-->Early Online Releases

Identification and Functional Analysis of the CqAMTs Gene Family in Quinoa During Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

CHU Jing,,,,,ZHANG Hongmei — 2026/6/17 11:00:45

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) facilitate plant root absorption of ammonium nitrogen through their mycelial networks, a process mediated by ammonium transporters (AMTs). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which AMFs regulate quinoa ammonium uptake, this study cloned members of the quinoa AMT gene family and employed sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, yeast functional complementation assays, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and subcellular localization. The results demonstrated: (1) The quinoa genome contains 12 AMT family members, classified into two subfamilies: AMT1 and AMT2; (2) CqAMT1;1, CqAMT1;2, CqAMT1;4, and CqAMT1;8 exhibit ammonium transport activity under low-ammonium conditions and are localized to the plasma membrane; (3) CqAMT family members demonstrate tissue-specific expression in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, with some CqAMT expression levels regulated by AMF colonization and ammonium nitrogen levels. This study clarifies the evolutionary classification, protein localization, and ammonium transport functions of the quinoa AMT gene family, confirming that multiple CqAMT members participate in AMF-mediated quinoa ammonium uptake, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanism by which AMFs enhance efficient ammonium absorption in quinoa.

The influence of warming with wetting and cooling with drying on the carbon and nitrogen contents and their stable isotope characteristics in the leaves of Potentilla nivea in alpine meadows

2026/6/17 9:18:31

Responses of plant leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and their stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) characteristics to climate change reflect the adaptive strategies of plants under different climate change scenarios. To explore the effects of different climate change scenarios such as the warming with wetting and cooling with drying of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and their isotopic characteristics of Potentilla nivea, we conducted a reciprocal transplanting experiment along an elevation gradient of 3 200 to 3 800 m on the southern of the slope Qilian Mountains in Qinghai. In this experiment, plants were transplanted from high to low elevation (simulating warming with wetting) and from low to high elevation (simulating cooling with drying). The results showed that: (1) The leaf C content of Potentilla nivea first increased and then decreased with increasing elevation, while the N content first decreased and then increased; the values of δ13C and δ15N increased with the elevation gradient. (2) Warming with wetting and cooling with drying showed no significant effects on leaf C, N contents and C/N ratio after four years of reciprocal transplantation. The δ13C and δ1?N values increased significantly only when plants were transplanted from 3 200 m or 3 400 m to 3 800 m. (3) Leaf C and N contents were mainly affected by soil temperature, while the values of δ13C and δ15N were primarily influenced by temperature and soil moisture. This study showed that the leaf C and N contents and their isotopic characteristics of Potentilla nivea exhibited nonlinear and asymmetric responses to changes in elevation, as well as to warming with wetting and cooling with drying scenarios.

Cloning and Tissue-Specific Expression Analysis of the 4CL Gene Family in Emilia sonchifolia

涂冬萍,,王柳萍, — 2026/6/16 20:12:37

Emilia sonchifolia, as a folk medicinal and edible plant, possesses high medicinal value, nutritional value, and ornamental value. Its plant development and application are diversified, with broad prospects. However, knowledge about the 4CL gene family in E. sonchifoliaremains limited. This study aims to clone the 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) gene family from E. sonchifoliaand analyze its tissue-specific expression, to reveal the potential roles of this gene family in the growth, development, and metabolism of E. sonchifolia. The Es4CL gene family members screened from the E. sonchifolia transcriptome were cloned. Bioinformatics methods were employed to predict and analyze their physicochemical properties, domains, gene structures, conserved motifs, and phylogenetic relationships. Finally, 15 gene members were cloned, including 8 acidic and 7 alkaline members, 2 unstable members, 6 hydrophilic and 9 hydrophobic members. None had signal peptides, while 6 members contained transmembrane structural proteins. Subcellular localization was primarily predicted in the plasma membrane, chloroplasts, and cytoplasm. Secondary structures consisted of random coils, alpha helices, and extended strands. Six motifs were identified, with motif 5 containing the conserved BOX I domain and motif 2 containing the BOX II domain. Two types of domains (4CL and AFD_Class_I superfamily) were found. All genes contained only one exon. Es4CL15 clustered in one branch with five rice members and At4CL3. Es4CL12, Es4CL13, and Es4CL14clustered in one branch with At4CL1, At4CL2, and At4CL4. The expression level of Es4CL15 was the highest across all tissues and exhibited certain tissue specificity. In conclusion, this study provides a reference for further elucidating the biological functions of the Es4CL gene family and offers genetic resources for subsequent applied research, such as using genetic engineering techniques to improve plant traits, enhance stress resistance, and increase the content of bioactive compounds like flavonoids.

Overview of sugarcane variety selection and naming at home and abroad

Li Yangrui,,,Zhang Baoqing,, — 2026/6/16 16:46:48

Sugarcane is the main raw material for sugar production worldwide, and there are 107 countries producing it. Many countries engage in sugarcane breeding, and the naming of bred sugarcane varieties mainly follows the rule of "breeding institution/nation (region or location) code + release year + variety number", forming a standardized variety code system. For example, China self-bred varieties are often prefixed with the abbreviation of a region or institution (such as "Yue Tang (YT)" is the bred variety code of Institute of Nanfan & Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Science, "Gui Tang" is the bred variety code of Sugarcane Research Institute of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, "Yun Zhe" is the bred variety code of Sugarcane Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, "Min Tang" is the bred variety code of Sugarcane Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and "Fu Nong" is the bred variety code of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) combined with the year sequence number [e.g., Gui Tang (GT) 42, Yue Tang (YT) 93-159, etc.]. Most other countries use a combination of country/area name abbreviations (e.g., “RB” in Brazil, “Co” in India, “CP” or “HoCP” in the United States.) and numerical codes (e.g., CP 72-1210, Co 0238). The paper presented a code retrieval table that systematically organized mainstream nomenclature systems in different countries, clarifying code origins (e.g., "CP" representing Sugarcane Field Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Canal Point, Florida), parental relationships, and geographic distribution. This standardized reference will facilitate the variety identification, pedigree analysis, and breeding resource exchange, and provide a reference for optimizing sugarcane genetic resource utilization and advancing new variety breeding and application.

Identification and expression pattern analysis of the DUF292 gene family in wheat

MA Xiaoru — 2026/6/16 10:37:01

Mining key stress-resistant genes is crucial for improving stress tolerance and molecular breeding of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this study, systematic genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the TaDUF292 gene family are performed using bioinformatics approaches to explore the stress resistance-related genetic resources of wheat. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 33 TaDUF292 family members are identified in common wheat and designated TaDUF292-01 to TaDUF292-33, which distribute unevenly on 15 wheat chromosomes. (2) All proteins encoded by the TaDUF292 family belong to hydrophilic proteins and are mainly localized in chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei. (3) Phylogenetic analysis divides the TaDUF292 family into three evolutionary clades, and genes in the same clade exhibit consistent genetic structures and conserved motifs. (4) Cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of TaDUF292 genes are dominated by light-responsive and hormone regulatory elements, which indicates that this gene family participates in the integration of plant environmental signals. (5) miRNA target prediction reveals that 16 types of cleavage-inhibiting miRNAs and 5 types of translation-inhibiting miRNAs jointly form a complex regulatory network for TaDUF292 genes. (6) TaDUF292 family genes show obvious tissue-specific expression characteristics and differential response patterns to drought, salt, high temperature and pathogen infection stresses, and several members are significantly upregulated under combined stress conditions. This study systematically clarifies the molecular characteristics and functional potential of the TaDUF292 gene family in common wheat. It provides valuable genetic resources and a solid theoretical basis for stress-resistant molecular breeding of common wheat.

Investigating the anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of isomagnolone based on experiment and network pharmacology

符毓夏,李连春,宁德生,PAN Zhenghong,TAN Lanfang,贤明华,薛佳丽 — 2026/6/16 9:30:48

Illicium difengpi is a medicinal plant used by ethnic minorities in China for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its pharmacodynamic material basis remains not fully elucidated. Isomagnolone is an active compound isolated from Illicium difengpi. In the present study, in vitro inflammatory models using MH7A and RAW264.7 cells were initially established to investigate the effects of isomagnolone on the release of inflammatory mediators. Subsequently, a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in DBA/1 mice was constructed to systematically evaluate its in vivo anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects, based on indicators including body weight changes, arthritis index, paw swelling, immune organ indices, and joint and spleen histopathology. Furthermore, network pharmacology predictions, molecular docking, and Western blotting analysis were integrated to verify the key targets and signaling pathways underlying the anti-RA efficacy of isomagnolone. The results demonstrated that: ① In vitro, isomagnolone dose-dependently and significantly reduced the release of inflammatory mediators in TNF-α-induced MH7A cells and LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. ② In vivo, isomagnolone effectively ameliorated arthritic symptoms in CIA mice, relieving synovial hyperplasia, bone destruction, and splenomegaly. ③ Network pharmacology analysis indicated that the potential therapeutic targets were primarily enriched in Toll-like receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways. ④ Molecular docking results revealed that isomagnolone exhibited strong binding affinity for TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 proteins, forming stable conformations. ⑤ Western blot analysis further verified that isomagnolone significantly downregulated the protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88 and suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in the diseased paw tissues of CIA mice. In conclusion, isomagnolone is one of the effective anti-RA active components in Illicium difengpi. Its mechanism may involve the inhibition of inflammatory responses and the retardation of disease progression by blocking the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, highlighting its potential for development as a novel anti-RA therapeutic agent.

Analysis of the Seed Micromorphology Characteristics in the 14 Species of Iris L. and Its Phylogenetic Relationships

Xu Zhenhuan,,Zhang Xinyu — 2026/6/16 9:29:23

To investigate the seed micromorphological characteristics of Iris L. and thereby provide microscopic trait evidence for the taxonomic revision of this genus, the present study selected 14 controversially delimited Iris species as research materials. Their seed micromorphological features were systematically observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the relevant characteristics were then mapped onto a molecular phylogenetic tree. The results were as follows: (1) Seed micromorphological characteristics exhibited high section?specificity and intra?section consistency at the sectional level, providing stable microscopic evidence for the delimitation of sect. Crossiris, sect. Hexapogon, sect. Iris, and sect. Limniris. (2) Species of sect. Crossiris shared a characteristic combination of “reticulate ornamentation + raised reticulum ridges + undulate secondary ornamentation + verrucate appendages”, which serves as a microscopic synapomorphy supporting the monophyly of this clade. In contrast, sect. Limniris displayed the highest micromorphological diversity, consistent with its known paraphyletic nature. (3) At the species level, this study supports recognizing I. goniocarpa Baker var. tenella Y. T. Zhao as an independent species, upholding the species status of both I. japonica and I. confusa, and maintaining the independence of I. sichuanensis and I. leptophylla. For I. lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. and I. lactea Pall., it is recommended to tentatively retain the current taxonomic treatment pending further evidence. (4) Further analysis revealed certain correlations among seed micromorphological characteristics, plant phenotype, and habitat adaptability. The taxonomic limitations of seed coat stomata were identified, and an evolutionary trend in ornamentation complexity across different lineages was observed. In summary, this study provides new data on seed morphology and testa micromorphology for the taxonomic research of Iris, offering a solid trait basis for integrative phylogenetic studies combining micromorphological and molecular evidence.

Two new species of Hypotrachyna subg. Everniastrum (Parmeliaceae)

GAN Haiting,,,,,,,,WANG Xinyu — 2026/6/16 9:25:55

Based on morphological, chemical, and molecular phylogenetic methods, a systematic taxonomic study was conducted on the lichens of Hypotrachyna subg. Everniastrum (Hale) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch from southwestern Yunnan, China. Two new species were discovered: Hypotrachyna yongdensis and Hypotrachyna platyphylla. In addition to detailed descriptions of the two new species, illustrations of key morphological characteristics and a key to all known species of Hypotrachyna subg. Everniastrum in China are provided. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on ITS sequences, filling the molecular data gap for Hypotrachyna alectorialica (W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch, which had previously been discovered and reported from Yunnan. This study contributes fundamental data on the biodiversity of Hypotrachyna subg. Everniastrum and provides an important foundation for the compilation of the Flora Lichenum Sinicorum.

Analysis of species composition, niche characteristics, and interspecific associations in natural communities of Ormosia microphylla var.tomentosa

Chen Xuhui,Liu Bao,Liu Shouqun,Ye Xingzhuang,ZHAN Chaoyu,Zhao Zixin — 2026/6/16 9:21:43

To elucidate the interspecific relationships and endangerment mechanisms of the natural Ormosia microphylla community in Fujian Junzifeng National Nature Reserve, this study analyzed importance values, niche breadths, niche overlaps, and interspecific associations. The results were as follows: (1) In the tree layer, O. microphylla had an importance value of 6.03%, ranking third and establishing it as a dominant species. Its Levins and Shannon-Weaver niche breadths both ranked second. In the shrub layer, its importance value was 8.75% (third), with Levins and Shannon-Weaver niche breadths ranking fifth and first, respectively. (2) The average niche overlap values for the main species (top 30 in importance value) were 0.42 in the tree layer and 0.44 in the shrub layer. O. microphylla exhibited relatively high niche overlap values with species such as Castanopsis eyrei, Syzygium buxifolium, and Michelia maudiae in the tree layer. (3) Based on the association coefficient (AC) and point correlation coefficient (PPC), O. microphylla showed strong positive associations with Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis and Cinnamomum austrosinense. However, the test results indicated no significant associations between O. microphylla and its main associated tree species, suggesting relatively strong interspecific independence. This study suggests that adult O. microphylla individuals possess strong ecological adaptability within the community. However, their regeneration is limited by intense interspecific competition in the shrub layer and poor natural regeneration ability. Therefore, the implementation of artificial intervention measures for in situ conservation is recommended.

Cloning and Enzyme Activity Analysis of the DsGSTF9 Gene in Descurainia sophia

Li Siqiu,,,zhaole,, — 2026/6/12 10:04:15

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional proteins that play important roles in the glucosinolates (GSLs) biosynthesis pathway of Brassicaceae plants. Descurainia sophia is the officially recognized source plant of “Tinglizi” recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the relationship between its GST genes and GSLs metabolism remains unclear. In this study, the Phi class GST gene DsGSTF9 was cloned from D. sophia, and its sequence characteristics, prokaryotic expression and purification, enzyme activity assays, and tissue-specific expression were systematically analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The coding sequence of DsGSTF9 gene was 648 bp in length, encoding 215 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 24.23 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.98, and it was likely a hydrophilic protein localized in the cytoplasm. (2) Sequence analysis revealed that the DsGSTF9 protein contained typical GST_N and GST_C domains, belonging to the Phi class (GSTF) subfamily of the GST family. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was most closely related to GSTF9 proteins from the Brassicaceae plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica juncea. (3) Enzyme activity assays demonstrated that DsGSTF9 exhibited catalytic activity toward the GST substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Oxidation by H2O2 significantly inhibited the GST activity of DsGSTF9, but had no effect on its glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. (4) qRT-PCR showed that the DsGSTF9 gene was expressed in roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds of D. sophia, with the highest expression levels in seeds, followed by fruits. These results provide a candidate gene for studying glucosinolate biosynthesis and redox homeostasis regulation in D. sophia, and also lay a foundation for further research on the biological function of the DsGSTF9 gene. In summary, DsGSTF9 possesses the typical structure and enzymatic activity of the GST family, and its high expression pattern in seeds is consistent with the GSLs accumulation site in Brassicaceae plants. These results provide a candidate gene for investigating GSLs biosynthesis in D. sophia, and also lay a foundation for further research on the function of the DsGSTF9 gene.

Chromosome 3D Conformational Dynamics Regulate Leaf Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

陈茂盛,彭冲龙 — 2026/6/12 9:54:16

Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs in plants, serving as a critical source of energy and nutrients. To investigate how chromatin three-dimensional conformational changes influence gene expression and leaf development, this study analyzed chromatin spatial conformation dynamics and their correlation with gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana across three key developmental stages (young, mature, old), using transcriptomic and 3D genomic data. The results revealed:(1) Arabidopsis thaliana development involves numerous genes with stage-specific differential expression, indicating a staged, multi-layered regulatory process.(2) Chromatin spatial organization becomes progressively disordered during development, with the correlation between interaction strength and genomic distance gradually weakening.(3) Gene expression and chromatin conformational changes exhibit coupled regulatory dynamics, particularly during leaf maturation, where they generally promote upregulated gene expression while suppressing downregulated genes.This study demonstrates that senescence is not a passive decline but an active, programmed process, establishing a 3D genomic foundation for understanding plant development and senescence regulation.

Confirmation of the distribution of Corydalis drepanantha D. G. Long in China and its phylogenetic placement

XIANG Chunlei,XIAO Jinfei — 2026/6/12 9:53:03

Corydalis DC. is the largest genus in Papaveraceae, and Southwest China represents one of its major centers of diversity. To further clarify the species diversity and geographical distribution of Corydalis in Xizang, this study integrated field surveys, literature reviews, herbarium specimen examinations, and phylogenetic analysis. The occurrence of C. drepanantha D. G. Long in China was confirmed for the first time, and its morphological characteristics and phylogenetic placement were investigated. The main results are as follows: (1) The rediscovery of C. drepanantha in China after nearly 90 years confirms its natural distribution within the country. (2) The phylogenetic analysis supports the placement of C. drepanantha within C. sect. Radicosae (Lidén) Lidén and indicates that it is closely related to C. diffusa Lidén. (3) Morphologically, C. drepanantha can be readily distinguished from its closely related species by the pale yellow apices of the inner petals, lanceolate ultimate leaf segments, and fruiting bracts that are usually longer than the pedicels. This study complements the current knowledge of Corydalis in China and provides foundation for future taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical studies on the genus.

Advances in the Study of Gymnosperms Mitochondrial Genomes

PING Jingyao,,ZENG Xianhai — 2026/6/12 9:50:32

As the sister group to angiosperms, gymnosperms hold great significance for elucidating the origin and evolutionary patterns of seed plant mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes). Based on currently available mitochondrial genome data of gymnosperms, this review systematically summarizes their fundamental characteristics and evolutionary dynamics. Gymnosperms mitogenomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, gene content, and repetitive sequence composition, with sizes ranging from approximately 200 kb to 18.99 Mb. These genomes commonly undergo frequent structural rearrangements, extensive gene and intron losses, and numerous RNA editing events. Horizontal gene transfer, particularly the integration of chloroplast-derived sequences, is highly active in certain lineages and is closely associated with genome expansion. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that different mitochondrial gene datasets provide limited resolution for resolving controversial phylogenetic relationships among major lineages. This review summarizes the variation patterns and evolutionary mechanisms of gymnosperm mitogenomes, providing comprehensive insights into their complexity and their role in seed plant evolution.lineages. This review summarizes the variation patterns and evolutionary mechanisms of gymnosperm mitochondrial genomes, offering comprehensive insights into their complexity and role in seed plant evolution.

Phenotype and molecular identification of Rehmannia glutinosa f. aurum

2026/6/11 9:41:56

This study reports the results of phenotypic and molecular identification of a new forma of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (Scrophulariaceae), namely R. glutinosa f. aurum F. Q. Wang. The taxonomic status, application value and genetic characteristics of this newly discovered forma were determined based on a combination of morphological and anatomical observations, quantification of total anthocyanins and five iridoid glycoside constituents, a comprehensive literature review, molecular identification and detailed genetic analysis. The results were as follows: (1) It was found that R. glutinosa f. aurum can be distinguished from the typical form mainly on the basis of its golden?yellow corolla tube, yellowish?white corolla lobes, and a relatively low content of anthocyanin glycosides in the corolla. (2) Separate phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the multi-copy nuclear gene ITS and the single-copy nuclear gene R255. The results from both markers consistently placed R. glutinosa f. aurum in the same clade as R. glutinosa, thereby providing strong evidence that these two forms belong to the same species. (3) The catalpol contents in the leaves and tuberous roots of R. glutinosa f. aurum were measured to be 5.15% and 4.51%, respectively, indicating that this new forma is rich in iridoid glycosides. (4) In controlled crossing experiments, R. glutinosa f. aurum was crossed with the cultivated variety HF of R. glutinosa. All resulting F? hybrid plants (HF/f. aurum) exhibited purple?red corollas. Subsequently, backcrossing was performed using R. glutinosa f. aurum as the recurrent parent and the F? hybrid plants (HF/f. aurum) as the donor parent. In the resulting BC?F? population (HF/f. aurum//f. aurum), plants with purple corollas and plants with golden-yellow corollas segregated at a ratio of 4.17:1. In conclusion, R. glutinosa f. aurum identified in this study represents a forma of R. glutinosa. The inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis is the primary reason for its unique flower coloration. Both its leaves and tuberous roots contain abundant iridoid glycosides, which are of potential medicinal value. Genetically, the flower color trait of this forma is likely controlled by two pairs of recessive genes. Taken together, these findings provide a solid scientific basis for the further development, conservation, and utilization of the germplasm resource of R. glutinosa f. aurum.

Phenotypic characterization and hormone Related gene expression analysis of the dwarf and small grain rice mutant dsg2

Li Xinyu,Wang Yupeng,,,, — 2026/6/8 17:13:49

Plant height and grain shape are important agronomic traits in rice, closely related to plant architecture, lodging resistance, and yield. These two traits are often genetically linked and regulated by the same gene; therefore, studying relevant mutants can provide valuable genetic resources for the improvement of plant height and grain shape. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic features of a novel rice dwarf and small grain mutant (Dwarf and small grain 2, dsg2), and to examine the expression levels of key genes involved in major plant hormone signaling pathways using RT-qPCR, in order to elucidate the regulatory role of the DSG2 gene in multiple agronomic traits. The results showed: (1) Compared with WT, the plant height of dsg2 was reduced by approximately 18.9%, classifying it as a semi-dwarf mutant, while grain length, grain width, grain thickness, and 1000-grain weight decreased by 11.8%, 20.4%, 17.7%, and 34.2%, respectively; (2) In addition, dsg2 exhibited a significantly increased tiller number, delayed heading date, and markedly inhibited root growth; (3) The auxin biosynthesis gene OsGH3-8, the auxin signaling gene OsIAA3, the gibberellin biosynthesis genes sd1 and SDG2, and the brassinosteroid biosynthesis genes D2 and D4 were all significantly downregulated, while the brassinosteroid signaling genes DLT and BZR1 were significantly upregulated. In conclusion, the DSG2 gene exhibits pleiotropic effects and coordinately regulates rice plant height, grain shape, heading date, and root development by modulating the homeostasis of multiple phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellin, and brassinosteroid, thereby providing important genetic resources for the synergistic improvement of plant architecture and grain shape in rice.

Biomass accumulation and carbon dynamics of three Eucalyptus seedlings at nursery stage

REN Shiqi,TANG Qinglan,WEI Lida,WEI Shuang,WEI Zhendao,WU Qi,XIONG Tao,ZHU Hui — 2026/6/4 10:23:58

Eucalypt is a fast-growthing tree species with excellent carbon sequestration capacity. This study investigates the characteristics of carbon in Eucalyptus seedlings and develops an efficient method for estimating carbon stock. Seedlings of Eucalyptus pellita, E. urophylla, and E. urophylla × E. grandis were used as research materials. Morphological growth, biomass, and carbon content were analyzed from seed germination to seedling outplanting. The results were as follows：(1) The plant height growth rate and biomass variation trends were consistent among the three eucalyptus species from seed dormancy to seedling establishment stage. Eucalyptus pellita exhibited the fastest growth, followed by E. urophylla × E. grandis, with E. urophylla showing the slowest growth. However, these interspecific differences diminished after the rapid growth phase. Height growth was the dominant growth strategy for all species, and the allocation of biomass and carbon stock in various organs was leaf>stem>root. The biomass estimation model based on plant height had the highest accuracy. Its R2 value ranged from 0.9607 to 0.9873, which was higher than that of models constructed by root length and ground diameter. (2) Carbon content was highest during seed dormancy for all three species. Their carbon content decreased continuously within one month after sowing and subsequently stabilizing at approximately 500 g·kg?1. Significant interspecific differences in organ carbon content were observed during the rapid growth phase: stem and leaf contents were that of roots in E. urophylla and E. urophylla × E. grandis, whereas the opposite pattern was recorded for E. pellita. (3) Age was the primary factor affecting seedling biomass, carbon stock and its allocation. Seedling carbon stock increased with the rise of seedling age. Interspecific variation was a secondary factor. E. pellita had the highest carbon stock and carbon sequestration before cotyledon expansion, after which E. urophylla and E. urophylla × E. grandis surpassed it. (4) The seedlings transitioned from a carbon source to a carbon sink at cotyledon expansion. In conclusion, eucalypts seedlings exhibited similar growth characteristics, whereas their carbon content varies among species. The allometric growth equation based on plant height can achieve rapid and accurate estimation of seedling carbon stock when combined with species-specific carbon content. This study provides an effective technical method for the quantitative evaluation of eucalypt seedling carbon sink capacity.

Additions to Ormosia (Fabaceae) from Yunnan and adjacent regions

2026/6/3 17:04:22

We report new distribution records of the genus?Ormosia（Fabaceae）from multiple regions.?Specifically, Ormosia hekouensis?R. H. Chang is newly recorded in Vietnam, and?O. yunnanensis?Prain is newly recorded in Myanmar.?Within China, O. pachyptera?H. Y. Chen and?O. pubescens?R. H. Chang represent new provincial records for Yunnan, whereas?O. inflata?Merr. & Chun ex Merr. & H. Y. Chen is newly recorded in Guangxi. Based on examinations of herbarium specimens and field surveys, we confirm the occurrence of?O. napoensis?Z. Wei & R. H. Chang and?O. pinnata（Lour.）Merr. in Yunnan. Previous reports of?O. hosiei?Hemsl. & E. H. Wilson and?O. glaberrima?Y. C. Wu from Yunnan are attributed to misidentifications. Additionally, O. yimenensis L. L. Deng is treated as a synonym of O. nuda（F. C. How）R. H. Chang & Q. W. Yao. For each newly recorded species，we provide detailed information including voucher specimens，phenology, habitat, and distribution. These findings provide essential baseline data for understanding?the diversity of Ormosia?in China and adjacent regions.

Association classification, functional differentiation, and environmental drivers of subalpine forests around Bitahai Lake, Shangri-La

2026/6/1 18:08:25

Subalpine forests are a key component of mountain vertical zonation, and their tree species composition and functional traits are highly sensitive to environmental variations such as topography and soil. Classifying association types and clarifying the environmental mechanisms underlying their differentiation is essential for understanding community assembly and species coexistence in subalpine forests. This study examined subalpine forests within an area of approximately 100 km2 around Bitahai Lake in the proposed Shangri-La National Park, Yunnan, China. Based on census data from 100 20 m × 20 m forest plots, multivariate regression trees were used to classify association types and identify the key environmental factors driving their differentiation, and multivariate linear regression models were then applied to evaluate the effects and relative importance of topographic and soil factors on the spatial variation of species diversity, functional diversity, and community-weighted mean functional traits. The results were as follows: (1) Elevation and potential solar radiation were the key environmental factors driving association differentiation. The subalpine forests in the study area were classified into three association types: the "Abies georgei – Lonicera tangutica + Rosa sweginzowii" association, which occurred at relatively high elevations (≥ 3790 m); the "Quercus guyavifolia + Pinus densata – Rhododendron rubiginosum" association, which occurred at relatively low elevations with higher potential solar radiation (≥ 8284 MJ?m?2); and the "Picea likiangensis – Rhododendron rubiginosum + Salix wallichiana" association, which occurred at relatively low elevations with lower potential solar radiation. (2) Although species composition differed significantly among the three associations, rarefied species richness showed no significant response to environmental drivers. (3) Functional dispersion was significantly positively affected by potential solar radiation, while specific leaf area increased with elevation, and leaf dry matter content increased with potential solar radiation. In summary, tree species composition in the subalpine forests around Bitahai Lake is primarily driven by elevation, whereas variation in potential solar radiation further shapes patterns of functional diversity among associations. Compared with traditional diversity indices such as species richness, functional indicators, such as community-weighted mean traits, better characterize differences among associations and help reveal their adaptive strategies. Overall, elevation and potential solar radiation emerge as the key environmental factors driving community differentiation and functional divergence in subalpine forests around Bitahai Lake, providing new quantitative evidence for understanding biodiversity maintenance and community assembly mechanisms in subalpine regions.

Chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activities of Rosa laevigata fruits

KUANG Weidong,PENG Yuan,TAN Jianwen*,ZHAO Xingling — 2026/6/1 17:16:11

To investigate the constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of Rosa laevigata fruit, the ethyl acetate fraction of its ethanol extract was separated by silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. The isolated compounds were characterized by MS and NMR. Selected triterpenoids were tested for anti-inflammatory activity by measuring NO production inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results were as follows: (1) Nineteen compounds were isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate fraction, They are 2α,3α,19α-trihydroxy-28-norurs-12-ene (1), euscaphic acid (2), 1α,2β,3β,19α-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 2α,3α,19α,23-tetraydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (4), 2α,3β,19α,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (5), niga-ichigoside F1 (6), hyptaic acid B (7), tiliroside (8), anemarrhenoside B (9), evofolin B (10), taxifolin (11), aspergillus triazolate A (12), methyl elaidate (13), oleic acid (14), 10-eicosenoic acid (15), erucylamide (16), 9(Z)-octadecenamide (17), microphyllose A (18), inotodisaccharide (19). Among them, compounds 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-18 and 19 represent the first occurrence in the genus Rosa,and compound 1 is reported for the first time from Rosa Laevigata Michx.itself. (2) Anti-inflammatory activity tests showed that all tested triterpenoids except Compound 1 significantly inhibited NO production. Compounds 4, 5 and 6 exhibited IC?? values of (6.76±1.02), (11.36±0.39) and (11.53±2.08) μmol?L-1, respectively, with activities superior to or comparable to the positive control hydroxylamine hydrochloride. This study enriches the chemical constituents of Rosa Laevigata fruit, identifies triterpenoids as its primary anti-inflammatory active components, and provides a scientific basis for the material foundation of its anti-inflammatory activity and further development.

Supplementary description of morphology of Oreocharis burttii (Gesneriaceae)

HUANG Ruizhou,,XU Han,, — 2026/5/29 9:58:58

Opithandra B. L. Burtt, an artificial genus established on the basis of a single morphological character, namely having two fertile posticous stamens, was merged into Oreocharis. In this study, we observed a plant species (Oreocharis sp.) which is similar to Oreocharis burttii (W. T. Wang) Mich. M?ller & A. Weber in the Qingyunshan Nature Reserve of Shaoguan, Guangdong, China, but it exhibits variable numbers of fertile stamens. To clarify the taxonomic identity of this unusual population and to evaluate whether it should be treated as conspecific with Oreocharis burttii, we performed species delimitation on this population using both morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. The results were as follows: (1) Both morphological and molecular data support that the unidentified species discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve is Oreocharis burttii. It is highly consistent with Oreocharis burttii in core diagnostic characters, including the morphological characteristics of leaves and flowers. On the phylogenetic tree, its samples cluster into one clade together with the two samples of Oreocharis burttii. (2) The population discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve differs from the protologue in the sizes of several morphological traits. Compared to the original description, individuals in this population possess longer petioles (5.7–13.5 cm vs. 0.5–5.4 cm), wider leaf blades (4.6–5.4 cm vs. 1.7–4 cm), cymes with longer peduncles (5–12 cm vs. 2–6 cm), larger calyxes (ca. 5 × 2 mm vs. 3.5–3.8 × ca. 1 mm) and corolla tubes (ca. 15 × 7 mm vs. 10–14 × ca. 3.5 mm). (3) The population discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve differs from the protologue in quantity of the cyme branch orders, number of flowers and the number of fertile stamens. Specifically, it has more orders of cymes branching (2–3 vs. 1–2), more flowers (5–14 vs. 2–7), and a variable number of fertile stamens (In 20 individuals: 1: 5%, rare; 2: 70%; 3: 12.5%; and 4: 12.5% vs. 2). In conclusion, this study provides an supplementary morphological description for Oreocharis burttii. These findings expand the known range of morphological variation for this species, contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of its intraspecific morphological variation, provide essential foundational data for future accurate identification and taxonomic revision.

Unraveling the Hormone-Mediated Biosynthetic Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera macranthoides through Integrated Hormone Quantification and Transcriptome Analysis

Li Zhengchun,,Qiu Ningrong,, — 2026/5/29 9:27:38

This study integrated the results of hormone quantification and transcriptome sequencing to systematically analyze the regulatory relationship between endogenous hormone dynamics and the expression of key genes involved in chlorogenic acid (CGA) biosynthesis in Lonicera macranthoides across four developmental stages: the young green stage (T1), large white stage (T2), silver flowering stage (T3), and golden flowering stage (T4). Using LC?MS/MS, 109 endogenous hormones were quantified, from which 48 differential hormones were identified. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched across all comparison groups. Twelve highly expressed genes involved in CGA biosynthesis—including those encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and p-coumaroyl ester 3′-hydroxylase (C3′H)—were screened from the phenylpropanoid pathway. The expression of these genes was significantly upregulated during the T3 and T4 stages. Correlation analysis identified 15 hormones that were positively correlated with the expression of these genes, with jasmonates (e.g., JA, JA-ILE), gibberellins (e.g., GA9, GA20), and auxin-related metabolites being particularly prominent. Further analysis indicated that genes in the jasmonate signaling pathway, such as JAZ and MYC2, were highly expressed during the golden flowering stage. It is hypothesized that jasmonate may activate the downstream CGA biosynthetic pathway by relieving the repression of MYC2 by JAZ proteins. This study preliminarily clarifies the molecular regulatory network mediated by hormones during the development of L. macranthoides and the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid, providing a theoretical basis for breeding new varieties with high chlorogenic acid content and for quality improvement.

Research progress on the application of tissue culture technology in the conservation and development of rare and endangered medicinal plants

2026/5/27 10:29:31

To address the conflict between the depletion of wild medicinal plant resources and growing market demand, plant tissue culture has emerged as a pivotal technology for the conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants and the?exploitation?of alternative resources. This article systematically reviews the research progress in applying tissue culture to the rapid reproduction, in vitro preservation, and efficient production of active ingredients from rare and endangered medicinal plants. It summarizes current applications of micropropagation, germplasm preservation, cell suspension culture, and bioreactor systems. Through optimizing culture conditions, applying induction strategies, supplementing precursor substances, and integrating bioreactor technology, large-scale propagation and efficient accumulation of active ingredients have been achieved for multiple species. Moreover, molecular regulation techniques has further improved system stability and product yield. However, challenges remain in industrialization, including poor genetic stability, inconsistent metabolite production, and incomplete quality control standards. Future integration of cutting-edge technologies such as multi-omics analysis, synthetic biology, and intelligent cultivation systems is expected to drive the transformation towards standardized and sustainable production of medicinal plant resources, ultimately achieving the coordinated goals of ecological protection and the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry.

Relationship between leaf traits and plant growth and mortality rates of understory woody species in a monsoon forest in Shiwandashan

WANG Hongxiang,YAN Chaolong,ZHU Shidan — 2026/5/27 10:13:11

Mountain monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests in Shiwandashan have significant ecological functions, and the growth and mortality rates of the understory woody plants strongly influence the structure and function of these forests. Leaf traits are key indicators of plant resource acquisition and utilization strategies, and the relationship between leaf traits and plant demographic properties has been widely studied to explore plant community dynamics. To identify leaf functional traits that predict the relative growth and mortality rates (RRG and RM, respectively) of understory woody species from mountain monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests in Shiwandashan, a total of 30 species were selected from a 1 hm2 permanent plot. Their RM and RRG were examined, and 10 leaf functional traits related to morphology and structure (leaf mass per area, leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content, leaf area, vein density, and stomatal pore area index), mechanical resistance (force to punch), nutrient concentration (mass-based nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations), and drought resistance (leaf water potential at the turgor loss point) were measured. The relationships of leaf traits with RM and RRG were subsequently analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) RM varied independently of RRG, indicating a lack of a growth-mortality trade-off across these species. (2) RM was negatively correlated with leaf force to punch (Fp), leaf thickness, and leaf mass per area, but was not associated with the drought resistance trait. Structural equation modeling revealed that Fp directly affected RM, whereas leaf thickness and leaf mass per area indirectly affected RM via Fp. These results suggest that plants tend to increase the construction costs for leaves to enhance mechanical resistance, thereby reducing RM. (3) RRG was negatively correlated with leaf thickness and Fp, and positively correlated with phosphorus concentration and leaf area. Structural equation modeling revealed that phosphorus concentration and leaf area directly positively affected RRG, whereas Fp directly negatively affected RRG. In contrast, leaf thickness indirectly affected RRG via Fp. These results indicate that the leaf traits associated with light acquisition, nutrient utilization, and carbon investment influence the growth performance of understory woody species. This study provides a theoretical basis for forest conservation and restoration in north tropical forests.

Untargeted metabolomics reveals metabolic features of malformed flowers in ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit

Liu Qing,Qi Yong,Shi Binbin,Tang Dongmei*,Zhang Sheng,Zhong Weimin,Zhou Jia — 2026/5/27 8:55:59

In order to analyze the metabolic features of malformed flowers of ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit, Malformed and normal flowers at the white-tip stage were used as research materials. Morphological observation combined with widely targeted metabolomics analysis was performed to screen for differential metabolites and carry out metabolic pathway enrichment analysis, aiming to characterize the metabolic profile of malformed flowers and preliminarily explore the causes of their formation. The results showed that: (1) Malformed flowers exhibited pronounced transverse overgrowth at the white-tip stage, with flower diameter, ovary diameter, and stigma number increased by 1.37-, 1.53-, and 1.28-fold, respectively, compared with normal flowers. (2) A total of 420 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified between the two flower types, among which 190 were up-regulated and 230 were down-regulated in malformed flowers. Terpenoids represented the most abundant class of DAMs, accounting for 35.7% (150 metabolites), of which 102 were significantly upregulated in malformed flowers. (3) KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DAMs were mainly enriched in kaempferol glucoside biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and ABC transporter pathways. These findings suggest that malformed flower is a critical factor leading to malformed fruit in 'Guichang' kiwifruit, and that a terpenoid–flavonoid–ABC transporter metabolic network may underlie the formation of malformed flowers.

Community structure and diversity of microorganisms from roots and rhizosphere soil of two Cypripedium species in Shennongjia

LIU Zhongyu,YAN Zhongqi,YANG Linsen,YU Zhihe — 2026/5/26 9:12:54

he growth and development of orchids are closely associated with microorganisms in rhizosphere soil and the root endosphere. Characterizing orchid-associated microbial communities is of great significance for guiding artificial propagation, field conservation, and the exploration of potential functional microbial resources. To clarify the microbial community characteristics of endangered Cypripedium species in Shennongjia, wild Cypripedium henryi and Cypripedium japonicum were selected as study materials. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the composition, diversity, and potential functions of fungal and bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil and the root endosphere at the flowering and fruiting stages. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 14 fungal phyla and 38 bacterial phyla were detected in rhizosphere soil and the root endosphere of the two Cypripedium species. The dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota, and the dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteria. (2) The richness and evenness of fungal and bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil were generally higher than those in the root endosphere. Fungal richness in rhizosphere soil increased significantly from the flowering stage to the fruiting stage, whereas bacterial richness in the root endosphere decreased significantly. (3) Ecological niche explained a relatively high proportion of the differences in microbial community structure between rhizosphere soil and the root endosphere of the two Cypripedium species, accounting for 19.49% and 60.20% of the variation in fungal and bacterial communities, respectively. (4) Developmental stage affected the abundance changes of some microbial taxa and the differentiation of community functions. From the flowering stage to the fruiting stage, the relative abundance of 13 fungal genera in rhizosphere soil and 20 bacterial genera in the root endosphere changed significantly. (5) The functional composition of fungal communities differed markedly between rhizosphere soil and the root endosphere, whereas the functional profiles of bacterial communities were relatively stable. Competitive and cooperative interactions coexisted in rhizosphere soil microbial communities, whereas positive correlations dominated in root endosphere microbial communities. This study preliminarily clarifies the composition of fungal and bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil and the root endosphere of two Cypripedium species in Shennongjia, as well as their associations with ecological niche, developmental stage, and host species. These findings provide foundational data for screening symbiotic microorganisms, artificial propagation, and population conservation of Cypripedium plants.

Identification of the Sorghum Lhcb Gene Family and Analysis of Its Expression Patterns under Drought Stress

likuiyin — 2026/5/25 21:13:33

To investigate the characteristics of the?Lhcb?gene family in sorghum and its response mechanism to drought stress, this study performed genome-wide identification, bioinformatic analysis, and expression profiling under PEG-simulated drought stress in the sorghum cultivar Hongyingzi (Sorghum bicolor). A total of 22?SbLhcb?genes were identified, unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes, with all encoded proteins localized to chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into three subfamilies (I–III). Notably,?subfamily III contained five genes showing no homology to?Arabidopsis?Lhcb genes, suggesting species-specific evolutionary divergence. Gene structures and conserved motif compositions were relatively conserved within each subfamily. Promoter regions were enriched with light-responsive, hormone (ABA, MeJA), and stress-responsive cis-elements. Tissue expression profiling revealed high expression of most genes in leaves. qRT-PCR analysis showed that?SbLhcb5.1,?SbLhcb7,?SbLhcb14, and?SbLhcb18?were all upregulated under drought stress but exhibited distinct temporal patterns, with early or delayed responses. This study systematically reveals the evolutionary features, tissue-specific expression, and?temporal functional division?of?SbLhcb?members in response to drought stress, providing a theoretical basis and candidate genes for further dissecting drought tolerance mechanisms and breeding drought-resistant sorghum varieties..

Mitochondrial gene variation pattern in natural population of rare plant Pinus bungeana

Caiyun Luo,LI Zhonghu*,LUO Caiyun,TUO Peipei,WANG Haoyang — 2026/5/25 9:38:15

Pinus bungeana, a rare and endangered forest tree species belonging to the Pinaceae family and the Pinus genus, plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and stability of forest ecosystems. The mitochondrial genome in most gymnosperms is maternally inherited, making it essential for elucidating phylogeographic structure and population history. In this study, 47 individuals from 29 natural populations of P. bungeana were collected, and six mitochondrial gene fragments (COX1, ATP6, NAD6, rps19, rpl16, and rps11) were assembled and annotated using next-generation high-throughput sequencing to investigate the phylogeographic structure and population history of this species. The results showed that: (1) Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. bungeana individuals originated from the continuous evolutionary process of major branches, accompanied by gene flow and transfer. (2) Genetic structure analysis indicated that P. bungeana populations could be divided into two subgroups. (3) A total of 36 haplotypes were identified across the six gene fragments. Among thoese, haplotype H1 was widely distributed, and the coexistence of multiple haplotypes was observed in several populations. (4) Genetic parameter analysis identified 102 polymorphic sites, with the highest haplotype diversity index reaching 0.956. Fragment COX1 showed high variability, while Fragment ATP15 exhibited low polymorphism, forming only a single haplotype. This study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation of P. bungeana. Future research should further elucidate the genetic structure and patterns of P. bungeana by increasing sample sizes or employing alternative genetic markers.

