and wind disturbance in shaping the community phylogenetic construction of the herb layer. This study reveals the differentiated driving mechanisms of phylogenetic structure across different synusiae of island P. massoniana plantations, and clarifies the relative contributions of environmental filtering and spatial effects on island plant community construction. The results provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecosystem protection of P. massoniana plantations in island areas.]]> 2026/8/20 0:00:00 *]]> WANG Xiaoying, OU Jingyao, XIAO Zixin, ZHU Qiqi, XIAO Jihong, DENG Chuanyuan^* 3true Pinus massoniana plantations led to prominent issues such as soil P cycle imbalance. To explore the dynamic characteristics of soil bioavailable phosphorus(Bio-P)fractions and their main influencing factors after the uneven-aged mixed transformation of P. massoniana pure plantations by introducing broadleaf tree species, this study focused on southern subtropical P. massoniana plantations. Based on the Bio-P fractionation method, we comparatively analyzed the dynamic characteristics of Bio-P fractions(Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, CaCl₂-P, HCl-P)in the humus layer and eluviated layer of three forest types:mixed plantation of Pinus massoniana-Castanopsis hystrix(MP), multiple species mixed plantation of Pinus massoniana-Castanopsis hystrix/Quercus griffithii/Erythrophleum fordii/Michelia hedyosperma(MMP), and untransformed Pinus massoniana pure plantation(PP, used as control). Additionally, we combined indicators such as soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities to identify the main factors influencing Bio-P. The results were as follows:(1)Compared with PP, the Citrate-P and HCl-P contents in the humus layer of MP were significantly increased by 31.50% and 39.78%(P<0.05), respectively, while the HCl-P content in the humus layer of MMP was significantly increased by 59.77%(P<0.05). In the eluviated layer, the Enzyme-P contents of MP and MMP were significantly increased by 39.00% and 91.13%(P<0.05), respectively, and the CaCl₂-P contents of MP and MMP were significantly increased by 8.40% and 8.90%(P<0.05), respectively.(2)Compared with PP, the contents of organic carbon(OC), ammonium nitrogen(NH₄⁺-N), available phosphorus(AP), and microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)in the humus layer of MMP were significantly reduced(P<0.05). However, the contents of OC, total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), AP, microbial biomass carbon(MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), and MBP in the eluviated layer of MP and MMP were significantly increased(P<0.05).(3)Campared with PP, the enzyme activities associated with carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P)cycling in the humus layer of MMP were significantly reduced by 41.42%, 34.22%, and 30.23%(P<0.05), respectively. In contrast, the aforementioned enzyme activities in the eluviated layer of MP were significantly increased by 61.17%, 157.98%, and 31.70%(P<0.05), respectively, and those in the eluviated layer of MMP were significantly increased by 40.91%, 238.66%, and 37.93%(P<0.05), respectively.(4)Nitrate nitrogen(NO₃^--N)and AP were the primary regulatory factors influencing Bio-P fractions in the humus layer, whereas TP and enzyme C:N ratio were the main driving factors affecting Bio-P fractions in the eluviated layer. In conclusion, the introduction of broadleaf tree species for uneven-aged mixed transformation in Pinus massoniana plantations is beneficial to soil P storage and supply. The results of this study provide an important scientific basis for tree species selection and management strategies aimed at improving soil P availability in southern subtropical plantations.]]> 2026/8/20 10:56:55 1, SU Shiquan¹, TONG Hui¹, ZHU Xinyu^2,3, LUO Zhouyu¹, WANG Yi⁴, ZHENG Danni¹, YOU Yeming^1,3, HUANG Xueman^1,3*]]> XIONG Xiao¹, SU Shiquan¹, TONG Hui¹, ZHU Xinyu^2,3, LUO Zhouyu¹, WANG Yi⁴, ZHENG Danni¹, YOU Yeming^1,3, HUANG Xueman^1,3* 2true Pinus massoniana, as branching directly affects stem form and timber yield. To explore the mechanisms underlying the formation of different branching types in P. massoniana, this study used fox-tail type, multi-stem type, and normal branching type P. massoniana as materials, and analyzed the hormone contents, metabolome, and transcriptome of apical buds. The results were as follows:(1)The contents of four key endogenous hormones — auxin(IAA), cytokinin(CTK), abscisic acid(ABA), and gibberellin(GA)— in the apical buds of the three branching types differed significantly, following the order multi-stem type > normal branching type > fox-tail type. The ratios of IAA/ABA and IAA/CTK were highest in the fox-tail type and lowest in the multi-stem type. Hormone-related metabolites were predominantly enriched in pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction and zeatin biosynthesis, which are closely associated with the regulation of plant growth and branching development.(2)Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)revealed significant enrichment in pathways including zeatin biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversion. Further functional annotation and rigorous screening identified 35 DEGs specifically associated with the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, thereby highlighting the central role of transcriptional regulation in the formation of branching traits in P. massoniana.(3)Integrated analysis indicated that cytokinins, auxins, and their associated metabolites and regulatory genes participated in the branching process of P. massoniana. Specifically, compounds such as tryptamine, indole, and trans-zeatin showed an upregulated trend in the fox-tail type, while dihydrozeatin riboside showed an upregulated trend in the multi-stem type. This study preliminarily elucidates the differential hormones and regulatory mechanisms underlying branching variation in P. massoniana, providing a reference for hormone-mediated branching regulation in P. massoniana.]]> 2026/8/20 10:56:55 1,2, CHEN Xinhua², YANG Zhangqi^2*, FENG Yuanheng², ZHU Zhenwen³]]> LI Yifan^1,2, CHEN Xinhua², YANG Zhangqi^2*, FENG Yuanheng², ZHU Zhenwen³ 1true