Cloning, Expression Characteristics and Functional Verification of the Pepper CaCCD8 Gene

liujiahao,,, — 2026/5/22 11:24:49

To clarify the molecular mechanism underlying plant architecture regulation in pepper (Capsicum annuum), the homolog of Arabidopsis AtCCD8, designated CaCCD8, was cloned from the annual pepper cultivar Zunla 1. The physicochemical properties, structural characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the protein encoded by CaCCD8 were systematically analyzed. Subsequently, a virus-induced gene silencing vector TRV?CaCCD8 was constructed and transformed into pepper to obtain CaCCD8-silenced plants. The results were as follows: (1) CaCCD8 possessed the conserved characteristic sequence of the REP65 family, with a CDS full length of 1674 bp; the encoded protein had a molecular formula of C? ???H? ???N???O???S??, containing 8 720 total atoms, with a molecular weight of 62.356 18 kD and an isoelectric point of 6.61, belonging to an acidic protein; the instability index was 30.57, the aliphatic index was 79.82, and the grand average of hydropathicity was ?0.356, indicating that CaCCD8 was a stable hydrophilic protein; phosphorylation site analysis revealed that CaCCD8 contained 29 serine, 24 threonine and 25 tyrosine phosphorylation sites. (2) The CaCCD8 promoter harbored multiple cis?acting elements responsive to light and various hormones, suggesting that CaCCD8 may coordinate light and hormone signals to regulate branching and plant height development in pepper. (3) RT?qPCR analysis indicated that CaCCD8 was predominantly expressed in pepper stems. (4) VIGS phenotypic observation showed that CaCCD8-silenced plants exhibited increased lateral branch number, elongated lateral branch length and dwarfed main stem height. This study indicates that CaCCD8 plays an important role in regulating branch development and plant height formation in pepper, providing a theoretical basis and candidate gene resources for plant architecture improvement and molecular breeding of pepper.

A new chromanone component from Gymnema latifolium and its hypoglycemic activity

JIANG Ziyun,LIAO Guangfeng,LU Rumei,LU Yuling,XIAO Xiwen,XU Xiuhong,ZHANG Jinyan — 2026/5/21 16:47:01

Gymnema latifolium Wall.ex Wight, referred to as “Pian Lu Zhao” in the Lisu ethnic group, is traditionally employed to treat diabetes mellitus. To explore the chemical constituents and hypoglycemic activity of G. latifolium, this study employed a combination of macroporous resins, silica gel, MCI, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to isolate and purify the chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate fraction of G. latifolium. The structures of the compounds were determined by MS, NMR, and ECD spectroscopy. The in vitro hypoglycemic activity of the isolated compounds was assessed using a glucose uptake assay based on HepG2 cells. Results: (1) Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified as calomembranone L (1), calopolyanic acid (2), blancoic acid (3), apetalic acid (4), isoapetalic acid (5), apetalic acid methyl ester (6), isoapetalic acid methyl ester (7), calopolyanolide B (8), 2-hydroxy-xanthone (9), isocudraniaxanthone B (10), lacexanthone (11), caledonixanthone Q (12), 7,8-cis-8,8'-trans-2',4'-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-lariciresinol (13), (7R,8S)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (14), (+)-pinoresinol (15). Among them, compound 1 is a new chromanone compound, and compounds 2~15 were isolated from G. latifolium for the first time. (2) Hypoglycemic activity assays showed that compounds 1, 2, 3, 8 and 13 increased glucose uptake to 1.47, 1.47, 1.12, 1.49 and 1.23 times that of the control group in HepG2 cells, respectively, while exhibiting minimal cytotoxic effects, maintaining cell viability above 90%. This study enriches the chemical profile of G. latifolium and preliminarily clarifies the material basis for its hypoglycemic effect, providing a theoretical foundation for its further development and application.

Water-holding and water-losing characteristics of the litter layers in different forest types in Dayaoshan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi

2026/5/21 16:19:18

The water-holding and water-losing characteristics of forest litter are critical components regulating hydrological processes in forest ecosystems. However, the quantitative characterization and mechanistic analysis of the hydrological functions of the litter layer across different forest types remain largely inadequate to date. To clarify the water-holding and water-losing characteristics of litter in major forest types in the Dayaoshan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, this study employed a combination of field plot surveys and laboratory-controlled experiments to determine the litter standing crop, dynamic water-holding processes, and dynamic water-losing processes of three typical forest types in the reserve, namely evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF), mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest (MCBF), and montane elfin forest (MEF). Furthermore, their water conservation capacity was evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) The litter standing crop of the three forest types ranged from 2.28 to 5.33 t·hm?2, with the order of EBF> MCBF> MEF. (2) The relationship between water-holding capacity and immersion time followed the logarithmic function (Q=aln(t)+b), and the relationship between water-absorption rate and soaking time followed the power function (V=ktn); there was a significant logarithmic relationship between water-losing capacity and seasoning time (R2> 0.95, P< 0.05), whereas a significant power function relationship was found between water-losing rate and seasoning time (R2> 0.95, P< 0.05). (3) The effective interception rate ranged from 49.46% to 116.13%, and the effective interception capacity ranged from 0.41 to 3.09 t·hm?2. Among them, the effective interception capacity of EBF and MCBF was significantly higher than that of MEF (P< 0.05); In conclusion, there were significant differences in the hydrological regulation efficiency of litter among different forest types in the Dayaoshan Reserve, Guangxi. EBF not only had the highest rainfall interception capacity but also exhibited better coordination between water-holding and release. The results of this study can provide empirical basis and parameter support for the accurate evaluation of water conservation functions, quantification of ecological benefits, and protection and management decisions of subtropical montane forests.

Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of MYB gene family in Gastrodia elata

2026/5/20 10:30:15

The MYB gene family plays a key regulatory role in the growth, development, and stress response of many plant species; however, systematic identification and functional studies of the MYB gene family in Gastrodia elata remain limited. Here, we conducted a genome-wide screen to identify MYB genes in G. elata and systematically analyzed their physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, cis-acting elements, and codon usage bias. Expression patterns across different developmental stages were further characterized by RT-qPCR and transcriptome data. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 134 GeMYB genes were identified from the G. elata genome. The encoded proteins range in length from 80 to 1681 amino acids (aa) with molecular weights of 9.03–184.11 kDa. All GeMYB proteins are hydrophilic, and the majority are predicted to localize to the nucleus. (2) Phylogenetic analysis grouped these GeMYB genes into 24 subfamilies, which are unevenly distributed across 18 chromosomes.(3) Cis-acting element analysis suggests that GeMYB genes may participate in light responsiveness, abiotic stress tolerance, hormone signaling, and developmental regulation. (4) Codon usage bias analysis reveals that the evolution of the GeMYB gene family is driven primarily by natural selection, not random mutation. (5) Expression profiling indicates that four GeMYB genes are most highly expressed in mature tall gastrodia tubers. Among these, GeMYB70 and GeMYB88 are highly expressed in young rice-like tubers, whereas GeMYB107 is upregulated in mature mother tubers—findings consistent with critical regulatory roles for these genes during distinct stages of G. elata development. Collectively, our study provides essential foundational data for deciphering the regulatory mechanisms by which MYB transcription factors govern G. elata growth and development.

Cloning and expression analysis of SbarKPS1 gene promoter from Scutellaria barbata

HUANG Lili,LIU Jiahui,NI Huimeng,TANG Wendong,WU Qingwen,YANG Hui — 2026/5/19 17:01:28

To analyze the expression characteristics and hormonal response patterns of the promoter of SbarKPS1, which drives the gene encoding (-)-kolavenyl diphosphate synthase in Scutellaria barbata, the transcription start site was identified by 5’ RACE, and the promoter sequence was cloned from genomic DNA. A promoter-GUS fusion construct was generated and introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana via leaf-disc transformation. The transgenic lines were subjected to GUS staining and enzyme activity assays under different hormone treatments. The results were as follows: (1) The transcription start site of SbarKPS1 is located 43 bp upstream of the ATG start codon, and a 1 446 bp promoter fragment upstream of the TSS was cloned. Cis-element analysis revealed that it contains multiple regulatory elements related to hormone responsiveness, abiotic stress responses and light responsiveness. (2) Seven T0 transgenic plant lines were obtained, all of which tested positive by PCR identification. (3) GUS staining of T1 plants indicated that the SbarKPS1 promoter primarily drives expression in aerial tissues, including leaves, stems, and flowers, with the strongest GUS staining observed in young leaves and floral organs. (4) GUS enzyme activity assays in 7-day-old T? seedlings showed that salicylic acid treatment significantly enhanced promoter activity, whereas abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and gibberellic acid did not induce expression at significant levels. In conclusion, this study revealed that the SbarKPS1 promoter is predominantly expressed in aerial tissues of S. barbata, especially in young leaves and flowers, and its expression is induced by SA. These results provide a basis for further investigation into the regulatory mechanisms underlying clerodane diterpenoid alkaloids biosynthesis in S. barbata.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of Morella nana, an endemic species in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

CHEN Ye,FENG Jian,LU Daxian,LU Yuxia,LUO Xiaosong,ZHAO Cai* — 2026/5/18 15:38:11

Genetic diversity and genetic structure serve as fundamental indicators for evaluating a species’ adaptive potential in response to environmental changes. To assess the genetic status of the endemic plant Morella nana on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and to formulate sciencebased conservation strategies, this study employed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to examine 369 individuals from 40 natural populations. DNA extraction and PCR amplification were conducted, followed by analyses of genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships. The results were as follows: (1) M. nana maintains relatively high levels of genetic diversity, as evidenced by key indices: the observed number of alleles (Na) was 3.681, the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 2.939, the Shannon's index (I) was 1.078, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.875, and the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.582. (2) Cluster analyses divided the sampled populations into two distinct genetic groups. Group 1 was primarily distributed across the Yunnan Plateau, whereas populations from the Guizhou Plateau contain admixed genetic components derived from both Group 1 and Group 2. This pattern indicates significant historical or ongoing genetic admixture, and the genetic structure exhibits an east–west differentiation across the species’ range. (3) Analysis of molecular variance revealed that genetic variation primarily occurs within populations, indicating individuals were the main source of variation. Genetic differentiation among populations was low, with frequent inter-population gene flow. In conclusion, this SSR-based molecular study successfully elucidated the patterns of genetic diversity and the spatial genetic structure of M. nana. The findings provide a robust scientific foundation for understanding its evolutionary dynamics and demographic history. More importantly, they offer critical insights for developing targeted conservation strategies. These strategies should prioritize the protection of populations representing unique genetic clusters, particularly the admixed populations in Guizhou, while also ensuring the preservation of the species’ overall high genetic variation to enhance its long-term resilience and adaptive potential in the face of environmental change.

Regulatory effects of endophytic fungus Subsessila turbinata RG170 on physiological characteristics and secondary metabolite accumulation in Cinnamomum cassia seedlings

GUO Zhenghu,HUANG Rongshao,LI Liangbo,QIN Qinjuan,TAN Xiaoming,WANG Jie,YAO Chun — 2026/5/18 15:19:14

To investigate the effects of the endophytic fungus RG170 (Subsessila turbinata) on the physiological characteristics and secondary metabolite accumulation of Cinnamomum cassia seedlings, the endophytic fungus RG170, isolated from healthy leaves of C. cassia, was used as the experimental material. The plant growth-promoting potential was evaluated through in vitro assays assessing phosphate solubilization, potassium solubilization, and nitrogen fixation, as well as through a sterile co-culture system. Pot experiments were further conducted to verify its actual effects on cinnamon growth and metabolism. The results were as follows: (1) Under sterile co-culture conditions, inoculation with RG170 significantly promoted the growth of C. cassia seedlings. Compared with the control, plant height, fresh weight, number of lateral roots, and leaf area increased by 15.4%, 54.2%, 40.1%, and 29.5%, respectively, with all parameters except plant height showing significant differences. (2) In pot experiments, inoculation with RG170 significantly increased the dry biomass of the underground parts of C. cassia seedlings. (3) Compared with the control, the RG170-inoculated seedlings exhibited significantly higher levels of soluble sugars and soluble proteins in leaves, with increases of 51.9% and 63.8%, respectively, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly enhanced by 66.5% and 279.0%, respectively. (4) Inoculation also significantly increased total flavonoid and total phenolic contents in leaves by 115.3% and 113.9%, respectively. In addition, the contents of cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde in both leaves and stem bark were significantly elevated, with cinnamaldehyde contents increasing by 65.1% and 68.8%, respectively. In conclusion, inoculation with the RG170 strain, which possesses multiple growth-promoting traits, not only promotes the growth and enhances the physiological activity of C. cassia seedlings but also facilitates the accumulation of key secondary metabolites, such as total flavonoids and cinnamaldehyde in leaves and stem bark. This study provides a basis for the development of microbial inoculants for the cultivation of C. cassia seedlings.

The Resource Allocationand and Morphological Characters of the Polychromatic Primula pamirica at Different Flowering Periods

ABDUSALAM Aysajan,MENG Ting,WANG Yibi — 2026/5/18 11:23:13

Primula pamirica, a distylous species exhibiting flower-color polymorphism, is native to the Pamir Plateau in China and the adjacent high-mountain ecosystems. In natural populations, produce to plants that are either purple (including light purple and purple) and white (including light white and white) flower individuals. These plants also display variation in microhabitat conditions, as well as differences in individual size and morphological traits between the early and late flowering stages. This study comparatively analyzed root-zone soil water content, phenotypic traits (including number, size, and length), and biomass allocation across different plant modules in individuals with varying flower colors during both early and late flowering periods. The objective was to elucidate the influence of climatic differences between the two flowering stages on the morphological phenotypes of distinct flower-color morph individuals of?P. pamirica, to explore the relationship between its resource allocation patterns and environmental factors, and to reveal the resource allocation strategies and mechanisms underlying morphological variation that enable the species to adapt to the harsh alpine environment. The results were as follows: (1) The biomass allocation to different modules and the morphological traits of plants flowering in the early and late stages were significantly influenced by flowering period, flower color, and their interaction, but not by floral morph (distyly). (2) All four flower-color types of plants allocated more resources to various modules during the late flowering period compared to the early period. Trade-offs in resource allocation among different modules were detected across flower-color types. (3) The root-zone soil moisture content significantly affected the resource investment in different modules for plants with varying flower colors during both early and late flowering stages. Overall, resource allocation to above-ground vegetative organs was greater than that to below-ground vegetative and reproductive organs. In conclusion, the resource allocation patterns of the purple and white flower-color groups in the early and late flowering phases are consistent with the Optimal Partitioning Hypothesis, while the pattern of light purple plants adheres to the Iso-allocation Theory. Throughout both flowering stages, this species alleviates competition for scarce resources within the population through spatial segregation and sequential phenological progression. Consequently, it adapts to the alpine environment by means of variations in flowering phenology and the growth microhabitats of individuals of each color.

Study on latex physiological responses of rubber trees to Phytophthora leaf fall disease and indicators for disease control and tapping cessation

GAO Qian,HU Yonghua,QIU Yanfen,XIAO Zaiyun*,YANG Enshan — 2026/5/18 9:05:57

Phytophthora leaf fall disease is one of the major diseases affecting rubber trees. In recent years, its prevalence and severity have continued to increase in rubber-growing areas of Yunnan, causing substantial economic losses to the local rubber industry. Because the disease occurs sporadically at the early stage and related research remains limited, precise standards for disease control and tapping cessation in infected trees have not yet been established. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a scientific indicator system for disease control and tapping cessation, so as to avoid pesticide waste caused by premature disease control and dry rubber yield loss caused by premature tapping cessation, while preventing severe damage to rubber trees resulting from delayed control measures. Based on the variation patterns of latex physiological characteristics during disease progression, latex samples at disease severity grades 0–5 were systematically collected from seven farms and one township in the rubber-growing area of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. The widely cultivated rubber tree clones GT1 and RRIM600 were selected as the study materials. The contents of sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solids in latex were determined, and the changes in latex physiological parameters among trees with different disease severity grades were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) with increasing disease severity, the contents of thiols, sucrose, and total solids in latex decreased significantly, whereas inorganic phosphorus content increased markedly. Among these parameters, only thiol content showed an extremely significant negative correlation with disease progression. (2) With reference to previously established standard values, the latex thiol content of RRIM600 decreased to 0.26 mmol·L?1 at disease severity grade 3, while that of GT1 decreased to 0.35 mmol·L?1 at disease severity grade 4; both values were at relatively low levels. In conclusion, latex thiol content can serve as a core indicator for disease control and tapping cessation in infected rubber trees. The tapping-cessation thresholds for RRIM600 and GT1 were determined to be 0.26 mmol·L?1 and 0.35 mmol·L?1, respectively. Considering the rapid progression of this disease, control measures are recommended to be initiated at disease severity grade 2, or when latex thiol content decreases to 0.31 mmol·L?1, for RRIM600, and at disease severity grade 3, or when latex thiol content decreases to 0.42 mmol·L?1, for GT1. This study introduces latex physiological diagnosis into the disease control system and provides a new technical approach and theoretical basis for precise disease control and scientific tapping cessation.

Large trees rather than diversity dominate the spatial pattern of aboveground biomass in a subtropical mid-montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jiulongshan, Zhejiang, China

2026/5/16 11:16:47

Evergreen broad-leaved forests are a typical vegetation type in subtropical China and possess high aboveground biomass (AGB) storage capacity, thereby playing an important role in forest carbon sinks. The mass-ratio and biodiversity hypotheses are important biological explanations for the spatial distribution of AGB in evergreen broad-leaved forests. However, mid-montane regions often harbor distinctive evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by Fagaceae and Ericaceae under specific hydrothermal conditions and strong habitat heterogeneity. These forests exhibit unique community structure and species diversity, yet the relative importance of these two hypotheses in regulating AGB remains unclear. Data on woody plants with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm, together with topographic and soil data, were collected from the 30 ha mid-montane evergreen broad-leaved forest dynamics plot in Zhejiang Jiulongshan National Nature Reserve. The plot was divided into 20 m×20 m quadrats, with additional comparisons at the 10 m×10 m, 50 m×50 m and 100 m×100 m scales. Generalized least squares models, variance partitioning analysis and Bayesian structural equation models were used to examine the effects and pathways of large trees (mass-ratio effect), species richness (α diversity) and ecological uniqueness (local contribution to β diversity) on woody plant aboveground biomass. The results were as follows: (1) Quadrat-level AGB exhibited pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with a mean value of 201.42±60.61 Mg·ha-1. (2) The large-tree effect was significantly positively associated with AGB (β=1.00, P<0.001) and was the most important biological factor. (3) Ecological uniqueness was negatively associated with AGB (β=–0.20, P<0.05), indicating that quadrats with more unique species composition tended to have lower AGB. (4) Species richness was negatively associated with AGB at the 20 m × 20 m scale (β=–0.22, P<0.01), but positively associated with AGB at the 10 m × 10 m scale (β=0.38, P<0.001). This relationship was further moderated by soil conditions, with a stronger negative effect under lower resource availability and a weaker effect under more favorable resource conditions. Structural equation modeling showed that topography had the strongest positive total effect on AGB, and large trees acted as an important biological link between habitat conditions (topography and soil) and AGB. Large trees also had an indirect positive effect on AGB by influencing species richness rather than ecological uniqueness. Overall, the spatial pattern of AGB in the Jiulongshan mid-montane evergreen broad-leaved forest is mainly dominated by the mass-ratio effect, whereas diversity effects depend on soil conditions and spatial scale. These findings provide a scientific basis for maintaining ecosystem functions and protecting large trees and biodiversity in mid-montane evergreen broad-leaved forests.

Study on fingerprints and antioxidant activity spectrum-effect relationships of three original plants of Qianjinba

GAO Hong-wei,,,,WANG Bao-lin,, — 2026/5/15 17:01:19

Qianjinba from different provenances (F. philippinensis, F. macrophylla, and F. strobilifera), with similarity ranging from 0.677 to 0.968. (2) Principal component analysis extracted four principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 85.46%. (3) The IC?? values for DPPH and ABTS? radical scavenging capacities of the 18 batches ranged from 0.098 to 3.470 mg/mL and 0.089 to 2.000 mg/mL, respectively. (4) Grey relational analysis indicated that the correlation degree between all common peaks and antioxidant activity was greater than 0.7; bivariate correlation analysis revealed that Peak 3 (6″-O-malonylgenistin) and Peak 10 were significantly correlated with antioxidant activity. The study concludes that the Flemingia strobilifera has the potential to be used as a medicinal source species of “Qianjinba”, alongside the traditional species F. philippinensis. The antioxidant property of Qianjinba results from the combined action of various compounds. Specifically, Peak 3, identified as 6″-O-malonylgenistin, may constitute the key material basis for its antioxidant activity.

New records of Asteraceae in China from the China—Kyrgyzstan border region: Evidence from morphology and molecular data

Adil Mamut,LI Le,LI Pan,LUO Chengwen,YANG Zhaoping,ZENG Siwei — 2026/5/15 10:40:18

Located in the western part of the Xinjiang, China, bordering Kyrgyzstan, Ulugqat (Wuqia) County is remote and characterized by complex topography, resulting in significant gaps in its plant surveys. In order to ascertain the plant background resources of this region and improve the floristic data of the China-Kyrgyzstan border area, two newly recorded species of Asteraceae in China were collected and identified during multiple botanical surveys in Ulugqat County from 2024 to 2025. Detailed morphological comparison and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS sequence were conducted to clarify the taxonomic status of these two newly recorded species. They were identified as Saussurea ispajensis Iljin and Rhaponticum lyratum C.Winkl. ex Iljin, respectively. Furthermore, morphological descriptions, plant photographs, distribution sites, and habitat information for the two newly recorded species are provided. The discovery of these two newly recorded species not only enriches the diversity of Asteraceae in China but also provides important biogeographical evidence for elucidating the historical dispersal routes between the Central Asian and the Northwest Chinese floras, while adding new taxa to China-Kyrgyzstan cross-border biodiversity conservation.

Seed phenotypic variation of wild populations of the endangered plant Ormosia henryi

2026/5/15 10:30:43

Seed phenotypic variation results from the interplay between genetic factors and environmental heterogeneity, reflecting the adaptive and evolutionary potential of a species. To reveal the patterns of seed phenotypic variation in the endangered plant Ormosia henryi Prain, this study investigated 60 individuals from 28 wild populations distributed across Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan, and Zhejiang provinces. Five seed phenotypic traits were measured: seed length (SL), seed width (SW), seed shape index (SSI), seed surface area (SSA) and hundred-seed mass (HSM). Nested variance analysis, correlation analysis, mixed effects models, and hierarchical clustering were used to partition the variation within and among populations and to examine their associations with geographical, climatic, and soil factors. The results were as follows: (1) Five seed phenotypic traits exhibited differential variation, with HSM and SSA exhibiting the highest coefficient of variation (CV = 19.47% and 16.91%, respectively), with maximum-to-minimum ratios of 3.5 and 3.2, whereas SL, SW, and SSI showed relatively low variation (CV = 9.62%, 9.68%, and 10.08%, respectively). (2) Nested ANOVA revealed that seed trait variation was primarily attributable to variation among individuals within populations (39.11%–41.50%), whereas inter-population variation contributed relatively little (9.63%–29.01%). (3) Seed morphology (SL, SSA) exhibited a significant decreasing trend from west to east along the longitudinal gradient. (4) Soil nutrients emerged as the dominant driver of seed trait variation, with relative contribution rates exceeding 59% for all five traits — substantially higher than those of climatic factors. Available nitrogen (AN) generally exhibited negative effects, whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed positive effects, partially supporting the resource allocation trade-off theory. (5) Cluster analysis based on trait means and coefficients of variation classified the 28 populations into three groups: Group I (small seeds, low variation), Group II (large seeds, high variation), and Group III (large seeds, low variation). These findings demonstrate that seed phenotypic variation in O. henryi is primarily driven by within-population variation, with geographical patterns likely shaped by soil fertility. Based on the “mean–coefficient of variation” framework, this study classified O. henryi populations into groups with distinct variation characteristics, enhancing our understanding of the species’ adaptive strategies, and providing a scientific basis for germplasm collection, conservation unit delineation, and targeted breeding programs.

Compositional differences in the Tibetan medicinal herb Aconitum tanguticum before and after processing and across altitudinal gradients

AN Lata,BAN Mazhong,Dorje,GUO Xiao,LI Qien,WAN Digao,ZHANG Ying — 2026/5/15 10:14:30

This study elucidate the material basis underlying the detoxification process and interrogates the response patterns of secondary metabolites in Aconitum tanguticum to altitude gradients. Biospecimens of crude and processed A. tanguticum were collected across six altitudinal gradients spanning 3379 to 4100 m and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry. Integrating multivariate statistical analysis with KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the study characterized differentially expressed metabolites and elucidated their regulatory patterns. A total of 2 720 metabolites were identified, of which 1 149 exhibited significant abundance changes driven by processing or altitude. Notably, processing effectively mitigated the toxicity of diester-diterpene alkaloids (e.g., 13,15-dideoxyaconitine, FC=0.214) while concomitantly enhancing the accumulation of beneficial monoester-diterpene alkaloids (e.g., 6-benzoylheteratisine, FC=2.627), thereby achieving the critical therapeutic goal of "detoxification without losing efficacy." Altitude was identified as a pivotal ecological factor shaping the plan’s metabolic fingerprint: low-altitude samples were enriched in phenylpropanoid derivatives such as rhodiolin, whereas high-altitude samples accumulated higher levels of compounds including N1,N5,N10-tris-(E)-p-coumaroylspermidine. KEGG enrichment analysis further highlighted that pathways related to phenylpropane biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and ABC transporters serve as key metabolic routes mediating the interactive effects of processing and altitude on A. tanguticum. Collectively, this study reveals the dynamic chemical profiles of A. tanguticum through the integrated perspectives of processing and altitude, providing robust scientific insights for optimizing processing protocols, establishing geographically traceable quality standards, and uncovering the complex regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants subjected to the interplay of ecological factors and processing interventions.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of terpenoid synthesis gene clusters in pitaya

WANG Enquan,WANG Yu,ZHANG Mingyu,ZHENG Jun — 2026/5/15 10:05:43

Terpenoids are involved in various physiological processes of pitaya, such as stress and disease resistance, and possess a wide range of biological activities, making them of great significance for the development and utilization of pitaya by-products. In this study, bioinformatics methods were employed to conduct a genome-wide identification and analysis of terpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters (TBGCs) in pitaya. Additionally, widely targeted metabolomics techniques were utilized to explore the types and relative contents of terpenoids in pitaya. Seven TBGCs were identified in the pitaya genome, with an average span larger than that in other species. There were phylogenetic associations between terpene synthases (TPS) and Squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) within TBGCs of pitaya and other species, but significant sequence diversity and large differences in physicochemical properties were observed. The pitaya TBGCs could be classified into two categories: one centered around TPS, focusing on skeleton synthesis; the other containing SHC and various modification genes, with relatively complex functions. The expression of biosynthetic and modification genes within pitaya TBGCs exhibited tissue specificity, with most regulatory genes possessing functions in responding to stresses (such as pathogens and drought) and regulating growth and development. Fifty-two types of terpenoids were identified in various pitaya tissues through secondary mass spectrometry (MS2), showing tissue-specific distribution. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were relatively abundant, and the terpenoids with higher relative contents exhibited biological activities such as inducing resistance, promoting growth, and having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study clarified the characteristics of potential TBGCs in the pitaya genome, explored their regulatory and expression patterns, and preliminarily elucidated the types and relative contents of terpenoid metabolites in various pitaya tissues, providing new insights for disease control and the development and utilization of pitaya by-products.

Functional changes analysis of a common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) SUS gene (NtSUS) knockout mutant

2026/5/15 9:53:21

To explore the physiological and biochemical changes of sucrose synthase gene (NtSUS) knockout mutant of Nicotiana tabacum created in our laboratory, the mutant was used as the material in this paper, and the related changes after NtSUS deletion were analyzed through the measuring of carbohydrate content and enzyme activity related to sucrose metabolism, the correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolomics, and overexpression verification. The results are as follows: (1) After the knockout of NtSUS, the content of reduced sugar and fructose and sucrose synthase activity (in the decomposition direction) increased significantly. (2) However, the activities of sucrose synthase (synthesis direction) and soluble acid invertase decreased significantly. (3) Moreover, the galactose metabolism pathway was significantly enriched. (4) Interestingly, the transcriptome results showed that the knockout of NtSUS leads to the down-regulation of most genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, and induce the expression changes of genes related to abiotic stress response pathway. (5) The NtSUS-overexpressing plants exhibited the opposite trend as the knockout plants in terms of sugar compound content, sugar metabolism-related enzyme activity and differential gene expression. The knockout of the NtSUS gene leads to the corresponding changes in the levels of various sugars in plants, and the processes of carbohydrate metabolism is reshaped. At the same time, it affects the synthesis pathway of amino acids and organic acids and the abiotic stress response pathway. The results lay a foundation for clarifying the metabolic pathways and regulatory networks of sugars in N. tabacum and provide new ideas for plant breeding with high sugar content.

Analysis of endogenous microbial community structure and differences in ecological functions in three species of Cladonia lichens in Guizhou province

2026/5/15 9:42:04

To investigate the composition and functional roles of endophytic microorganisms within Cladonia lichens, this study employed microbial isolation and high-throughput sequencing techniques to identify endophytes from three species of Cladonia lichens collected in Guizhou Province, China. The isolated endophytic fungi and bacteria were subsequently functionally annotated, and their ecological roles were predicted using the FUNGuild platform and the FAPROTAX database, respectively. The key findings are summarized as follows: (1) A total of 274 endophytic fungal strains and 339 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from the three Cladonia species. Pestalotiopsis for fungi and Bacillus were identified as the dominant genera, indicating their prevalence in these lichen communities. (2) The diversity of endophytic microorganisms differed among the three Cladonia species. Cladonia furcata exhibited the highest endophytic fungal diversity, with the following indices: Shannon index (4.25), Simpson index (0.94), Margalef index (4.71), and Pielou index (0.95). For endophytic bacteria, C. pyxidata showed the highest diversity, with Shannon index (3.92), Simpson index (0.93), Margalef index (3.14), and Pielou index (0.77). Furthermore, fungal community composition was most similar between the C. pyxidata and Cladonia furcata, with a similarity coefficient as high as 0.93, suggesting a close ecological or phylogenetic relationship in their endophytic fungal assemblages. (3) Excluding unclassified taxa, the endophytic fungi were categorized into eight distinct ecological functional groups based on their guild assignments. Similarly, the endophytic bacteria were classified into ten different functional groups according to their putative metabolic or ecological processes. The relative abundance and composition of these functional groups varied across the different Cladonia species, highlighting species-specific functional characteristics of the endophytes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the three Cladonia lichen species from Guizhou Province differ significantly in endophytic microbial richness, community structure, and potential ecological functions. These findings provide a foundational understanding of the complex endophytic systems within Cladonia lichens and are valuable for guiding subsequent targeted research on the metabolic products of these endophytes, thereby offering a theoretical basis for further exploration in fields such as drug synthesis and the discovery of novel bioactive compounds.

Structure and dynamics of dominant populations in the mid-subtropical low-altitude evergreen broad-leaved forest of Dagangshan

2026/5/15 9:32:30

The natural secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF) in Dagangshan, Jiangxi Province, has experienced severe anthropogenic interference and ice disasters. and while it is currently in a critical stage of successional recovery, the maintenance mechanisms and dynamic processes of its dominant populations remain poorly understood. This study aims to reveal the age structure characteristics, survival patterns, and future successional trends of dominant populations in this low-altitude EBLF, providing a scientific basis for future monitoring and management strategies. A 1 hm2 plot was established in a typical EBLF area to conduct a tree census. Based on the Importance Value (IV) of species with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm, the top three dominant species (C. fargesii, Symplocos theophrastifolia, and Machilus pauhoi) were selected. Size classes were used as a proxy for age classes to construct age structure diagrams. Furthermore, static life tables were compiled based on the actual number of survivors in each age class, and survival status was analyzed using survival curves, mortality and disappearance rate curves, and survival analysis curves. Population dynamics were quantified, and future trends were projected using time-series models. The results were as follows: (1) The age structure of the C. fargesii population was “dumbbell-shaped”, while the S. theophrastifolia and M. pauhoi populations exhibited an inverse “J-shaped” structure; notably, all three populations peaked at age-class II. (2) Survival analysis showed that C. fargesii followed a Deevey-III survival curve with high juvenile mortality, whereas the other two species followed a Deevey-II curve with relatively stable mortality across age classes. All three populations underwent a critical “screening” stage at age-class II. Specifically, C. fargesii showed a sharp initial decrease followed by mid-term stability and late-term growth; S. theophrastifolia experienced a sharp initial decrease followed by a rapid decline in the later stages; M. pauhoi exhibited a sharp initial decrease, mid-term stability, and late-term decline. (3) Quantitative dynamic indices revealed that all three populations are of the “increasing type”. C. fargesii demonstrated strong resilience, tending toward stability under external interference, while M. pauhoi showed the highest growth potential but was the most sensitive to disturbance. (4) Time-series predictions suggested that after 2, 4, and 6 age classes, all three populations will maintain a fluctuating growth trend. In conclusion, the dominant populations in this EBLF possess sufficient juvenile reserves and robust successional momentum. However, a developmental bottleneck at age-class II limits the transition rate toward the climax stage. We suggest that future research extend to the seedling stage (DBH<1 cm) to reveal early recruitment dynamics from germination to establishment. Management efforts should focus on moderate tending of age-class II saplings, thinning overcrowded individuals, and simulating forest gaps. Additionally, disaster warning systems should be strengthened for M. pauhoi, a species sensitive to climate change, to ensure community stability and sustainable succession.

Effects of SiO2-NPs and PGPR on growth physiology of Antirrhinum majus under low temperature stress

MA Jiamei,SUN Yingkun,XU Xiaoyan — 2026/5/15 9:12:25

To investigate the regulatory effects of nano-silica(SiO2-NPs, 20 nm particle size) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the growth and physiology of Antirrhinum majus under low temperature stress, this study used normal temperature ( 25℃ day/18℃ night ) as the control. The biomass, leaf anatomical structure, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and photosynthetic physiological indices of A. majus were determined under low temperature stress (7 ℃ day / 4 ℃ night) after foliar spraying of SiO2-NPs at three concentrations [S1 (50 mg?L-1), S2 (100 mg?L-1), S3 (200 mg?L-1)] alone or in combined treatment with PGPR strain Bacillus pumilus. The results were as follows: (1) Low temperature stress significantly reduced the plant height, stem diameter, biomass, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, and tissue structure tightness in A. majus leaves. Spraying different concentrations of SiO2-NPs or combined PGPR treatment on leaves could alleviate the growth inhibition and improve the tissue structure tightness.(2) Compared with the single low temperature stress treatment (LT), the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in A. majus treated with LT+S2+PGPR increased by 25.6%, 38.5%, 29.3%, and 29.6%, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical quantum efficiency of PSII (φPSII), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters increased by 24.9%, 65.0%, and 37.8%, respectively, while the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) decreased. (3) Low temperature stress inhibited the increase of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) of A. majus. The LT+S2+PGPR treatment had the most significant promoting effect on Pn, Tr, and Gs, which were 137.1%, 109.9%, and 156.9% higher than those under the LT treatment, respectively. (4) Spraying different concentrations of SiO2-NPs or composite PGPR treatment on leaves could significantly increase the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) in A. majus leaves, reduce the content of abscisic acid (ABA) in leaves, and enhance leaf water potential (LWP) to alleviate the low temperature stress experienced by A. majus. In summary, LT+S2+PGPR treatment demonstrated optimal efficacy, exhibiting a synergistic effect that significantly enhanced the low-temperature tolerance of A. majus. This provides technical support for its early spring cold-resistant cultivation.

Adaptation strategy of leaf functional traits in the endangered plant Ormosia henryi to plant size and environmental gradients

2026/5/13 14:51:00

To clarify how leaf functional traits of the endangered plant Ormosia henryi respond to environmental changes and ontogenetic processes, our study selected 105 individuals from 24 wild populations in Jiangxi Province. Four key traits—leaf thickness (LT), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and leaf tissue density (LTD)—were measured. By integrating data on tree diameter at breast height (DBH), climate, and soil properties, and employing correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and linear mixed-effects models, our study systematically analyzed the primary drivers of leaf trait variation in O. henryi. The results were as follows: (1) The variation differs among leaf traits of O. henryi exhibited significant variation. SLA was the most variable trait (CV = 30.87%), whereas LDMC was the most conservative (CV = 8.03%). (2) Variation in LT, SLA, and LTD was primarily driven by plant size (DBH), whereas LDMC was most sensitive to climatic factors. (3) As plant size increased, the ecological strategy of O. henryi shifted from an "acquisitive" to a "conservative" strategy, characterized by a significant decrease in SLA and significant increases in LT, LDMC, and LTD; (4) Along climatic gradients, increased annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality, as well as increased mean annual temperature and reduced temperature seasonality, were associated with a more conservative trait syndrome in O. henryi. Our study demonstrates that leaf trait variation in O. henryi is co-regulated by plant ontogeny (size) and environmental factors, revealing its unique ecological adaptation strategy. Specifically, Ormosia henryi tends to adopt a more conservative resource-use strategy as individuals grow larger and under conditions of higher precipitation (and its seasonality) or warmer temperatures with reduced thermal seasonality. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the endangerment mechanisms of O. henryi and for developing targeted conservation measures.

Comparison of nitrogen use efficiency among different ecotypes of Paphiopedilum micranthum and their carbon?nitrogen allocation strategies

HU Jiaxue,LI Yin,LI Zongyan,NIAN Yaoping,RUAN Yuehong,WU Qian,YANG Jianmin — 2026/5/13 11:16:18

To reveal the nitrogen adaptation mechanisms of different Paphiopedilum micranthum ecotypes in karst habitats, this study focused on three ecotypes (lithophytic ecotype, scrub terrestrial ecotype, and understory terrestrial ecotype) co-occurring in a limestone area in southeastern Yunnan. We aimed to compare their nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiencies and elucidate their ecological adaptation strategies from the perspective of carbon-nitrogen allocation. Soil available nitrogen content was measured, and plant N phenotypes along with the activities of key N metabolism enzymes were analyzed to compare inter?ecotype differences in N accumulation and utilization efficiency, followed by correlation analysis of influencing factors. The results were as follows: (1) While no significant difference was observed in N uptake efficiency (NUpE), N utilization efficiency (NUE) differed significantly among ecotypes (P < 0.05). The lithophytic ecotype (2.83 ± 0.14 g·mg?1) and the understory terrestrial ecotype (2.83 ± 0.05 g·mg?1) exhibited significantly higher NUE than the scrub terrestrial ecotype (2.64 ± 0.22 g·mg?1). (2) Divergent adaptive characteristics were formed: the understory terrestrial ecotype had significantly greater total root length (64.80 ± 9.86 cm) and root?to?shoot ratio (0.95 ± 0.22) than the lithophytic ecotype (total root length: 50.26 ± 17.50 cm; root?to?shoot ratio: 0.72 ± 0.17). In contrast, the lithophytic ecotype displayed the highest nitrogen uptake per unit root length, significantly surpassing the understory terrestrial ecotype (P < 0.05). The scrub terrestrial ecotype demonstrated a strong nitrate assimilation capacity, possessing the highest nitrate reductase activity (49.37 ± 1.08 μg NO??·g?1·FW·h?1) and leaf N concentration. (3) Carbon?nitrogen allocation strategies differed markedly: the lithophytic ecotype had the highest whole?plant C/N ratio, whereas the scrub terrestrial ecotype exhibited the greatest C and N accumulation but the lowest C/N ratio. The understory terrestrial ecotype generally displayed intermediate values for these traits. (4) Nitrogen utilization efficiency was significantly positively correlated with total root length, root carbon accumulation, and leaf C/N ratio, and significantly negatively correlated with soil ammonium?N content. In summary, the different ecotypes develop complementary nitrogen adaptation mechanisms by regulating root architecture and carbon?nitrogen allocation. The lithophytic ecotype achieved the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency through more efficient N uptake per unit root length and a resource allocation strategy characterized by a higher C/N ratio. By comparing the differences in N absorption/utilization efficiency and N metabolism physiology among ecotypes, this study elucidates their ecological adaptation mechanisms from the perspective of carbon?nitrogen allocation, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific conservation and cultivation of this species.

Spatiotemporal variations of forest NDVI in Guangxi and its sensitivity to drought

He Wen,JIA Bin,LI Mengmeng,LI Ning,LING Jiaxuan,LIU Peng,LIU Siqin,YU Ling — 2026/5/13 10:37:43

To investigate the sensitivity of forests in Guangxi to drought and to reveal the characteristics of stability, resistance, and resilience of forest ecosystems under drought stress, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to analyze the stability, resistance, and resilience of forests in Guangxi during 2010-2022. The results were as follows: (1) during the study period, drought conditions in the Guangxi forest region exhibited an overall pattern characterized by an initial decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend, indicating a shift from relatively wetter conditions to increased drought stress in recent years. (2) Over the past decade, forest NDVI in Guangxi increased at a rate of 0.06 a?1, with greater increases observed in karst regions than in non-karst regions, and in planted forests compared to natural forests, suggesting that vegetation growth dynamics differed significantly across regions and forest types. (3) The spatial pattern of NDVI stability was similar to that of resistance under drought conditions, whereas resilience exhibited an opposite spatial pattern, reflecting a trade-off between the ability of forests to resist drought disturbances and their capacity to recover after disturbance. (4) The stability and resistance of forest NDVI in non-karst regions were higher than those in karst regions, while the resilience was greater in karst regions; in addition, natural forests exhibited higher stability, resistance, and resilience than planted forests. Overall, these results indicate that the response of forest NDVI to drought in Guangxi exhibits pronounced regional and forest-type differences, and provide a scientific basis for adaptive forest management and ecosystem restoration under drought conditions.

Investigation of medicinal bryophyte resources and ecological type distribution in Medog, Xizang, China

FAN Bingbing,GAO Zhiyuan,HU Haiyi,MA Heping,WU Yaxuan — 2026/5/12 11:02:31

This study aims to systematically document the resources and distribution of medicinal bryophytes in Medog County, to enhance research on bryophyte diversity in the region, and to supplement fundamental information on bryophyte-derived medicinal resources. This study involved multiple field expeditions to Medog County, Xizang Autonomous Region, conducted in 2020, 2023, and 2024. Medicinal bryophytes were collected, identified, and recorded through extensive field surveys. Species composition was systematically documented, and the medicinal properties as well as species diversity of these bryophytes were analyzed in detail. The resuls were as follows: (1) A total of 91 medicinal bryophyte species were identified in the Medog area, belonging to 44 families and 59 genera, indicating a remarkably high level of species diversity in medicinal bryophyte resources. (2) The metabolites of these medicinal bryophytes were highly diverse, with a total of 81 metabolic pathways annotated. The identified metabolites were significantly enriched in pathways associated with the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, highlighting the potential pharmaceutical value. (3) Analysis of eight distinct substrate types showed that species richness and diversity indices ranked in descending order as follows: lithophytic＞terrestrial＞thin soil on rock＞epiphytic＞lignicolous＞aquatic＞saxicolous＞humucolous. The highest similarity coefficient (0.524) was observed between lithophytic species and thin soil on rock species, with 27 species shared between these two substrate types, suggesting notable ecological overlap. In summary, the medicinal bryophyte flora in Medog is characterized by exceptionally high species richness and diversity, surpassing that of many other regions in both taxonomic composition and ecological complexity. The metabolites derived from these bryophytes comprise diverse terpenoids and various other secondary compounds, with significant enrichment observed in plant secondary metabolic biosynthesis pathways, indicating substantial pharmaceutical potential. Among the eight substrate types identified, lithophytic bryophytes exhibit the highest species abundance, the greatest diversity indices, and the most pronounced species richness. The distribution of bryophyte species across different substrate types displays considerable heterogeneity, and the compositional patterns as well as quantitative distributions are intimately associated with the distinctive habitat characteristics of Medog, including microclimatic conditions, moisture regimes, and substrate stability. These findings underscore the unique bryological significance of Medog and provide critical baseline data for the conservation and sustainable utilization of its medicinal bryophyte resources.

Asymbiotic germination and rapid propagation of Paphiopedilum GXAAS Prince

DANG Guangqing,FAN Jizheng,LI Xiuling,LIN Xiaoyan,YANG Xinyu,YE Mingqin — 2026/5/12 10:48:20

Paphiopedilum GXAAS Prince is the first new variety of Paphiopedilum in China to obtain National Plant Variety Protection Right. Characterized by its elegant flower form, pure coloration, and extended blooming period, this cultivar serves as an exemplary representative of small to medium-sized solid-colored Paphiopedilum potted plants and enjoys exceptional market acceptance. To address the bottleneck in the industrial propagation of P. GXAAS Prince, this study employed asymbiotic germination and tissue culture techniques to identify the key factors influencing its seed asymbiotic germination and plant regeneration, and established an efficient and stable rapid propagation technology system. Using seeds at different developmental stages (150–330 days post-pollination) as explants, we systematically investigated the effects of seed maturity on germination rate and time. Through medium screening experiments, we optimized the medium formulations for protocorm induction, proliferation and differentiation, as well as rooted plantlet development. Results were as follows: ( 1 ) The optimal capsule harvest period was identified as the late developmental stage, specifically 240–300 days after pollination. Seed germination rates peak at 270 days after pollination (reaching 82.84%), with a relatively short germination period of 48.4 days. ( 2 ) Seeds harvested 270 days after pollination were inoculated on 1/4 MS + 100 ml·L- 1 coconut water culture medium, achieving the highest germination rate of 85.16%, with protocorm exhibiting optimal growth. ( 3 ) The optimal culture medium for protocorm differentiation and multiplication was determined to be 1/2 MS + 2 mg·L- 1 6-BA + 0.2 mg·L- 1 NAA + 100 ml·L- 1 coconut water + 1 g·L- 1 activated carbon, yielding the highest multiplication coefficient of 4.87. (4) For seedings growth and rooting, the most effective culture medium was found to be 1/3 MS + 1 g·L- 1 ‘Hyponex1’ + 1 g·L- 1 ‘Hyponex2’ + 100 ml·L- 1 coconut water + 1 g·L- 1 activated carbon, resulting in a rooting rate of 96.0%. This study systematically established the first in vitro rapid propagation technology system for P. GXAAS Prince by determining the optimal capsule harvest period and the most suitable medium formulations for each stage from asymbiotic germination to rooted transplantation. This provides a solid technical foundation for the industrial development of new Paphiopedilum varieties.

Study on the Protective Effect and Antioxidant Activity of Total Flavonoids from Cordyceps militaris against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Injury

FU Qixing,HE Han,HUANG Zixuan,SHAO Baihua,TAO Qing,XIA Minjie,ZHANG Bo — 2026/5/12 10:26:24

This study aimed to prepare total flavonoids from the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris cultivated via solid-state fermentation on a plant-based composite substrate (tomato, horned seed bran, grape pomace, and wheat), and to systematically evaluate their anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse inflammation model was established by intraperitoneal injection. Sixty mice were randomly assigned to six groups: blank group, model group, positive drug control group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose total flavonoids groups. Following modeling, the corresponding treatments were administered. Clinical manifestations were recorded, and histopathological alterations in the heart, liver, spleen, and kidney were examined. Serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were quantified. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The results were as follows:(1) Total flavonoids ameliorated LPS-induced inflammatory injury in a dose-dependent manner. Mice in the high-dose group exhibited improved mental status, appetite, and locomotor activity, approaching those of the blank group. (2) Histopathological analysis revealed preserved structural integrity of major organs in the high-dose group, with markedly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhage. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels decreased significantly with increasing dose (P < 0.01). In the high-dose group, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were 23.13 ± 0.54 pg·L?1 (30.4% reduction), 32.76 ± 0.13 pg·L?1 (27.2% reduction), and 30.95 ± 1.20 pg·L?1 (10.7% reduction), respectively. The magnitude of improvement in inflammatory cytokines and pathological damage was comparable to that of the positive drug control group. (3) Total flavonoids exhibited concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity within 50–600 μg·mL?1, reaching a maximum scavenging rate of 61.09% (IC?? = 207.46 μg·mL?1). ABTS radical scavenging activity reached 76.18% at 400 μg·mL?1 and plateaued beyond 200 μg·mL?1. In conclusion, total flavonoids derived from fruiting bodies cultivated on plant-based substrates demonstrate significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting the high-value utilization of plant by-product substrates and the development of natural bioactive components from Cordyceps militaris.

Polyphasic characterization and molecular phylogeny of Planktothrix mougeotii (Microcoleaceae,Oscillatoriales), a bloom-forming cyanobacterium

程耀,胡祥,李仁辉,Liu Yuting,肖鹏,张帮悦,张和 — 2026/5/12 10:16:04

The frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms driven by water eutrophication poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. Clarifying the species composition and distribution of bloom-forming cyanobacteria is fundamental for assessing their ecological risks. Planktothrix is one of the key genera responsible for cyanobacterial blooms; however, its species diversity and distribution patterns in subtropical regions, particularly in Guangxi, China, remain poorly understood. This study focused on a strain of Planktothrix mougeotii discovered in a eutrophic river in Nanning, Guangxi. A polyphasic approach was employed, integrating morphological examination, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and comparative analysis of the secondary structure of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, to systematically determine the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of the strain (WZU2314). The results were as follows: (1) Strain WZU2314 exhibits filaments 5.78 - 7.48 μm wide, with cells shorter than wide and gas vesicles concentrated in the central part of the cells, matching the morphological descriptions of P. mougeotii. (2) Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that WZU2314 clusters robustly within a clade containing reference strains of P. mougeoti (bootstrap support NJ/ML: 100%/94%, Bayesian posterior probability: 1), with a sequence similarity exceeding 99.91%. (3) The secondary structures of conserved ITS domains (D1-D1′, Box-B, and V3 helices) showed both conserved features within the genus and species-specific characteristics, providing further corroboration at the molecular conformational level for its classification at the species level. This study confirms, for the first time, the presence of P. mougeotii in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. This finding extends the record of cyanobacterial diversity in Guangxi and provides essential support for further research into the distribution patterns of cyanobacteria in subtropical eutrophic waters and their relationship with bloom formation.

Transcriptome analysis of response of Passiflora edulis by Alternaria alternate infection, the pathogen of scab disease

2026/5/12 9:54:03

To elucidate the transcriptional dynamics of Passiflora edulis in response to infection by?Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of scab disease, this study employed transcriptome sequencing to compare gene expression profiles at 1 to 5 days post-inoculation (dpi). The primary objective was to characterize the temporal transcriptional reprogramming of?P. edulis?during distinct phases of pathogen challenge. The key findings were as follows: (1) The most pronounced transcriptional alterations occurred at 1 dpi and 4 dpi, with 3 042 and 1 117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified, respectively. In stark contrast, only 6 DEGs were detected at 5 dpi, indicating a near-resolution of the acute transcriptional response by this time point. (2) Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) coupled with core gene mining revealed that trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and alpha-expansin 8 were significantly downregulated following inoculation. Conversely, ω-6 fatty acid desaturase and corticosteroid 11-β-dehydrogenase exhibited a biphasic expression pattern—initially decreasing and then increasing post-inoculation—a trend diametrically opposite to the increase-then-decrease pattern observed in mock-inoculated controls. (3) Further dissection of the fatty acid desaturase family showed that genes encoding omega-6 fatty acid desaturase were upregulated to varying degrees at 1 and 4 dpi. Additionally, cytochrome b5-related genes, which encode essential electron donors for fatty acid desaturase activity, were also significantly induced during the early stages of infection. (4) Analysis of WRKY transcription factors indicated that the maximum number of WRKY-related genes were upregulated at 1 and 4 dpi, while no significant expression changes were observed at 3 and 5 dpi, suggesting their role as key regulatory nodes during these specific time windows. In conclusion,?P. edulis?mounts its most robust defense response against?A. alternata?at two critical junctures: an early phase at 1 dpi, primarily governed by abiotic stress-related mechanisms, and a later phase at 4 dpi, characterized by the activation of biotic stress-related pathways. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying passion fruit resistance to scab disease and offers a theoretical foundation for optimizing the timing of agrochemical applications in the field, ultimately aiming to mitigate the detrimental effects of scab on fruit quality and marketability.

Evaluation of physiological adaptability of four Dahlia pinnata cultivars under saline-alkali stress at seedling stage

LIU Wenlan*,LUO Yongzhong,WANG Yaqin — 2026/5/8 9:49:28

To investigate the effects of mixed saline-alkali stress (NaCl:NaHCO3 = 1:1) on the growth and physiology of Dahlia pinnata, and to provide a theoretical basis for the selection and utilization of dahlia cultivars in saline-alkali areas, four cultivars (‘Cream Peach’, ‘Milk Coffee’, ‘Cliff Inspiration’, and ‘Double Gill’) were subjected to four stress concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mmol·L-1) in a pot experiment. Growth, photosynthetic parameters, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured at 7, 14, and 21 days after stress initiation. The results showed that: (1) Saline-alkali stress significantly inhibited the growth of dahlia seedlings, and the inhibition increased with stress concentration and duration. Significant differences were observed among cultivars; the growth of the most tolerant cultivar ‘Double Gill’ was much higher than that of the sensitive cultivar ‘Cliff Inspiration’. (2) With increasing saline-alkali stress, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate all decreased significantly, while intercellular CO2 concentration first decreased and then increased. Among the cultivars, ‘Double Gill’ consistently maintained the highest net photosynthetic rate. (3) As stress concentration increased, leaf relative water content continuously decreased, but ‘Double Gill’ still maintained a relatively high level of 66.4% under severe stress. Malondialdehyde content increased sharply, indicating aggravated membrane lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, proline and soluble sugars accumulated continuously. The antioxidant enzyme system was activated under mild to moderate stress, but under severe stress, only ‘Double Gill’ maintained high enzyme activity. (4) The concentration of 100 mmol·L-1 was identified as the critical concentration for tolerance differentiation, at which the sensitive cultivar ‘Cliff Inspiration’ exhibited irreversible damage. (5) There were significant differences in tolerance among cultivars (P < 0.05). The membership function analysis ranked the saline-alkali tolerance in the following order: ‘Double Gill’ > ‘Milk Coffee’ > ‘Cream Peach’ > ‘Cliff Inspiration’.

Optimization of extraction process and antioxidant activity of total flavonoids from Ormosia microphylla by response surface methodology

DENG Zhenhai,HE Guohua,MO Xiu,TANG Jianmin,WANG Feng,WEI Xiao,ZOU Rong — 2026/5/7 15:43:07

Ormosia microphylla, a species of the genus Ormosia in the Fabaceae family, is listed as a nationally protected Class I wild plant in China. Its wild populations are gradually declining, yet relevant research remains limited. To clarify the antioxidant capacity of different plant parts of O. microphylla, this study employed ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with response surface methodology to optimize the extraction conditions for total flavonoids. Furthermore, the variation in total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity among different parts of the plant was analyzed and evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) The optimal extraction conditions for total flavonoids were 68% ethanol concentration, 60 min extraction time, 71℃ extraction temperature, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1∶70 g·mL-1. (2) Under these optimal conditions, the total flavonoid content varied significantly among different plant parts, in the order of branch > bark > leaf > debarked stem > root, ranging from 5.05% to 1.53%. This indicates that flavonoids are primarily accumulated in the branch and bark tissues of O. microphylla, and their distribution in epidermal tissues may be closely related to the plant’s defensive functions. (3) In a comparison of antioxidant activities among the five plant parts tested, total flavonoids from the branches showed the strongest DPPH· radical scavenging activity (77.96%), while those from roots exhibited the highest ·OH radical scavenging activity (63.75%). The debarked stem, root, bark, and branch also demonstrated good reducing power. (4) The antioxidant activity of different plant parts was not entirely proportional to their total flavonoid content, suggesting that other active compounds and synergistic effects may contribute to free radical scavenging. Flavonoids play an important role in plant self-protection mechanisms. The findings of this study provide scientific evidence for understanding how O. microphylla enhances its resistance to drought, disease, and other environmental stresses through the accumulation of flavonoids. Moreover, the results offer a theoretical foundation for the integrated conservation of this endangered species.

Relationship between growth of different grade seedlings and leaf functional traits of Ormosia hosiei

BEN Chunl,FU Zhigao,LI Fenhao,WANG Shengjie,WANG yan,XIAO Yihua,XU Han — 2026/5/7 15:42:56

The wild resources of Ormosia hosiei are increasingly being depleted, and its slow seedling-stage growth poses significant constraints on ex-situ conservation efforts in wild habitats. This study focused on ex-situ conserved seedlings of O. hosiei and established a grading system based on diameter at ground level (DGL) and seedling height (SH). Through one-way ANOVA, we systematically analyzed the growth performance and leaf functional traits of seedlings across different grades. The research aims to enrich the scientific dataset of O. hosiei and establish a fundamental basis for subsequent studies for its population restoration and ex-situ conservation technology optimization. The results were as follows: (1) Seedlings of O. hosiei exhibited allometric growth patterns (P?.? < 0.01), with preferential vertical growth. (2) Among different grade seedlings, leaf functional traits including leaf area, leaf thickness, carbon content, phosphorus content, stable carbon-13 isotope (δ13C), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) showed no significant differences, except for leaf nitrogen (N) content (P < 0.05). The leaf N:P ratio < 14 suggested that O. hosiei is susceptible to N limitation during the early growth stage. (3) Correlation analysis revealed a highly significant positive correlation between DGL and iWUE (P < 0.01), as well as a significant positive correlation between SH and SPAD value (P < 0.01). However, there was significant negative correlation between leaf N content and δ13C (P < 0.01). Conclusively, during wild reintroduction planting, O. hosiei seedlings demonstrate a resource allocation strategy prioritizing vertical growth, coupled with suboptimal water use efficiency. Ex-situ conservation management should therefore emphasize enhanced nitrogen fertilization practices to address the nitrogen limitation identified in early growth stages.

Research progress on chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Ormosia henryi and predictive analysis of its quality markers

DAN Lufeng,WEI Xiaoli,ZHANG Ruyi — 2026/5/7 15:42:43

Ormosia henryi is a pharmacologically important plant in China, whose roots, stems, and leaves have long been used in traditional medicine for dispelling wind-dampness, promoting blood circulation, resolving stasis, detoxification, and alleviating edema. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on the chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of O. henryi. The results were as follows: (1) Phytochemical studies have revealed that this species contains diverse classes of secondary metabolites—including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and volatile oils — that contribute to a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antidepressant effects. (2) Guided by the five core principles of Quality Markers (Q-Markers) in traditional Chinese medicine, we identify candidate Q-Markers through an integrated framework that combines phylogenetic relationships, chemical specificity, traditional efficacy, quantifiable chemical indices, and network pharmacology. (3) Based on this analysis, key flavonoids — including eriodictyol, luteolin, acacetin, diosmetin, kaempferol, and naringenin — are proposed as potential Q-Markers. These findings provide a theoretical basis for establishing quality assessment protocols and offer new directions for exploring the medicinal value and underlying mechanisms of O. henryi.

Comparative study on plant functional traits of Ormosia microphylla seedlings from different provenances in a common garden

FENG Shuo,GAO Limei,HE Guohua,LI Xi,LU Li,WEI Xiao,ZOU Rong — 2026/5/7 15:42:30

This study focused on Ormosia microphylla, a nationally first-class protected wild plant. Seedlings from three distinct geographic provenances were grown under common garden conditions to compare their photosynthetic traits, leaf anatomical structure, stomatal characteristics, and chlorophyll content, with a comprehensive analysis incorporating environmental factors from the provenance sites. The aim was to investigate differences in photosynthetic performance and leaf functional traits among progeny from different provenances and their relationships with native-site environmental factors, providing a scientific basis for superior germplasm selection and plantation establishment. The results were as follows: (1) Seedlings from the Leye (LY) provenance exhibited significantly higher maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax), maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax), palisade-to-spongy mesophyll ratio (PPT/SPT), four stomatal indices, carotenoid content (Car), chlorophyll a/b ratio (Chl a/Chl b), and carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio (Car/Chl a+b) compared with seedlings from Nandan and Zhaoping provenances (P<0.05), indicating stronger photosynthetic potential and higher biomass accumulation capacity; LY therefore represents a superior provenance. (2) Soil factors at different provenance sites significantly influenced leaf structure and stomatal traits, serving as key determinants of photosynthetic performance. Soil pH, Ca content, and Fe content were positively correlated with photosynthetic rate, and high-altitude provenances exhibited significantly higher Pmax and Amax than low-altitude provenances. (3) The marked photosynthetic advantages of the LY provenance highlight its potential as a preferred source for breeding and plantation establishment. In summary, O. microphylla from different geographic provenances displayed significant variation in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and leaf structure. These differences reflect the genetic basis and phenotypic differentiation shaped by long-term adaptation to the climate and soil conditions of their native habitats. We recommend conducting cross-regional cultivation trials of O. microphylla from diverse provenances across broader ecological zones, combined with soil improvement and management practices, to evaluate adaptability and growth potential, thereby optimizing seed transfer zones and afforestation strategies.

Comparative study of photosynthetic characteristics and leaf structure at different developmental stages of Ormosia henryi and Ormosia hosiei

2026/5/7 15:42:17

This study aimed to compare the photosynthetic physiological characteristics and adaptive mechanisms of adult trees and seedlings of Ormosia henryi and Ormosia hosiei, two closely related species. The investigation focused on differences at different developmental stages by comparing their light response curves, CO? response curves, leaf microstructures, and chlorophyll contents. The results were as follows: (1) The maximum photosynthetic rates (Pmax, Amax) of both Ormosia species were significantly higher in adult trees than in seedlings. The key factors influencing these differences were chlorophyll content, stomatal density, and the thickness of the palisade tissue. Adult trees exhibited superior photosynthetic capacity, likely due to more developed leaf structures. (2) Adult O. henryi exhibited a higher light saturation point (LSP) and CO? saturation point (CDSP), indicating greater adaptability to environmental conditions, particularly in high light and CO? environments. In contrast, adult O. hosiei displayed a lower light compensation point (LCP), suggesting better adaptation to shaded environments with lower light availability. (3) At the seedling stage, there were no significant differences in photosynthetic rates between the two species. However, O. henryi enhanced its photosynthetic capacity by optimizing its leaf structure, such as thicker palisade tissues, while O. hosiei compensated for its structural disadvantages by improving its CO? utilization efficiency and increasing chlorophyll content. In summary, both O. henryi and O. hosiei exhibited increased photosynthetic rates with tree age, with distinct differences between adult trees and seedlings. Key factors such as palisade tissue thickness, stomatal density, and chlorophyll content were found to play significant roles in shaping the photosynthetic characteristics of these species. Furthermore, the superior light adaptation capacity of O. henryi and O. hosiei may represent an adaptive mechanism that underlies their widespread distribution in different environmental niches. This study provides valuable insights for site-specific introduction, conservation strategies, and future research on the photosynthetic ecological adaptation mechanisms of these two Ormosia species.

Identification of chemical components in seed coat of rare tree species Ormosia henryi and quantitative analysis of endogenous abscisic acid

KUANG Yuanwen,LE Xingui,LI Hanxiang,XIN Tianze,XU Bingqiang — 2026/5/7 15:42:00

Ormosia henryi Prain is a rare tree species in the genus Ormosia, with significant value for timber, ornamental use, and traditional medicine. However, its natural populations have declined markedly due to relatively low seed germination rates, overexploitation, and difficulties in natural regeneration. To characterize the chemical composition of the seed coat and to provide chemical information relevant to seed germination regulation, an untargeted metabolomic analysis of the seed coat was conducted using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. Compound identification was achieved by integrating accurate molecular masses, characteristic fragment ions, MS/MS fragmentation patterns, and comparisons with reference standards and published literature. In addition, the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content in the seed coat was quantitatively determined using a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based mass spectrometric method. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 31 compounds were identified from the seed coat of O. henryi, including 19 flavonoids, 2 anthraquinones, 2 alkaloids, 3 terpenoids, 2 amino acids, and 3 organic acids. (2) Endogenous abscisic acid was detected in the seed coat, with a concentration of 89.5 ± 0.3 μg·g?1. Through the identification of seed coat chemical constituents and quantitative characterization of endogenous ABA, this study provides chemical information for further understanding seed germination-related physiological characteristics of O. henryi and offers a reference for future studies on the propagation and conservation of rare tree species.

Chilling requirement study for flowering of Actinidia chinensis cv. ‘Zhonghe Hongyang’

LIANG Hong,YAO Shuqin,ZHANG Xianzhi*,ZHENG Jiasheng — 2026/5/7 15:41:47

The chilling requirement (CR) is a critical factor promoting flower bud differentiation in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). Insufficient accumulation of low temperatures in winter will lead to abnormal flower bud development, which in turn impairs the yield in the subsequent year. Determining the CR of the A.chinensis cultivar ‘Zhonghe Hongyang’ remains an unresolved issue to date.In this study, potted seedlings of the ‘Zhonghe Hongyang’ were used as experimental materials. To determine the CR of this cultivar, the seedlings were exposed to cold treatments of different durations under controlled artificial low-temperature conditions. Meanwhile, the flowering performance of the kiwifruit plants in the second year after cold treatment was monitored to verify the existence of “chilling treatment memory”. An artificial climate chamber was employed to simulate the cold accumulation pattern in natural environments. Specifically, five cold treatment groups were set with 4 °C low temperature for durations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 d, respectively; a control group was established concurrently. The effects of different cold accumulation levels on the growth and development of kiwifruit were analyzed based on the flowering and fruiting parameters. The results were as follows: (1) Different durations of low-temperature treatment had a significant effect on the flowering and fruiting of ‘Zhonghe Hongyang’ plants. The optimal cold treatment duration was 6 d at 4 °C, under which the plants produced 49 flowers and 17 fruits, significantly higher than those in other treatment groups. (2) Follow-up observations in the second year showed that the cold-treated plants could flower normally. Among these, the group treated with 4 °C for 6 d still exhibited significantly better flowering performance than other groups, and could achieve normal fruit set after artificial pollination. The minimum CR of ‘Zhonghe Hongyang’ when cultivated in Guangdong Province was 576 chilling units (CU), and the plants could retain the chilling treatment memory in the second year. Based on the CR results and the influence of terrain conditions, the suitable planting areas for this cultivar in Guangdong are Meizhou, Heyuan, Shaoguan, Qingyuan, and Yunfu. In all, the ‘Zhonghe Hongyang’ variety has a low chilling requirement, which is suitable for cultivation in South China.

Identification of the HMGR gene family in kiwifruit (Actinidia valvata) and its response to waterlogging stress

2026/5/7 15:41:37

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway and plays a vital role in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. To investigate the characteristics of the AvHMGR gene family and its function under waterlogging stress, a genome-wide identification of the AvHMGR gene family in Actinidia valvata was performed using bioinformatics approaches. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on their chromosomal localization, gene structures, conserved protein domains, and cis-acting elements in promoter regions. The results were as follows：(1) A total of 12 AvHMGR family members are identified in the A. valvata genome and are located across 12 different chromosomes. These AvHMGR genes encode proteins ranging from 514 to 597 amino acids in length, which are all predicted to be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, AvHMGR members are grouped into three clusters. (2) Promoter analysis reveals abundant hormone-responsive elements and stress-responsive elements within the AvHMGR promoters. (3) Expression profiling shows that AvHMGR6b and AvHMGR9a/b exhibit relatively high transcript levels across multiple tissues and fruit developmental stages, while AvHMGR5a/b are up-regulated after 12 hours of salt stress, suggesting their involvement in short-term salt stress response. (4) Under waterlogging stress, multiple AvHMGR genes including AvHMGR5b, AvHMGR6a/b, AvHMGR9a/b, and AvHMGR21a are significantly up-regulated in both leaves and roots, suggesting that AvHMGRs play a critical role in plant responses to waterlogging stress. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further functional characterization of HMGR in plant responses to waterlogging stress and lays a fundamental basis for future breeding efforts aimed at enhancing kiwifruit tolerance to waterlogging stress.

Geographical distribution and floristic characteristics of Ormosia in China

TANG Dandan,TIAN Feng,WANG Wei,WANG Zi,WEI Xiaoan,ZHANG Jiajia — 2026/5/7 15:41:29

All species of Ormosia Jacks. in China are classified as national key protected wild plants, possessing significant ecological, economic, and cultural value. This study systematically analyzed the geographical distribution patterns and floristic characteristics of Ormosia in China through literature review, specimen examination, and field investigations. The main results are as follows: (1) A total of 36 species and 2 varieties of Ormosia have been recorded in China. Horizontally, species diversity decreases distinctly from south to north. The distribution centers are located in Guangxi (23 species), Guangdong (19 species, including 2 varieties), and Yunnan (17 species), with Guizhou having the most species of unconfirmed distributions (8). Vertically, Ormosia species are mainly concentrated in mid-low elevation regions. Most species (72.22%) are distributed at low elevations (0–500 m), with overall diversity declining as altitude increases. Transnational species (9) are primarily found in Vietnam (7 species) and Thailand (6 species). Within China, these species are particularly rich in border and coastal provinces of southern and southwestern China, such as Yunnan (7 species), Guangxi (7 species), Guangdong (7 species), and Hainan (5 species). (2) Floristic composition can be classified into two types, with Chinese endemics comprising the overwhelming majority(72.22%). (3) The primary habitats are river valleys (75.00%) and slopes (58.33%). (4) Species composition is highly similar among most adjacent provinces, with coefficients between Hunan and Guizhou (87.50%), Guizhou and Fujian (80.00%), Guangxi and Guangdong (71.43%), Hunan and Fujian (70.59%), and Hunan and Jiangxi (70.59%) all exceeding 70%. The floristic composition of Ormosia in China is characterized by a high proportion of endemic components, shows a clear decreasing trend from Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan to the neighboring countries (Vietnam, Thailand) and inland provinces in the north. These findings indicate southern China (particularly Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, and potentially Guizhou) may serve as an important secondary differentiation and diversification center for Ormosia in Asia. It is recommended to adopt a multi-pronged approach for maintaining population viability and evolutionary potential, focusing on protecting key mid-low elevation valley habitats in hotspots and endemic centers, enhancing conservation and survey efforts for critically endangered and data-deficient species, and forecasting future habitat shifts under climate change scenarios.

Comparative study on the photosynthetic characteristics and leaf microstructure of three Ormosia Species

TANG Jianmin,,,ZHU Chenghao — 2026/5/7 15:41:13

This study investigated the photosynthetic characteristics and leaf microstructural features of three Ormosia species-Ormosia pinnata, O. elliptica, and O. balansae-by measuring photosynthetic-light response curves, photosynthetic-CO? response curves, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and leaf microstructure. The results were as follows：(1) O. pinnata exhibited superior photosynthetic capacity, with a maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) of 5.876 μmol·m?2·s?1, which was higher than that of O. elliptica (4.58 μmol·m?2·s?1) and O. balansae (3.019 μmol·m?2·s?1). This suggested that O. pinnata possess a stronger carbon assimilation capacity and higher photosynthetic efficiency. (2) O. pinnata demonstrated greater economic efficiency in CO2 utilization. In contrast, O. balansae exhibited greater potential for photosynthetic gain under high CO2 concentrations. (3) O. elliptica showed higher contents of Chla, Chlb, and total chlorophyll (Chl a+b) compared to O. pinnata and O. balansae. Additionally, the Chla/b in O. pinnata was lower than that in O. elliptica and O. balansae, indicating that the latter two species had a stronger capacity to tolerate high light intensity. (4) The palisade tissue to spongy tissue ratio (PT/ST) of O. pinnata and O. elliptica was higher than that of O. balansae. (5) The Pmax of the three species was positively correlated with the apparent quantum yield (AQY), upper epidermal thickness (UET), lower epidermal thickness (LET), and the PT/ST. Conversely, it was negatively correlated with carotenoid content (Car), spongy tissue thickness (ST), stomatal long axis length (SL), short axis length (SW), and individual stomatal area (SA). The key factors influencing Pmax in the leaves of three species were AQY and PT/ST. In conclusion, when cultivating these three species or conserving their habitats, it is essential to establish an appropriate light environment to promote the growth of O. elliptica and moderately increase CO? concentration to support the development of O. balansae. Meanwhile, O. pinnata, owing to its superior photosynthetic capacity, remains an ideal candidate for pioneer tree species in vegetation restoration initiatives.

Comparison and analysis on nutrient accumulation laws of Actinidia arguta‘Jiuyue’ and ‘Huanyou No.1’

2026/5/7 15:41:04

This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in fruit characteristics and nutrient accumulation patterns in two cultivars of Actinidia arguta, ‘Jiuyue’ and ‘Huanyou No.1’, during the developmental stages. Fruits were sampled at different growth periods, and measurements were conducted according to methods specified in national standards, encompassing three dimensions (length, width, thickness), single fruit weight, total sugars, total acids, 17 amino acids, 4 vitamins, mineral elements, and total dietary fiber content. The results were as follows: (1) The fruit development for both ‘Jiuyue’ and ‘Huanyou No.1’ could be divided into four distinct growth periods: young fruit stage, fruit expansion stage I, fruit expansion stage II, and maturation stage, with both cultivars exhibiting a fruit shape index exceeding 1. (2) In ‘Jiuyue’ fruits, only the contents of glutamic acid, arginine, and methionine increased, while in ‘Huanyou No.1’ fruits, only glutamic acid showed an increasing trend; all other amino acids decreased to varying degrees. The tyrosine content decreased significantly to 342.06 ± 1.13 mg/kg (an 88.52% reduction) in ‘Jiuyue’ and 245.18 ± 0.44 mg/kg (a 94.32% reduction) in ‘Huanyou No.1’. Glutamic acid became the most abundant amino acid during the fruit expansion II and maturation stages, reaching levels of 1 971.11 ± 1.18 mg/kg in ‘Jiuyue’ and 1 397.68 ± 0.23 mg/kg in ‘Huanyou No.1’. (3) Both cultivars were rich in vitamin C (ascorbic acid), showing a consistent trend of an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. (4) Mineral element contents exhibited considerable fluctuation during the early growth stages. The potassium content increased, while the contents of other measured minerals decreased, with calcium showing the most pronounced decline (75.00%). (5) The total acid content increased initially and then decreased, whereas the total sugar content increased rapidly upon entry into the maturation stage. (6) The dietary fiber content displayed a decreasing trend after the fruit reached maturity. This study concludes that fruits of both ‘Jiuyue’ and ‘Huanyou No.1’ possess a favorable fruit shape, are rich in vitamins, mineral elements, and dietary fiber, and have a moderate sweetness, indicating high potential for promotion and commercialization. The differential accumulation patterns of various compounds throughout fruit development provide valuable insights for assessing the nutritional and potential medicinal value of the fruits. Furthermore, these findings offer crucial guidance for optimizing agricultural practices to enhance fruit quality and nutrient content.

Chloroplast genome features and comparative analysis of nine Actinidia species in Guizhou

LIU Qing,QI Yong,SHI Binbin,TANG Dongmei,ZHANG Sheng,ZHONG Weimin,ZHOU Jia — 2026/5/7 15:40:54

To clarify the chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia, this study focused on nine Actinidia species from Guizhou, including A. polygama, A. rubricaulis var. coriacea and A. callosa var. henryi. Based on second?generation sequencing data, chloroplast genomes were assembled, annotated, and comparatively analyzed to systematically elucidate their genomic features and phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that: (1) All nine chloroplast genomes were double?stranded circular molecules with a typical quadripartite structure, lengths ranging from 155,660 bp to 156,770 bp, and total GC contents between 37.21 % and 37.33 %, indicating high similarity in genome size. (2) A total of 130 genes were annotated, consisting of 83 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, while only 129 genes were annotated in A. fulvicoma and A. fortunatii. (3) Codon usage bias was similar across species, with a preference for A/U endings at the third codon position; a total of 491 SSR loci were identified, covering six repeat types from mononucleotide to hexanucleotide. (4) Comparative genomic analysis revealed higher sequence variation in the LSC and SSC regions than in the IR regions, and non?coding regions showed more pronounced divergence than coding regions. Nine mutation?rich segments were identified, including intergenic spacers and gene regions such as rps16?trnQ?UUG, ndhC?trnV?UAC, and rbcL?accD. (5) The phylogenetic tree divided the species into four clades: A. polygama was genetically distant from the others; A. chinensis and A. deliciosa clustered together; A. callosa var. henryi, A. rubricaulis var. coriacea, A. fortunatii, and A. fulvicoma formed one group; and A. latifolia and A. eriantha were the most closely related. This study provides important chloroplast?genome?level evidence for the identification and conservation of kiwifruit germplasm resources in Guizhou, accumulates key data for taxonomic and phylogenetic research of the genus, and lays a theoretical foundation for molecular identification and related phylogenetic studies of Actinidia plants.

Identification of the kiwfruit AcPAL family genes and their expression patterns during fruit ripening

CHEN Yiting,FENG Xin,GAO Minxia,HUANG Qingqing — 2026/5/7 15:40:46

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as fruit ripening. To investigate the characteristics of theAcPAL gene family members in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) and their expression profiles during fruit ripening, genome-wide identification ofAcPAL members was performed, followed by analyses of their sequence characteristics, encoded protein properties, promoter cis-acting elements, gene structures, and phylogenetic relationships. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues and during fruit ripening. The results showed that:（1）A total of 7 kiwifruitAcPAL genes were identified and designated asAcPAL1–AcPAL7, respectively. The proteins encoded by theAcPAL gene family consist of 706–722 amino acids, and all of them are stable acidic proteins. These proteins possess the conserved domain (PLN02457) and active site motif (ASG) .（2）Chromosomal localization and collinearity analyses revealed that one tandem duplication event and ten segmental duplication events were the major driving forces for the expansion of theAcPAL gene family. （3）Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that allAcPAL family members clustered within the dicotyledon clade and showed a close genetic relationship with CsPAL proteins from Camellia sinensis.（4）The promoters ofAcPAL family genes contain various cis-acting elements involved in light response, stress response, hormone response, as well as growth and development regulation.（5）qRT-PCR results showed that differentAcPAL members exhibited differential expression patterns in kiwifruit roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Notably, four members (AcPAL2,AcPAL3,AcPAL4 andAcPAL5) were significantly up-regulated during postharvest fruit ripening. This expression pattern was consistent with the marked increase in PAL enzyme activity, and was induced by abscisic acid (ABA). These findings provide candidate genes and a theoretical basis for further investigation into the functions ofAcPAL genes in the formation of postharvest fruit quality in kiwifruit.

Physiological changes and transcriptome analysis of Actinidia rubricaulis var. coriacea during dormancy

2026/5/7 15:40:33

This study investigated Actinidia rubricaulis var. coriacea, systematically measuring chilling requirements and integrating physiological-biochemical assays with high-throughput transcriptome sequencing to elucidate dynamic changes in bud carbohydrate metabolism, endogenous hormone balance, and antioxidant enzyme systems during the dormancy cycle. The results were as follows: (1) With chilling accumulation, bud soluble sugar content significantly increased (approximately twofold of initial stage) while starch content markedly decreased (to about half of initial level) by dormancy release, indicating a dynamic metabolic shift from starch degradation to soluble sugar accumulation. (2) Endogenous hormone levels exhibited stage-specific changes, with abscisic acid (ABA) content decreasing from 486.75 μg?L?1 at initial stage to 218.45 μg?L?1 at dormancy release, and gibberellin (GA) content increasing from 214.23 pg?mL?1 to 614.75 pg?mL?1, resulting in an ABA/GA ratio decline from 2.27 to 0.36, suggesting a hormonal shift toward germination promotion. (3) Antioxidant enzyme system (SOD, POD, etc.) activities peaked at 192 hours of chilling accumulation, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity as a response to cold stress. (4) Transcriptome analysis identified 12 685 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 6 067 genes up-regulated and 6 618 genes down-regulated, enriched in “plant hormone signal transduction”, starch and sucrose metabolism, and “environmental response” pathways, revealing a multi-gene coordinated regulatory mechanism. This work, for the first time at the systems level, elucidates the physiological-transcriptomic coordinated regulatory mechanism of chilling requirement accumulation in A. rubricaulis var. coriacea, providing a foundation for addressing climate warming-induced dormancy disorders and related breeding research.

Research advances on microbial control of kiwifruit bacterial canker

DU Chunmei,LIU Dejiang,Liu Jingwen,Tang Qianli,Wang Jialiang,Zhao Yue — 2026/5/7 15:40:23

Kiwifruit bacterial canker (KBC), caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, is a devastating disease. Compared with chemical control method, microbial-based disease control offers distinct advantages, including exceptional environmental compatibility, robust sustainability, and a reduced likelihood of developing pathogen resistance. Through literature review, this article systematically summarizes the disease characteristics, pathogenic bacterium, and transmission routes, as well as the main microbial categories for biological control, core biocontrol mechanisms, and practical applications of microorganisms in the biocontrol of kiwifruit bacterial canker. The aim of this study was to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the sustainable biocontrol of kiwifruit bacterial canker. The results were as follows: (1) Biocontrol microorganisms are highly diverse. The microorganisms with control effects on kiwifruit bacterial canker mainly include four categories: bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and bacteriophages. Among these, Bacillus and Pseudomonas (bacteria) and Streptomyces (actinomycetes) are the most widely used and exhibit significant efficacy. (2) The biocontrol mechanisms involve both direct and indirect pathways. Direct mechanisms include the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics to lyse pathogenic bacterial cell walls, blocking infection sites through nutritional competition and spatial occupation, as well as direct disruption of pathogen structure via parasitism. Indirect mechanisms primarily involve the induction of systemic resistance in host plants to enhance kiwifruit resistance to canker. Most highly effective biocontrol strains employ both mechanisms, demonstrating superior efficacy compared with strains relying on a single mechanism. (3) In the same study, the efficacy and stability of microbial consortia are superior to those of single microorganisms. The synergistic effects among different strains not only broaden the antimicrobial spectrum but also enhance the colonization rate and stress tolerance of the strains on plant surfaces. In summary, this article clearly identifies the core issues in the current field of kiwifruit bacterial canker biocontrol and puts forward targeted recommendations.

Phylogenetic structure and its driving factors of Pinus massoniana plantation communities in the Sandu’ao Gulf Islands of Ningde

Deng Chuanyuan,欧婧瑶,王晓盈,,, — 2026/5/7 15:34:51

To explore the assembly mechanisms of phylogenetic structures across different synusiae in Pinus massoniana plantations under the unique island habitat, this study focused on P. massoniana forests in the Sandu’ao Gulf Islands of Ningde, Fujian Province, China. Based on community survey data, we calculated the net relatedness index (NRI) and the nearest taxon index (NTI) for the arbor, shrub, and herb layers to characterize their phylogenetic structures. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, regression analysis, spatial lag model (SLM), and structural equation model (SEM) were comprehensively employed to parse the influence pathways and spatial effects of climatic, edaphic, and light factors on the phylogenetic structure of each synusia. The results were as follows: (1) Significant differences in phylogenetic structure were observed among synusiae. The arbor layer was predominantly characterized by phylogenetic overdispersion, indicating weak habitat filtering and suggesting that competitive exclusion dominates its assembly process. The shrub layer tended towards phylogenetic clustering, reflecting a strong effect of environmental filtering. The herb layer exhibited weak overdispersion, implying more complex assembly mechanisms. (2) Soil pH was identified as the dominant environmental factor regulating community phylogenetic structure. Available nitrogen not only had a direct positive effect on the phylogenetic indices of the arbor and herb layers but also served as a mediating variable for the indirect effect of soil pH. Canopy density exerted a significant regulatory effect on the phylogenetic structure of the arbor layer, highlighting the critical role of light conditions in its assembly. (3) The NTI of the herb layer displayed a significant spatial lag effect under the environmental distance-weighted matrix, meaning its phylogenetic structure was significantly influenced by the community composition of neighboring plots. Canopy density, soil pH, and wind speed were the core driving factors of this spatial effect, exhibiting the most significant comprehensive positive effect. This finding reveals the synergistic roles of habitat heterogeneity and wind disturbance in shaping the phylogenetic structure of the herb layer. This study clarifies the differentiated driving mechanisms of phylogenetic structure across different synusiae of island P. massoniana plantations, and reveals the dual regulation of environmental filtering and spatial effects on island plant community assembly. The results provide a scientific basis for ecosystem protection and vegetation restoration of P. massoniana plantations in island areas.

Effects of different harvest times on storage performance, quality and response to low temperature of kiwifruit ‘Donghong’

HAN Fei,HUANG Wenjun,LÜ Haiyan,YANG Jie,ZHANG Qi,ZHONG Caihong* — 2026/5/4 18:14:53

In order to elucidate the effects of different harvest times on fruit maturity, storage performance, eating quality, and response to low temperature of the new red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar ‘Donghong’, the fruits of ‘Donghong’ grown in an commercially managed orchard located in Danjiangkou City, Hubei Province, were harvested at nine different times (H1-H9), ranging from 125 to 181 days after full bloom (DAFB) in this study. One group of the fruit was stored at 1 °C for 16 weeks to evaluate the effects of harvest times on maturity at harvest, fruit softening, storage disorder, and fruit quality. Another group of the fruit was stored at 1, 5, 10, 20 °C for 7 days to assess the influence of harvest time on the fruit’s response to low temperature. The results were as follows: (1) The fruit from H1 to H6 exhibited similar early maturity at harvest, whereas those from H7 to H9 had an advanced maturity, with the fruit being in a rapid softening phase. However, no significant differences in dry matter content were observed among the harvests except between H1 and H2. (2) Harvest time significantly affected fruit softening during cold storage: the early-harvested fruits (H1-H3) displayed a typical sigmoidal softening curve with three distinct phases (slow-fast-slow softening), while the mid- and late-harvested fruits showed an incomplete sigmoidal curve with only one or two softening phases. (3) The time taken for fruit firmness to reach the edible threshold (9.81?N) decreased significantly as harvest was delayed, plummeting from 15 weeks for H1 to only 3 weeks for H9. (4) Regarding storage disorder, only the early-harvested fruits (H1-H3) exhibited a relatively high decay rate (5.0%-16.5%), while the rates for all other harvest times were basically within the 1.0%~2.0% range. (5) Harvest time had no significant effect on internal quality attributes, such as soluble solids content (SSC), total sugars, total acidity, and their respective ratios, while vitamin C content progressively declined. (6) The capacity of fruit to respond to 10 °C treatment with accelerated softening was evident across different harvest times, but this capacity was significantly weakened in the H8-H9 fruits. In conclusion, harvesting too early (H1-H3) increases the risk of storage rot, while harvesting too late (H7-H9) significantly shortens storage period. However, harvest time had no significant effect on the main flavor quality traits, such as SSC, total sugars, total acidity, and their ratios. The period of 159-165 DAFB, corresponding to a fruit firmness of approximately 55 N, represents the critical point for the onset of rapid softening. It is recommended to harvest before this critical point and utilize 10°C treatment to achieve rapid fruit ripening.

Effect of leaf water deficit on resistance to bacterial canker in kiwifruit

2026/5/4 17:44:04

To clarify the relationship between moisture conditions and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) infection in kiwifruit, this study used the highly susceptible cultivar 'Hongyang' with two relative humidity treatments: 60±2% (water deficit) and 90±2% (high humidity). Colony counting, fluorescence observation, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of moderate water deficit on bacterial canker. The results showed: (1) Plants under early water deficit treatment exhibited higher initial activities of CAT, T-SOD, GR and PAL, lower stomatal aperture, and had only one-fifth of the pathogen load in leaves compared to the high-humidity group at 12 days post-inoculation. (2) When infected plants from the high-humidity group were transferred to water deficit conditions, leaf fluorescence showed diffuse patterns after 7 days, and pathogen mortality reached 99.38% at 12 days; this treatment effectively reduced tissue water content, induced stomatal closure, and significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, water deficit reduces pathogen invasion by decreasing leaf water potential and inducing stomatal closure, while enhancing plant resistance through antioxidant enzyme regulation, thereby inhibiting Psa infection and proliferation as well as eliminating established pathogens. This study confirms that moderate water deficit effectively controls kiwifruit bacterial canker, enriches the “water-plant-pathogen” interaction framework, and provides theoretical support for rain-sheltered cultivation and field water management strategies.

Research on plant diversity in the karst area of the Lijiang River Basin

CHANG Shili,LIU Xin,LU Zhaocen,MO Minglin,WU Youdong,XU Weibin — 2026/4/25 13:24:40

The Lijiang River Basin is located in northeastern Guangxi, China. The karst area here features the most typical peak forest plains and peak cluster depressions, making it one of the regions with the most typical and concentrated karst landform in Guangxi. Its unique karst landscapes and complex ecosystems, creating favorable conditions for the convergence of species and making it a region rich in biodiversity. To comprehensively understand the plant diversity in the karst area of the Lijiang River Basin, a study was conducted through literature review, field investigation, and specimen identification, focusing on the composition of species diversity, floristic geographical components, endemic plants, and key protected plants. The research results show that there are currently 1 273 species of wild vascular plants recorded in this area, including 97 species of lycophytes and ferns, 5 species of gymnosperms, and 1 171 species of angiosperms. The floristic composition is dominated by tropical components. There are 16 Chinese endemic genera, 55 endemic species of Guangxi, and 124 karst obligate plants recorded in this area. Additionally, there are 18 wild plant species under national key protected and 18 wild plant species under Guangxi provincial key protected found from this area. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of plant resources in the karst area of the Lijiang River Basin, which can offer scientific support for the ecological protection of the Lijiang River and the construction of the Guilin National Sustainable Development Agenda Innovation Demonstration Zone.

Vegetation types and distribution in the Lijiang River basin based on the new generation 1:500 000 China vegetation map compilation method

2026/4/24 9:08:59

The Lijiang River Basin, located in a typical karst region of southern China, harbors diverse and spatially complex vegetation alliance types. However, highresolution distribution data at the alliance level have been lacking. Based on the new generation 1:500 000 China vegetation map compilation method, which integrates crowdsourced vegetation data, multi?source remote sensing fusion, and multi?scale image segmentation, this study identified the major vegetation alliance types (or alliance groups) in the Lijiang River basin and analyzed their area composition and spatial distribution patterns. The results were as follows: (1) The vegetation types exhibited high diversity and complexity. A total of 4 vegetation formation groups, 10 vegetation formations, and 23 alliances (or alliance groups) were identified. (2) Anthropogenically influenced vegetation types accounted for more than 87% of the basin’s area. Specifically,?Pinus massoniana?forest,?P. massoniana?mixed needleleaf and broadleaf forest,?Cunninghamia lanceolata?forest, and?Phyllostachys edulis?forest together occupied over 61% of the basin, while agricultural vegetation (food crops and orchards) covered approximately 26%. In contrast, primary zonal evergreen broadleaf forests (e.g.,?Castanopsis eyrei?forest and?C. carlesii?forest) together comprised less than 5% of the total basin area. (3) Clear spatial differentiation patterns were observed among alliances. Zonal alliances were strictly confined to nonkarst mountains (e.g., Yuechengling, Haiyangshan, Jiaqiaoling), whereas nonzonal alliances (e.g.,?Cyclobalanopsis glauca?mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest,?Vitex negundo?+?Loropetalum chinense?shrubland) dominated the karst areas. Vertically, a distinct altitudinal zonation was evident, transitioning from typical evergreen broadleaf forest belt to mixed evergreendeciduous broadleaf forest belt. Horizontally, forest alliances mainly occupied the surrounding mountainous regions, whereas shrubland and agricultural alliances prevailed in the central gentle terrain. This study reveals the classification, area composition, and spatial distribution patterns of vegetation alliances in the Lijiang River basin, providing a scientific basis and supporting evidence for the conservation and restoration of the basin’s vegetation ecosystems, as well as for sustainable development planning and assessment.

Influence of exogenous hormones on seed germination and seedlings growth of fast-growing Ochroma lagopus

2026/4/10 10:37:03

Balsa wood (Ochroma lagopus Swartz) is characterized by its fast growth, short life cycle, minimum wood density and uniform material texture, and widely used in the wind power industry and the aviation industry. However, challenges such as low natural seed germination rates due to hard seed coat and prolonged seed dormancy, as well as high seedling variability restricted severely standardized breeding and large-scale cultivation. In order to improve the seeds germination, seedlings homogeneity and growth, this study performed dish germination and pot control experiments to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA), benayl aminopurine (6-BA), and gibberellin (GA) on seed germination and seedling growth for balsa. The results indicated that (1) GA promoted seed germination and embryo growth, while IAA and 6-BA inhibited seed germination, the biomass and length of embryo bud and embryo root (P<0.05), and the inhibitory effect increased with the increasing of concentration. (2) On the contrary, GA, IAA and 6-BA boosted the growth of seedlings, and the promoting effect on ground diameter was greater than that on the height and root length, and the effect enhanced with the increasing concentration (P<0.05). (3) In addition, GA and IAA also significantly increased the underground biomass and root-crown ratio of seedlings (P<0.01). This study concluded that GA enhanced seed germination by breaking seed dormancy, while GA, IAA and 6-BA not only facilitated the performance of seedlings but also increase the root-crown ratio, ultimately accelerating their water absorption capacity and drought resistance. These findings provided a theoretical basis and practical significance for the seedling raising technology and cultivation management of balsa wood.

Population structure and dynamic characteristics of the natural?Caragana turfanensis?in the Tomur Peak National Nature Reserve

2026/4/9 16:50:28

Caragana turfanensis is a near-threatened plant endemic to Tianshan Mountains of China. To clarify the survival status and developmental trends of its populations, this study investigated the natural populations of Caragana turfanensis in the Tomur Peak National Nature Reserve. Using quadrat surveys and population statistical methods, we compiled a static life tables,fitted survival curves, and conducted a systematic assessment combined with population viability and dynamic quantitative indices. The results were as follows: (1)The population exhibited an “inverted J-shaped” age structure, with a high proportion of seedlings and young individuals, indicating an expanding growth pattern, yet the age-class distribution was uneven. (2) The survival curve conformed to the B3 subtype of the Deevey Type II curve, characterized by extremely high early mortality (up to 90.5% in age class I), reflecting strong environmental filtering. (3) Survival analysis revealed that the survival rate declined sharply with increasing age class (dropping to only 0.9% by age class III), with cumulative mortality reaching 99.1% by age class III, indicating increasing mortality in older classes. (4) Population dynamic index analysis indicated that the dynamic indices of all age classes of Caragana turfanensis were positive, reflecting an overall increasing population trend. However, the V'pi value (3.14%) was close to zero,, implying extremely slow growth under natural disturbances. The maximum risk value of random disturbance for the population (Pmax=0.04%) demonstrated weak resistance to environmental interference and high ecological vulnerability. In conclusion, although Caragana turfanensis populations possess growth potential, the extremely high early mortality causes a severe “seedling bottleneck”, resulting in poor population stability. It is recommended to implement measures such as microhabitat improvement, establishment of protected micro-reserves, and enhancement of artificial assisted regeneration to break through the early survival bottleneck and promote population recovery and stability.

Dynamics of capsule and seed development in the rare and endangered orchid Paphiopedilum venustum

陈学达,山晓丹,王瑞,谢军,邢震,余应鹏,赵珺雯 — 2026/4/9 16:15:47

Paphiopedilum venustum is a wild plant under National Class I protection, with ornamental value and conservation importance. To determine the critical period for capsule maturation and the optimal harvest time, this study investigated the growth and development dynamics of the capsules and seeds of P. venustum. Capsules and seeds at 0-360 days after pollination (DAP) were used as materials, and analyses were conducted through phenotypic observation of capsules, morphological observation of seeds, and assessments of embryo rate and seed viability. The results were as follows: (1) The capsule surface of P. venustum is waxy. As the developmental stage progresses, the capsule color changes from deep purple to greenish, and the mature capsule epidermis becomes hard. Two rapid growth phases were observed at 30-60 DAP and 240-270 DAP. (2) During 0-210 DAP, P. venustum seeds were undifferentiated. During 210-300 DAP, seeds white in color, and adhered to the placental tissue. During 300-360 DAP, seeds turned from light yellow to yellowish-brown, gradually dried, and detached from the placenta. Seed length, width, and volume at 360 DAP were significantly higher than those at other developmental stages. No typical embryo structure was found during 0-240 DAP; embryo development began at 240 DAP. The highest embryo rate, (90.55±1.62)%, was observed at 360 DAP. Seed viability, determined by the TTC method, was most significant at 330 DAP, reaching (68.33±3.06)%. After 330 DAP, with increasing time post-pollination, the seed coat became denser, and the staining rate decreased. (3) Considering the overall development of capsules and seeds, two rapid growth phases exist during capsule development (30-60 DAP and 240-270 DAP), during which capsule length and width increase significantly. The rapid development phase for seeds and embryos (240-270 DAP) coincides with the second rapid capsule growth phase. In conclusion, under artificial cultivation conditions, the optimal harvest time for P. venustum is 330 DAP. The dynamic analysis of capsule and seed development provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for germplasm conservation and artificial propagation of P. venustum.

A new flavonoid glycoside from Oxytropis ochrocephala and the biological activities

2026/4/9 16:02:06

To investigate the chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of Oxytropis ochrocephala, the ethanol extract of O ochrocephala was separated and purified using chromatographic techniques including silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including UV, IR, HR-MS and NMR. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compound were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The results showed that: (1) Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as ochrocephalamine (1), (6aR, 11aR)-10-hydroxy-3, 9-dimethoxypterocarpan (2), 3′, 7-dihydroxy-2′, 4′-dimethoxyisoflavan (3), bosenegaloside A (4), 5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-3- [6-O-(1-oxohexadecyl)-α-D-altropyranosyl]-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (5), rhamnocitrin (6), 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavonol (7), 3-O-rhamnocitrin-6-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), rhamnocitrin-3-O-β-D-galactoside (9), isoquercitrin (10), rhamnetin 3-O-β-D-galactoside (11) and rhamnocitrin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (12). Among these, compound 1 is a new compound, while compounds 2, 4 and 5 were reported in this genus for the first time. (2) Compounds 6, 10 and 11 exhibited notable antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of (4.90±0.35), (0.80±0.06) and (1.07±0.02) μg?mL-1, respectively, which were stronger than that of the positive control vitamin C [IC50 value of (5.72±0.52) μg?mL-1]. In addition, in the ABTS radical scavenging assay, compound 11 also showed strong antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of (0.32±0.05) μg?mL-1. These findings further enrich the chemical profile of O. ochrocephala and provide valuable information for its potential resource development and utilization.

Dynamic changes in leaf secondary metabolites during flower development in Kaempferia elegans

HAN Yongjie,KANG Yong,YIN Junmei — 2026/4/9 15:42:47

Kaempferia elegans is an ornamental species of the Zingiberaceae with distinctive foliage and attractive flowers. The floral longevity of individual flowers is short, which limits its ornamental period. Flower development strongly depends on the supply of assimilates. However, the metabolic changes of leaves as primary source organs at different flowering stages and the relationship of these changes with floral development remain unclear. This gap restricts a systematic understanding of flowering regulation and ornamental improvement. To characterize the dynamic patterns of leaf metabolism during flowering, leaves collected at four flowering stages (K1–K4) were subjected to non-targeted metabolomic analysis using UPLC–MS/MS. Multivariate statistical analyses including principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and KEGG pathway annotation were applied to systematically investigate metabolic variations at different stages. The results were as follows: (1) Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis clearly separated samples at different flowering stages, and the most pronounced differences were observed between K1 and K2. The OPLS-DA models showed high stability, with Q2 values above 0.86. (2) A total of 662 metabolites were identified, among which 210 were differentially accumulated metabolites. The most dramatic changes occurred between K1 and K2, with 178 metabolites showing significant variation, indicating strong metabolic activity of leaves at the initiation stage of flowering. (3) K-means clustering divided the differential metabolites into six groups. Sugars, flavonoids, and alkaloids accumulated rapidly at the early stage of flowering, while organic acids and amino acids increased significantly at the stage of flower senescence. (4) Pathway analysis showed continuous activity of carbohydrate metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism throughout the flowering process, while pathways of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and organic acid conversion were markedly enhanced at the stage of senescence. These findings revealed stage-specific characteristics of leaf metabolism during flowering of K. elegans. The accumulation of sugars and secondary metabolites at the initiation stage may provide material support for bud formation and flower opening. From a perspective of source–sink relationships, the results indicate a potential association of leaf metabolic regulation with floral development and provide a metabolomic basis for studies of flowering regulation and improvement of ornamental traits.

New taxa of Phyllanthaceae from Guangxi, China

2026/4/9 15:11:18

Phyllanthus sensu lato (s.l.) is the core group of Phyllanthaceae and exhibits high diversity in life form, floral, seed and pollen morphology, indicating that the genus is not monophyletic. Recent studies based on molecular and morphological data have segregated Phyllanthus s.l. into ten monophyletic genera. In this study, one new species and one newly recorded species of Phyllanthaceae from Guangxi, China are reported, namely Cathetus filipes D.X. Nong, B.Y. Huang & Z. Xiong, sp. nov. and Emblica pacoensis (Thin) R.W. Bouman (newly recorded). Both species occur in karst mountains of southwestern China and northern Vietnam. Detailed morphological descriptions, phenology and distribution information are provided. Cathetus filipes is morphologically similar to C. clarkei (Hook.f.) R.W. Bouman, but differs by its usually reddish-brown branchlets, distinctly longer pedicels, filaments up to 3 mm long, connate in the lower 2.5 mm and free above, and longer stigmas. Emblica pacoensis is similar to E. tsarongensis (W.W.Sm.) R.W. Bouman, but can be distinguished by its orbicular, ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves with veins raised adaxially, and cymes consisting of one female flower and several male flowers. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, confirm the phylogenetic positions of the two species: Cathetus filipes is nested in the Cathetus clade, whereas Emblica pacoensis falls into the Emblica clade. These discoveries enrich China’s biodiversity inventory, correct previous misidentifications of herbarium specimens, and are significant for understanding the floristic composition and evolution of plants in karst areas.

A newly recorded species of Asparagaceae from China—Aspidistra stellata and its taxonomic study

LIN Chunrui,WAN Xinyu,WANG Bingmou,YOU Yue — 2026/4/9 12:01:48

To clarify the species composition and geographical distribution of the genus Aspidistra in China, a taxonomic study was conducted on specimens collected from Malipo County, Yunnan Province, along the China-Vietnam border. Based on field investigations and ex situ cultivation observations, combined with comparative analyses of morphological characteristics, examination of herbarium specimens, and verification of relevant literature, as well as palynological observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the specimens were identified as Aspidistra stellata Aver. & Tillich. This species is reported here as a new record for China. Previously, it was only known from Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam. The species is characterized by linear-lanceolate perianth lobes that are conspicuously longer than the perianth tube, a peltate pistil, and a stigma with a diameter of 8-10 mm. Morphologically, it resembles A. melanaster Aver., K.S. Nguyen & Tillich, differing mainly in leaf and flower size. However, the two species share overlapping distributions and flower coloration, suggesting a close phylogenetic relationship that warrants further investigation to clarify species boundaries. In addition, the present study corrects inaccuracies in the original description regarding the stigma. Detailed information on morphology, geographical distribution, and palynology is provided, along with color photographic plates. A diagnostic key to species of Aspidistra with perianth lobes longer than the perianth tube (with included stigma) is also constructed to facilitate identification. The discovery of this newly recorded species not only enriches the known species composition of Aspidistra in China but also supplements baseline data on the diversity of the family Asparagaceae, providing new empirical evidence for understanding the formation and evolutionary history of the flora in the China‐Vietnam border region.

Stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, and P during flowering period of Phyllostachys edulis

GUO Jing,HU Xiaoxue,LI Zailiu,NONG Junqing,XU Zhenguo — 2026/4/3 16:56:01

Ecological stoichiometry is a foundational discipline for investigating how plants regulate nutrient allocation and utilization across critical life-history stages. This study examined naturally flowering Phyllostachys edulis in northern Guilin, Guangxi Province, China, quantifying carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations, along with their stoichiometric ratios (C:N, C:P, N:P),were quantified across seven organ types (culm, branch, leaf/flower spike, culm stump, culm root, rhizome, and rhizome root) during four phenological stages of flowering: pre-flowering, initial flowering, peak flowering, and late flowering. The objective was to elucidate the underlying stoichiometric adaptation mechanisms and resource reallocation strategies that underpin reproductive investment in bamboo. The results showed that: (1) Organ-specific C, N, and P concentrations, as well as their associated stoichiometric ratios, exhibited pronounced temporal dynamics and significant inter-organ variation across all four stages. Branches consistently exhibited the highest C concentration; leaf/flower spike N peaked during pre-flowering, whereas P peaked at peak flowering; culm P, branch C, and leaf N declined monotonically throughout flowering; rhizome C and N showed a unimodal pattern (decreasing then increasing); and P in branches, culm roots, and rhizome roots followed an inverse unimodal trajectory (increasing then decreasing). (2) Stoichiometric ratios displayed distinct spatiotemporal patterns: C:N reached its maximum in culms during initial flowering; C:P peaked in rhizome roots at late flowering; and N:P was highest in rhizomes during pre-flowering. (3) Strong and statistically significant (P < 0.05) or highly significant (P < 0.01) correlations were observed among C, N, and P concentrations and ratios across organs within each stage, indicating tightly coordinated, stage-dependent nutrient partitioning. Synthesizing these results, we propose that Moso bamboo adopts a resource optimization strategy during flowering: vegetative organs (e.g., branches) prioritize C accumulation to preserve structural integrity and metabolic homeostasis; reproductive tissues (leaves and flower spikes) selectively enrich N and P to fuel high-energy biosynthetic processes; and the overall pattern reflects a stoichiometric trade-off characterized by “C homeostasis, P limitation, and N remobilization”,a strategy that effectively balances maintenance and reproduction under finite nutrient budgets. This work provides empirical evidence and conceptual insight into the biogeochemical basis of reproductive resource allocation in bamboos.

Indicative Significance of the Floristic Elements of Five Vascular Plant Species in Qinghai Province

Han xuke,,Su Xu, — 2026/4/3 9:01:32

To enhance the comprehension of floristic geographic patterns and evolutionary dynamics of vascular plants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a research team undertook systematic field investigations in Qinghai Province from June 2024 to July 2025. Through detailed morphological analyses and specimen verification, five species newly recorded at the provincial level were identified: Dryopteris fructuosa (Christ) C. Chr., Aleuritopteris anceps (Blanf.) Panigrahi, Polygonatum curvistylum Hua, Acronema xizangense S. L. Liou & R. H. Shan, and Hedysarum trigonomerum Hand.-Mazz. The primary distribution centers of these taxa are situated in the Hengduan Mountains, southeastern Xizang, and the West Qinling Mountains, respectively. The co-occurrence of these geographically distinct species within the canyon regions of southern Qinghai provides compelling evidence that this area functions as a convergence zone for multiple floristic elements. Analyzing the spatial distribution patterns and habitat characteristics of these newly recorded populations, the study elucidates the role of a "corridor-refuge complex" in species dispersal. Specifically, montane forests in the eastern Bayan Har Mountains act as dispersal corridors facilitating the northward expansion of Hengduan Mountain flora; deeply incised valleys such as the Lancang-Tongtian River valleys serve as conduits enabling north-south dispersal of southeastern Xizang elements; and high-altitude limestone microhabitats offer refugial environments supporting the persistence of widespread species. The findings indicate that southern Qinghai constitutes a transitional zone where floristic elements from the Hengduan montane forests, southeastern Xizang valleys, West Qinling montane regions, and broadly distributed taxa intersect. Internally, this zone comprises a complex network of multiple dispersal corridors and refugia. This research not only updates the floristic inventory of Qinghai Province but also significantly advances the understanding of transitional characteristics at the northeastern margin of the Sino-Himalayan flora. Moreover, it provides novel distributional data that contribute to elucidating biogeographical processes associated with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the evolution of its valley systems.

The Chloroplast Genome of Pterolobium punctatum and its Validation of the New Fabaceae Classification System

MA Zhexue,RAN Juan,SUN Chao,WANG Youyou,YAN Kan,ZHAO Rundong,ZHOU Xueqiong — 2026/3/31 10:10:54

The recent revision of the Fabaceae classification system merged the Mimosoideae into a broadly defined Caesalpinioideae, but its reliability still requires independent validation across multiple genetic systems. To clarify the chloroplast (cp) genome characteristics and phylogenetic position of Pterolobium punctatum, a representative species within the Caesalpinioideae, the complete cp genome of P. punctatum was assembled and annotated using Illumina sequencing technology. This study analyzed codon usage bias and performed comparative genomics with 19 related species.Furthermore, phylogenetic reconstruction and divergence time estimation were conducted by integrating genomic data from representative species of the Caesalpinioideae. The results were as follows： (1) The cp genome of P. punctatum is 159 063 bp in length, encoding 128 genes, and exhibits a typical circular quadripartite structure, with significantly higher GC content in the inverted repeat (IR) regions (42.61%) than in the single-copy regions. (2) Comparative genomic analysis revealed dynamic evolution at the IR/SC boundaries among P. punctatum and its close relatives, and mono-nucleotide repeats dominated by A/T bases are the most frequent SSR type. (3) Analysis of codon usage bias indicates that natural selection is the primary driving force, and we identify highly variable regions such as ycf1 as potential DNA barcodes. (4) Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported P. punctatum as a sister group to Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica, providing critical chloroplast genomic validation for the new classification system. Divergence time estimation suggested that the genus Pterolobium diverged during the Oligocene-Miocene transition (approx. 24.09 Ma). This study systematically elucidates the cp genome features of P. punctatum and confirms its phylogenetic position, providing a significant scientific basis for understanding the structural evolution of the cp genome as well as for the conservation and utilization of Caesalpinioideae resources.

Comparative Analysis of Leaf Spectral Characteristics of Different JUNCAO Varieties Based on Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

2026/3/19 10:50:45

Aiming to address the challenges of morphological similarity among different species of Juncao and the low efficiency of traditional identification methods, this study employs spectral feature analysis and machine learning modeling to achieve efficient identification and classification of eight Juncao species. Spectral reflectance data of leaf samples from eight species, including Cenchrus fungigraminus, Penmisetum purpureum, P. purpureum cv. Laimu-1, P. purpureum cv. Red, P. alopecuroides, P. glaucum × purpureum, P. americanum, and Saccharum officinarum. cv. PNG, were collected within the 400–900 nm wavelength range. By processing the original spectra along with their reciprocal logarithmic transformations, first derivatives, and second derivatives, spectral characteristics were analyzed, and multiple vegetation indices were extracted. Based on six types of feature sets—raw spectra, reciprocal logarithmic transformation, first derivative spectra, second derivative spectra, trilinear parameters, and vegetation indices—twenty graded feature combinations were constructed. Classification models were developed using Support Vector Machine and Random Forest algorithms, with model accuracy evaluated accordingly. The results were as follows:(1)The eight Juncao species exhibited typical vegetation spectral characteristics in the visible light region, with reflectance rising sharply in the red-edge region (700–750 nm).(2)Different spectral processing methods significantly amplified inter-species spectral differences in specific bands, such as reciprocal logarithmic transformation within 570–650 nm, first derivatives around 730 nm, and second derivatives in the 670–760 nm range. The red-edge amplitude, red-edge area, and Simple Ratio vegetation index demonstrated the strongest discriminative power among species.(3)Model performance indicated that the SVM algorithm generally outperformed RF. The combination of "raw spectra + trilinear parameters" achieved the highest accuracy of 70.56% under SVM, which was 14.03% higher than the same combination under RF. The optimal performance for RF was observed with the "raw spectra + reciprocal logarithmic transformation" combination, though it showed limited adaptability to high-dimensional features. Integrating spectral features from visible and near-infrared bands with spectral transformation techniques and vegetation indices, coupled with the Support Vector Machine algorithm, provides an effective theoretical foundation and technical support for the rapid and accurate identification and classification of Juncao species.

Effects of different nitrogen form ratios on growth and transcriptome response in Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis seedlings

BAI Qingsong,LIAO Huanqin,WANG Lihan,WANG Xuyang,XU Fang,ZHANG Weihua — 2026/3/18 15:09:41

In order to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying growth and gene expression in Acacia mangium× A. auriculiformis clone AMA308 in response to different nitrogen form ratios, tissue-cultured seedlings provided by the Guangdong Academy of Forestry Sciences were subjected to hydroponic treatment with five nutrient solutions containing distinct NH??/NO?? ratios (0:10, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, 10:0) at a total nitrogen concentration of 30 mmol·L. After 30 days of hydroponic culture, transcriptome sequencing was performed on the Illumina platform, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using edgeR with the criteria of |log2FC| > 1 and FDR < 0.05. KEGG enrichment analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation were conducted to verify the sequencing results. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The number of DEGs in both root and leaf tissues increased significantly with the elevated proportion of nitrate in the nutrient solution, and root DEGs were consistently more abundant than leaf DEGs across all treatments. (2) KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that root DEGs were significantly enriched in ribosome-related pathways (P<0.001), whereas leaf DEGs were predominantly enriched in metabolic pathways, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. (3) A total of 88 DEGs were identified in nitrogen metabolism pathways, covering 11 key functional nodes including nitrate transport, nitrate reduction, and glutamine synthesis. Among these DEGs, 18 were down-regulated and 13 were up-regulated in roots with increasing nitrate proportion; in leaves, 13 were down-regulated and 9 were up-regulated. (4) Three genes belonging to the AMT1 subfamily were detected, which were expressed in both roots and leaves but showed significantly higher expression levels in roots. Two of these genes were ammonium-inducible and exhibited up-regulated expression with increasing ammonium proportion, while the expression of AMT1.1 was unaffected by external ammonium concentration and displayed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns between roots and leaves. (5) qRT-PCR validation of four nitrogen metabolism-related genes showed correlation coefficients ≥0.79 (P<0.05) with the transcriptome sequencing data, confirming the high reliability of the RNA-Seq results. Collectively, this study demonstrates that A. mangium × A. auriculiformis modulates root and leaf responses to variable nitrogen forms via distinct molecular mechanisms. Ribosomal pathway enrichment in roots enhances protein synthesis capacity to facilitate efficient nitrogen uptake and assimilation, while enrichment of metabolic pathways in leaves optimizes nitrogen allocation to photosynthetic products and secondary metabolites, thereby supporting both photosynthetic performance and stress adaptation. This research elucidates the molecular basis of coordinated root-leaf responses to nitrogen forms and provides theoretical support and candidate genes for precise nitrogen application during the seedling stage of this important nitrogen-fixing tree species.

Effects of exogenous GABA on mitochondrial function of Malus baccata seedling roots under root-zone sublow-temperature

MA Huaiyu*,WANG Aiguo,YU Miao,ZHAO Yilu — 2026/3/16 11:17:03

The climatic features of the cold fruit-producing regions in Northeast China manifest as rapid temperature rises with significant fluctuations in early spring, while soil warming occurs relatively later, resulting in inhibited plant growth or even mortality due to the prolonged subjection of root systems to sub-low temperatures.In response to the climatic characteristics of early spring in Northeast China’s cold-temperate fruit production areas — namely, rapid temperature recovery with large fluctuations and relatively delayed soil warming — this study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on mitochondrial function in root systems of one-year M. baccata. under sub-low root-zone temperatures. Using M. baccata seedlings as experimental material, we subjected them to a root-zone sub-low temperature treatment at 5°C and applied exogenous GABA (10?mmol·L?1) or its metabolic inhibitor,aminooxyacetic acid (VGB, 0.1?mmol·L?1), respectively. Mitochondrial membrane permeability, cytochrome c/a ratio, respiratory metabolic pathways, energy substance contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities in roots were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24?h after treatment. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the control, 5°C sub-low temperature significantly increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, decreased the cytochrome c/a ratio, and enhanced total respiration rate, activities of the cytochrome pathway (CP) and alternative pathway (AP), along with induced upregulation of the alternative oxidase gene (AOX) expression. (2) Compared with sub-low temperature treatment alone, exogenous GABA treatment significantly improved mitochondrial membrane stability and c/a ratio, promoted CP respiration and its contribution rate, inhibited AP respiration and AOX expression, while maintaining higher ATP content and energy charge level and reducing AMP accumulation. (3) Exogenous GABA treatment also increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and enhanced root vigor. (4) VGB treatment aggravated mitochondrial membrane damage and energy metabolic disorder, and inhibited antioxidant enzyme activities. In summary, exogenous GABA effectively alleviates root-zone sub-low temperature stress injury in M. baccata roots by protecting mitochondrial membrane integrity, optimizing respiratory pathway allocation, maintaining cellular energy homeostasis and enhancing antioxidant capacity, and this effect depends on an intact GABA metabolic pathway. These findings provide a theoretical basis for improving cold tolerance of M. baccata roots and are of great significance for breeding cold-resistant apple rootstocks.

Effect of population distribution patterns on the resistance of plant diversity to Solidago canadensis invasion

2026/3/10 18:33:18

Interspecific interactions among plants determine the overall species connections within plant communities, yet how they affect the resistance of plant diversity to invasion remain unclear. Artificial native communities with four levels of species richness (1, 2, 4, and 8 species) and two population distribution patterns (scattered and gathered distribution) were constructed and subsequently exposed to invasion by Solidago canadensis. By measuring the growth performance and biomass of S. canadensis, the competition index of native plants, and the resource utilization rate of the community, this study investigated how the alteration of distribution patterns affects the resistance of plant diversity to alien plant invasion. The results were as followed: (1) Under the scattered distribution pattern, native species richness was significantly negatively correlated with the biomass and growth performance of S. canadensis (r= -0.355, P=0.011), whereas under the gathered distribution pattern, the correlation disappeared. (2) Competition intensity among native plants was significantly higher under the scattered distribution pattern compared to the gathered pattern, and the competitive suppression of S. canadensis by the native community increased with species richness (P < 0.05). (3) Under scattered distribution, invasion of S. canadensis significantly reduced the community's phosphorus utilization rate (t = 4.893, P < 0.001), whereas under gathered distribution, invasion significantly increased phosphorus utilization (t=2.899, P=0.005). Therefore, scattered distribution can better promote plant diversity in resisting invasion, while gathered distribution will weaken the resistance effect of plant diversity, and this will provide a new theoretical pathway to explain inconsistent results of the diversity-invasibility relationship studies.

One species rank reinstated and two new synonyms in Hemiboea C. B. Clarke (Gesneriaceae)

BAI Xinxiang,HE Songtao,HU Guoxiong,LI Zhi,LIANG Ping,MENG Dechang,WEN Fang — 2026/3/10 8:52:56

To clarify the taxonomic status of three dubious taxa within Hemiboea C. B. Clarke—namely H. esquirolii H. Lév., H. gamosepala Z. Yu. Li, and H. follicularis C. B. Clarke var. retroflexa Yan Liu & Y. S. Huang—and to resolve issues of ambiguous species delineation and taxonomic controversy within the genus, this study integrated examinations of original literature, specimen collections, and field observations, revealing that: (1) Although H. esquirolii and H. follicularis C. B. Clarke share synchronous phenology and most morphological characters of H. esquirolii fall within the variation range of H. follicularis, H. esquirolii can be distinguished by stable genetic characters. Therefore, the previous taxonomic treatment merging these taxa is not appropriate. (2) H. esquirolii is actually synonymous with H. follicularis var. retroflexa. (3) The type specimens of H. gamosepala contains mixed materials from two species within Hemiboea, and the plants in the holotype and isotype specimens are actually misidentified H. cavaleriei H. Lév. In accordance with the provisions and recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Madrid Code) (2025), we hereby reinstate H. esquirolii as an independent specific rank, treat H. follicularis var. retroflexa. Huang as a synonym of H. esquirolii, and treat H. gamosepala as a synonym of H. cavaleriei. This study clarifies the taxonomic relationships among three dubious taxa within Hemiboea, providing a taxonomic foundation for subsequent research into the phylogenetic evolution of the genus, as well as for the conservation and rational utilization of its species resources.

Physiological, molecular, and microbiological mechanisms of plant response to saline-alkaline stress

2026/3/9 10:18:53

Soil salinization is one of the abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development and can adversely affect key processes such as seed germination, growth, development and production. Over long-term evolution, plants have developed mechanisms to adapt to saline-alkaline stress through metabolic activities, such as activating antioxidant systems, regulating osmotic systems, maintaining ion balance, adjusting hormone levels, and stabilizing pH. Additionally, plants respond to saline-alkaline stress by regulating the expression of genes and transcription factors and activating signal transduction pathways. Plant root exudates can recruit specific beneficial microorganisms, altering the diversity, structure, and function of rhizosphere microbial communities to construct a favorable rhizosphere environment for plant growth. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) are considered the "second genome" of plants, enhancing their defense against saline-alkaline stress through multiple mechanisms, including regulation of plant hormones, osmotic balance, antioxidant systems, ion balance, and nutrient uptake. PGPM can also modulate metabolic pathways to improve plant tolerance to saline-alkaline conditions. Furthermore, PGPM influence the structure and function of rhizosphere microbial communities, strengthening and sustaining their beneficial effects. This review focuses on the morphological, physiological, molecular, and rhizosphere microecological mechanisms underlying plant responses to saline-alkaline stress, highlighting the multifaceted role of PGPM in supporting plant life under such stress conditions. The aim is to provide a scientific basis for agricultural development and ecological restoration in saline-alkaline regions.

Research progress on terpenoid chemical constituents and modern applications of Tinosporae radix

CHOU Shuo,SUN Chao,YANG Ying,ZHANG Guoxia,ZHANG Jiachun,ZHOU Xinwei,ZHOU Ying — 2026/3/4 10:24:23

Tinosporae radix is the dried tuber root of T. sagittata or T. capillipes, a perennial vine belonging to the genus T. within the Menispermaceae family. It is officially documented in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. As a well-established traditional Chinese medicine and a common medicinal resource among ethnic groups including the Zhuang and Dong, it is primarily cultivated in provinces such as Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Guizhou. T. radix is rich in diverse bioactive compounds and is pharmacologically recognized for its efficacy in clearing heat, detoxifying, relieving sore throat, and alleviating pain. It is clinically indicated for the treatment of pharyngitis, carbuncles, boils, dysentery, diarrhea, and epigastric pain.Recent advancements in the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine have heightened research interest in T. radix, owing to its multi-target pharmacological profile and broad application potential, positioning it as a focal point in natural product and functional food research. To date, terpenoids identified from T. radix encompass sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenes. Contemporary pharmacological investigations have demonstrated that these terpenoids exhibit a spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antitumor, enzyme inhibitory, and immunomodulatory effects. In terms of practical applications, T. radix has been integrated into a comprehensive industrial chain spanning pharmaceuticals, food products, daily chemicals, feed additives, and veterinary medicine, underscoring its significant medicinal and developmental value. Enhancing the innovative processing and utilization of its by-products is therefore of considerable importance. This review consolidates domestic and international literature to provide a systematic overview of the innovative applications of T. radix in traditional medicine, modern clinical formulations, veterinary practice, daily chemicals, and the food industry, with a specific focus on its terpenoid constituents, associated pharmacological activities, and contemporary uses. The aim is to facilitate further in-depth fundamental research. Additionally, this analysis critically assesses current application-oriented studies and offers prospective recommendations, intending to serve as a reference for advancing scholarly inquiry and promoting the sustainable resource utilization of T. radix.

Tree functional traits and functional diversity of subtropical forests and their environmental drivers along an altitude gradient in Daming Mountain in Guangxi

LI Jing,,,,ZHANG Zhonghua, — 2026/3/4 9:51:47

Understanding spatial patterns of plant functional traits and functional diversity, and the mechanisms that drive them, is essential for interpreting ecosystem functioning and for designing biodiversity conservation strategies. However, patterns of tree functional traits and functional diversity along altitude gradients in mountain forests, and the environmental drivers behind those patterns, remain poorly understood. By establishing 24 forest monitoring plots across eight altitudinal ranges (300–1 400 m) in the subtropical montane forest of Daming Mountain, Guangxi, South China, this study analyzed the altitudinal variation in eight tree functional traits and four functional diversity indices using community survey and trait measurement data, and evaluated their key environmental determinants. The results were as follows: (1) With increasing altitude, leaf thickness and leaf dry matter content increased significantly, while leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf water content decreased significantly. In contrast, leaf phosphorus content displayed no clear altitudinal trend. Specific leaf area was strongly negatively correlated with leaf dry matter content and significantly positively correlated with both leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus contents. Leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus contents were significantly positively correlated, while leaf phosphorus content was negatively correlated with leaf carbon content. (2) Functional richness and functional divergence displayed unimodal (hump-shaped) patterns along the altitude gradient. Functional evenness declined initially and then increased, whereas Rao’s quadratic entropy increased monotonically with altitude. (3) Redundancy analysis indicated that altitude and soil total potassium were the main factors explaining spatial variation in functional traits, accounting for 29.6% and 12.8% of the variation, respectively. For functional diversity, altitude-associated soil temperature and soil total phosphorus were key drivers; soil temperature alone explained the largest share of variation (36.0%), followed by soil total phosphorus (7.9%) and soil moisture (7.6%). This study reveals that leaf structural traits exhibit stronger altitudinal adaptation than nutrient-related traits, whereas functional diversity is more responsive to soil nutrients and microclimate than plant traits. These findings advance our understanding of tree adaptive strategies in montane forests and provide insights for ecosystem management. We recommend prioritizing conservation of mid-altitude diversity hotspots in Daming Mountain, as well as managing soil phosphorus and potassium availability to support the restoration of degraded forests.

Neuroprotective mechanism study of Mogroside V in Parkinson’s disease models

CHEN Min*,JIANG Min,LUO Hanjiang,WU Chengli,XU Xiaofeng,YU Lan — 2026/3/3 10:15:10

Siraitia grosvenorii, a characteristic plant of Guangxi, is a precious Chinese medicinal material that can be used both as medicine and food. Mogroside V (MV) is a principal bioactive constituent of?Siraitia grosvenorii, possesses potential neuroprotective effects whose mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, to establish the Parkinson’s disease (PD) primary neurons model, primary cortical neurons were isolated from C57BL/6J fetal mice for 7 days’ culture, α-synuclein (α-Syn) preformed fibrils (PFF) were added to the cellular cultural medium. Then, 100 μmol·L-1 MV was used to intervene in the PD primary neurons model. After 48 hours’ co-treatment, Western blot and cellular immunofluorescence analysis were applied to clarify the effects of MV on the expression of key proteins in PD, such as α-Syn, dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit (NMDAR1) in PD primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, to clarify the specific mechanism by which MV affects the expression of DRD1, this study established a PD cell model by adding 10 μg·mL-1 α-Syn PFF to the PC12 cell line. In addition, plasmid transfection technology was utilized to overexpress the NMDAR1 level in PC12 cell line. Western blot and cellular immunofluorescence analysis were also used to evaluate the interrelationship among α-Syn, DRD1 and NMDAR1 in PC12 cells. The results were as follows: (1)10 μg·mL-1 α-Syn PFF significantly decreased the expression levels of DRD1 and NMDAR1 in primary neurons (P<0.05, P<0.05). (2) 100 μmol·L-1 MV treatment significantly inhibited the down-regulation of DRD1 and NMDAR1 expression induced by α-Syn PFF in primary neurons (P<0.05, P<0.05). (3) The expression of DRD1 and NMDAR1 were both decreased by α-Syn PFF, while overexpression of NMDAR1 reversed the down-regulation of DRD1 level induced by α-Syn PFF. In conclusion, MV alleviates α-Syn PFF-induced down-regulation of DRD1 level by up-regulating NMDAR1 expression. This study provides a new experimental basis for elucidating the neuroprotective effect of MV on PD, provides a theoretical foundation for the development of Siraitia grosvenorii and its active component MV as neuroprotective drugs, and provides a new scientific path for the in-depth development and value enhancement of Guangxi characteristic plants.

Analysis of endogenous hormones, metabolome and transcriptome in apical buds of Pinus massoniana with different branch types

CHEN Xinhua,FENG Yuanheng,LI Yifan,YANG Zhangqi,Zeng Min — 2026/3/3 9:35:20

The improvement of traits including stem straightness, internode length, and branching is an important breeding objective for Pinus massoniana breeding, as branching directly affects stem form and timber yield. To systematically decipher the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the formation of distinct branching phenotypes in Pinus massoniana, this study integrated targeted hormone quantification, metabolomic profiling, and high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing to analyze apical buds from three representative branching types: fox-tail type, multi-stem type, and normal type. The results showed that: (1) The contents of four key endogenous hormones-auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA) -in the apical buds of the three branching types differed significantly, with accumulation levels following the order multi-stem type > normal type > fox-tail type. The ratios of IAA/ABA and IAA/CTK were highest in the fox-tail type and lowest in the multi-stem type. Hormone-related metabolites were predominantly enriched in pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction and zeatin biosynthesis, which are closely associated with the regulation of plant growth and branching development. (2) Kyoto encyclopediaof genesand genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that significant enrichment in pathways including zeatin biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Further functional annotation and strict screening identified 35 DEGs specifically associated with the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, thereby highlighting the central role of transcriptional regulation in the formation of branching traits in Pinus massoniana. (3) Integrated analysis indicated that cytokinins, auxins, and their associated metabolites and corresponding regulatory genes play a regulatory role in the branching process of Pinus massoniana. Specifically, compounds such as tryptamine, indole, and trans-zeatin showed an upward trend in the fox-tail type, while dihydrozeatin ribonucleoside showed an increasing trend in the multi-stem type. This study preliminarily elucidates the differential hormonal and regulatory mechanisms underlying branching variation in Pinus massoniana, providing a reference for endogenous hormone mediated branching regulation in this species.

Cloning, subcellular localization and expression analysis of transcription factor MYB4 in rapeseed (Brassica napus)

HE Xiaolan,WANG Jianwei — 2026/2/28 16:14:10

This study aims to investigate the role of the MYB4 transcription factor in cadmium (Cd) stress response in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Using the high-Cd-accumulating cultivar ‘Nanyou 868’ (2n = 4x = 38, AACC) as experimental material, a MYB4 gene was cloned and named BnaMYB4. Bioinformatics analysis, subcellular localization, and real-time quantitative PCR were comprehensively employed to investigate its sequence characteristics, protein properties, and expression patterns under Cd stress. The results are as follows: (1) The open reading frame of BnaMYB4 is 885 bp in length, encoding 294 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the encoded protein contains a typical R2R3-MYB domain, belongs to the R2R3-MYB subfamily, and is predicted to localize in the nucleus. (2) Multiple sequence alignment reveals that BnaMYB4 shares high similarity (87.41%–98.97%) with MYB4 homologous proteins from species such as Brassica napus and?Arabidopsis thaliana. Promoter sequence analysis identifies multiple stress-responsive?cis-acting elements. (3) Subcellular localization experiments confirm that BnaMYB4 localizes in the nucleus. (4) Tissue expression analysis shows that?BnaMYB4?is expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, with the highest expression in roots. Under Cd stress, its expression in leaves slightly increases with increasing Cd concentrations, but decreased slightly in roots. In summary,?BnaMYB4?may be involved in the transcriptional regulatory response of rapeseed to Cd stress. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the functional mechanism of MYB4 in heavy metal stress and for stress-resistance breeding in rapeseed.

Growth-promoting effect of four endophytic Trichoderma strains inoculated seedlings of Paeonia delavayi

CHEN Yi,HAN Yanrong,LI Yuangcui,LIANG He,LU Xin,PAN Yue*,WANG Juan,ZHONG Xiuyue — 2026/2/25 12:06:13

To screen the endophytic Trichoderma strains with excellent growth-promoting effects in Paeonia delavayi, the representative strains of dominant strains Trichoderma paraviridescens, T. tomeutosum, T. guizhouense and T. cerinum were selected to inoculate seedlings. The agronomic traits, biomass, resistance physiological indexes and root colonization rate of seedlings under different treatments were determined, and the inoculation effect was evaluated by combining the correlation, principal component and membership function value analysis of each index. The results were as follows: (1) After 90 days of inoculation with T. paraviridescens, the plant height increment, ground diameter increment, leaf increment, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of P. delavayi seedlings increased by 88.44%, 185.71% and 375.48% and 95.2%, 96.72% and 149.49% respectively, and the differences were significant compared with the control. (2) The activities of SOD and POD and the content of MDA in the leaves of P. delavayi inoculated with T. paraviridescens were the highest, and the activity of SOD and the content of MDA were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. (3) The colonization rate of T. paraviridescens in seedling roots was the highest, at 47.00%, followed by T. guizhouense, T. cerinum and T. tomeutosum, which were 40.33%, 38.33% and 31.00%, respectively. (4) Correlation analysis showed that the main agronomic traits and biomass indicators were significantly positively correlated. Principal component analysis indicated that agronomic traits and biomass could be used as the main indicators to evaluate the quality of P. delavayi seedlings. The subordinate function value analysis showed that the comprehensive evaluation value of different inoculation treatments was T. paraviridesceus > T. tomeutosum > T. guizhouense > T. cerinum > CK. In conclusion, all the tested strains have a promoting effect on growth development and resistance improvement of P. delavayi seedlings, among them, the growth-promoting effect of T. paraviridescens is the most significant.

Regulation mechanism research on morphogenesis during in vitro leaf adventitious buds formation in Ilex verticillata

AN Na,CHEN Ying*,LI Xuexia,SI Bing,WANG Yifan — 2026/2/25 11:11:01

The aim of this study was to establish a rapid tissue culture propagation technology system for Ilex verticillata and reveal the mechanism of its morphogenesis during the process of adventitious bud formation. The regeneration system involving adventitious buds was established through different culture modes, inoculation methods and combinations of plant growth regulators using leaves of I. verticillata 'Maryland Beauty' (MB) as explants. Furthermore, the origin and physiological mechanisms of adventitious bud formation in I. verticillata were investigated by microscopic observation and determination of antioxidant enzyme activities. The results are follows: (1) The optimal medium for inducing callus from I. verticillata leaves was MS + 0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA + 1.5 mg·L-1 2,4-D, achieving a maximum callus induction rate of 91.7%. The optimal medium for inducing adventitious buds was MS + 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA +1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA, achieving an adventitious bud induction rate of 48.8%. On average, each explant induced 7.3 adventitious buds. (2) The D+L mode of cultivation (dark for 60 days followed by light for 90 days) and the mode of abaxial surface placement was better for adventitious bud regeration. (3) Cytological observations revealed that the adventitious buds primarily originated from parenchyma cells near leaf veins, indicating an exogenous origin. (4) Under the D+L model, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, as well as the H?O? level exhibited stage-specific synergistic dynamics. POD played a dominant role during the dark phase, maintaining low H?O? levels and promoting embryogenic callus formation. Furthermore, SOD and CAT activities increased, and POD activity mantianed high level during the light phase, this state could maintaine H?O? homeostasis and promoting adventitious bud initiation and differentiation. This study established an efficient leaf regeneration system for Ilex verticillata at the first time. Meanwhile, this study also analysed the physiological regulatory mechanism of morphogenesis: hormone–light–redox interactions. This provides key technical support and a theoretical basis for future genetic transformation and the rapid propagation of genotypes.

Analysis of volatile components and ultrastructural characteristics of Dendrobium nobile at different flowering stages

2026/2/24 12:09:51

To explore the biosynthesis and emission mechanism of the floral aroma in Dendrobium nobile Lindl., the study systematically analyzed the dynamic changes of volatile components and the ultrastructural characteristics of the perianth cells at different flowering stages by integrating headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation techniques. The results showed that: (1) Through the full-time dynamic tracking of volatile components from samples collected daily from the 1st to the 14th day of flowering, a total of 26 main aroma components were detected, mainly alcohols and esters, followed by aldehydes, terpenes, and ketones. Terpene content peaked on day 6, when β-caryophyllene (26.8%), octanol (17.0%), and octanal (13.0%) were the dominant components. (2) The analysis of the volatile components of different parts of D. nobile revealed that the lip and the column were the main sites for the release of volatile substances. (3) The ultrastructural analysis of the petals showed that the upper epidermis of the lip had long and dense glandular trichomes without stomata, and the spaces between the glandular trichomes were filled with secretions, further confirming that the secretory function of the epidermal trichomes and cells in the lip was significantly stronger than that in other parts. Therefore, the raw materials for D. nobile flower tea should prioritize the collection of the lip and the column, and be harvested on the 6th day after full bloom to maximize the retention of key aromatic components. The results of this study not only provide scientific basis and quantitative indicators for the precise harvesting and standardized processing of D. nobile flower tea, but also offer a technical paradigm for the aroma quality regulation and efficient utilization of other fragrant medicinal plants in the Orchidaceae family.

Reproductive strategies in alpine extremes: the plastic flower longevity and fly pollination in Gentiana aristata

WANG Yifan,ZHANG Chan*,ZHANG Xinran,ZHAO Suya,ZHENG Yuxin — 2026/2/13 16:45:39

Gentiana aristata, a typical alpine species of the Gentiana genus, serves as an ideal research material for analyzing species adaptation mechanisms to extreme environments, developing distinctive medicinal bioactive compounds, and breeding cold-resistant ornamental germplasm. To uncover the pollination biology characteristics of G. aristata and its reproductive adaptation strategies to alpine extreme environments, this study employed a combination of field observations and controlled experiments to systematically investigate its reproductive traits, including flowering dynamics, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollen/ovule ratio, mating system, and pollinating insects. The key results are as follows: (1) G. aristata exhibited herkogamy and incomplete dichogamy. The longevity of individual flower of G. aristata was (5.97 ± 0.19) d, which significantly extended to (16.13 ± 0.78) d under insect-excluded conditions, representing an adaptive strategy to the variable pollination environment in alpine regions. (2) Both pollen viability and stigma receptivity of G. aristata were maintained for approximately 4 days, with pollen viability peaking on the second day after anthesis and stigma receptivity reaching its maximum on the second day after the stigma fully opened. (3) The fruit set in un-emasculated, bagged flowers was primarily attributed to autonomous selfing via temporary corolla closure and assisted selfing by small insects like thrips (Thripidae spp.) and ants (Formica spp.). The fruit setting rates and seed setting rates were low and showed no significant difference between emasculated flowers under natural pollination and un-emasculated, bagged flowers, indicating that both self-pollination and cross-pollination have similar reproductive success, but both were lower than that under natural conditions. (4) The main pollinator of G. aristata was Delia platura, which accounted for 55.17% of all flower visits, with a visit frequency of (0.24 ± 0.04) times·flower?1·h?1. In addition to Delia platura, other pollinators included various flies and beetles. In summary, G. aristata exhibits high plasticity in flower longevity and possesses a mixed mating system combining selfing and outcrossing. Its main pollinators are abundant flies that show relatively high floral visitation frequency. These traits collectively represent a key reproductive strategy for adapting to the unpredictability of alpine pollination environments. The findings provide critical theoretical support for the conservation of G. aristata germplasm resources and its medicinal development.

Identification and expression analysis of PpPP2C gene in the dormant period of peach buds

LI Jun,LI Haiyan,LU Tailiang,WAN Baoxiong,XU Jinghua,ZHU Pengxiang — 2026/2/12 17:26:51

To characterize the expression of PP2C gene family members during peach dormancy, seven PpPP2C genes were identified from the transcriptome data of peach buds. We analyzed the genes' physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, and cis-acting promoter elements, and employed qRT-PCR to measure PpPP2C expression levels in varieties with differing chilling requirements from pre-dormancy to dormancy release. The results were as follows: (1)The amino acid sequences encoded by the seven PpPP2C genes exhibited highly similar physicochemical properties and conserved motif structures. All seven PpPP2C genes belong to Subfamily A, a key component of the ABA signaling pathway, suggesting their involvement in dormancy regulation through ABA signal transduction. (2)The promoter regions of PpPP2C genes contained abundant abscisic acid, light, and methyl jasmonate response elements, which are thought to regulate PP2C transcription during dormancy. (3)qRT-PCR analysis revealed higher PpPP2C expression before dormancy, with levels declining after dormancy onset, indicating that dormancy suppresses PpPP2C expression. However, in varieties with CR≥400h, this decrease began earlier than in those with CR≤200h. This discrepancy likely stems from different timings of dormancy entry due to varying chilling requirements, where varieties with CR≤200h may require shorter day lengths or lower temperatures and consequently enter dormancy later. This study reveals the role of the PP2C gene in ABA-mediated dormancy regulation, providing a basis for further analysis of its regulatory network.

Functional divergence and stress-specific expression of Gossypium PRR genes

胡天域,李波,李培淯,李雪珂,梁思佳,刘军和,刘宜源,张伟娜,周毅,朱传应,朱明举 — 2026/2/12 17:21:42

Pseudo-response regulators (PRRs) are key regulators of plant circadian rhythms and flowering time, with their functions having been extensively validated across a wide range of plant species. However, the evolutionary trajectory and biological roles of this gene family in cotton remain poorly understood. To systematically dissect the evolutionary characteristics and potential functions of the PRR gene family in cotton, this study integrated data from BLASTP, Pfam, and NCBI databases to perform evolutionary analyses and expression pattern investigations on 32 PRR genes identified from four cotton species—Gossypium arboreum L., Gossypium raimondii Ulbrich., Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium barbadense L. —as well as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The results were as follows: (1) The PRR genes were clustered into three evolutionarily conserved subclasses (A, B, and C), whose origin predates the divergence of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. All PRR members contain the CCT domain, while the majority possess a dual CCT-Response_reg domain architecture. (2) Significant heterogeneity was observed in the promoter regions of PRR genes among different cotton species: those in G. arboreum are dominated by stress- and light-responsive elements (e.g., ABRE, ACE), whereas promoters in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense have expanded to include elements associated with defense mechanisms, hormone signaling, and light signal transduction (e.g., MYB, G14K). (3) PRR genes exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns and divergent stress response profiles. Specifically, Ghir_D12G025960 is highly enriched in fibers and ovules; Ghir_D11G001640 is induced by cold stress but repressed under salt or drought conditions; and Ghir_D12G025960 displays a unique expression dynamics of initial inhibition followed by recovery under heat stress.This study comprehensively characterizes the structural diversity, evolutionary relationships, and functional differentiation of cotton PRR genes in development and stress adaptation. These findings provide valuable genetic resources and a theoretical framework for future research on the cotton circadian clock regulatory network and the genetic improvement of stress tolerance in cotton breeding.?

Effects of formula fertilization on seedling growth and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of Davidia involucrata

CHEN Yunfei,FU Hangqin,REN Qifei,ZHANG Yaoyao — 2026/2/12 16:31:06

To explore the optimal application rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers for the growth of Davidia seedlings, a pot control experiment was conducted with one-year-old seedlings as the research object and yellow brown soil as the substrate which basic physical and chemical properties were determined. The "3414" soil testing and formulated fertilization method was adopted to set three factors (N, P, K) with four levels (0, 1, 2, 3), with a total of 14 treatments in all. The growth traits and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of leaves and roots under each treatment were determined, and the inter-treatment differences and correlation relationships of each index were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The carbon (C) content in leaves and roots of Davidia seedlings showed small differences among all treatments. The N and P contents had significant differences (P<0.05), and they were positively correlated with the application levels of N and P fertilizers respectively. (2) The C:N and N:P ratios in leaves and roots under T2 (N0P2K2) were unbalanced, which limited the growth of Davidia seedlings. The N:P ratios in leaves and roots among all treatments ranged from 4.86 to 13.65, all lower than 14, meaning the seedling growth was limited by N. (3) The specific leaf weight, total biomass, plant height increment and ground diameter increment were the lowest under T11 (N3P2K2), which were 6.78%, 32.88%, 18.91% and 6.82% lower than those under T1 (N0P0K0) respectively. T13 (N1P2K1) had the most significant growth-promoting effect, with the above indicators 12.39%, 82.37%, 192.08% and 120.45% higher than those under T1 respectively. (4) Correlation analysis showed that specific leaf weight was significantly positively correlated with root N content and N:P ratios of leaves and roots (P<0.05), and total biomass was significantly positively correlated with root C content (P<0.05), which indicated a certain correlation between growth traits and ecological stoichiometric characteristics. (5) Multiple comparison results showed that N had a significant effect on all growth traits, as well as root C and N contents and leaf N and P contents (P<0.05). P had a significant effect on specific leaf weight, plant height increment, ground diameter increment and P contents of leaves and roots (P<0.05). K had a significant effect on specific leaf weight, plant height increment and ground diameter increment (P<0.05). In conclusion, balanced application of N, P and K fertilizers should be emphasized for potted Davidia seedlings, and excessive application of N fertilizer (7.95 g?plant-1) should be avoided due to its inhibitory effect on seedling growth. T13 (2.65 g urea, 1 g calcium superphosphate and 1.5 g potassium chloride per seedling) is the optimal fertilization scheme for the growth of Davidia seedlings. The precise fertilization model constructed in this study provides core technical support for the population propagation and natural reintroduction of Davidia, and contributes to the conservation of this endangered species resource.

Diversity and antibacterial activity of culturable bacteria isolated from mangrove based on improved in situ culture

GAO Chenghai,GAO Mengdie,LI Mi,LI Wangjin,LIU Yonghong,XU Shufen,YI Xiangxi — 2026/2/12 15:54:43

In order to explore marine bacterial resources that exhibit inhibitory activity against human pathogenic bacteria. A improved in situ cultivation technique was implemented, markedly increasing the isolation of culturable bacterial from the rhizosphere soil of ten mangrove plants growing along the Beibu Gulf. The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to assign taxonomic identity to bacterial isolates, and their antimicrobial potential was assessed with the filter-paper disk diffusion assay. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 240 species assigned to 95 genera, 54 families, 27 orders, 8 classes, and 4 phyla were recovered, among which Streptomyces dominated, comprising 26.7 % of all isolates. (2) Based on 16S rRNA gene comparisons, 13 strains may represent novel species, including strain Photobacterium lucens GXIMD 04217, which exhibited the sequence similarity of 92.94% and may represent a potential new genus. (3) Furthermore, antimicrobial screening identified 25 Actinomycete strains that significantly antimicrobial activity against at least one pathogenic bacterium. Notably, GXIMD 04328 and GXIMD 04558 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Talaromyces marneffei, with inhibition zone diameters of (23.5±2.5) mm and (21.2±0.4) mm, respectively. (4) Seven of the active strains exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and were able to inhibit a range of human pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, the rhizosphere soils of mangrove in Beibu Gulf harbor abundant microbial resources, and that the improved in situ cultivation is an effective strategy for discovering novel bacterial species and bioactive strains.

Effects of stand age and density on carbon storage of Picea asperata plantations in the Taohe river basin

CHEN Zhengni,DING Aiqiang,LING Lei,REN Zengcao,ZONG Wenzhen — 2026/2/12 15:18:49

Against the backdrop of global carbon neutrality and regional ecological security requirements, optimizing the carbon sink function of Picea asperata plantations in the Taohe River Basin has become increasingly crucial. However, research on the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of its carbon storage remains relatively scarce. This study focused on Picea asperata plantations within the Taohe River basin, establishing plots with varying ages (young and middle forests) and densities (925-2,800 trees·hm-2). It systematically measured and comprehensively evaluate the carbon storage and distribution characteristics of different organs within the tree layer (trunk, branch, leaf, bark, root), the litter layer, and distinct soil horizons (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm). It provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which forest age and stand density influence carbon storage. The results were as follows: (1) The total carbon storage of Picea asperata plantation ecosystem in the Taohe River Basin ranges between 336.25 to 512.39 t·hm-2. The overall pattern exhibits a hierarchy of carbon storage: soil layer > tree layer > litter layer. (2) The soil layer constitutes the most fundamental stable carbon reservoir within ecosystems, holding carbon storage ranging from 256.89 to 300.45 t·hm-2. This accounts for 69.90% of total carbon storage, with over 60% of soil carbon concentrated within the 0-40 cm soil layer. (3) The carbon storage in the tree layer ranges between 43.12 to 190.02 t·hm-2, exhibiting pronounced spatio-temporal heterogeneity alongside a significant ‘mid-mature forest carbon accumulation peak’. Carbon is preferentially allocated to the trunk (22.46%-49.42%) and root system (19.39%-29.35%) among the various organs. Its distribution strategy is density-regulated: biomass in high-density stands concentrates in the trunk, while in medium-to-low-density stands, all organs grow more evenly, resulting in higher carbon sequestration efficiency. (4) The carbon storage in the litter layer ranges from 12.53 to 21.92 t·hm-2, accounting for 3.58% to 4.30% of the total carbon storage. However, its carbon content is remarkably high at 306.04 to 389.32 g·kg-1, making it a pivotal hub connecting above-ground and below-ground carbon flows. This study confirms that stand age and stand density are the core factors driving carbon accumulation and distribution within Picea asperata plantations ecosystems. By implementing sustainable management strategies centred on density regulation, the carbon sink potential of Picea asperata plantations in this region can be effectively harnessed. The findings provide crucial theoretical foundations and practical guidance for optimising the carbon sink function of plantations in the Taohe River basin, safeguarding ecosystem, and achieving regional carbon neutrality objectives.

Flavonoid metabolic differences and bioactive compound profiling in leaves of two Paphiopedilum species based on widely targeted metabolomics

GUAN Ao,LI Zongyan *,QIAN Yanbin,YUE Yan — 2026/2/11 17:42:11

Paphiopedilum micranthum and P. malipoense are traditional medicinal plants in China, whose leaves have long been used as important medicinal materials. Flavonoids are among the major bioactive constituents responsible for their pharmacological effects. However, systematic and comparative investigations of flavonoid metabolites in the leaves of different Paphiopedilum species remain limited. To address this gap, the present study performed a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoid metabolites in the leaves of P. micranthum and P. malipoense using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based metabolomics, combined with the determination of relevant physiological and biochemical indicators. The objectives were to elucidate interspecific differences in flavonoid metabolic profiles and to screen and localize flavonoid compounds with potential medicinal value. The results demonstrated pronounced differences in flavonoid metabolism between the two species. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 696 flavonoid metabolites were detected across both species, of which 532 metabolites showed significant differential accumulation, indicating substantial divergence in flavonoid composition and abundance. (2) Notable differences were observed in both metabolite classes and biosynthetic pathways. Although flavones, flavonols, and flavanones constituted the dominant flavonoid groups in the leaves of both species, anthocyanidins accounted for a significantly higher proportion in P. malipoense. Correspondingly, anthocyanidin metabolites were significantly enriched in the biosynthetic pathways of isoflavonoids, anthocyanidins, flavones, and flavonols in this species. In contrast, the leaves of P. micranthum contained relatively higher proportions of isoflavones and chalcones metabolites, suggesting species-specific regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. (3) Targeted screening of representative flavonoid compounds with significant differences in accumulation revealed that baicalin, farrerol, and delphinidin were present at relatively higher levels in the leaves of P. micranthum, whereas panasenoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and trifolin showed significantly higher abundances in P. malipoense. These compounds are known for their diverse biological activities, highlighting the distinct medicinal potential of each species. Overall, this study provides systematic metabolomic evidence for understanding flavonoid metabolic physiology in Paphiopedilum leaves and offers a scientific basis for the rational utilization, evaluation, and screening of alternative medicinal plant resources within the genus.

Multi-omics analysis of red-light-regulated flavonoid metabolism in Pyrrosia petiolosa leaves

2026/2/11 17:31:27

Light quality is a controllable environmental factor in protected cultivation and can reshape secondary metabolism, thereby affecting the accumulation of active constituents and the quality of medicinal plants. In order to investigate the regulatory effects of red light on flavonoid metabolism in Pyrrosia petiolosa leaves and its molecular basis, plants were grown under full-spectrum white light (WL) and monochromatic red light (RL), and leaf metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles were generated using LC-MS and RNA-seq, followed by integrative analysis to associate differential metabolites with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and to identify key pathways and candidate regulatory nodes based on KEGG enrichment.. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with WL, RL significantly increased 109 flavonoid-related metabolites, including 51 flavonols and 34 flavones. (2) The contents of kaempferol glycosides and afzelechin were markedly increased, whereas naringenin chalcone and sakuranetin were decreased, suggesting that red light may redirect pathway flux and promote a shift in flavonoid composition toward the flavonol branch rather than uniformly elevating all flavonoid subclasses. (3) Transcriptome analysis showed significant upregulation of key structural genes in flavonoid biosynthesis, including F3H, FLS, DFR and LAR, and both differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In conclusion, red light promotes flavonoid accumulation (particularly flavonols) in P. petiolosa leaves by upregulating key biosynthetic genes and modulating pathway flux distribution. These findings provide a theoretical basis for light-quality-based regulation of secondary metabolism to improve the quality consistency of P. petiolosa and to support precision cultivation under controlled environments.

Effect of subculture temperature on the in vitro shoot multiplication and subsequent rooting of tree peony

LI Aimin,QI Zhaofeng,WANG Fan,WEN Shusheng*,YANG Yujie,ZHANG Wenke — 2026/2/5 16:38:13

This study aimed to investigate the effects of subculture temperature on shoot multiplication and subsequent rooting of Paeonia × lemoinei 'Yellow Crown' plantlets in vitro, and to explore the underlying physiological mechanisms. Four temperature treatments (16, 20, 24, and 28 ℃) were applied during the subculture stage. After 40 days, proliferation parameters were measured, and plantlets were subsequently transferred to a rooting medium to evaluate rooting performance. Physiological analyses included endogenous hormones (IAA, ABA, ZR, GA?), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT), total phenolic content, and leaf microstructure. The results showed that: (1) 24 ℃ was the optimal temperature, yielding the highest proliferation coefficient (2.12), excellent shoot quality (+++), and a subsequent rooting rate of 39.05% with well-developed roots. (2) Correlation analysis revealed highly significant positive correlations of IAA content and IAA/ABA ratio with rooting rate (r = 0.82, 0.91), while ABA content and SOD activity were highly significantly negatively correlated with rooting rate (r = -0.83, -0.83). Total phenols content in stems and leaves was significantly positively correlated with root length (r = 0.71), and stomatal long-axis length was significantly negatively correlated with rooting rate (r = -0.68). These findings indicate that subculture temperature comprehensively influences proliferation and rooting in tree peony by modulating endogenous hormone balance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and stomatal morphology. The 24 ℃ treatment simultaneously optimized both multiplication and subsequent rooting, providing a theoretical basis for efficient micropropagation of tree peony.

Study on pollination, fruiting, and aseptic seeding-based in vitro rapid propagation techniques of Paphiopedilum helenae f. aureum

2026/2/5 16:16:00

Paphiopedilum helenae f. aureum is a flower color variant of P. helenae and an extremely rare and precious germplasm resource. To establish an efficient propagation technology system and achieve resource expansion, this study systematically conducted technical research on key stages (including pollination and fruiting, seed germination, shoot proliferation, seedling strengthening and rooting, acclimatization and transplantation) using ex situ conserved P. helenae f. aureum as experimental materials. The results were as follows: (1) Artificial pollination successfully yielded plump capsules with a fruit set rate of 71.4%. (2) The optimal embryo age for seed germination was 300 to 360 days after pollination (DAP). When seeds of this embryo age were sown on the 1/2MS medium supplemented with 6-BA 1.0 mg?L?1, NAA 0.1 mg?L?1, and coconut water 100 mL?L?1, rapid seed germination and differentiation into young shoots were induced, with a germination rate of 12.5%. The 1/2MS medium containing 6-BA 3.0 mg?L?1, NAA 0.2 mg?L?1, and coconut water 100 mL?L?1 exhibited the best effect on subculture proliferation of shoots, with a proliferation coefficient of 2.5. The 1/2MS medium supplemented with NAA 1.0 mg?L?1 and banana pulp juice 100 g?L?1 promoted robust seedling growth and rooting, achieving a rooting rate of 100%. (3) After acclimatization, transplanting seedlings into a mixed substrate of pine bark, akadama, and perlite (volume ratio 2:2:1) resulted in a survival rate of 95%. This study revealed that organic additives (coconut water and banana pulp juice) exerted stage-specific promotional effects on the in vitro propagation of P. helenae f. aureum: coconut water facilitated seed germination, differentiation, and subculture proliferation, while banana pulp juice was beneficial for seedling strengthening and rooting. This research successfully established an aseptic seeding-based rapid propagation technology system for P. helenae f. aureum, which lays a technical foundation for the conservation, development, and utilization of this rare germplasm resource and provides a reference for the propagation research of other albinistic/color variant types in the genus Paphiopedilum.

Chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Picea likiangensis

HAN Limin,LI Jia*,LIU Fei,WANG Mengting,Wen Jingyiran — 2026/2/3 12:17:39

The phylogenetic relationships among Picea species are highly complex due to their morphological similarity. Chloroplast genome sequences can be utilized to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within Picea and provided a foundation for studies on phylogeography and organelle genome diversity. Picea likiangensis, a species in the genus Picea of Pinaceae family, is characterized by rapid growth and high-quality timber. It is widely used as an industrial timber and reforestation species, holding significant economic and ecological value. To date, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of P. likiangensis has not been determined. In this study, the chloroplast genome of P. likiangensis was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform and assembled by GetOrganelle. Repeat sequences within the chloroplast genome were identified using MISA and Tandem repeat finder, while codon usage bias was analyzed by CodonW. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships among 17 Picea species were reconstructed using PhyloSuite software. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of?P. likiangensis?is 124 207 bp in length with a GC content of 38.74%. It contains 113 genes, including 74 protein-coding genes, 35 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and four ribosome RNA (rRNA) genes.?(2) A total of 29 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 29 tandem repeats were identified. Mononucleotide repeats (22) were the predominant SSRs, followed by seven dinucleotide repeats. (3) in codon usage bias analysis, 30 codons were identified with a relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU)>1, among which the AGA codon (encoding arginine) showed the highest usage. (4) Phylogenomic analysis revealed that P. sitchensis is the basal taxon of Picea, while the remaining Picea species are divided into two major clades. P. likiangensis?is most closely related to?P. brachytyla. This study clarified the chloroplast genome features of P. likiangensis and reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Picea, thereby providing valuable data for future research on genetic diversity and the breeding of superior varieties in this genus.

Synergistic optimization of ripe Pu-erh tea quality during small-basket pile-fermentation using a stainless-steel basket and silicon water

2026/1/21 17:36:36

The small-basket pile-fermentation process for producing ripe Pu-erh tea has not yet been standardized. To promote standardization and improve product quality, third-grade sun-dried green tea was used as the raw material from a seed-propagated tea landrace population. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), color difference analysis, and sensory evaluation were employed to compare the effects of two pile-fermentation containers (a small-basket and a stainless-steel basket) and two types of brewing water (tap water and silicon water) on the quality of ripe Pu-erh tea. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the small-basket treatment (ZK), the stainless-steel basket treatment (BX) significantly increased the levels of free amino acids, soluble sugars, and theabrownin, and enhanced liquor brightness (L*). Tea from the BX treatment exhibited a richer, more clearly layered aroma, and sensory evaluation described it as having a cleaner aged aroma and a sweeter, mellower taste. (2) Under the stainless-steel basket condition, the color difference parameters of tea infusions prepared with silicon water (G4) and tap water (Z4) did not differ significantly. By contrast, the polyphenol content in the G4 treatment was 9.89% higher than that in the Z4 treatment, and the theabrownin level was significantly higher (P<0.05). Sensory evaluation together with aroma component analysis further showed that silicon water produced infusions with greater body, higher aroma scores, and a more harmonious overall aroma profile than tap water. (3) Aroma analysis identified nonanal, α-terpineol, linalool, and methoxybenzenes as key contributors to the characteristic aroma of ripe Pu-erh tea. Taken together, the stainless-steel basket combined with silicon water exerted a synergistic effect in optimizing ripe Pu-erh tea quality during small-basket pile-fermentation. These findings provide a theoretical basis for elucidating core aroma components and for promoting cleaner and more standardized small-basket pile-fermentation.

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Salvia prionitis Hance

2026/1/20 11:11:37

To study the constituents and antioxidant activity of Salvia prionitis Hance. The ethyl acetate fraction of S. prionitis was separated and purified by a combination of column using MCI, silica gel, ODS, HW-40F, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structure of obtained compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data (1D-/2D-NMR, HR-MS, CD) and chemical calculations. The antioxidant capacities were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results were as the follows: (1) Seventeen compounds identified as 3-hydroxysalvinolone (1), salvinolone (2), salviadesertin J (3), 5α,11,12-trihydroxy-6-oxaabieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one (4), hinokiol (5), perovskin C (6), 4-hydroxysapriparaquinone (7), prineoparaquinone (8), miltiolactone (9), 2α,3α-dihydroxyursolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (10), 19α-hydroxyasiatic acid (11), oleanolic acid (12), hesperidin (13), isoquercitrin (14), rutin (15), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (16), and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (17). Compound 1 was identified as a new compound. The compounds 4, 6, 10, 11, 13, and 17 were the first time isolated from the genus Salvia, while compounds 3 and 9 were the first time obtained from S. prionitis. (2) The results of the DPPH free radical scavenging assay showed that compounds 14 (IC?? = 0.009 2 ± 0.000 06 mmol·L?1) and 15 (IC?? = 0.013 2 ± 0.000 06 mmol·L?1) exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control ascorbic acid (IC?? = 0.044 2 ± 0.000 46 mmol·L?1). This study provides a theoretical basis for developing novel derivatives from S. prionitis with enhanced antioxidant activity, guiding future product discovery efforts.

Cloning of the coding region of the DELLA genes in Corydalis saxicola and their protein transactivition activity test

Chen Xiao-ying,Lei Ming,Li Cui,Pan Li-mei,Qin Wen-hui,Zhang Zhan-jiang — 2026/1/13 18:24:24

Corydalis saxicola, a perennial herbaceous plant of the Papaveraceae family in the genus Corydalis, grows exclusively in karst rock crevices. C. saxicola Bunting is also a Chinese national second-class protected plant. DELLA proteins, plant-specific transcriptional factors, play crucial regulatory roles in plant development. In order to explore the function of DELLA proteins in the development of C. saxicola, two DELLA-like genes, CsDELLA1 and CsDELLA2, were identified and amplified based on full-length transcriptome and transcriptome data of different tissues of C. saxicola. Molecularly, the physical and chemical properties, protein structures, the relative expression levels of their transcripts, and transactivation domains of the two DELLAs were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The length of CsDELLA1 and CsDELLA2 CDS were 1 902 bp and 1 614 bp, encoding a peptide of 633 amino acids (aas) and 537 aas, respectively. (2) Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of the two DELLA transcripts were exclusively high in the leaves of C. saxicola. (3) Amino acid sequence homology alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that both CsDELLA1 and CsDELLA2 possed conserved DELLA domain and GRAS domain, and both had high similarities with members of the DELLA family of Papaveraceae. (4) α-helices are important components of the protein structure of CsDELLA1 and CsDELLA2, and the protein molecular conformations formed by their three-dimensional spatial arrangements are similar. (5) Both CsDELLAs exhibited transcriptional autoregulation capabilities, but the activation domain sites differed. Specifically, CsDELLA1, CsDELLA2, as well as truncated proteins CsDELLA1-N52-119aa, CsDELLA1-N120-259aa, CsDELLA1-C260-633aa, and CsDELLA2-C93-537aa, had transcriptional autoregulation capabilities; CsDELLA1-N1-51aa and CsDELLA2-N1-92aa showed no autoregulation activity. This study lays a foundation for further exploration of the interactions between CsDELLAs and other transcription factors, as well as their biological functions in the growth and development of C. saxicola.

Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic treatment of Micromeles (Rosaceae) based on chloroplast genomes

GAO Xinfen,LI Meng,PAN Yujia,TIAN Changfen — 2026/1/13 10:19:05

The genus Micromeles Decne. belongs to Rosaceae, and characterized by simple leaves and without persistent sepals when fruiting. Micromeles is widely distributed in Asia, with approximately 33 species recognized globally and 28 species occurring in China. To clarify the classification status of Micromeles, this study sequenced 18 chloroplast genomes of Micromeles using high-throughput sequencing and integrated these new data with publicly available sequences. This yielded a final dataset of 135 chloroplast genomes representing 134 species. Based on this dataset, the chloroplast genome phylogenetic tree of Micromeles was constructed via maximum likelihood and bayesian inference. The results were as follows: (1) Micromeles in traditional sense (simple leaves, fruits without persistent sepals) is non-monophyletic, but clustered into a clade with Asian-distributed Aria (Pers.) Host (simple leaves, fruits with persistent sepals) and formed a sister group with Sorbus s.s. (2) The European-distributed species of Aria, Chamaemespilus Medik. and Torminalis Medik. were clustered together and more closely related to Eriolobus (DC.) M. Roem. (3) Phylogenetic study results support incorporating the Asian-distributed species of the genus Aria into the genus Micromeles. In contrast, the European-distributed species featuring persistent sepals should be retained within Aria. (4) We re-delimited the genus Micromeles based on our plastome phylogenomics and findings from literature references. Then, made taxonomic treatment for Micromeles in Asia, and confirmed that this genus contains 59 species, including 4 new combinations (Micromeles chengii (C.J. Qi) Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov.、Micromeles eleonorae (Aldosoro & al.) Meng Li & C.F. Tian, comb. nov.、Micromeles kohimensis (Watt ex C.B. Clarke) Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov.、Micromeles verticillata (Merr.) Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov.). This research provides significant evidence for the systematics and evolution of the Maleae in Rosaceae.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize physiology and growth under salt stress

BAI Xiangli,GAO Li,JI Qiang,TIAN Hui,WANG Shu — 2026/1/9 17:06:43

Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress limiting maize production. This study aims to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on enhancing salt tolerance in maize and to elucidate the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms. A pot experiment was conducted using the maize cultivar‘Zhengdan 958’. Plants were subjected to salt stress with or without AMF inoculation. Growth parameters, antioxidant system (MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activities), photosynthetic characteristics, ion homeostasis (Na? and K? accumulation), and the expression of key transporter genes (ZmNHX1 and ZmHAK1) were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Salt stress significantly inhibits maize growth, whereas AMF inoculation increases plant height, stem diameter, and dry weight by 22.7%, 18.9%, and 31.4%, respectively. (2) Physiologically, AMF reduces leaf MDA content by 26.5%, enhances antioxidant enzyme activities, and improves photosynthetic performance. (3) In terms of ion homeostasis, AMF promotes Na+ exclusion and K+ uptake, resulting in a 34.2% decrease in the leaf Na+/K+ ratio. These changes are accompanied by upregulated expression of ZmNHX1 and ZmHAK1 genes. Thus, AMF enhances maize salt tolerance by activating the antioxidant defense system, maintaining ion homeostasis, improving photosynthetic function, and regulating key transporter gene expression. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of AMF in saline soil remediation and stress-resistant maize breeding.

Identification of POD gene family and analysis of their structure and function in rice

2026/1/9 11:33:36

In order to identify members of POD gene family in rice and analyze their structure, function and related characteristics, bioinformatics methods were employed to systematically investigate physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, chromosomal locations, cis-acting elements and expression patterns of this gene family. The results were as follows: (1) 64 POD gene family members were detected from rice, which were classified into 10 groups and unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes. (2) Analysis of conserved Motif and structural domain revealed that over 50% of the members contained Motif1, Motif2, Motif3, Motif5, Motif9, Motif10 and Motif14, with similar arrangement sequence. Additionally, more than half of the members possessed two major structural domains: PL-6 superfamily and HAD-like superfamily. (3) 57 cis-acting elements were predicted in POD gene family, which were associated with light responsive, hormone responsive, stress responsive and growth and development responsive. The light responsive G-box and hormone responsive ABRE were the most abundant. (4) Analysis of expression patterns indicated that Os03t0170900-01/02, Os06t0106800-01 and Os12t0641400-01/02 exhibited the highest expression levels in multiple tissues. These genes were presumed to play crucial roles in organ and tissue morphogenesis, substance transport, photosynthesis and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in rice. In conclusion, these findings lay preliminary theoretical foundation for further understanding the function of rice POD genes and provide important target resources for stress resistance-oriented molecular design breeding.

A preliminary study of chromosome diversity and reproductive pathways in the tribe Elatostemateae (Urticaceae)

FU Longfei,WEI Jing,WEN Fang,XIN Zibing,XIONG Chi — 2026/1/8 17:48:07

The tribe Elatostemateae is the most species-rich lineage within the family Urticaceae Juss., yet its taxonomic resolution is significantly challenged by the convergent evolution of morphological traits. To gain a deeper understanding of this tribe's evolutionary adaptability, this study employed the root tip squash method for chromosome number determination and utilized the Flow Cytometry Seed Screen (FCSS) to investigate the relationship between ploidy level and reproductive mode. Specifically, chromosome numbers were determined for nine species, and reproductive modes were detected for four species. Furthermore, we integrated and analyzed chromosome data from 62 previously known species across the tribe. The results were as follows: (1) Chromosome numbers for seven of the nine investigated species are reported here for the first time. The tribe exhibits complex basal chromosome number diversity and widespread polyploidization, with the genera Elatostema and Pilea showing the most significant variability. This pattern is hypothesized to be associated with their adaptation to the extreme stress environments of karst regions; at the basal chromosome number level, Elatostema is predominantly characterized by x=13, while Pilea is primarily characterized by x=12. (2) The FCSS results clearly demonstrate a consistent correlation between ploidy and reproductive pathway, diploid individuals engage in sexual reproduction, whereas triploid individuals primarily form seeds via apomixis. This suggests that apomixis acts as a critical adaptive mechanism for circumventing the "triploid block", the reproductive barrier faced by odd-polyploids during meiosis in sexual reproduction.In conclusion, the synergistic interplay of basal chromosome number variation, polyploidization, and apomixis within the tribe Elatostemateae is posited as a significant evolutionary driver for the ecological adaptation and resulting diversification of its species in karst environments.

Classification of flower color traits and analysis of petal physicochemical factors in Camellia reticulata cultivars

CHEN Longqing,CHEN Shengtong,GENG Fang,NIE Ruimin,WANG Zhonglang,XU Jian — 2025/12/25 14:48:25

Camellia reticulata is an important winter-flowering tree species in southwestern China, known for its tall tree structure and abundant, brightly colored flowers. To explore the mechanism of flower color formation in C. reticulata and provide a theoretical reference for flower color breeding, this study used germplasms of different flower colors as experimental materials. Various physicochemical indicators were measured, including petal color parameters, cellular pH, metal ion content, total anthocyanin content, total flavonoid content, and total carotenoid content. Methods such as significance difference comparison and correlation analysis were employed to comprehensively analyze the relationship between flower color phenotypes and physicochemical factors in C. reticulata. The results showed that: (1) Using the CIEL*a*b* color system, the flower colors of C. reticulata could be classified into five color series: reddish-purple, red, pinkish-purple, light-pink, and white. This method effectively distinguished and quantitatively described the flower color phenotypes. (2) The relationship between physicochemical factors and flower color is complex. The pH of petal cell sap ranged from 3.48 to 4.46, indicating an acidic intracellular environment, which may help maintain the stability of anthocyanins in the petals. The content of eight metal ions varied significantly among petals of different color series and showed significant correlations with flower color phenotype data and pigment content. (3) Significant differences were observed in the content of total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, and carotenoids among petals of different colors. Total flavonoids were highest in ‘Tongzimian’, while total anthocyanins and carotenoids were highest in ‘Zhushazipao’, which has the darkest flower color phenotype. In conclusion, anthocyanin content in petals is correlated with flower color phenotype. Flavonoids may participate in flower coloration through copigmentation, and different types of pigments likely collectively regulate the flower color of C. reticulata in specific proportions. Cellular pH and metal ions are involved in the flower coloration process and play positive roles. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the classification of C. reticulata flower colors and offer theoretical insights into the mechanism of flower color formation.

Pollen vitality and storage temperature study of Oxalis obtusa

LU Wenwen,WU Shasha,XIU Meiling — 2025/12/23 8:58:05

To improve the hybrid-breeding efficiency in Oxalis obtusa, this study identified the culture conditions for optimal germination of O. obtusa pollen in vitro, established an efficient pollen vitality staining method, and investigated optimal pollen storage temperature for six cultivars. An orthogonal experiment was used to screen the culture conditions suitable for pollen germination. Different pollen viability staining method including TTC staining, Aceto-carmine staining, I2-KI staining, and Alexander staining, were carried out and results were compared with those of the in vitro germination assay to evaluate their reliability. To determine the effect of temperatures on pollen vitality and an optimal pollen storage temperature, the pollens stored at different temperatues (28 ℃, 4 ℃, -20 ℃, and -80 ℃) for different period (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 d) were assayed. The results suggest: (1) The optimal culture condition for the in vitro germination of O. obtusa pollens is 20 g·L-1 agar+100 g·L-1 sucrose+200 mg·L-1 H3BO3+200 mg·L-1 CaCl2, at 25 ℃ for 4 h. (2) The in vitro germination method significantly affect the pollen vitality of O. obtusa. It is found that the pollen vitality ratio determined by I2-KI staining or Aceto-carmine staining is significantly higher than that determined by in vitro germination method. The TTC staining procedure does not work on O. obtusa. The Alexander staining revealed a pollen vitality ratio that has no significant difference from that by the in vitro germination method. (3) The decline rates of the O. obtusa pollen viability at different temperature are ordered as: room temperature > 4 ℃ > -20 ℃ > -80 ℃. To summarize, this study systematically studied the optimal culture conditions for the in vitro germination of O. obtusa pollens and determined that the Alexander method is the most efficient and accurate staining method for pollen viability, and the optimal storage temperature is -80 ℃. This research established important theoretical basis to improve artificial pollination, hybrid breeding, pollen collection and pollen storage of the O. obtusa, which can potentially solve the problem of missing flowering period for cross pollination.

Response of volatile components in needles of different drought tolerant families of Pinus massoniana seedlings to drought stress

CHEN Hu,WU Dongshan,XIE Junkang,YANG Zhangqi — 2025/12/22 9:04:28

To investigate the variation characteristics of needle volatile compounds in seedlings from drought-resistant and drought-sensitive?Pinus massoniana?families under drought stress, this study used solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the components and relative contents of needle volatiles in drought-resistant and drought-sensitive Pinus massoniana seedlings at different stages (normal cultivation, mild drought, severe drought, and drought rewatering). The results were as follows: (1) Sixteen kinds of volatile components from pine needles of Pinus massoniana seedlings were detected and identified, including five monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, and terpinolene), nine sesquiterpenes (γ-elemene, copaene, β-elemene, longipinene, caryophyllene, humulene, α-muurolene, γ-muurolene, and δ-cadinene) and two esters (linalyl formate and bornyl acetate). (2) The components of needle volatiles in seedlings of drought sensitive and drought resistant Pinus massoniana families were basically the same, mainly composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The compounds with relatively high relative contents include α-pinene, β-pinene, caryophyllene, etc., and there is no significant difference in the relative contents of the main components (relative content greater than 1%). (3) Under mild drought stress, the relative content of monoterpene components in needle volatiles of sensitive families decreased sharply, and the relative contents of α-pinene and β-pinene decreased from 39.671% and 14.383% in the unstressed state to 16.855% and 5.048%, respectively. Under drought stress, the relative content of monoterpenes in needles of drought resistant families decreased (the decline range was much smaller than that of sensitive families), and the relative content of monoterpenes increased after drought rehydration, tending to return to the state without drought stress. (4) The relative content of volatile components in pine needles of drought resistant Pinus massoniana seedlings changed little under drought stress, while those of volatile components of pine needles of drought sensitive Pinus massoniana seedlings changed sharply in the early stage of drought to adapt to external stress. The response of monoterpene components (α-pinene and β-pinene) in needles to drought stress was the most significant difference between sensitive and resistant families. This study laid a foundation for the study of the mechanism of Pinus massoniana needle volatiles in response to drought stress, and provided ideas for Pinus massoniana drought resistance breeding.

Assessment of bulbous perennial plants resources and development of a living germplasm research framework in the Hengduan Mountains

LI Haiyan,LIN Yurong,LONG Weibiao,SUN Wenguang,TIAN Wenyan,TU Zeying,YANG Siqi — 2025/12/18 15:45:14

To address the dual challenges of conserving and utilizing alpine plant resources in the context of climate change, this study focuses on alpine bulbous perennial plants in the Hengduan Mountains through a systematic investigation and evaluation of their diversity and economic value. A novel ex-situ conservation and research system based on living germplasm was established. The main results are as follows: (1) Statistical analyses revealed the presence of 479 species of bulbous perennial plants, representing 164 genera across 47 families in this region. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, the introduction potential was quantitatively assessed by integrating ecological factors and economic indicators, thereby identifying priority species for conservation and utilization. (2) The research elucidates the intrinsic adaptation mechanisms of bulbous perennial plants to extreme alpine environments, highlighting the role of underground storage organs in clonal reproduction and environmental resilience, thus overcoming the traditional propagation bottleneck associated with seed germination. The living germplasm system enhances the stable supply and utilization efficiency of experimental materials and serves as a critical platform for ex-situ conservation of endangered species as well as for subsequent molecular genetics and metabolomic studies. (3) Limitations of the current evaluation model and living preservation techniques are critically analyzed, and future directions are proposed, including the integration of multidisciplinary technologies to improve resource assessment accuracy and broaden the application scope of the living system. This work provides scientific foundation and technical support for the conservation, development, and sustainable utilization of alpine bulbous perennial plants resources amid the challenges posed by climate change and human interference.

Metabolome study of the differential flower color of Michelia maudiae var. rubicunda

CHEN Baibing,KANG Cunbo,,KANG Yongquan,SHU Donglü,SHU Yao,YAN Jiawen,YANG Yang — 2025/12/18 15:11:33

Michelia maudiae var. rubicunda, a variant of Michelia maudiae, possesses unique ornamental value and holds great potential for landscape applications. To identify the key metabolite species and their abundances responsible for the floral color differences in this variant, this study conducted targeted metabolomic analyses of petals from M. maudiae (white flowers) and M. maudiae var. rubicunda (light-red and dark-red flowers) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results were as follows: (1) A total of 27 metabolites were identified, mainly belonging to six categories, including pelargonidin, delphinidin, malvidin, cyanidin, peonidin, and other anthocyanidins. (2) Thirteen differential metabolites were screened, and KEGG pathway annotation revealed significant enrichment in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. (3)Differential metabolite analysis indicated that cyanidin 3-rutinoside is the key metabolite responsible for the floral color variation in M. maudiae var. rubicunda. The accumulation patterns of anthocyanins among petals of different colors were characterized, and the association between red intensity and the composition and abundance of specific anthocyanins was examined. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for elucidating the coloration mechanism of M. maudiae var. rubicunda and offers a scientific foundation for future genetic improvement of floral color.

Two new records of the genus Acronema(Apiaceae) from China: New Insights from ITS Sequences and Morphological Evidence

Ma Xudong,Song Chunfeng,,,, — 2025/12/16 11:52:30

Acronema phaeosciadeum Farille & Lachard and Acronema cryptosciadeum Farille & Lachard in genus Acronema of family Apiaceae are reported as newly recorded species in China. The morphological characteristics, phenological period, habitat characteristics and distribution information of the two species are provided in this paper. Both were described by Farille and are found in the high Himalayan regions of Nepal. Acronema phaeosciadeum is similar to A. muscicola Hand.-Mazz., but it can be distinguished from the latter by its thin fusiform root, the presence of bracts and bracteoles, and the acute apex petals; Acronema cryptosciadeum is similar to A. tenerum（Wall.） Edgew., but the difference is that the former has a fusiform root, stem leaves few or absent, close to the stem base, and the petals apex is not long-linear. Compared with Sinocarum pauciradiatum R. H. Shan & F. T. Pu, the latter has basal leaves of three lobes and no involucral bracts. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences (using both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods) precisely delineated their systematic positions: Acronema cryptosciadeum is stably nested within the Acronema clade, whereas Acronema phaeosciadeum is situated near the Sinodielsia clade and the tribe Selineae. This discovery provides crucial new data for the phylogenetic study of the genus Acronema. The voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences（NAS）.

Chloroplast genome variation and evolution in Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade of Pedicularis

LIU Rong,WANG Hong,WANG Zexun,WU You,YU Wenbin — 2025/12/11 16:20:44

The reduced dependence on photosynthesis in heterotrophic plants often leads to significant heterogeneity in their chloroplast genomes. However, the variation patterns of chloroplast genomes in hemiparasites (a specialized group of heterotrophic plants), particularly at inter- and intraspecific levels, remain to be further investigated. In this study, a comprehensive comparative analysis was performed on 39 chloroplast genomes from 22 species within Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade of the genus Pedicularis. The results were as follows: （1）This clade is strongly supported as a monophyletic group, which can be resolved into 8 subclades.（2）The overall structure of chloroplast genomes in this clade was relatively conserved, with significant IR expansion detected only in P. dolichocymba and P. galeata of Subclade 3.（3）Pseudogenization or gene loss occurred in 2–7 genes, including ccsA, ycf15, accD, and several ndh genes.（4）Significant intraspecific variation was observed in several ndh genes (ndhA, D, F, G, I) of P. rhodotricha from Subclade 7.（5）Nine highly variable regions were identified in the chloroplast genomes of this clade, and all 78 protein-coding genes were found to be under purifying selection. This study elucidates the characteristics of chloroplast genomes in Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade, highlights the necessity of multi-population sampling at the intraspecific level for understanding chloroplast genome evolution in hemiparasites, and provides valuable insights for subsequent integrative taxonomic research on the genus Pedicularis.

Comparative study on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf microstructure of seedlings and young trees of Craigia yunnanensis, a species with extremely small populations

2025/12/10 10:18:01

Craigia yunnanensis, a plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) endemic to China, is listed as a National Class II protected wild plant. To clarify the causes of regeneration failure—particularly the lack of sapling recruitment in natural populations—this study compared the photosynthetic characteristics, photosynthetic pigment contents, leaf epidermal traits, leaf anatomical structures, and leaf functional traits between seedlings (6-month-old) and young trees (8-year-old) cultivated in an experimental plantation. The results were as follows: (1) The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) (12.00 μmol·m-2·s-1) and light saturation point (LSP) (1 360.40 μmol·m-2·s-1) of young trees were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of seedlings (5.69 μmol·m-2·s-1 and 839.60 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively), whereas the light compensation point (LCP) of seedlings was lower (11.37 μmol·m-2·s-1), indicating a shade-tolerant strategy in seedlings and a light-demanding strategy in young trees. (2) Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) contents were significantly higher in young trees (P<0.05), and their leaves were thicker, with more developed palisade tissues, larger midrib vessel diameters, and higher leaf area, specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). (3) Correlation analysis revealed significant or highly significant positive correlations (P<0.05 or P<0.01) between Pmax and leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, SLW, and LDMC. In conclusion, seedlings adapt to low-light understory environments, whereas young trees require higher light availability to sustain their elevated photosynthetic capacity. Insufficient understory light in natural habitats likely hinders the transition from seedlings to young trees, contributing to the species’ endangered status. These findings provide essential scientific support for conservation and cultivation practices. It is recommended that thinning or canopy-opening measures be implemented to improve understory light conditions and promote population regeneration.

Building an EMS mutant library and screening for desirable mutants in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Chen Kunming,,,,,Zhou Shengfei — 2025/12/10 9:29:05

This study aimed to enrich the germplasm resources of Salvia miltiorrhiza, establish a robust quality evaluation model, and develop novel cultivars with superior phenotypes. We treated 6,000 seeds with 0.3% and 0.4% ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for 12 hours. The M2 mutant population, obtained through subsequent asexual propagation, was phenotypically characterized to determine mutation types and frequency. An comprehensive evaluation system was constructed by integrating key phenotypic traits and phytochemical components. This system comprised 11 indicators: fresh weight, dry weight, total active compound content, total tanshinone content, total salvianolic acid content, along with the individual contents of dihydrotanshinone, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B, and rosmarinic acid. The entropy weight method was employed to calculate the weight of each indicator. A quality evaluation model was then established by integrating the Grey Relational Analysis and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (GRA-TOPSIS) method, which was applied to comprehensively assess 254 mutant lines for the selection of superior individuals. The results were as follows: (1) EMS mutagenesis produced 227 M2 mutant lines, revealing eight distinct phenotypic variations with a total mutation rate of 21.59%. (2) Comprehensive analysis of root phenotypes and medicinal component contents using the GRA-TOPSIS method successfully identified seven superior mutant lines. In conclusion, this study successfully creates a diverse collection of mutant Salvia miltiorrhiza materials, laying a solid foundation for breeding elite cultivars. It also convincingly demonstrates that the entropy weight-based GRA-TOPSIS model provides a reliable, comprehensive, and effective tool for quality assessment and selection of high-quality mutants.

Full-length transcriptome sequencing and multi-tissue comparative analysis of the endangered plant Euchresta japonica

LEI Zupei,LIU Xi,PAN Xiangdong,XU Liai,YU Youjian — 2025/11/27 15:41:23

Euchresta japonica is a rare and endangered legume species endemic to southern and southwestern China, valued for the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of its roots. Nevertheless, genomic information for this species remains largely unavailable. To address this gap, we constructed a full-length and comparative transcriptome database to provide key molecular insights into its regulatory networks and the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. Using PacBio SMRT long-read sequencing, we performed full-length transcriptome sequencing on a mixed sample from six tissues of E. japonica, combined with Illumina short-read sequencing for tissue-specific transcriptome profiling, thereby establishing the first high-quality transcriptomic resource for this species. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 21 703 high-quality Unigenes were obtained, of which 99.26% (21 543) were annotated in seven major functional databases. (2) 1 543 transcription factors spanning 87 families were identified, and 7 649 SSR loci were detected distributed across 6 263 Unigenes, with compound and trinucleotide repeats being the most abundant. (3) Comparative transcriptomic analysis across six tissues revealed 16 220 non-redundant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The most pronounced differences were observed between fruit and inflorescence, and between lateral root and fruit, with substantial numbers of highly expressed genes detected in inflorescence, fruit, and lateral root. (4) Over half of the flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes were highly expressed in lateral roots and/or inflorescences, consistent with metabolite accumulation patterns, indicating these tissues are key sites for flavonoid biosynthesis. This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptome resource for the genus Euchresta, offering valuable genetic data for elucidating the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds, identifying key functional genes, and developing molecular markers.

Species composition and functional diversity study of invasive plants in Haikou’s Jiangdong New District

CAO Lingyi,CHEN Xiaomeng,HE Rongxiao,LI Lanxi,YANG Fang — 2025/11/27 15:27:40

Urban-rural transition areas have become important areas for the reproduction and spread of invasive plants due to landscape fragmentation, frequent human interference and weak management. To investigate the invasion characteristics and ecological adaptability of invasive plants in urban-rural transition areas, we surveyed 213 sample plots (617 nested 4 m2 subplots) in Haikou’s Jiangdong New District and analyzed species composition, niche breadth, and functional diversity. The results are as follows: (1) Jiangdong New District hosts 74 invasive plant species across 61 genera and 26 families, with Asteraceae as the dominant family (22 species); most invasive plants originate from tropical America (83.3%), and 17 species, accounting for 22.97% of the total, are classified as Category I invasive species. (2)?Bidens alba?ranks highest in occurrence frequency, importance value, and niche breadth, with significantly higher indices than other species, demonstrating strong ecological adaptability. In addition to Bidens alba, other species such as Sphagneticola trilobata, Chromolaena odorata, and Mimosa pudica also exhibit high values for these indices, indicating a high invasion risk. (3) Invasive plants typically exhibit a short life cycle and a long flowering-fruiting period, with greater diversity in growth forms, reproductive modes, and dispersal pathways, which can enhance their reproductive rate and expansion scope. (4) Invasive plants display significantly higher functional diversity metrics (including the functional evenness index, functional dispersion index, and Rao’s quadratic entropy index) and greater pairwise distances than native plants and non-invasive alien plants (P < 0.05), suggesting they occupy a broader range of functional trait space and have greater interspecific functional differences. To summarize, the findings indicate that invasive plants in urban-rural transition areas possess strong ecological adaptability and competitive advantages, facilitating their rapid establishment and spread. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and implement a multi-pronged strategy that establishes a comprehensive prevention and control framework. This integrated system must implement differentiated control measures based on the functional traits of invasive plants, prioritize the targeted management of high-risk species, actively promote the recovery of native vegetation, enforce sustained ecological monitoring, and foster collaborative public engagement in the prevention and control of invasive species. Collectively, these measures form a robust mechanism for mitigating ecological damage and safeguarding biodiversity.

A newly recorded Orchidaceae genus in China: Orchipedum Breda

CAI Lei,PING Yanmei,XIAO Siyue,YA Jidong,ZHANG Guiliang,ZHANG Guisheng — 2025/11/27 11:55:36

The genus Orchipedum Breda (Orchidaceae) is newly reported in China, with O. echinatum Aver. & Averyanova as the sole species. This study provides detailed morphological descriptions in Chinese for both the genus and the species, along with a key to the species of Orchipedum and color photographs of O. echinatum. The genus is characterized by a lip with two longitudinal keels and a spherical spur containing two large calli, each covered with conical to glandular appendages. Orchipedum was previously known to include only four species, all recorded from the Indochinese Peninsula to the Malay Archipelago. The leaves of O. echinatum are elliptic-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, and its sepals and petals are olive-pink. The lip is irregularly grooved on the sides, with the epichile distinctly folded inward. Until now, O. echinatum has been recorded at only two locations in central and southern Vietnam. The discovery of new populations were discovered in the understory of karst forest near ravines in Dawei Mountain, Yunnan Province, China, expands the known distribution range of Orchipedum and adds valuable data to China’s wild orchid resources.

Composition, distribution of national key protected wild plants in Yunnan Province and the cultivation status in Kunming Botanical Garden

LI Yunmeng,LIU Detuan,SUN Weibang,WEI Wei — 2025/11/27 11:41:31

To clarify the species composition, distribution characteristics, and ex situ conservation status of national key protected wild plants (NKPWP) in Yunnan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for future resource surveys and conservation efforts, we analyzed the species composition, county-level distribution and ex situ cultivation of NKPWP species distributed in Yunnan Province based on the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (2021 edition). The results were as follows: (1) Yunnan Province harbors 543 NKPWP species (including infraspecific taxa), belonging to 178 genera and 89 families (44.2% of China’s total NKPWP species). Specifically, 58 species are under first-level protection, and 485 species are under second-level protection. (2) Taxonomically, the NKPWP species in Yunnan Province include 5 species of bryophytes from 3 genera and 3 families, 52 species of lycophytes and ferns from 13 genera and 9 families, 44 species of gymnosperms from 14 genera and 6 families, 439 species of angiosperms from 145 genera and 68 families, and 3 species of fungi from 3 genera and 3 families. Orchidaceae was identified as the most species-rich family. (3) Of the total NKPWP species distributed in Yunnan, 196 are endemic to China (20 first-level and 196 second-level protected), 219 are threatened (72 critically endangered, 132 endangered, and 15 vulnerable), and 89 are Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP). (4) Geographically, the NKPWP in Yunnan are concentrated in the southeastern, southern, western, and northwestern regions, with Mengla County exhibiting the highest richness (103 species, 19% of the provincial total NKPWP species). In contrast, central, eastern, and northeastern Yunnan have relatively fewer NKPWP species. (5) The Kunming Botanical Garden (KBG) has cultivated 602 NKPWP species ex situ (49% of China’s total NKPWP species) currently, of which 216 species are distributed in Yunnan (39.8% of the provincial total NKPWP species). In summary, this study identifies the shortcomings in the current conservation of NKPWP in Yunnan Province and formulates targeted recommendations and strategies. Additionally, according to the core values of the Kunming National Botanical Garden (candidate), as outlined in the “National Botanical Garden System Layout Plan” approved by the State Council, KBG should prioritize resource surveys and germplasm conservation efforts for the 270 unprotected ex situ NKPWP species distributed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and northwestern Yunnan Province.

Review on the taxonomy of Viburnum L.

LIU Hongtao,LYU Wenjun — 2025/11/26 16:51:56

Viburnum L. is a widely distributed woody genus in the family Viburnaceae Raf., with approximately 197 species worldwide. Most species of this genus possess significant ornamental value and important medicinal properties, rendering them valuable resources for the horticulture and pharmaceutical industries. Clarifying their taxonomic ambiguities is therefore crucial for the rational development, utilization, and conservation of these plant resources. To summarize the current status of taxonomic research on Viburnum, this study conducted a comprehensive review of relevant literature, focusing on changes in its?systematic position, intra-generic taxonomic history, as well as the main evidence and methods employed in taxonomic studies. The results were as follows: (1) The systematic position of Viburnum has undergone multiple adjustments across different classification systems, and its stable status within the Viburnaceae (order Dipsacales) has finally been confirmed; (2) The delimitation of the genus and the division of its intra-generic taxa have also been revised repeatedly, evolving from the broad circumscription in early studies to the more refined classification, and the “genus—section—species” taxonomic hierarchy is currently widely accepted and applied in academic research, with the delimitation of major intra-generic taxa becoming relatively clear; (3) Contemporary research on the systematic taxonomy of Viburnum has formed an integrated multiple-disciplinary framework, incorporating evidence from morphology, micromorphology, anatomy, cytology, palynology, phytochemistry, and molecular systematics, which has significantly promoted the understanding of the genus’s evolutionary relationships. This study summarizes the progress and key issues in Viburnum taxonomy, and also points out the deficiencies in current research: the phylogenetic relationships of some clades remain unresolved, taxonomic boundaries between certain closely related species and within some species are still ambiguous, the classification system of this genus requires further improvement, and comprehensive sampling and accurate species identification are urgently needed. To address these gaps,?future studies should expand the scope of sample collection to ensure the representativeness and accuracy, conduct multi-regional surveys, and carry out integrated systematic research integrating multi-species, multi-population, and multi-distribution data. Researchers should further explore key evidence at the morphological and genomic levels, integrate multi-dimensional corroboration from palynology, anatomy, and phytochemistry, so as to continuously refine Viburnum’s classification system. Such efforts will lay a solid scientific basis for the sustainable utilization and effective conservation of its plant resources.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Syzygium aromaticum floral bud essential oils growing in different producing areas

HE Yuan,LI Zihan,MA Siyue,MA Yangmin,SHANG Menghua,WANG Kai — 2025/11/26 9:09:14

Syzygium aromaticum, an evergreen tree of the Myrtaceae family, is an aromatic plant with both medicinal and edible applications. The essential oil derived from its floral buds is valuable in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries due to its unique aromatic composition. In the pharmaceutical field, it serves as a key raw material for drug synthesis. In agriculture, it suppresses plant pathogens, aiding disease control and crop improvement. In the fragrance and food industries, it provides distinctive aromas that enhance product value. To systematically compare the quality of Syzygium aromaticum floral bud essential oils from eight different producing areas, we employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to evaluate their chemical composition and antifungal activity. The results were as follows: (1) We identified a total of 44 compounds from the Syzygium aromaticum floral bud essential oils from different producing areas. The samples from all regions shared a similar chemical profile. Eugenol served as the characteristic component and was the dominant compound in all samples. The sample from Shaanxi contained the highest level of eugenol (69.22%). However, samples from different producing areas exhibited certain variations in other constituents and their concentrations. These differences may be related to geographical and climatic factors, as variations in sunlight, temperature, humidity, precipitation, and soil characteristics across different producing areas can influence the growth, metabolism, and nutrient absorption processes of flower buds, consequently leading to differences in the essential oil constituents and their concentrations. (2) All samples exhibited excellent inhibitory effects against the tested phytopathogenic fungi. Particularly, the Shaanxi sample demonstrated outstanding antifungal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.5 μL·mL-1 against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. This study systematically elucidates the chemical composition variations and antifungal activity characteristics of Syzygium aromaticum floral bud essential oils from different producing areas. The results demonstrate that the Syzygium aromaticum floral bud from Shaanxi exhibits superior quality attributes, showing a significant correlation between its high eugenol content and remarkable antifungal efficacy. The findings provide critical insights into breeding selection strategies for superior Syzygium aromaticum cultivars, while also establishing a theoretical foundation for formulating plant-derived antifungal agents based on Syzygium aromaticum floral bud essential oil.

Metabolomic analysis of interspecific variation in sugar compounds in jackfruit

2025/11/24 9:36:10

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is renowned for its significant nutritional and economic value, with sugar metabolism playing a critically determinative role in final fruit quality attributes such as sweetness and flavor. However, the complex physiological processes governing sugar accumulation and its metabolic regulation, which involve multiple interconnected biosynthetic and interconversion pathways, remain incompletely elucidated. To systematically investigate the divergences in sugar metabolism and the underlying regulatory networks among distinct jackfruit varieties, this study selected the pulp from three economically important cultivars — ‘THA’, ‘GTM’, and ‘YNH’— at a comparable commercial maturity stage as experimental materials. Employing widely targeted metabolomics technology, we conducted a systematic identification and absolute quantification of metabolites present in the fruit pulp. This high-throughput approach enabled the comprehensive profiling of a wide spectrum of biochemical compounds. Differential metabolites were rigorously screened through multivariate statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis ( PCA ) and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis ( OPLS-DA ). Subsequently, pathway enrichment analysis of the significantly differential sugar metabolites was performed utilizing the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ( KEGG ) database. This integrated strategy allowed for the construction of detailed, variety-specific sugar metabolic networks, revealing the core and specialized pathways active in each cultivar. The results were as follows: (1) Metabolic profiling identified 1,381 compounds across 13 categories, including 65 classified as sugar metabolites. Among these, 33 exhibited differential accumulation patterns. (2) (2S)-1-O-palmitol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylglycerol, 1-(sn-glycero-3-phosphate)-1D-inositol, and D-erythrose-4-phosphate are respectively the characteristic metabolites of 'THA', 'GTM', and 'YNH' jackfruit fruits. (3) Core sugar metabolic network: Eleven core sugar metabolic pathways collectively form the regulatory network in jackfruit pulp. (4) This network exhibits both conservation and cultivar specificity: fundamental pathways—including Carbon metabolism (ko01200) and Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis (ko00520)—were significantly enriched across all varieties, while unique metabolites and pathways characterized each cultivar. This study demonstrates that key metabolic markers influencing jackfruit quality are derivatives or intermediates rather than common sugars. This study conclusively demonstrates that the key metabolic markers influencing final jackfruit quality are not common, abundant sugars like sucrose, glucose, or fructose, but rather their less abundant derivatives or pathway intermediates. The research investigates the carbohydrate metabolites dynamically screened from the metabolic processes of different jackfruit varieties and identifies that the pivotal characteristic metabolites distinguishing the varieties are precisely these derivatives or intermediate products. This crucial discovery not only reveals the specific material basis responsible for the observed differences in sugar accumulation and composition among varieties but also clarifies that the sugar metabolism network in jackfruit exhibits a sophisticated regulatory feature best described as “conserved foundational pathways coupled with specialized individual metabolism”. By uncovering the key mechanisms behind the formation of jackfruit flavor quality and the reasons for varietal differences in soluble solids content (TSS) at the metabolic level, this research provides an important theoretical foundation for future targeted breeding programs and cultivation practices aimed at consistently improving and optimizing jackfruit quality.

Evaluation of salt tolerance in germination stage of 43 synthetic hexaploid wheat accessions

2025/11/21 17:31:59

To reveal the differences in salt tolerance of synthetic wheat during seed germination under moderate saline soil salt concentration stress on the Qinghai Plateau and identify salt-tolerant germplasm suitable for local cultivation, this study used 43 synthetic wheat accessions, under the conditions of 0 (control) and 0.08 mol?L?1 NaCl salt stress, key germination-related traits (such as germination rate and seedling length) were measured. Grey correlation analysis combined with cluster analysis was applied to evaluate the salt tolerance of the tested materials. The results were as follows: (1) The coefficient of variation for the salt tolerance index of each trait in the tested synthetic wheat ranged from 28.41% to 59.41%, with the salt tolerance index of underground fresh weight being relatively high at 1.05. Under salt stress treatment, the seedling length, coleoptile length, maximum root length, and shoot fresh weight of the tested synthetic wheat were all significantly higher than those of Gaoyuan 448; meanwhile, the salt tolerance indices of seedling length, coleoptile length, and root fresh weight were also higher than those of Gaoyuan 448. (2) Among the tested synthetic wheat accessions, seedling length had the highest weight (18.89%). The top 10 materials ranked by comprehensive evaluation were No. 27, No. 9, No. 15, No. 31, No. 28, No. 29, No. 30, No. 37, No. 12, and No. 25 in sequence. (3) Cluster analysis showed that the 44 tested materials could be classified into 5 cluster. Among them, cluster Ⅰ was the moderately salt-tolerant group, and cluster Ⅱ was the highly salt-tolerant group. All 9 synthetic wheat materials developed with Triticum dicoccum (cultivated emmer wheat) as the female parent were mainly distributed in cluster Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Additionally, cluster Ⅱ contained 7 of the top 10 materials in the comprehensive evaluation, namely No. 9, No. 27, No. 15, No. 31, No. 28, No. 29, and No. 30. This study comprehensively evaluated the changes in key agronomic traits of synthetic wheat during seed germination under salt stress. It screened out excellent synthetic wheat germplasm resources suitable for cultivation in moderately salinized areas such as Qinghai, and further clarified that Triticum dicoccum can be used as the female parent to create more synthetic wheat, which can be applied to the identification and evaluation of new salt-tolerant germplasm. This research provides a theoretical basis and germplasm foundation for breeding new salt-tolerant wheat varieties suitable for slightly to moderately salinized lands in regions like Qinghai, as well as for analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in wheat.

Distribution clarification of Breynia trinervia (Phyllanthaceae) in China

WANG Huanchong*,YANG Feng — 2025/11/21 16:58:39

To clarify the distribution of Breynia trinervia (Phyllanthaceae) in China, this research employed traditional morphogeographical methods to examine voucher specimens cited in early literature and related herbarium collections. The results indicate that the specimens cited in literature for the previously reported distribution of this species in Huize County and Kaiyuan County, Yunnan Province, China, were actually Colubrina javanica (Rhamnaceae). Therefore, the historical records of B. trinervia in these areas resulted from specimen misidentification. Further examination revealed a specimen collected from Yingjiang County, Yunnan, whose diagnostic morphological characters (ovate-lanceolate leaves, three basal veins, and star-shaped calyx in male flowers) are consistent with the type material of B. trinervia, confirming its natural distribution in China. Based on specimen observations and literature review, this study provides detailed morphological descriptions of B. trinervia in both Chinese and English and discusses the biogeographical implications of its distribution. In conclusion, this work corrects the previous errors in the distribution records of B. trinervia, confirms the natural distribution of B. trinervia in Yingjiang County, Yunnan, China, provides a basis for future taxonomic research on Breynia in China, and underscores the biogeographical importance of Yingjiang as a transition zone between the Paleotropical and East Asian floras.

Seed morphological characteristics and wind dispersal ability of ten winged plants

WANG Siyu,WU Jianguo* — 2025/11/21 16:33:21

To identify the relationship between wind dispersal characteristics and seed traits in winged-seed plants for deepening the understanding of wind-driven seed dispersal mechanisms and plant migration capabilities, seeds of ten typical wind-dispersed plant species were manually collecting in filed, and morphological traits were measuring in the laboratory, seed settling velocity was determined using the terminal velocity method, the relationships between seed settling velocity and morphological indices were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The results were sa follows：(1) The settling velocities of seeds from the ten species ranged from 0.4770 to 2.0166 m·s-1 with the coefficient of variation as 5.8- 20.0, and their horizontal dispersal distance per unit wind speed ranged from 0.59 m to 94.34 m, with Picea asperata seeds dispersing the farthest (94.34 m) and Salsola laricifolia seeds the shortest distance (0.59 m). (2) Seed morphological indices differences were significant among the species (P < 0.05); Acer stenolobum had the highest thousand-seed weight and wing loading but the lowest wing length/mass, wing width/mass, and wing aspect ratio/mass; Fraxinus chinensis had the greatest seed length, seed aspect ratio, wing length, wing aspect ratio, and seed length/wing length ratio but the smallest seed width; Pterocarya macroptera var. insignis had the largest seed width and wing width but the smallest seed aspect ratio and wing aspect ratio/mass; Salsola laricifolia had the smallest thousand-seed weight, seed length, wing length, and seed width; Salsola arbuscula had the smallest wing aspect ratio; Ailanthus altissima had the smallest seed length/wing length ratio; Picea asperata had the highest wing length/mass, wing width/mass, and wing aspect ratio/mass but the lowest wing loading. (3) Seed settling velocity showed a significant positive correlation with seed length, seed length/wing length ratio, and wing loading(P < 0.05). In the stepwise regression equations for settling velocity vs. morphological traits, the coefficients for wing width/mass (Picea neoveitchii, Salsola laricifolia), wing length/mass (Pinus tabuliformis, Salsola arbuscula), seed mass (Picea asperata), seed length/wing length ratio (Pterocarya macroptera var. insignis), wing aspect ratio (Fraxinus chinensis), and wing loading (Zygophyllum xanthoxylon, Acer stenolobum, Ailanthus altissima) reached significance (P < 0.05). PCA indicated that wing width/mass, seed aspect ratio, seed length/wing length ratio, and wing loading had the greatest influence on seed settling velocity. Conclusion: Factors influencing seed settling velocity differ among plant species, with wing loading being the core factor.

Analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of?Camellia impressinervis

2025/11/20 10:29:04

This study aimed to further elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of Camellia impressinervis, a species with extremely small populations, through the application of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). A total of 56 individuals from four populations distributed across two nature reserves in Guangxi, China, were subjected to reduced-representation genome sequencing. Comprehensive analyses of genetic diversity and population structure were conducted to provide a scientific basis for the genetic conservation and effective protection of this species. The results showed that: (1) A total of 4 014 956 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were identified across the 56 individuals, with mean Q20 and Q30 values of 98.74% and 95.35%, respectively, and GC content ranging from 41.70% to 45.67%. (2) The Xialeilongheng population (CI-LH) exhibited the Expected Heterozygosity (He = 0.201 4), the highest nucleotide diversity (Pi=0.211 7) and the inbreeding coefficient (Fis=0.126 1). In contrast, the Nonggangbuna population (CI-BN) demonstrated the lowest observed heterozygosity (Ho=0.171 6), nucleotide diversity (Pi=0.180 3), and a negative inbreeding coefficient (Fis=?0.023 0). Estimates of gene flow (Nm) among populations varied between 1.151 3 and 4.557 7, with an average of 2.212 2. (3) ?Cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and population genetic structure analysis collectively indicated that the 56 samples of C. impressinervis were grouped into four distinct clusters. This study suggests that C. impressinervis exhibits moderate levels of genetic diversity and population differentiation. It is therefore recommended to strengthen in-situ conservation efforts for the CI-BN population and, when feasible, implement reintroduction programs to promote population recovery and expansion. Additionally, enhanced habitat protection and a strict prohibition on artificial excavation are crucial to maintaining its genetic diversity.

Comparative study on growth, physiological characteristics, and leaf microstructure of Camellia nitidissima seedlings under different propagation methods

江海都,,彭丽辉,,韦伶芝,,杨哲 — 2025/11/20 10:01:16

This study aimed to explore the growth capacity of Camellia nitidissima seedlings propagated through different methods, so as to provide a scientific basis for the propagation of superior varieties and protection of C. nitidissima. Two-year-old C. nitidissima seedlings propagated via three methods (tissue culture, cutting propagation, and seed propagation) were used as materials, and their growth traits, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll content, and leaf structure were determined. The results showed that:(1) Tissue-cultured seedlings had the strongest photosynthetic capacity, followed by seedlings grown from seeds, while cutting-derived seedlings had the lowest. Both the maximum net photosynthetic rate and light intensity adaptation range of tissue-cultured seedlings were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the other two types of seedlings. Seed-grown seedlings exhibited the highest apparent quantum yield value (0.083 9) , indicating the strongest ability to utilize weak light.(2) The chlorophyll content in leaves of cutting-derived seedlings and tissue-cultured seedlings (30.83 mg·g-1 and 28.26 mg·g-1, respectively) was significantly higher than that of seed-grown seedlings (22.23 mg·g-1).?(3) Seed-grown seedlings had the lowest stomatal density (115.37 stomata·mm-2) and the largest stomatal area (150.1 μm), making them more suitable for shady environments.(4) Tissue-cultured seedlings had the most developed root system, the largest specific root length, and the lowest root tissue density. In terms of growth indicators, tissue-cultured seedlings showed the best overall performance, with the highest total dry weight (68.87 g), plant height (85.75 cm), and ground diameter (14.27 mm); seed-grown seedlings ranked second, while cutting-derived seedlings performed the worst.In conclusion, the growth capacity of C. nitidissima seedlings is closely related to the propagation method. The growth capacity of tissue-cultured C. nitidissima seedlings is significantly superior to that of seed-grown and cutting-derived seedlings. Therefore, tissue-cultured C. nitidissima seedlings can be vigorously promoted and applied in practical production, which can help achieve early and abundant production of C. nitidissima and also provide important references for the scientific protection of C. nitidissima.

Ethnobotany meets bibliometrics: An integrated study on shixiantao, a medicinal orchid

CHEN Jianbin,LI Jian,LIU Liwei,LONG Chunlin,WANG Meina,ZHANG Jihai — 2025/11/4 18:26:37

The materia medica of shixiantao holds a prominent place in Chinese folk tradition with a long history of extensive use. It functions both as a traditional medicinal plant commonly used and as a resource possessing significant value in dietary culture. To address issues such as historical confusion in its botanical origin records, discrepancies in provincial standards, and the lack of systematized traditional medicinal knowledge, this study integrated medical ethnobotany on historical herbal texts, local chronicles of Chinese materia medica, and ethnomedical literature. Through this process, traditional knowledge regarding nomenclature, botanical origins, morphological characteristics, and geographical distribution was consolidated. Furthermore, an ethnobotanical inventory of shixiantao's traditional medicinal knowledge across thirteen ethnic groups was compiled. And based on bibliometrics, this study counted the research reports on “shixiantao” in the past 40 years domestically and internationally, analyzed the keywords of the published articles to reveal the correlation between its traditional knowledge and modern research, and integrated progress in chemistry and pharmacology. The results were as follows: (1) The origin of shixiantao exhibits significant diachronic evolution and confusion: The earliest medicinal documentation, traced to the Tang dynasty, featured Pholidota yunnanensis as a substitute for the materia medica of Dendrobium spp.(Shihu). From the Qing dynasty to the Republican period, diverse sources were involved, including plants from genera like Coelogyne and Bulbophyllum. Modern literature establishes Pholidota chinensis as the accepted origin,yet the folk market continues to see trade in multiple species, including Pholidota cantonensis and Coelogyne fimbriata. (2) Shixiantao is currently incorporated into the medical systems of 13 ethnic groups, primarily utilizing the pseudobulbs to treat headaches, traumatic injuries, lymph node tuberculosis, etc. Records of its traditional property, flavor, meridian tropism, and efficacy are highly consistent with modern pharmacological research. (3) Bibliometric statistics show that research concerning shixiantao over the past 40 years has focused on chemical components (phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, etc.) and the mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, providing strong evidence supporting its traditional efficacy in treating headaches, inflammation, etc., highlighting the important inspiration of ethnic medicinal experience for modern research. This study represents the first systematic integration of shixiantao's historical evolution of botanical origin according to historical herbs, multi-ethnic traditional knowledge, and modern scientific evidence, confirming the inspirational value of ethnic medicinal experience for contemporary drug research. Future research should prioritize resolving taxonomic confusion among closely related species and ensuring resource sustainability. Under these premises, a synergistic innovation system integrating traditional knowledge, resource conservation and modern research and development should be constructed to promote the inheritance of ethnic medicinal culture and ecological conservation.

Molecular assisted identification and complementary description of Melocalamus scandens and M. compactiflorus var. fimbriatus (Bambusoideae)

HE Shunshun,LI Cheng,ZHANG Chao,ZHANG Yuxiao* — 2025/11/4 15:28:59

Complete morphological characteristics are important bases for species classification. Melocalamus scandens Hsueh & C. M. Hui and M. compactiflorus var. fimbriatus (Hsueh & C. M. Hui) D. Z. Li & Z. H. Guo are two species endemic to Yunnan. The morphological description of the reproductive organs of M. scandens has not yet been documented. In addition, based on field surveys and literature review, we found that the description of the vegetative organs of the two bamboo species was incomplete in the original literature. Based on extensive field surveys, the super-barcodes plastid genomes and nuclear ribosomal sequences (nrDNA) were exploited to rec-[基金项目：国家自然科学基金地区基金（32260098）；云南省高层次人才培养支持（YNWR-QNBJ-2019-148）。第一作者：和顺顺（1999—）硕士，研究方向竹亚科DNA条形码，（E-mail）1622482449@qq.com。 *通信作者：张玉霄，博士，副研究员，从事竹亚科分类学、分子系统学、遗传多样性等研究，（E-mail）yxzhang811203@163.com。] onstruct phylogenetic trees, so that the identities of individuals collected in the field can be confirmed. On this basis, characteristics of the reproductive organs of M. scandens, and the features of the culm sheath ligule, and foliage leaf auricle and ligule were refined. Characteristics of the culm sheath auricle, and foliage leaf auricle and ligule of M. compactiflorus var. fimbriatus were supplemented. The results were as follows: (1) Phylogenetic analysis based on nrDNA sequences indicated that M. scandens and M. compactiflorus var. fimbriatus formed monophyletic clades with high support value, respectively; whereas in the plastid genome tree, the individuals of these two species were polyphyletic, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting in the plastid genomes. (2) Suplementary description of M. scandens: culm leaf ligules entire or dentate; foliage leaf auricles tiny or absent, oral setae present; upper margin of foliage leaf ligule ciliate; pseudospikelets clustered on nodes; florets 4-6 with the apex one sterile; glumes 2-4; lemma glabrous, 15-veined; palea slightly bifid apically, 2-keeled, keels ciliate; lodicules 3; stamens 6, filaments white; ovary ovate, style 1, stigmas 3, white, plumose. (3) Complementary description of M. compactiflorus var. fimbriatus: culm leaf auricles linear or absent; ligules conspicuous, margin long fimbriate; foliage leaf auricles linear or absent; ligules conspicuous, margins dentate when fimbriae deciduous later. In summary, the super-barcodes plastid genomes and nrDNA sequences can be used for the auxillary identification of the genus Melocalamus. The supplements of reproductive and vegetative morphological characters of M. scandens and M. compactiflorus var. fimbriatus are of great significance for accutate identification of these two species.

Separation and identification of chemical constituents of Carpesium faberi

Chen Jie,ChenLu,Feng Enming,Li Qindan,Liu Lulan,Yan Ying — 2025/11/3 16:44:15

To study the chemical constituents of Carpesium faberi. The compounds were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Rp-C18 column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data. The results were as follows：Eleven monomer compounds were isolated from the extract of C. faberi whole grass ethyl acetate and identified as 4α,10α-dihydroxy-1β(H),5β(H)-guai-11-(13)-en-8,12-olide (1), vomifoliol (2), (R)-4-((2S,4S)-2,4-dihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexylidene)but-3-en-2-one (3), carpespene F(4), 4-((1R,2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)cyclobutyl)pent-4-en-1-yl acetate (5), carpespene I (6), 4β, 10α-Dihydroxy-5α(H)-1,11(13)-guaidien-8α,12-olide (7), luteolin (8), (+)-syringaresinol-O-β-D-g lucopyranoside (9), 2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11). Compound 5 was a new compound, compounds 1, 4, 6 and 7 were guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids, and compounds 9 and 11 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the chemical composition of C. faberi.

Enhancement of temperature stress resistance in Eustoma grandiflorum seedlings by ZnO-NPs and SiO2-NPs

CHANG Yiman,GAO Chengye,HAO Xuan,LIU Cheng,WEN Jinfen* — 2025/10/29 12:02:21

Temperature is a crucial environmental factor affecting the growth and development of flowers. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO?-NPs) have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing plant stress resistance. To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of ZnO-NPs+SiO?-NPs pretreatment on Eustoma grandiflorum under temperature stress, this study employed E. grandiflorum seedlings as materials and adopted an orthogonal experimental design [L?(3?)]. Initially, the effects of ZnO-NPs+SiO?-NPs on the growth of E. grandiflorum seedlings under different concentrations, ratios, and spraying frequencies were investigated to screen the optimal scheme. Subsequently, the seedlings were pretreated and subjected to high temperature (42 °C for 24 h) and low temperature (4 °C for 24 h) stress treatments, respectively. Physiological indicators and changes in stress-resistant gene expression were measured. The results were as follows: (1) When the total concentration of nanoparticles was 0.03% (W/V), the ratio of ZnO-NPs to SiO?-NPs was 1:2, and the seedlings were sprayed twice on the leaves, the seedling growth was optimal. (2) The combined nanoparticle treatment increased the chlorophyll content of the leaves under normal growth conditions, reduced relative conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and hydrogen peroxide (H?O?) accumulation under 42 ℃ and 4 ℃ stress; enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). (3) ZnO-NPs+SiO?-NPs pretreatment upregulated the expression levels of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, Fe-SOD, CAT, and POD genes. (4) Under 42 ℃ stress, ZnO-NPs+SiO?-NPs pretreatment promoted the expression of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) gene; under 4 ℃ stress, it upregulated the expression of cold-regulated gene (COR413) . In summary, suitable ZnO-NPs+SiO?-NPs pretreatment effectively improves the growth status of E. grandiflorum seedlings and enhances their resistance to temperature stress by promoting increases in antioxidant enzyme activity and the expression of related stress-resistant genes. This study reveals the molecular mechanism by which ZnO-NPs+SiO?-NPs pretreatment enhances the resistance of E. grandiflorum to temperature stress, and provides a theoretical basis for the application of nanomaterials in flower stress resistance research.

Identification of Oleosin gene family in Elaeagnus mollis and analysis of its expression patterns during seed development

JIANG Jinyu,LIU Yulin,WANG Haiyan,ZHANG Xinzhi,ZHAO Ya — 2025/10/29 9:20:51

Oleosin is the most abundant structural protein localized on the surface of oil bodies and serves a critical function in regulating lipid storage. Currently, the functions of the Oleosin gene family in the woody oilseed plant Elaeagnus mollis, particularly its roles in regulating key biological processes such as lipid biosynthesis and accumulation, remain unclear. Therefore, this study employed bioinformatics methods to identify Oleosin genes in E. mollis and systematically analyzed the physicochemical properties, protein structures, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relationships, cis-regulatory element structures, codon usage bias, and gene expression patterns of the gene family members. The results demonstrated that: (1) A total of 8 Oleosin genes were identified from the E. mollis genome and were designated EmoOLE1 to EmoOLE8 according to their chromosomal order. (2) Phylogenetic analysis, together with conserved motif and gene structure examination, classified the 8 EmoOLE genes into three distinct subfamilies. (3) In addition to core promoter elements such as TATA-box and CAAT-box, a total of 22 types of cis-regulatory elements were identified in the promoters of EmoOLE genes. These elements were categorized into four major functional modules: light response, phytohormone response, growth and development, and abiotic stress response. (4) Analysis of codon usage bias indicated that the EmoOLE gene family exhibits a strong preference for A/T-ended codons. Among them, 4 codons exhibited no significant bias, while 27 codons exhibited clear usage bias. (5) Based on the transcriptome data of the seeds at 4 developmental stages and the contents of triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which demonstrated that EmoOLE expression was upregulated during seed maturation, and this result was also confirmed by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that 7 EmoOLE genes (EmoOLE1、EmoOLE3、EmoOLE4、EmoOLE5、EmoOLE6、EmoOLE7 and EmoOLE8) displayed significant positive correlations with TAG or DAG accumulation, suggesting their crucial roles in lipid storage in E. mollis seeds. In conclusion, these findings establish a theoretical foundation for further functional studies and support molecular breeding initiatives aimed at enhancing oil content in this economically important woody oil species.

Effects of extended winter tapping and ethephon on latex physiology and yield of Hevea brasiliensis Yunyan 77-4

2025/10/21 17:13:44

In order to explore the specific effects of extending rubber tapping time on the latex physiological characteristics and latex production and flow performance of the cold-resistant rubber tree cultivar Yunyan 77-4 under low-temperature conditions in winter in Yunnan, this study took Yunyan 77-4 trees with 3 years of tapping age as materials. A continuous 6-month rubber tapping experiment was conducted from September to February of the following year, using 0% ethephon (ET, control) and 0.5% ET. The study systematically determined latex physiological parameters [sucrose (SUC), thiol (RSH), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), total solid content (TSC)], latex yield, and environmental factors (air temperature, soil moisture content), and analyzed the key influencing factors through correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The results were as follows: (1) The 0.5% ET treatment significantly increased the contents of SUC, RSH, Pi and latex yield, while decreased TSC; during the extended tapping period (December to February), the contents of SUC, RSH and Pi maintained at relatively high levels, and TSC remained at a low level, which facilitated latex production and flow. (2) The average dry rubber yield per tree per tapping in the 0.5% ET treatment group was 84.85 g, which was 1.68 times that of the control group (50.39 g); moreover, during the extended tapping period, the dry rubber yield per tree per tapping of both treatment groups maintained at relatively high levels. (3) Correlation analysis showed that air temperature had a significant or extremely significant negative correlation with latex yield, and latex yield increased as temperature decreased. (4) Correlation analysis and PCA indicated that SUC had a significant positive correlation with latex yield, TSC had an extremely significant negative correlation with latex yield, and the application of ET reduced the impact of temperature on latex yield. In conclusion, the SUC content in latex and latex yield of Yunyan 77-4 are closely related to temperature; the cultivar still has a certain rubber production potential when tapping time is extended. It is suggested that the tapping time of this cultivar should be appropriately extended in winter. The results of this study provide practical guidance for efficient rubber tapping of cold-resistant rubber tree cultivars in winter.

Analysis of the endophytic fungal community in Camphora tree species with the citral chemotype

liuyamin,,zhangbeihong,, — 2025/10/21 10:17:40

To investigate the community diversity of endophytic fungi in three citral chemotype tree species in the Camphora, and explore the diversity and structural differences of endophytic fungi in different tree species with the same chemotype and various tissue parts, this study utilized high throughput sequencing to analyze 36 samples, a total of 2 207 878 sequences were obtained. The results were as follow: (1) The endophytic fungal communities of different tree species with the citral chemotype in the Camphora exhibited significant differences in species composition, and the endophytic fungal species composition showed organ preference and diversity in roots, stems, and leaves. (2) The ranking of the Chao and Ace indices was consistent, all showing Camphora officinarum (QCA) >Camphora bodinieri (QBO) > Camphora parthenoxylon (QPO). This indicated that Camphora officinarum had the highest species richness of endophytic fungi, with 690 OTUs, while Camphora parthenoxylon had the lowest species richness, with 414 OTUs. In contrast, the Shannon diversity index showed the order QPO > QBO > QCA, and the Simpson diversity index exhibited the opposite trend. Thus, it could be concluded that the endophytic fungal community diversity of Camphora officinarum was the lowest. (3) Principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)based on Bray-Curtis distances revealed that the sample points of Camphora bodinieri and Camphora parthenoxylon were closely clustered, indicating a high similarity in their endophytic fungal community structures. In comparison, the sample points of these two species were relatively dispersed from those of Camphora officinarum, suggesting a lower similarity in endophytic fungal community structure between them and Camphora officinarum. (4) The three citral chenmotype tree species of the Camphora all exhibited similar community structures of endophytic fungi in leaves and stems, while showing significant differences in the fungal communities between roots and leaves. The results indicated that the combined influence of host tree species and tissue heterogeneity shape the endophytic fungal community, laid a foundation for exploring potential functional endophytic fungi in citral chemotype tree species of the Camphora and provided insights into the co-evolutionary relationship between endophytic fungal communities and host tree species and chemotypes.

Spatiotemporal variation in biomass of threatened seagrass Halophila beccarii and its key influencing factors

PAN Yuanfang,QIU Guanglong,QIU Siting,SU Zhinan — 2025/10/21 9:09:52

To enhance the understanding of biomass distribution and its driving factors in the threatened seagrass?Halophila beccarii?(Asch.) along the South China coast, this study systematically investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of its biomass and key environmental variables across six regions—Huachangwan, Yangpu, Shajing, Tangjiawan, Yifengxi, and Zhao'an—located in four coastal provinces of southern China. Seasonal field sampling was conducted to capture intra-annual variations. Key findings include: (1) The mean aboveground, belowground, and total biomass values of?H. beccarii?were (11.98 ± 13.06) g·m-2 DW, (12.06 ± 12.96) g·m?2 DW, and (24.05 ± 23.70) g·m?2 DW (mean ± SD), respectively. Biomass at Tangjiawan was significantly lower than that at other sites (P < 0.05). Distinct seasonal patterns were observed, with lower biomass during winter and spring and higher values in summer and autumn. (2) Except for pH and nitrite, all other environmental factors—water temperature, salinity, inorganic phosphorus, nitrate, and ammonia nitrogen—differed significantly among sites (P < 0.05) , indicating substantial spatial heterogeneity in habitat conditions.?(3) Correlation analyses revealed that aboveground biomass was significantly positively correlated with water temperature and inorganic phosphorus (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with ammonia nitrogen (P < 0.05). Belowground biomass was positively correlated with inorganic phosphorus and nitrate (P < 0.05). Total biomass showed positive correlations with inorganic phosphorus and nitrate (P < 0.05), and a negative correlation with ammonia nitrogen (P < 0.05), suggesting that both nutrient availability and temperature play key roles in regulating productivity. (4) Principal component analysis identified water temperature and nitrite as the main positive factors affecting total biomass, whereas ammonia nitrogen exhibited an inhibitory effect, underscoring the importance of nutrient balance and thermal environment. (5) Linear regression confirmed a significant albeit modest relationship (R2 = 0.118, P < 0.001) between porewater physicochemical factors and total biomass, indicating that other unmeasured variables may also influence biomass variability. This study improves our insight into the ecological characteristics, environmental adaptations, and causes of endangerment of?H. beccarii, and offers a scientific foundation for its conservation and management amid growing anthropogenic pressures and climate change.

Growth evaluation of three types of pure broad-leaved forests and their mixed stands with Pinus massoniana in Guangxi

2025/10/21 9:07:34

Albizia odoratissima, Liquidambar formosana, and Schima superba are key native broad-leaved tree species for afforestation in Guangxi, China. To assess the afforestation performance of these species in both pure stands and understory mixed stands with Pinus massoniana, a field experiment was conducted using one-year-old container-grown seedlings of the three broad-leaved species. Two planting configurations were established: pure stands of each species, and mixed stands where each species was interplanted under Pinus massoniana canopies. After three years of growth, differences in trunk growth, crown development, and stem form among the treatments were investigated and analyzed. Additionally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the overall growth performance of each species under different configurations.The results were as follows: (1) In pure stands, Albizia odoratissima and Liquidambar formosana exhibited superior trunk growth, characterized by greater tree height, larger diameter at breast height (DBH), and a lower ratio of multiple tree trunks. In contrast, Schima superba achieved better trunk growth (i.e., greater height and DBH) in the understory mixed stand configuration. (2) Regardless of the planting configuration (pure stand or understory mixed stand with Pinus massoniana), Albizia odoratissima showed excellent crown development. This was reflected in its larger crown diameter, greater Under-branch?height, stronger natural pruning ability, and a relatively smaller Crown-diameter ration. (3) For stem form, Liquidambar formosana performed optimally in pure stands, with a lower probability of bifurcation and a smaller height-diameter ratio. Meanwhile, Schima superba displayed better stem form in the understory mixed stands, as evidenced by a smaller Height-diameter ratio and a lower lodging rate. (4) The comprehensive AHP evaluation of growth performance ranked the treatments in the following order: Albizia odoratissima (pure forests) > Liquidambar formosana (pure forests) > Schima superba (understory) > Albizia odoratissima (understory) > Schima superba (pure forests) > Liquidambar formosana (understory). Consequently, Albizia odoratissima is identified as the top-performing species in pure stands, while Schima superba is the most suitable for understory mixed planting with Pinus massoniana.This study provides a scientific basis and theoretical reference for optimizing the cultivation techniques of Albizia odoratissima, Liquidambar formosana, and Schima superba in the Guangxi region.

Cloning of tomato SlAP2a and SlMYB12 transcription factor genes, and their expression analysis infected by chilli yellow ringspot virus（CYRSV）

CHEN Yongdui,LI Yu,WU Kuo,ZHANG Zhongkai*,ZHENG Xue — 2025/10/20 11:11:00

TThe tomato transcription factors SlAP2a and SlMYB12 are considered to play siginificant roles in regulatory processes; however, their expression patterns in response to chilli yellow ringspot virus (CYRSV) infection have not yet been documented. To investigate the functional roles of SlAP2a and SlMYB12 and their expression response patterns during CYRSV infection, this study utilized the ‘Liangsi’ tomato as the experimental material. The coding sequences of SlAP2a and SlMYB12 were obtained through experimental procedures including RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and cloning. The functional domains and physicochemical characteristics of the SlAP2a and SlMYB12 proteins were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches, and their subcellular localization was also examined. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was employed to quantify the expression levels of SlAP2a and SlMYB12 in leaves following CYRSV infection. The results were as follows: (1) The full-length SlAP2a sequence was 1 206 bp, encoding 401 amino acids, whereas the full-length SlMYB12 was 1 017 bp, encoding 338 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis of tomato SlAP2a indicated a close evolutionary relationship with the coffee AP2a gene. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis of tomato SlMYB12 revealed relative close relationship with the potato MYB12 gene. (2) Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the SlAP2a and SlMYB12 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cell membrane. (3) The expression levels of SlAP2a and SlMYB12 were up-regulated at 4, 7, and 9 days post-inoculation (dpi), and its expression level decreased at 14 dpi, although it remained significantly higher than that in the control (CK) group. In summary, the transcription factor genes SlAP2a and SlMYB12 have been successfully cloned, and this study preliminarily elucidates the expression patterns of the tomato SlAP2a and SlMYB12 transcription factors during CYRSV infection.

Diversity, environmental adaptation, and medicinal component accumulation of endophytic fungi in different tissues of Curcuma kwangsiensis

HUANG Ziyi,LONG Yanyan,XIE Fei,XIE Ling,ZENG Fenghua,ZHANG Yan,ZHAO Huili — 2025/10/15 14:53:23

Curcuma kwangsiensis is a Daodi medicinal plant of the Curcuma genus in the Zingiberaceae family, yet the mechanism underlying its quality formation remains unclear.?This study aims to elucidate the interaction between endophytic fungal communities, soil environments, and medicinal quality to reveal the microbiological basis of its geographical authenticity.?Curcuma kwangsiensis samples were collected from three major production areas in Qinzhou City (Pubei County, Lingshan County, and Qinnan District). Using ITS high-throughput sequencing and chemical analysis, the endophytic fungal community structure across five tissues (roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, and flowers) was systematically studied, and the physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil and quality markers of the medicinal materials were analyzed. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and correlation analysis were employed to explore the relationships between microbial communities, environmental factors, and medicinal quality. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 2 357 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (902 species of fungi) were obtained from 45 samples; The distribution of OTUs among the three regions differed significantly, with only 19.4% being common core OTUs across regions; leaf tissues harbored the highest number of total OTUs (1 205) and unique OTUs (415), while the shared OTUs among the five tissue types accounted for only 13.5%. (2) Above-ground tissues (leaf and flower) exhibited significantly higher fungal richness (ACE/Chao1 index) and diversity (Shannon index) than below-ground tissues (root and rhizome). Additionally, NMDS analysis revealed distinct differences in community structure between above-ground and below-ground tissues. (3) The core genus?analysis indicated that the below-ground tissues were dominated by taxa such as unclassified_c__Sordariomycetes and wood-decomposing fungi, while the above-ground tissues were characterized?by dominant genera like Cladosporium and Alternaria. The stem tissues displayed transitional characteristics in their fungal composition. (4) The RDA demonstrated that soil pH, organic matter, and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) significantly influenced?the fungal community composition; Rhizome samples from Pubei County showed the highest content of olibanum alcohol extractable substances (ASEC). Notably, the rhizome fungal community was closely associated with ASEC levels: unclassified_c__Sordariomycetes in rhizomes showed a positive correlation with ASEC, whereas Acremonium exhibited a negative correlation. The above results indicate that the endophytic fungal community in Curcuma kwangsiensis exhibits significant regional specificity and tissue niche differentiation. Specific fungal taxa may participate in the accumulation of medicinal compounds through microenvironmental regulation, providing new insights into the microbial mechanisms underlying the formation of geo-authentic medicine quality.

Comparative study on pollen fertility and morphology of Camellia cuspidata in Fanjing Mountain region

2025/10/15 11:47:11

This study aimed to investigate the variations in pollen fertility and morphological characteristics among different elite genotypes of Camellia cuspidata from the Fanjing Mountain region, thereby providing insights for parental selection in hybrid breeding. Nine elite individuals of C. cuspidata were used as experimental materials. Pollen number was determined using a cellulase decomposition method, pollen viability was assessed through in vitro agar germination assays, and pollen morphological features were observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cluster analysis was conducted based on the following quantitative traits: polar axis length (P), equatorial diameter (E), sulcus length (L), P/E ratio, P × E value, and L/P ratio. The results revealed that: (1) C. cuspidata from Mountain Fanjing exhibited high pollen productivity and viability. The number of pollen grains per anther ranged from 4,780 to 12,950. Pollen viability exceeded 91.00% in all genotypes except FJSCF9, which showed a germination rate of 71.40%. (2) The exine ornamentation of C. cuspidata pollen included six distinct types: foveolate, reticulate, cerebroid, rugulate-granular, rugulate-reticulate, and rugulate. Considerable morphological variation was observed among the nine genotypes. Pollen size (P×E) ranged from 1,903 to 2,275.92 μm2, and the L/P ratio varied between 0.79 and 0.89. The polar axis length of FJSCF3 (64.20 μm) was significantly greater than that of other genotypes (P<0.05), while the sulcus length of FJSCF12 (43.77 μm) was significantly shorter (P<0.05). (3) Cluster analysis classified the nine genotypes into three groups: Group I comprised six accessions (FJSCF1, FJSCF4, FJSCF8, FJSCF9, FJSCF10, and FJSCF11), characterized by medium-sized pollen; Group II included two accessions (FJSCF12 and FJSCF13) with relatively small pollen; Group III consisted solely of FJSCF3, which had the largest pollen grains, along with the greatest P and P×E values (64.20 μm and 2 275.92 μm2, respectively). In conclusion, the nine elite genotypes of C. cuspidata from Mountain Fanjing demonstrated high pollen fertility, suggesting their potential use as paternal parents in hybridization breeding. Additionally, pollen morphology and exine sculpturing patterns can serve as auxiliary indicators for intraspecific classification and identification.

Preliminary screening of key genes for callus formation induced by exogenous hormones in Scutellaria baicalensis

CUI Liyan,LIU Jianli,NIU Yanbing,WANG Defu,WANG Yufen,YANG Jiaoli,YUAN Yingxin — 2025/10/14 10:22:11

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a perennial herb of the genus Scutellaria in the family Labiatae. It is rich in a variety of active ingredients, and has a wide range of pharmacological activities and high medicinal value and development potential. In order to further analyze the molecular mechanism of callus formation in S. baicalensis, this study relied on the high-throughput sequencing platform and used the stem segments of S. baicalensis tissue culture seedlings as materials to analyze the transcriptome of S. baicalensis explants under different hormones. At the same time, the enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT, and PAL) of S. baicalensis callus grown for 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d were determined to screen the key genes related to the formation of S. baicalensis callus. The results showed that: (1) After the callus of S. baicalensis was treated with different hormone groups, there were 33 differentially expressed genes in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. WGCNA analysis was performed on 18 398 Unigenes identified in the callus of S. baicalensis, and a total of 16 gene modules were obtained. Among them, the gene modules related to the plant hormone signal transduction pathway were blue and brown, and 9 key differentially expressed genes that may respond to different hormone signals in the callus formation of S. baicalensis were screened, namely PP2C, JAZ, DELLA, ABF, BRI1, EIN3, ERF1, GID1, and MYC2. (2) The activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and PAL in different hormone groups were the highest in 7~14 d, and the callus proliferated rapidly. At the same time, the enzyme activities of SOD, POD and CAT in highly differentiated or green callus were higher than those in yellow callus. (3) The correlation analysis between the enzyme activity of the explants and the differentially expressed genes in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway in the control group and the explants treated with different hormones for 7 days, 2 differentially expressed genes related to the CAT and POD enzyme activities of S. baicalensis callus were screened, namely EIN3 and DELLA. The results provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of callus formation in S. baicalensis.

Differences in seed functional traits between invasive and native asteraceae plants and their effects on local dispersal patterns

GENG Yupeng,HUANG Zhenyu,LI Ju,LI Yangping — 2025/10/13 10:37:14

To understand the effect of seed (achene) morphology and functional traits on plant dispersal, we selected nine Asteraceae species (five invasive species and four native species) from the Ailao Mountain area in Jingdong County, Yunnan Province as study species. We measured the density and frequency of each species along roads in the study site using a plot-based sampling method. Furthermore, seeds of each species were collected to quantify seed mass, pappus structure, germination rate, and sedimentation velocity. The results were as follows: (1) Along the surveyed road, differences in species frequency were primarily observed among species rather than between invasive and native species; however, invasive plants exhibited significantly higher densities compared to native plants. (2) Regarding seed traits, invasive plants had a significantly higher germination rate than native plants, while variations in other seed traits were predominantly species-specific. (3) No significant correlation was found between seed germination rate and seed mass, whereas seed sedimentation velocity was significantly associated with seed length, width, and plume loading. Correlations between seed traits differed between invasive and native plants. For instance, in native species, seed germination rate was negatively correlated with sedimentation velocity, but this trade-off relationship was not observed in invasive species, indicating differing seed ecological strategies between invasive and native species. In all species, species density was significantly positively correlated with seed germination rate; however no clear correlation was found between species frequency and seed traits. These results suggest that seed morphological traits may influence seed dispersal potential, yet they do not fully determine the actual dispersal outcomes. Additionally, the higher seed germination rates observed in invasive plants could be one of the important factors contributing to their high field densities.

Cloning, subcellular localization and expression analysis of LoAS1 and LoAS2 genes in Lilium oriental hybrids

HE Hengbin*,KONG Xianghong,LUO Yuanfang,NIE Yuwei,ZHAO Yiran,ZHU Yuntao — 2025/10/13 9:47:35

AS1 and AS2 genes have critical roles in plant leaf development, however, whether Oriental lily LoAS1 and LoAS2 play a regulatory role in bulb low-temperature dormancy has not been reported. In order to investigate the correlation between LoAS1 and LoAS2 and the development of lateral primordia during bulb low-temperature dormancy, we obtained the 'Sorbonne' lily MYB transcription factor LoAS1 and the LBD family gene LoAS2 by homologous cloning, constructed a phylogenetic tree, and analyzed their expression characteristics by RT-qPCR and subcellular localization. The results were as follows: (1) The coding sequence length of LoAS1 was 1 035 bp, encoding a total of 344 amino acids, while the coding sequence length of LoAS2 was 717 bp, encoding a total of 238 amino acids. (2) Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LoAS1 was more closely related to homologous proteins in Amana edulis and Lilium lancifolium, and most distantly related to Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and Zea may; LoAS2 was more closely related to homologous proteins in Elaeis guineensis and Cocos nucifera, and more distantly related to Oryza sativa and Zea may. (3) Conserved motifs and structural domains analysis revealed that LoAS1 and LoAS2 share conserved motifs and N-terminal domains with their homologous proteins in other plants. (4) The results of subcellular localization revealed that LoAS1 protein was localized in the nucleus and LoAS2 protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus. (5) The overall expression levels of LoAS1 and LoAS2 were significantly higher than those in the control group stored at room temperature., and both of them were up-regulated in the shoot apex in response to the cold temperature, with their expression peaking at 30~40 days of storage. (6) The results of paraffin sections revealed that the lateral primordia of lily bulbs were significantly enlarged at 45 days of low-temperature storage, which was consistent with the expression patterns of LoAS1 and LoAS2. The study indicates that LoAS1 and LoAS2 may play an important role in the development of lateral primordia during the dormancy release process of lily bulbs, which provides a molecular basis for further research into the dormancy release mechanism of lily bulbs.

Nutrient storage and allocation pattern in a savanna ecosystem, Yuanjiang dry-hot valley, Southwest China

DAI Fangyu,DAO Zhigang,LI Zhenxue,LI Zhongfei,ZHANG Shubin — 2025/10/11 18:27:01

Nutrient storage and allocation patterns in plant communities are critical for understanding nutrient utilization and cycling within ecosystems. The dry-hot valleys of Southwest China, characterized by their extreme climatic conditions of high temperatures and low precipitation, support unique savanna ecosystem. Despite the ecological significance of these systems, there is limited understanding of their nutrient storage and allocation patterns. This study investigated the nutrient storage and allocation patterns in a savanna ecosystem within the Yuanjiang dry-hot valley in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The results were as follows: (1) the total nutrient storage of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was 8.338 t·hm?2, with Ca having the highest storage (2.588 t·hm?2) and P having the lowest storage (0.297 t·hm?2). Compared to other forest ecosystems, nutrient storage in this savanna system was relatively low. (2) Vertically, nutrient distribution showed a clear hierarchy: the tree layer contributed the most (84.29%), followed by the grass layer (9.66%) and shrub layer (5.69%), with minimal contribution from the litter layer (0.36%). (3) Notably, belowground nutrient storage accounted for 47.96% of the total, indicating a significant allocation of nutrients to roots and other subterranean components. The region’s low annual rainfall and prolonged seasonal droughts impose severe constraints on plant growth, leading to the observed low nutrient storage in this savanna ecosystem. As an adaptive strategy, the plants in this savanna allocate a greater proportion of nutrients to belowground structures to cope with long-term drought stress. Our findings provide valuable insights into the ecological functioning of dry-hot valley ecosystems and offer scientific guidance for maintaining ecosystem services, as well as for species selection and community construction during ecological restoration efforts. This study underscores the importance of understanding plant-soil interactions in arid and semi-arid environments and highlights the need for further research on nutrient cycling mechanisms in similar ecosystems.

Variation in branch and leaf traits among different diameter classes of the rare and endangered tree species Hopea hainanensis

2025/10/11 18:04:55

Hopea hainanensis is a national first-class protected plant species in China. Understanding its adaptive strategies across different growth stages is critical for formulating effective ex situ conservation measures. Functional traits of branches and leaves and their intraspecific variation are widely used to analyze plants’ environmental adaptability. However, research on the functional traits of H. hainanensis remains scarce. To investigate the adaptability of branch and leaf structures at different diameter classes in?H. hainanensis, in this study, we selected individuals planted at different times in the Xinglong Tropical Garden, Hainan, China, with stem diameter at breast height (DBH ranged from 1-17 cm), and measured canopy branch xylem structural traits (vessel lumen proportion, vessel wall proportion, axial parenchyma proportion, ray parenchyma proportion, fiber proportion, vessel density, vessel wall reinforcement index), hydraulic traits (hydraulic vessel diameter, theoretical hydraulic conductivity), leaf morphological and anatomical traits (thickness of leaf tissues and specific leaf area), and mechanical resistance. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to explore the correlation between traits and diameter classes, as well as among branch and leaf traits. The results were as follows：(1) As the DBH increased, the proportion of vessel lumen and wall, and parenchyma cell per branch xylem cross-section area, hydraulically-weighted vessel diameter, and theoretical hydraulic conductivity significantly increased, while the fiber tissue proportion, vessel density, and vessel wall reinforcement coefficient significantly decreased. (2) The thickness of individual leaf tissues (epidermis, cuticle, and mesophyll) and the mechanical resistance of the leaf blade increased significantly with DBH. (3) At the individual level, the branch hydraulic efficiency was positively correlated with leaf tissue thickness. In conclusion, large diameter individuals of H. hainanensis enhance their xylem hydraulic capacity by adjusting branch xylem structure, while increaing leaf thickness to reduce transpirational water loss. The structural coordination between branch and leaf could maintain water balance. The results reveal the adaptive adjustment of branch and leaf structure with increasing DBH (corresponding to increasing transpirational water demand, light intensity, and vapor pressure deficit) in H. hainanensis, thus offering valuable implications for the species’ conservation and cultivation.

Distribution characteristics and conservation status of national key protected wild plants in Liaoning Province, China

2025/10/10 11:07:56

To systematically assess the current status of national key protected wild plants in Liaoning Province and provide scientific support for regional biodiversity conservation strategies, this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of species composition, geographic distribution, conservation status, endangerment levels, and major threat factors. The analysis was based on the “List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (2021 Edition)”, integrating herbarium data with first-hand field survey records collected across more than 100 counties in Liaoning. County-level spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I) and hotspot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi) were used to explore spatial clustering patterns, while threat drivers were classified into internal ecological traits and external anthropogenic pressures to refine conservation typologies. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 32 nationally protected wild plant species were identified, belonging to 21 families and 26 genera, with Orchidaceae and Liliaceae as the dominant taxa; (2) Species richness showed significant spatial heterogeneity, with clear aggregation in the southeastern region (notably Fengcheng and Kuandian) and sparse distribution in the northwest. Among these species, 90.63% have been effectively covered by in situ conservation within nature reserves; (3) The key threats include habitat fragmentation and degradation, overexploitation (particularly for medicinal and ornamental uses), climate change, interspecific ecological competition, and inherent vulnerabilities such as small population size or limited genetic diversity. These threats interact and vary across species, highlighting the complexity of conservation planning. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Many protected species in Liaoning are located at the geographical edge of their national distribution ranges, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts that prioritize peripheral and marginal populations in planning protected areas; (2) Species face multi-dimensional threats arising from both internal sensitivities and external pressures, thus conservation measures should be differentiated based on integrated risk assessment and species-specific ecological requirements; (3) An integrated conservation framework is recommended, incorporating intelligent monitoring systems, ex situ conservation networks, robust legal and policy instruments, and active public engagement to enhance conservation efficiency and sustainability. This study provides a solid scientific basis for biodiversity policy development and protected species management in Liaoning Province, and contributes to advancing region-specific, adaptive conservation strategies in China’s temperate ecosystems.

Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi of Bulbophyllum tianguii

2025/10/10 9:47:22

In order to isolate endophytic fungi from different tissues of Bulbophyllum tianguii and characterize their plant growth-promoting properties, as well as evaluate their effects on seedling growth. In this study, different tissues and organs of B. tianguii distributed in the Guangxi Yachang Orchid National Nature Reserve were used as experimental materials. Endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from B. tianguii using the traditional tissue isolation method, and were further identified through morphological and molecular analyses. Finally, the abilities of phosphate-solubilizing and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing of these isolated endophytic fungi were screened. And the growth-promoting effects on B. tianguii seedlings were evaluated through pot experiments, too. The results indicated that a total of 74 strains were obtained from different tissue of B. tianguii. The strain number collected from roots, rhizomes, pseudobulbs and leaves were 5, 14, 30 and 25 strains, respectively. And the isolation frequencies were 12.5%, 35%, 75% and 62.5%, respectively. After removing duplicate strains obtained from the same altitude or the same tissue, 16 distinct strains remained. These strains cover 2 phyla, 4 classes, 7 orders, 8 families, and 8 genera identified by molecular biology methods. Among the 16 strains, 4 strains demonstrated the ability to solubilize organic ophosphorus, 4 strains could solubilize inorganic phosphorus, and 3 strains were capable of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The fermentation broth of selected strains was sprayed on the surface of B. tianguii seedlings, and strain YJ2 demonstrated the most significant growth-promoting effects among all tested strains in this study. This study isolated endophytic fungi from various tissues of B. tianguii successfully and identified strains with plant growth-promoting properties, providing valuable microbial resources for seedling cultivation of B. tianguii and laying a foundation for further investigation into their antagonistic effects against pathogens.

Establishment and efficiency validation of VIGS systems for the main functional genes N, NSs and NSm of chilli yellow ringspot virus

CHEN Yongdui,LI Yu,MA Chuanzhio,WU Kuo,ZHANG Jie,ZHANG Zhongkai — 2025/10/9 17:00:38

Chilli yellow ringspot virus (CYRSV) causes severe diseases in many economically important plants such as cash crops and horticultural flora, its major functional genes (N，NSs，NSm) have closely relationship with viral infection, However, no report has described the construction of a VIGS system containing N、NSs、NSm genes to study its pathogenic function. To address this, a VIGS silencing system was constructed for the N, NSs and NSm genes of CYRSV, and the roles of these genes during CYRSV infection were analyzed. Approximately 300 bp target fragments of CYRSV N, NSs and NSm genes were respectively inserted into the pTRV2 silencing vector. The silencing efficiency of each gene was detected under different inoculation modes. The optimal inoculation method was selected and further validated in N.benthamiana and pepper plants. The copy number of N, NSs and NSm genes was quantified using absolute quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the silencing efficiency for VIGS system of N, NSs, NSm-VIGS system were 82.07%, 87.02%, and 94.39%, respectively, in N.benthamiana, and 86.63%, 89.22%, 83.43%, respectively, in pepper, compared with the control group. This study successfully established a VIGS system targeting the N, NSs and NSm genes of CYRSV, which effectively inhibit the copy number of N, NSs and NSm genes in N.benthamiana and pepper, with silencing efficiencies ranging from 82% to 95%. The N, NSs and NSm VIGS system developed in this study provides a valuable tool for future investigations into the pathogenesis of CYRSV and offers a theoretical basis for resistance breeding and environmentally friendly control strategies in the field.

Transcriptome analysis and physiological response to cryopreservation of Pinus massoniana pollen

2025/10/9 11:36:01

This study aims to investigate the response mechanism of Pinus masson pollen to ultra-low temperature, to enhance its preservation and utilization efficiency. Masson pine pollen was cryopreserved and the physiological indexes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed at different stages (ck before freezing, LN after freezing, HD after freezing and de-freezing). Transcriptome sequencing was also performed using the Illumina HiSeq TM 6000 platform. Results indicated that: (1) The optimal water content for cryopreservation was 3.96%, with survival rates of 78.54% before freezing and 73.80% after post-freezing. (2) During the frozen storage process significant differences were observed in the four indexes of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), and the ability to inhibit hydroxyl free radicals, which are related to oxidative stress induced by ROS. (3) A total of 65.60Gb of Clean Data were obtained, with 38,505 genes mapped to the reference genome (47.84%); The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons between control and freezing treatment (CK&LD), control and de-freezing treatment (CK&HD), and freezing and de-freezing treatment (LD&HD) were 232, 268, and 218, respectively. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) annotation revealed significant enrichment of GO term such as response to stimulus and Antioxidant activity, and KEGG Pathway such as Plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, Starch and sucrose metabolism, Fructose and mannose metabolism, and Peroxisome pathways. 10 genes screened in these pathways may be closely related to freezing and de-freezing process. The results help to improve the efficient of preservation and utilization of the Masson Pine pollen, and also provided reference for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of its freezing mechanism.

Structural characteristics and functional analysis of rice OsACS2 and its homologous genes

2025/10/9 10:29:28

To study the structural characteristics and functions of rice OsACS2 gene in rice development, the physicochemical properties, structure, and phylogenetic relationships of OsACS2 and its homologous proteins in rice, Arabidopsis, maize, wheat, barley, tomato and potato were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. Rice plants were treated with phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and the expression levels of OsACS2 gene in rice roots and leaves were analyzed using real-time PCR. The results were as follows: (1) There are 34 OsACS2 homologous genes were found in rice, Arabidopsis thaliana, wheat, tomato, potato, maize, and barley; (2) OsACS2 shows a closer relationship with its homologs in maize and wheat; (3) The OsACS2 protein and its homologs show similar subcellular localization, contain a conserved AMP (adenosine monophosphate)-binding domain, and have similar secondary and tertiary structures; (4) The promoter of the OsACS2 gene contains ABA and MeJA responsive elements, ABA treatment increased the expression of OsACS2 in roots and decreased its expression level in leaves, MeJA treatment resulted in a decrease in the expression level of OsACS2 in roots, but an increased level in leaves. This study establishes a theoretical basis for further understanding the biological functions of OsACS2 and homologous genes.

Effects of smoke water on seed germination of Pinus yunnanensis and P. yunnanensis var. pygmaea

BO Kaimeng,FU Guojiang,HE Zhaoyun,TAO Jianghui,YAO Zengyu,ZUO Jiagen — 2025/9/30 17:24:21

To explore the effects of smoke water treatment on the seed germination, embryo growth, and physiological indices of P. yunnanensis and its variety, P. yunnanensis var. pygmaea, as well as to clarify their response differences and the feasibility of smoke water as a simulated fire signal to stimulate tree growth and development, seeds of two pines were treated with smoke water of different concentrations and changes in their germination characteristics, embryo growth status, and related physiological indices were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The germination and physiological indices of both seeds depended significantly on the concentration of smoke water (P<0.05), showing a trend of promotion at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. (2) The germination indices of both species peaked at 0.5%, where the germination rate and germination potential of P. yunnanensis increased by 22.80% and 62.54%, respectively, while those of P. yunnanensis var. pygmaea increased by 12.50% and 110.83%, respectively, compared with the control (distilled water treatment). (3) Two species differed in the optimal smoke water concentration for embryo growth. The longest hypocotyl and radicle of P. yunnanensis were found at 1% (increased by 31.96% and 67.89%, respectively, compared with the control), while those of P. yunnanensis var. pygmaea were found at 0.25% (increased by 18.18% and 60.77%, respectively, compared with the control). (4) At low concentrations, the smoke water enhanced the activities α-amylase, protease, and lipase, increased soluble sugar and soluble protein content, and reduced malondialdehyde content, improving seed metabolism and antioxidant capacity. (5) P. yunnanensis seeds showed higher sensitivity to smoke water than P. yunnanensis var. pygmaea seeds. In conclusion, the smoke water promotes the seed germination and embryo growth at low concentrations by enhancing the conversion of storage substances and regulating the antioxidant system, and thus can be applied as a safe and controllable simulating fire signal in seedling cultivation.

Staining method of laticifers in Hevea brasiliensis bark and petiole using sodium bromide (NaBr) and hydrogen bromide (HBr) instead of bromine (Br?)

2025/9/24 9:27:54

The iodine-bromine (I?-Br?) staining method is accurate and efficient for revealing the microstructure of laticifer. However, the main component of I?-Br? staining agent, bromine (Br?), has strong pungent odor and highly corrosive. It is classified as a precursor to toxic chemicals and a hazardous chemical, subject to strict control, which greatly limits the application of the I?-Br? staining method. To seek a similar but safer staining reagent, this study used sodium bromide (NaBr) and hydrogen bromide (HBr) to replace Br?, to prepare different staining agents for staining the bark and petioles of rubber tree shoots. Light microscopy was used to observe the cross-sections of the bark and petioles to screen for the best staining agent formula. The results were as follows: (1) NaBr could replace Br? to prepare staining agents for laticifer, and the staining effect of 0.5 mol?L-1 NaBr + 0.2 mol?L-1 I? in acetic acid solution was better. Moreover, using diluted glacial acetic acid as the solvent could make NaBr dissolve more thoroughly and improve the staining effect. (2) HBr could also replace Br? to prepare staining agents for laticifer, and a lower concentration of HBr could stain laticifer. The best staining agent formula was 6.25 mmol?L-1 HBr + 0.2 mol?L-1 I? in acetic acid solution. The results indicated that the safer and more economical NaBr and HBr could be used to replace Br? to prepare staining agents for the study of the morphology and structure of laticifer in rubber tree. The new staining reagents provided in this paper can provide technical support for the study of laticifer in rubber-producing plants.

The impacts of climate change on the potential ecologically suitable plantation area of Macadamia sp. in China

LI Xiaona,PAN Yinxixue,WANG Leiguang,WANG Xuezhao,ZHANG Lin — 2025/9/23 17:06:47

Climate change has exerted profound impacts on the distribution patterns of plant species. Macadamia sp., a tropical to subtropical montane plant, possesses considerable economic and ecological significance. Understanding its potential ecologically suitable habitats under future climate change scenarios is of great importance for promoting sustainable economic development and soil and water conservation in mountainous regions of China. This study integrated the MaxEnt model with ArcGIS technology to analyze current distribution data of Macadamia sp. in China, along with environmental variables including climatic, topographic, and soil factors. Key environmental determinants influencing its distribution were identified, and the potential distribution patterns of suitable habitats were projected for four future time periods: the 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s. The results were as follows: (1) The MaxEnt model demonstrated high accuracy in simulating the potential geographic distribution of Macadamia sp. in China. (2) Annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, isothermality, and temperature annual range were identified as the most influential environmental variables shaping its distribution. (3) Across all climate scenarios, Yunnan Province consistently exhibited the largest area of suitable habitat, followed by the southeastern coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Guangxi. (4) Under all three future climate scenarios, the total area of suitable habitats gradually decreased over time, accompanied by increasing fragmentation, while the spatial shifts of the overall centroid remained minimal. These findings provided a comprehensive understanding of the potential ecological distribution patterns and requirements of Macadamia sp. in China, offering a scientific basis for the development of large-scale, climate-adaptive cultivation strategies.

Leaf epidermal micro-morphology of genus Aucuba (Garryaceae) in China and its taxonomic significance

CHEN Nier,FAN Zhichao,LAN Yaoqing,LIN Zhiyi,PAN Chaomei,TONG Yi,ZENG Lingfu — 2025/9/23 16:04:14

To reveal the micro-morphological characteristics of leaf epidermis in the genus Aucuba, explore their taxonomic significance, and provide objective morphological evidence for species classification within this genus. This study examined 10 species and 7 varieties of Chinese Aucuba using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results are as follows: (1) Stomatal apparatuses in Aucuba occur exclusively on the abaxial leaf epidermis. They range from nearly round to oval in shape, lack subsidiary cells, and consist of kidney-shaped guard cells surrounded by 5-7 unspecialized epidermal cells. This represents a novel stomatal type termed the “Platanus-Type”. (2) Cluster analysis of micro-morphological traits revealed that Chinese Aucuba species can be divided into two groups: Group Ⅰ exhibits a relatively smooth cuticular surface, papillae adaxial epidermis, sinuolate to sinuous anticlinal walls, and predominantly round stomatal apparatuses; Group Ⅱ is characterized by cuticles with abundant wax, sinuous to sinuate anticlinal walls, and sub-round to oval stomatal apparatuses. These groupings align completely with the traditional morphological classification of “green-flowered tree group” and “red-flowered shrub group”. (3) Leaf epidermal features supported certain taxonomic revisions, such as recognizing A. grandiflora and A. cavinervis as distinct species, but do not support the recognition of A. chinensis var. angusta. In summary, the micro-morphological traits of leaf epidermis have significant taxonomic value at the group level in Chinese Aucuba and provide a useful reference for the identification of certain species within the genus.

Chemical constituents and their effects on breast cancer cells of Trillium tschonoskii

BAI Xianguang,DAI Hongmei,TIAN Shengle,WANG Wenzhe,ZHANG Huizi,ZHAO Yanjun — 2025/9/15 17:08:30

In order to investigate the chemical components of Trillium tschonoskii and its effects on breast cancer cells. The extract of T. tschonoskii was isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 and the structures of the compounds were identified based on physicochemical properties and spectral data. The inhibitory activity of the compound against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was evaluated by the MTT method. The results were as follows: (1) Twenty-four compounds been identified from T. tschonoskii as lysicamine (1), hydroxyframoside (2), goniothalamusin (3), pyrocatechol (4), 6-hydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxycoumarin (5), norisoboldine (6), 4,6-dihydroxy-2-methoxyacetophenone (7), hinokiresinol (8), sedanolide (9), rostratamine (10), cinnamicacid (11), magnolios (12), platypterophathalide (13), transtorine (14), capillasterolide (15), globularin (16), ononin (17), ethyl p-hydroxycinnamate (18), cirsilineol (19), loliolide (20), acetoisovanillone (21), rubrosterone (22), didehydroconicol (23), dehydrovomifoliol (24). All compounds were isolated and identified from T. tschonoskii for the first time. (2) Compounds 1, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 19, 23 had inhibitory effects of varying degrees on MDA-MB-231 cells. Among them, the inhibitory effect of Compound 9 on MDA-MB-231 cells was comparable to that of cyclophosphamide (P>0.05). This study revealed the chemical composition of T. tschonoskii, among which Compound 9 has potential anti-breast cancer activity. Compound 9 has potential anti-breast cancer activity.

Pharmacological substances and preliminary action mechanism of compound essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus

JIN Cheng,LIU Junna,LU Qingyu,XU Zhi,ZHANG Xiaoyan,ZHOU Wei — 2025/9/9 15:39:38

In order to elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanisms of underlying the antibacterial efficacy of compound essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, this study employed the following methodologies: 1) Single essential oils (Artemisia argyi, Mentha spicata，Origanum vulgare) and two compound essential oils (compound essential oil 1 and compound essential oil 2) were prepared through steam distillation; 2) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify the active constituents of the essential oils exhibiting anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity; 3) The agar disc diffusion assay was utilized to evaluate the antibacterial activity of each essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus; 4) Network pharmacology and molecular docking simulations were integrated to investigate the potential antibacterial mechanism of the most bioactive compound essential oil (compound essential oil 2). The results were as follows: (1) Compound essential oil 2 comprises 42 chemical constituents, with its primary bioactive components including thymol (32.96%) and carvacrol (9.13%). (2) The order of antibacterial efficacy among single and compound essential oils is as follows: Compound essential Oil 2 [(40.18 ± 1.67) mm] > Origano essential oil [(38.64 ± 1.47) mm] > Compound essential oil 1 [(24.87 ± 0.85) mm] > Artemisia argyi essential oil [(13.12 ± 0.56) mm] > Spearmint essential oil [(11.28 ± 0.75) mm]. Compound essential oil 2 exhibits the strongest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus. (3) Compound essential oil 2 exerts potent inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus via polypharmacological mechanisms involving synergistic multi-target interactions. This inhibition is mediated through the modulation of core protein targets (exemplified by non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC and mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK3) and consequential dysregulation of critical signaling pathways, notably neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) resistance pathways. Multiple bioactive components demonstrate favorable binding energies with core targets. These collective findings demonstrate that compound essential oil 2 represents a novel plant-derived candidate with potent efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. Its unique phytochemical profile and multi-targeted synergistic mechanism of action provide a crucial foundation for further development as a natural antibacterial agent, highlighting significant research value and development potential.

Effects of introducing single or multiple broadleaf trees for uneven-aged transformation on soil biologically-based phosphorus fractions in Pinus massoniana plantation

2025/9/8 15:45:31

Soil phosphorus (P) is a key factor constraining the productivity of subtropical plantation in China. However, long-term monocultural management of Pinus massoniana plantations led to prominent issues such as soil P cycle imbalance. To explore the dynamic characteristics of soil biologically-based phosphorus (Bio-P) fractions and their main influencing factors after the uneven-aged mixed transformation of Pinus. massoniana pure plantations by introducing broadleaf tree species, this study focused on southern subtropical Pinus massoniana plantations. Based on the Bio-P fractionation method, we comparatively analyzed the dynamic characteristics of Bio-P fractions (Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, CaCl?-P, HCl-P) in the humus layer and eluviated layer of three forest types: Pinus massoniana-Castanopsis hystrix mixed plantation (Mixed Plantation, MP), Pinus massoniana-(Castanopsis hystrix/Quercus griffithii/Erythrophleum fordii/Michelia hedyosperma) multi-species mixed plantation (Multiple species mixed plantation, MMP), and untransformed Pinus massoniana pure plantation (Pure Plantation, PP, used as control). Additionally, we combined indicators such as soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities to identify the main factors influencing Bio-P. The results were as follows: (1) In comparison with PP, the Citrate-P and HCl-P contents in the humus layer of MP were significantly increased by 31.50% and 39.78% (P<0.05), respectively, while the HCl-P content in the humus layer of MMP was significantly increased by 59.77% (P < 0.05). In the eluviated layer, the Enzyme-P content of MP and MMP was significantly increased by 39.00% and 91.13%, respectively, and the CaCl?-P content of MP and MMP was significantly increased by 8.40% and 8.90%, respectively (P<0.05).Compared with PP, the contents of organic carbon (OC), ammonium nitrogen (NH??-N), available phosphorus (AP), and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) in the humus layer of MMP were significantly reduced (P<0.05). However, the contents of OC, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), AP, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and MBP in the eluviated layer of both MP and MMP were significantly increased (P<0.05). (2) Compared with PP, the contents of organic carbon (OC), ammonium nitrogen (NH??-N), available phosphorus (AP), and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) in the humus layer of MMP were significantly reduced (P<0.05). However, the contents of OC, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), AP, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and MBP in the eluviated layer of both MP and MMP were significantly increased (P<0.05). (3) Relative to PP and MP, the enzyme activities associated with carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling in the humus layer of MMP were significantly reduced by 41.42%, 34.22%, and 30.23%, respectively (P<0.05). In contrast, the aforementioned enzyme activities in the eluviated layer of MP were significantly increased by 61.17%, 157.98%, and 31.70%, respectively (P<0.05), while those in the eluviated layer of MMP were significantly increased by 40.91%, 238.66%, and 37.93%, respectively (P<0.05). (4) Nitrate nitrogen (NO?--N) and AP were the primary regulatory factors influencing Bio-P fractions in the humus layer, whereas TP and enzyme C:N ratio were the main driving factors affecting Bio-P fractions in the eluviated layer. In conclusion, the introduction of broadleaf tree species for uneven-aged mixed transformation in Pinus massoniana plantations is beneficial to soil P storage and supply. The results of this study provide an important scientific basis for tree species selection and management strategies aimed at improving soil P availability in southern subtropical plantations.

Research on the diversity and geographic distribution of lycophytes and ferns in Guizhou, China

AN Mingtai,GOU Guangqian,HU Guoxiong,SUN Qingwen,XIE Mei — 2025/9/5 16:12:06

This study systematically updated and analyzed the checklist of lycophytes and ferns in Guizhou, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization in the region. By integrating relevant literature, databases, and specimen information, we conducted comprehensive statistics and analyses of species composition, distribution patterns, and floristic characteristics of lycophytes and ferns in Guizhou based on the PPG I classification system. The main results are as follows: (1) Guizhou harbors exceptionally rich lycophyte and fern diversity, comprising 37 families, 121 genera, 934 species, three subspecies, and 35 varieties. These include three families, nine genera, and 61 species (including infraspecific taxa, hereafter) of lycophytes, and 34 families, 112 genera, and 911 species of ferns. (2) The dominant families include Dryopteridaceae (238 species), Pteridaceae (121 species), Polypodiaceae (117 species), Athyriaceae (115 species), etc.; the dominant genera include Polystichum (101 species), Dryopteris (84 species), Asplenium (48 species), Pteris (44 species), etc. (3) The province contains 20 nationally protected species from seven families and nine genera, as well as 47 threatened species from 13 families and 22 genera. (4) Species richness is highest in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Prefecture (586 species) and lowest in Liupanshui City (224 species), with a vertical distribution pattern showing a "mid-domain effect" – maximum diversity between at 900–1 300 m elevation. (5) In terms of ecological types, terricolous species are the most abundant (533 species), followed by saxicolous (264), epiphytic (99), terricolous-saxicolous (69), with aquatic species being rarest (7). (6) Floristic analysis at the genus level indicates that the lycophytes and ferns of Guizhou is dominated by tropical elements, consistent with the tropical dominance characteristic of Chinese fern flora. In conclusion, this research not only enhances the fundamental data on lycophytes and ferns in Guizhou, but also provides critical support for advancing regional botanical surveys, ecological conservation planning, and biodiversity research.

Diversity and distribution patterns of Orchidaceae in Wumeng Mountain National Natural Reserve

HE Yanli,HU Haixia,LI Dan,LIU Qiang,SONG Liang,YANG Wenke — 2025/9/5 15:11:35

Orchidaceae, encompassing numerous rare and endangered species, remains a focal group for biodiversity conservation research due to its distribution characteristics and survival status. To characterize the species diversity, distribution patterns, and conservation status of Orchidaceae in northeastern Yunnan’s Wumeng Mountain National Nature Reserve, we systematically surveyed orchids using quadrat sampling and analyzed their diversity through diversity indices and phylogenetic reconstruction. The results were as follows: (1) The orchid flora was dominated by Habenaria, Calanthe, and Platanthera, with characteristic species including Calanthe puberula, Liparis campylostalix, Neottia nanchuanica, Odontochilus elwesii, and Goodyera henryi. Monotypic genera comprised 73% of the total. Diversity indices [Margalef’s richness index (DMG) = 4.035 6, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) = 2.622 8, Simpson’s dominance index (λ) = 0.113 6)] indicated moderate diversity and low dominance. (2) Species richness peaked at mid-high elevations (1 700-2 100 m). Phylogenetically related species clustered at similar altitudes and habitats, suggesting strong habitat filtering. (3) Notably, 30% of species were threatened, particularly medicinal and ornamental taxa such as Anoectochilus emeiensis, Cremastra appendiculata, Pleione yunnanensis, and Cymbidium goeringii. In summary, the Orchidaceae flora in this reserve exhibits moderate diversity with pronounced mid-high elevation peaks, while significant conservation concerns exist for threatened taxa. These findings establish critical baseline data for regional orchid diversity research and provide direct scientific support for targeted conservation strategies.

Effects of different nitrogen additions on growth and leaf nutrient uptake of Ochroma lagopus plantation

DU Guanben,LIU Yuanxi,WEN Chengjing,WU Junwen — 2025/9/3 8:33:59

To investigate the effects of different nitrogen applications on the growth and leaf nutrient uptake of Ochroma lagopus plantations. One-and-a-half-year-old O. lagopus trees were used as experimental materials, with five treatments set up: 0 (N0), 50 kg?hm-2 urea (N1), 100 kg?hm-2 urea (N2), 50 kg?hm-2 controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (PCU1), and 100 kg?hm-2 controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (PCU2). Tree height, breast height diameter, and leaf C, N, P, chlorophyll, and NSC content were measured. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the N0 treatment, tree height, breast diameter, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll (a+b) content were significantly increased by 28.66%, 50.72%, 50.17%, 50.71%, and 50.25%, respectively, under the N2 fertilization treatment (P<0.05). (2) Compared with the N0 treatment, leaf N content significantly increased by 60.16% (P<0.05) under the N2 fertilization treatment; P content showed a decreasing trend. Under the N0 treatment, leaf N/P<14, indicating that O. lagopus growth was limited by N elements. After nitrogen addition, N/P>14, indicating that nitrogen fertilization altered the N-element limitation on O. lagopus growth. (3) Compared with the N0 treatment, the soluble sugar and NSC contents in the leaves were significantly increased by 78.98% and 52.49%, respectively, under the N2 fertilization treatment (P<0.05). (4) Under urea application, the soluble sugar content in leaves showed a significant positive correlation with N content, C/P, and N/P, and a significant negative correlation with P content; under controlled-release fertilizer application, the starch content in leaves showed a significant negative correlation with P content and a significant positive correlation with N/P; under nitrogen application, the soluble sugar and starch content in leaves showed a significant positive correlation with N content and N/P. (5) The phenotypic plasticity indices for leaf N, leaf N/P, leaf C/P, leaf soluble sugar, and leaf soluble sugar/starch are all relatively high. The cumulative variance contribution rates of principal component 1 and principal component 2 are 66.3%. In summary, nitrogen addition significantly promotes the growth of O. lagopus and leaf nutrient absorption, with the N2 fertilization treatment yielding the best results; nitrogen addition alleviates the limiting effect of nitrogen on O. lagopus growth; O. lagopus promotes growth by increasing chlorophyll content, improving leaf utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, and thereby altering the distribution of leaf soluble sugar and starch content.

Spatial variations in biomass of Halophila ovalis and their key environmental drivers along the South China coast

2025/9/1 11:16:02

To investigate the relationship between biomass variation in Halophila ovalis and environmental drivers, this study systematically analyzed responses of H. ovalis biomass to multiple environmental factors using literature data (1990–2024) from the South China coastal region. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and linear mixed-effects models (LMM) were employed to quantify direct and indirect effects of water temperature, salinity, nutrients (including dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN] and phosphate [PO?3?]), suspended solids, and pH on biomass. The results are as follows: (1) Suspended solids significantly inhibit biomass accumulation and represent a widespread limiting factor across the region. (2) Water temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability are key drivers of spatial biomass differences. (3) Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, particularly ammonium nitrogen (NH??-N), impose critical constraints on biomass accumulation in all provinces, though dominant factors vary regionally. This study underscores the importance of multi-scale environmental interactions and advocates for regionally tailored conservation strategies based on environmental thresholds.

Effects of inoculation ways of mycorrhizal fungi on growth and physiological characteristics of blueberry seedlings

AN Changrong,CHONG Huiying,DUAN Ruyan,LI Yun,WEN Guangqin — 2025/8/26 17:03:42

To explore effective methods for inoculating blueberry with mycorrhizal fungi, a pot experiment was conducted using one-year-old tissue-cultured blueberry seedlings and a strain of mycorrhizal fungus (Talaromyces aculeatus). Five inoculation ways were designed, as root immersion in fungal suspension(F1) , mixing fungal suspension with substrate(F2) , inoculating with solid fungal blocks(F3) , root immersion in fungal suspension after root pruning(F4) , and irrigation with fungal suspension(F5). Seedlings immersed in sterile water without inoculation served as the control (CK). Root infection situation after inoculation was statistically analyzed, and determined some indexes that relate to growth and physiology. The results were as follow: (1) The root infection rates of blueberry were Significantly different among the inoculation ways, the seedlings inoculated by F2 showed a higher infection rate than those by other ways, and the seedlings infection rate by F5 were second highest. The root infection rates of treatments F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 were 2.6, 3.7, 3.4, 3.2 and 3.6 times higher than CK, respectively. (2) Except for leaf biomass and root biomass, all other growth parameters of blueberry seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi were significantly higher than those of CK. Compared to the CK, the height, ground diameter, and total biomass of seedlings treated by five inoculation ways increased by 3.21%–30.47%, 16.37%–37.43%, and 9.69%–39.79%, respectively. The total root length, total root surface area, total root volume and root tip number increased by 38.63%–118.43%, 5.08%–94.89%, 11.97%–65.14%, and 28.90%–92.44%. (3) The physiological characteristic of blueberry seedlings by different inoculation ways showed Significant difference, the electron transport rate, light saturation point, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll under the F3 were higher than other treatments , the chlorophyll a and root activity showed higher with F2, while the CK had a higher initial slope than inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. (4) Based on the membership function analysis, the comprehensive evaluation result was F3 > F2 > F5 > F4 > F1 > CK. The inoculation method significantly affects the impact on the growth-promoting effect of mycorrhizal fungi. The suitable inoculation ways are solid fungal blocks, mixing fungal suspension with substrate, and fungal suspension irrigation, which provide important insights for the efficient cultivation of mycorrhizal blueberry seedlings.

Identification and expression pattern of DIR gene family in Camellia sinensis under anthracnose stress

Sun Zhi Peng,Zhao Yi Chen — 2025/8/26 16:55:24

Dirigent (DIR) proteins play crucial roles in lignin and lignan biosynthesis, significantly influencing plant growth, development and stress responses. This study identified 40 CsDIR genes through genome-wide screening in Camellia sinensis, and analysed for physicochemical properties, phylogenetic tree, conserved motifs, chromosomal localisation, cis-acting element structural features, and gene expression patterns of DIR gene family under tea anthracnose stress. The results demonstrate that (1) Phylogenetic analysis classifies the CsDIR genes into three subfamilies, and their promoter regions contain response elements for auxin, abscisic acid, wounding and pathogens. (2) Analysis of protein structures and conserved domains confirme that 40 CsDIRs contain a β-barrel composed of eight antiparallel β-strands. 39 CsDIRs possess a Dirigent domain, while one contains a Dirigent superfamily domain. (3) Results of chromosomal localization and collinearity analysis indicate that the 40 CsDIR genes distribute across 10 chromosomes and 5 distinct contigs. Within CsDIR gene family, we identify 12 pairs of tandemly duplicated genes and 4 pairs of collinear genes. (4) Expression pattern analysis of 12 CsDIR genes under tea anthracnose stress demonstrates that all 12 CsDIR genes uniformly respond to tea anthracnose stress. This study provides a foundation for future research on the function of DIR gene family in response to biotic stresses in tea plants.

Characteristics?of?the?Bauhinia?bohniana?community,? a?unique?vegetation?in?the?Jinsha?River?Valley

2025/8/26 16:33:25

The dry and warm valley shrub is a significant vegetation type in the middle Jinsha River valley. The Bauhinia?bohniana scrub is a recently discovered endemic community of this type.Current research on valley shrub has largely focused on dry-hot valley vegetation, and there is a lack of research on the community and ecological characteristics of dry-warm valley vegetation. This study uses drone photography and the quadrat method to investigate the characteristics and current distribution of the Bauhinia bohniana community.The results were as follows: (1) 22 surveyed Bauhinia?bohniana community quadrats recorded 194 vascular plant species belonging to 57 families and 120 genera. Fabaceae and Poaceae are the families, while Carex and Selaginella are the dominant genera.The flora shows a tropical-temperate transitional pattern, with 56.5% tropical and 43.5% temperate genera. At the species level, Chinese endemics dominate, including 51 indicator species of the Jinsha dry-warm valleys, reflecting relict evolution and specialization driven by the Tethys retreat and the uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. (2) The community exhibited a distinct vertical structure: shrub layer cover ranged from 30% to 70%, herb layer from 10% to 50%, and interlayer from 1% to 3%. It had a typical drought-deciduous appearance, turning sparse and yellow in the dry season and regreening in the rainy season, with a delayed phenology compared to surrounding areas.The species diversity index of the shrub layer is higher than that of the herb layer. (3)The life-form spectrum was dominated by hemicryptophytes (41.2%) and phanerophytes (34.5%). Prominent adaptive traits included a predominance of small leaves (microphylls, 50.5%), papery leaf textures (64.1%), and a deciduous habit, which indicated convergent adaptation to drought stress. The community shared adaptive strategies with African savannas and Mediterranean shrublands but had a higher proportion of temperate genera (43.5%), highlighting its transitional nature. This study is of great significance for revealing the historical evolution of the Jinsha River valley and provides a scientific basis for the ecological conservation of its middle reaches.

Moss species newly recorded for China: Mitthyridium obtusifolium

GAO Jie,HAO Jiewei,HO Boon-Chuan,LI Min,WEI Yumei,ZHANG Lina — 2025/8/26 16:32:26

The Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is among the first five national parks established in China, where comprehensive biodiversity surveys are essential for setting the baseline information for sustainable site development. The present study aimed to investigate the Limushan area for bryophyte diversity through systematic field survey and voucher collection. The results were as follows: (1) Detailed morphological examination of the specimens with consultation with relevant literature has revealed one moss species as a new record for China—Mitthyridium obtusifolium (Lindb.) H. Rob. The main distinguishing features of the species include creeping main stems with erect branches; leaves broadly lanceolate, slightly rugose with a rounded-obtuse apex; and leaf sheaths slightly broaden and differentiated border extending from the leaf base to near the apex. Detailed morphological descriptions and color plates of the species are provided based on the newly collected specimens. (2) A global distribution map of M. obtusifolium is given, showing that this species is primarily found in tropical regions, particularly on islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and along adjacent continental coastlines. It typically inhabits tree trunks and decaying wood at elevations below 500 meters. The newly recorded occurrence in China represents the northernmost known latitude for this species globally. (3) A dichotomous key is developed to distinguish the three known Mitthyridium species in China: M. fasciculatum (Hook. & Grev.) H. Rob., M. obtusifolium, and M. flavum (Müll.Hal.) H. Rob. (4) Literature review has revealed that the taxonomy of Mitthyridium is both complex and challenging. The relationships between Mitthyridium and the related Syrropodon Schw?gr. as well as between M. obtusifolium and its related M. fasciculatum, are discussed. The genus Mitthyridium has a mainly tropical lowland distribution, thus functioning as an important indicator for conservation and ecological restoration in lowland rainforest habitats. The new discovery not only enriches the diversity of tropical bryophytes in Hainan and China, but also contributes new scientific insights into the taxonomy, identification, and conservation of the genus Mitthyridium.

Effects of introducing nitrogen-fixing tree species on soil-microbial ecological stoichiometric characteristics in karst areas

2025/8/26 16:26:16

Ecological stoichiometry primarily investigates the proportional relationships of chemical elements between organisms and their environment within ecosystems. It serves as a fundamental framework for understanding life processes and ecosystem functions. The study of soil-microbial biomass and their ecological stoichiometric characteristics of different types of tree species in karst areas is crucial for scientifically assessing the effectiveness of various tree types in improving soil nutrient conditions and optimizing tree species configuration strategies. This study was conducted in the Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry. It focused on five nitrogen-fixing tree species (N-fixer) and seven non-nitrogen-fixing tree species (non-N-fixer). The research investigated the response patterns of soil and microbial carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents to nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing tree species in karst ecosystems. It also analyzed ecological stoichiometric ratios, microbial quotient (qMBC, qMBN and qMBP), and stoichiometric imbalance (Cimb: Nimb, Cimb: Pimb and Nimb: Pimb). The results were as follows: (1) The total nitrogen (Nsoil) content and total phosphorus (Psoil) content of the soil in nitrogen-fixing species were significantly higher than those in non-nitrogen-fixing species, but Csoil: Nsoil was significantly lower than those in non-nitrogen-fixing species. (2) The contents of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) were significantly higher in nitrogen-fixing tree species than in non-nitrogen-fixing tree species. In contrast, the ratios of MBC: MBP and MBN: MBP were significantly lower in nitrogen-fixing tree species than in non-nitrogen-fixing tree species. No significant differences were observed between nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing tree species for Cimb: Nimb, Cimb: Pimb and Nimb: Pimb, indicating that they were characterized by a certain degree of internal stability. (3) qMBC showed that nitrogen-fixing species were significantly larger than non-nitrogen-fixing species, while qMBN and qMBP showed no significant difference between these two types of species. The RDA results showed that Csoil: Psoil、MBN: MBP and Csoil: Nsoil were the key factors influencing soil microbial quotient. This study shows that compared with non-nitrogen-fixing tree species, nitrogen-fixing tree species have significant advantages in improving soil nutrient status and alleviating soil P limitation in karst areas, which will provide an important scientific basis for the selection of tree species in the process of ecological restoration.

The influence of temperature and wind on the growth and physiology of Pinus yunnanensis var. tenuifolia seedlings

BAI Tiandao,CHEN Wenlin,JIANG Weixin,LING Dongling,LIU Jie,LU Hui,WEN Yuzhuo — 2025/8/26 16:08:44

Exploring the growth and physiological adaptability of the offspring of wild Pinus yunnanensis var. tenuifolia (Pyt) populations to high temperatures and strong wind conditions in their typical habitats is crucial for understanding the adaptive evolution and developmental potential of this species. Pyt is one of the main tree species in the dry and hot valleys located at the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi in the upper reaches of the Pearl River. It is very important to preserve the water, soil, and vegetation ecology in this area. This study conducted seedling cultivation experiments using wild populations of Pyt seeds collected from the Nanpan-Hongshui River Basin, along with one wild population of P. massoniana (Pm) from the adjacent eastern region. The 25 ℃ windless environment group was used as the control, while the 30 ℃ windless environment group and the 25 ℃ environment with a wind speed of 1.2 m?s-1 were established to investigate the adaptive responses of seedling growth and physiology to high temperature and wind conditions. The results demonstrated that: (1) Compared to Pm, Pyt seedlings exhibited superior growth and physiological performance under conditions of 30 ℃ and a wind speed of 1.2 m?s-1. Additionally, the offspring of certain Pyt populations performed significantly better than those of Pm. These findings demonstrate that Pyt possesses superior ecological suitability compared to Pm in dry-hot habitats. (2) The 30 ℃ environment induced significant increases in ground diameter (+11.9%, P < 0.05) and total root average diameter (+9.41%, P < 0.05), along with a marked reduction in peroxidase activity (-68.1%, P < 0.01) compared to 25 ℃ conditions. A wind speed of 1.2 m?s-1 significantly enhanced the average diameter of total roots (+11.1%, P < 0.05) and decreased malondialdehyde content (-44.9%, P < 0.05) relative to a windless environment, indicating that warm, windy conditions promoted phenotypic growth through reinforced root-stem development and reduced antioxidant demands. (3) Antioxidant enzyme activities and peroxidation product contents showed negative correlations with annual average temperature, monthly average temperature, and wind speed, but positive correlations with altitude and annual precipitation, indicating that the physiological adaptability of seedling growth is mainly influenced by the synergistic selections of temperature, precipitation, wind, and altitude. In summary, this study indicates that the dry, hot environment combined with strong winds in the Nanpan-Hongshui River valley is a critical factor driving the development and evolution of Pyt.

Volatile components in flowers of four endemic Begonia?species??in?Guangxi

HUANG Shixun,PAN Bo,TANG Wenxiu,YAN Pengbo,ZHU Xiaozhen,Zou Lingli — 2025/8/26 15:55:45

The Guangxi endemic plants B. lanternaria, B. longgangensis, B. luzhaiensis, and B. pseudoleprosa have important ecological value and ornamental potential. This study aims to clarify the composition, content and interspecific differences of volatile components in their flowers, providing a scientific basis for screening wild Begonia germplasm resources with regional characteristics.In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify and analyze the volatile compounds of four species of fresh Begonia flowers. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 56 volatile compounds were detected, including terpenes (17), hydrocarbons （excluding terpenes )(18), alcohols (8), phenols (1), esters (6), amides (1), and other compounds (5). The relative content of terpenes in B. longgangensis, B. luzhaiensis, and B. pseudoleprosa flowers was extremely high (86.86%–98.01%), whereas alcohols had the highest relative content in B. lanternaria flowers was alcohols. (2) The number of volatile components showed significant differences among species. The richness of volatile components ranked from highest to lowest as follows: B. longgangensis (27 kinds), B. pseudoleprosa (22 kinds), B. luzhaiensis (10 kinds), and B. lanternaria (5 kinds). No common volatile components were found among the four species. (3) The relative contents of (Z)-β-ocimene in the male and female flowers of B. longgangensis and luzhaiensis flowers were significantly enriched, with relative contents as high as 93.49 %, 92.07 % and 81.72 %, which may be the main contributor to their characteristic aroma. In summary, the volatile components of the flowers of the four Begonia species differed in composition and relative content, resulting in unique aroma profiles. These findings provide valuable references for the evaluation of germplasm resources, variety breeding, horticultural development, and health tourism related to Begonia plants.

A new sesquiterpene from Zhuang Medicine Streptocaulon juventas

2025/8/25 18:17:13

This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents of Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr., a plant used in Zhuang medicine, and evaluate their cytotoxic activities. Chemical isolation was performed using a combination of chromatographic techniques, including silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, Flash C18 and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved through comprehensive analysis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data, such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The cytotoxic activities of the isolated monomeric compounds against five human tumor cell lines were assessed using the MTS assay to determine their inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. The results were as follows: (1) Sixteen compounds were successfully isolated and identified from S. juventas, which were strejuvdione A (1*), 6-shogoal (2), curcumenol (3), curcuzedoalide (4), 16-dehydropregnenolone (5), neridienone A (6), 12β-hydroxy-pregna-4,16-diene-3,20-dione (7), periplogenin (8), acovenosigenin A (9), digitoxigenin (10), digitoxigenin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (11), periplogenin glucoside (12), 8-hydroxypinoresinol (13), blumenol A (14), blumenol B (15), and scopoletin (16). Notably, Compound 1* is a new compound. Furthermore, compounds 2-4, 6, 7, and 13-15 were isolated from this plant for the first time. (2) Cytotoxicity screening revealed significant antiproliferative activities for specific compounds. Compounds 2, 6-12 exhibited significant proliferation inhibitory activities against leukemia HL-60, lung cancer A549, liver cancer SMMC-7721, and colon cancer SW480 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.97-23.77, 0.87-29.43, 0.07-13.77, and 0.09-16.47 μmol·L?1. respectively. Compounds 2, 6-10 and 12 demonstrated inhibitory effects on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, with IC50 values between 0.07-27.73 μmol·L?1. The phytochemical investigation significantly enriches the chemical diversity of S. juventas, identifying one novel compound and reporting eight constituents isolated from this plant for the first time. The in vitro cytotoxicity results provide compelling evidence that several isolated compounds, particularly cardenolides like periplogenin (8), digitoxigenin (10), and their glycosides (11, 12) possess marked antiproliferative effects. These findings underscore the potential of S. juventas as a valuable source of cytotoxic agents and offer a substantial foundation for future research aimed at developing novel anticancer leads derived from Zhuang ethnomedicine. The structure-activity relationships observed warrant further mechanistic and in vivo studies.

Identification of OsGCD Gene Family in Rice and Analysis of Their Expression Profiles under Abiotic Stress

LI Peifu,LUO Chengke,MA Tianli*,QIAN Jiaojiao,SU Jing,TIAN Yongli,ZHANG Dianting — 2025/8/25 17:48:23

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a globally important food crop, and its yield is often severely affected by abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought. Glucosylceramide enzyme (GCD), as a key enzyme in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, its molecular mechanism in the response to abiotic stress in plants has not been clarified, and there is currently a lack of systematic bioinformatics research. In this study, a genome-wide analysis method was used to identify four OsGCD gene family members (OsGCD1-OsGCD4) in rice. Through the integration of bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification methods, the molecular characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and expression regulation patterns of this gene family were systematically analyzed, aiming to reveal its biological functions in the response to abiotic stress in plants.The results were as follows:（1）Bioinformatics analyses revealed that all OsGCD members contain a conserved DUF608 domain and possess promoter regions enriched with drought-responsive (MBS) and hormone-responsive (ABRE/GARE) cis-elements. （2） Tissue expression profiling analysis indicated that OsGCD1 was predominantly expressed in leaves at the tillering stage; OsGCD2 was highly expressed in roots at the germination stage and in grains at the wax ripening stage; OsGCD3 had high expression levels in stems and leaves at the three-leaf stage and in inflorescences at the booting stage; OsGCD4 was continuously highly expressed in stems at all stages. （3）Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis under salt, alkali, and drought stress conditions revealed that OsGCD1 and OsGCD4 exhibited rapid and strong upregulation in leaves, suggesting their potential role in early stress response regulation. In contrast, OsGCD2 displayed a distinct root-predominant expression pattern, particularly during later stress stages, with significantly higher expression levels in roots compared to leaves. This study provides the OsGCD gene family's molecular mechanisms in rice stress adaptation through spatiotemporal expression patterns, offering novel targets for stress-resistant crop breeding.

Short-term effects of warming on organic carbon content during leaf litter decomposition in subalpine fir forest of western Sichuan

LIU Yuwei,TAN Yu,YANG Fan,YANG Jiaping,ZENG Xin — 2025/8/25 17:38:58

Global warming profoundly impacts the decomposition of surface leaf litter in terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding the response of litter decomposition and its organic carbon components in alpine forests to warming is crucial for comprehending forest carbon turnover under climate change. To explore the short-term impact of warming-induced hydrothermal changes on organic carbon components during litter decomposition, a one-year in-situ decomposition experiment was carried out in a subalpine fir forest in western Sichuan, China. We monitored the dynamic changes of leaf litter mass and its organic carbon components through continuous sampling using simulated warming in an open top chamber (OTC). Our results showed: (1) Compared with the control, simulated warming significantly increased soil temperature (+0.53°C), while litter water content significantly decreased by 7.46%, however, it had no significant effect on soil water content. (2) Simulated warming did not significantly change the mass residual rate and the content of major organic carbon components (such as total organic carbon, hot water-soluble organic carbon, and non-structural carbon) of leaf litter. However, the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soluble sugar, and starch was significantly affected by the interaction between warming and the sampling period, indicating that litter mass residual rate and the content of most organic carbon components are not sensitive to short-term warming. (3) Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) analysis showed that although simulated warming did not alter the association pathways among soil temperature and soil water content, litter mass, and organic carbon components, it significantly strengthened the negative correlation between litter moisture content and organic carbon components. This suggests that future temperature increases in subalpine areas of western Sichuan may affect the input of litter organic carbon into soil by altering the moisture status of surface litter. Therefore, this study emphasizes that future research should focus more on the impact of warming on litter moisture dynamics and its role in carbon turnover. These findings provide an important basis for a deeper understanding of the carbon cycle in alpine ecosystems and for optimizing forest response prediction models under future global climate change scenarios.

Micromorphological characteristics of leaf epidermis and taxonomic significance of 20 species of Piper L.

FAN Rui,FENG Yuanyuan,HAO Chaoyun,JI Xunzhi,LIU Zhengzhu,SU Fan — 2025/8/25 17:16:18

The genus Piper is characterized by a notable degree of interspecific morphological similarity coupled with considerable intraspecific variation, which presents significant challenges for accurate species classification. This study aimed to investigate the taxonomic significance of leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics and address unresolved taxonomic issues within the genus Piper. The leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics of Piper nigrum and 19 native Piper species were systematically examined and compared using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were as follows: (1) The leaf epidermal cells of most species were polygonal in shape, exhibiting straight-arched anticlinal walls. In contrast, only a few species displayed irregularly shaped epidermal cells with sinuolate anticlinal walls on the upper epidermis. (2) Stomata were exclusively located on the lower epidermis and could be classified into three distinct types: anisocytic, amphicyclocytic, and the transitional type between these two categories. Stomatal size and density showed significant interspecific variation, serving as auxiliary diagnostic features for species differentiation. (3) The cuticular ornamentation was categorized into four main types: nearly smooth, striate, papillate, and micropapillate. These distinct patterns of ornamentation partially reflect the phylogenetic relationships among species and provide valuable insights for the infrageneric classification within the genus Piper. (4) Trichomes were classified into two broad categories: glandular and non-glandular types. The majority of species exhibited glandular trichomes, while non-glandular trichomes included both simple and branched types. A small number of species were glabrous. The characteristics of trichomes were demonstrated to be critical and informative taxonomic criterion for interspecific classification within Piper. (5) Based on the leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics and other relevant traits, the taxonomic status of certain species was re-evaluated. This study supported the recognition of P. thomsonii var. microphyllum as a distinct species and rejected the synonymization of P. curtipedunculum with P. pedicellatum. Additionally, it affirmed P. semi-transparens as a separate species, while also confirming the close phylogenetic relationship between P. flaviflorum and P. nigrum. This study indicates that the critical taxonomic importance of leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics, particularly the traits of trichomes. These features provide essential insights into species differentiation, phylogenetic relationships, and the resolution of longstanding taxonomic debates within the genus Piper.

Chloroplast genome comparison and codon usage preference analysis of Zanthoxylum major cultivars

2025/8/25 16:26:47

Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Zanthoxylum armatum are significant woody oil and spice tree species, which have a wide cultivation range and large planting area in China. To elucidate the characteristics of their chloroplast genomes, we employed bioinformatics methods on publicly available sequences to analyze chloroplast genome structure, gene function, sequence features, and codon usage bias. Comparative genomics was used to identify sequence variations and screen hypervariable regions for phylogenetic tree construction. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome structure of the two species of Zanthoxylum had high consistency, the number of coding genes was basically the same, and the gene function category was similar. (2) Multiple scattered repeats and tandem repeats were detected in chloroplast genome sequences of Z. bungeanum and Z. armatum, and 95 and 98 SSRs sites were selected, respectively. About 79% of SSR were single nucleotide repeats with A/T motif. (3) The chloroplast genome codon GCall content of Z. bungeanum and Z. armatum were less than 40%, and the average ENC (Effective Number of Codon) was 48.5%, indicating that the codon preferred to use A/T base, the preference was weak, and both were more affected by natural selection. All the 11 selected optimal codons end in A/U, among which UAU was the common optimal codon. (4) Using chloroplast genome of Z. bungeanum as reference, a total of 130 SNP were detected in the coding region of chloroplast genome of Z. armatum. Among them, 24 SNP of ycf1 gene accounted for 18.5% of the total variation sites. At the same time, a total of 14 indel sites were detected in the intron region of 8 coding genes. Three highly variable regions were selected with Pi>0.010 as the standard, namely rpoB-trnC-GCA-petN, trnH-GUG-psbA and ycf1. Among them, the gene spacer region rpoB-trnC-GCA-petN had the highest degree of variation. (5) The phylogenetic tree constructed based on hypervariable regions accurately classified six species and cultivars within the genus Zanthoxylum with strong bootstrap support (>95%). The chloroplast genomes of major Zanthoxylum cultivated exhibit high similarity in structure, gene content and functional categories, while containing abundant repetitive sequences and SSR loci, and their codons have a relatively obvious A/T bias. Notably, sequence hypervariable regions are predominantly distributed within specific coding genes and intergenic spacers, demonstrating high specificity within the genus.. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for molecular marker development, germplasm identification, and investigations into the genetic evolutionary mechanisms of cultivated Zanthoxylum species.

Two newly recorded species of Salix from China

ZHAN Zhenfeng,ZHANG Hongwu,ZHANG Yue,ZHANG Zhixiang,ZHENG Baojiang — 2025/8/25 14:53:06

This study presents the first confirmed records of two willow species, Salix sericeo-cinerea Nakai and Salix udensis Trautv. & C. Meyer in China, based on an integrative approach combining extensive field investigations, critical literature review, and comprehensive herbarium specimen examinations. The research was conducted to clarify the taxonomic status, morphological characteristics, and geographical distribution of these previously undocumented species in China. Materials and methods involved: (1) Systematic field surveys across Northeast China (2021—2024), with particular emphasis on population-level morphological variations during both flowering and vegetative stages; (2) Exhaustive analysis of taxonomic literature, including original descriptions and regional floras; (3) Detailed comparisons of a substantial number of herbarium specimens, including type materials accessed through international collaborations and digital repositories. The principal results were as follows: (1) Salix sericeo-cinerea was identified as an alpine dwarf shrub (0.5-1.8 m tall) characterized by obovate leaves with margins conspicuously adorned by white silky villous hairs, catkins bearing 4-8 small basal leaves, and remarkably prominent styles. These diagnostic features provide clear distinctions from its morphologically similar congener, Salix taraikensis Kimura; (2) Salix udensis was recognized as a medium-sized shrub (3~5 m tall) with narrowly obovate leaves and uniquely deeply cleft stigmas (extending below the midpoint of the styles), providing reliable diagnostic characters to separate it from the widespread Salix sachalinensis F. Schmidt; (3) Comprehensive morphological descriptions were provided, supported by detailed illustrations and voucher specimens (deposited at BJFC), along with precise distribution data; (4) Ecological observations revealed that Salix sericeo-cinerea predominantly grows in high-altitude open slopes (1 400~1 700 m), while Salix udensis occurs in lowland wetland habitats near the China-Russia border region. This study unequivocally confirms the existence of Salix sericeo-cinerea and Salix udensis in China, representing significant additions to the diversity of Salix in the country. The findings highlight the importance of thorough taxonomic revisions and targeted field surveys in understudied regions. Moreover, the research establishes a solid foundation for future studies on the phylogeny, biogeography, and conservation of these newly recorded species in Northeast China. The methodological framework employed, particularly the integration of population-level analyses with type specimen examinations, provides a valuable model for resolving complex taxonomic issues in Salix and other challenging plant groups.

Difference Analysis on Transcriptomes Sequencing of Pinus massoniana Inoculated With Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

PAN Deng,XU Qiang,YU Peiyi,ZHANG Chao,ZHOU Xiao — 2025/8/25 11:28:49

Mycorrhizalization is an effective means to promote the growth and physiological activity of host plants under the stress resistance, however, this process often relies on complex molecular regulatory patterns of symbiotic systems. To better understand the molecular mechanism of the growth adaptation of growth adaptability of Pinus massoniana to ectomycorrhizal fungi (Suillus luteus), in this study, P. massoniana seedlings inoculated without ectomycorrhizal fungi (NE) were used as the control group, the growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme content of mycorrhizated P. massoniana seedlings, and the differentially expressed genes, functional annotation and metabolic pathway analysis in P. massoniana seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi (WE) by transcriptome technique. The results were as shows: (1) Compared with NE, the aboveground biomass and root length of P. massoniana inoculation were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the physiological indicators such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were also significantly enhanced (P < 0.05). (2) A total of 104 467 unigenes were obtained through Trinity software assembly, with the largest number of unigenes in the Nr (66 641 (63.79%)) and GO (57 483 (55.03%)) databases, while the number of Unigenes in KOG database was the lowest, accounting for only (12 233 (11.71% )) of the total. (3) A total of 2 520 genes showed significant differential expression, compared with NE treatment, 1611 genes were up-regulated and 909 genes were down-regulated with WE treatment. (4) GO database annotated differential genes were greatly involved in cellular processes, metabolic processes, cellular components, catalytic activity and binding ability, and the results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that most differentially expressed genes were concentrated in energy metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and glutathione metabolic pathways, these genes were involved in the mycorrhizal formation, the growth and development of host plants, and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in cells. This study observes the physiological growth characteristics of P. massoniana under inoculation conditions, and further reveals the effects of inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi on the related gene expression and differential enrichment through high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, and lays ground for studying resistance genes mediate mycorrhizal symbiotic in P. massoniana.

Comparative study on stem-leaf functional traits of common relict gymnosperms and broad-leaved tree species in Dayao Mountains, Guangxi

2025/8/25 10:59:15

A variety of relict gymnosperms distributed in the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dayao Mountains, Guangxi, and the development of a rational conservation strategy requires an understanding of their environmental adaptations. Due to the close relationship between functional traits of leaves and stems and the physiological and ecological strategies of plants, comparing and analyzing the differences in stem and leaf traits between gymnosperms and coexisting dominant broad-leaved tree species is beneficial for elucidating their environmental adaptability. We selected four relict gymnosperm species and six woody angiosperm species commonly found in the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dayao Mountains, Guangxi, and measured leaf lethal temperature, specific leaf area, sapwood-specific conductivity, wood density, saturated water content and bending strength. The results showed that: (1) There were significant inter-species differences in traits across the 10 woody plants, the leaf lethal temperature varied from -23.13 to -9.46 ℃, sapwood-specific conductivity ranged from 0.74 to 1.77 kg·m-1 MPa-1·s-1, specific leaf area varied from 56.80 to 154.00 cm2·g-1, saturated water content ranged from 0.81～1.25% wood density was 0.48～0.67 g·cm-3, and bending strength was 61.55～138.14 N·mm-4. (2) There were no significant differences in the measured traits between relict gymnosperms and angiosperms. (3) There was no significant correlation between each pair of the measured traits except for wood density and saturated water content. This study reveals that relict species and woody angiosperms exhibit diverse trait combinations, which are beneficial for their coexistence in subtropical mountainous environments. This study contributes to maintaining the integrity of mountain ecosystems and provides a theoretical basis for the protection of relict gymnosperms.

A Comparative Study on the Transcriptome Characteristics and Hormone Regulatory Genes of Angelica dahurica and Angelica dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’ Seeds under Low-temperature Stress

GAO Jihai*,LI yongning,LIU Yiting,LUO Bingqian,WANG Yalan — 2025/8/25 10:46:00

To analyze the effects of low-temperature stress on seed germination of A. dahurica and A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’, the cold resistance of seeds from different A. dahurica varieties and the key genes were explored. Based on the comparative experiment of low-temperature and normal-temperature germination of A. dahurica and A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’ seeds, transcriptome sequencing was performed on different treatment groups to analyze the differential expressions of key hormones ABA and GA during seed germination under low-temperature stress. The outcomes were verified by qRT-PCR. The results are as follows: (1) The seed vigor of the two A. dahurica varieties significantly decreased under low-temperature conditions, and the seed vigor of A. dahurica was significantly higher than that of A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’. (2) Transcriptome analysis shows that the expression levels of Cu/ZnSOD, CYP707A, and CAT significantly decreased under low-temperature conditions; While the expressions of ABA (PYL) and GA (SNE, GIS)-related genes significantly increased. (3) In the two varieties, A. dahurica has higher expression levels of PsaA and BIP, while A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’ has higher expression of ABI. (4) The decrease in seed activity of two varieties of A. dahurica ' under low-temperature stress is mainly related to the significant reduction in the expressions of key genes such as Cu/ZnSOD, CYP707A, and CAT; The differences in seed germination between the two A. dahurica varieties are mainly related to the differential expressions of ABA and GA-related genes. The synergistical work of these factors ultimately significantly affects seed activity, providing new genetic references for the research of cold resistance in seeds of A. dahurica and A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’.

Effects of endophytic Phomopsis sp. microbial agent on growth and soil micro-ecology of Zanthoxylum nitidum

LIANG Zining,LUO Zhuofang,SHEN Xiaolie,WU Chunfeng,XIE Zebi,ZHANG Ruirong — 2025/8/22 17:28:45

Abstract: To investigate the effects of the endophytic Phomopsis Y118 agent on the growth of Zanthoxylum nitidum and soil microecology, this study measured and analyzed the biomass, active ingredient content, soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial composition using Zanthoxylum nitidum as the experimental material. A pot experiment was conducted with five dosage levels of the microbial agent. The results were as follows: (1) The application of Y118 agent significantly increased the biomass of Zanthoxylum nitidum. Compared to the control, the leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, fresh root weight and dry root weight achieved their maximum values under 25 g?plant-1, showing increases of 118.4%, 73.5%, 192.2% and 89.4%, respectively. (2) The application of Y118 agent improved the accumulation of active components. The content of nitidine chloride and chelerythrine reached their peak levels at the dosage of 35 g?plant-1, increasing by 160.9% and 53.8%, respectively. (3) The application of Y118 agent modulated soil fertility to varying degrees. At a dose of 25 g?plant-1, the content of alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen and available phosphorus reached their peak levels, increasing by 13.6% and 17.9%, respectively. (4) The application of Y118 agent increased the activity of soil enzyme to varying degrees. At a dose of 25 g?plant-1, the activity of sucrase and catalase in the soil reached maximum values, which were 42.9% and 13.4% higher than the control group, respectively. (5) The application of Y118 agent regulated the soil microbiome structure to some extent, with Saitozyma, Pseudomonas and Aspergillus emerging as the predominant genera. In conclusion, Y118 agent promotes the growth and accumulation of active components in Zanthoxylum nitidum, which may be related to improving soil fertility and enzyme activity, and influencing the soil micro-ecological environment. Our findings will provide a scientific foundation for the green cultivation and scientific fertilization of Zanthoxylum nitidum.

Transcriptome analysis of the molecular mechanism of Rhododendron delavayi responding to high temperature stress

CHEN Renjie,HU Xiaoyu,WANG Xiaojing,ZHOU Ping — 2025/8/22 8:57:23

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of?Rhododendron delavayi?seedlings to high temperature stress. In this study, seedlings of R. delavayi were subjected to high temperature treatment, followed by RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to identify significantly enriched signaling pathways and transcription factors. The results were as follows:（1）A total of 90.54 Gb of clean data was obtained from the transcriptome analysis of R. delavayi leaf samples, and analysis of DEGs identified 5 435 genes expressed after three and six days of high temperature stress. （2）GO enrichment analysis of the 5 435 DEGs revealed that those expressed at three days of high temperature stress were primarily enriched in physiological processes such as organic matter synthesis, response to stimuli, and lipid metabolism. In contrast, DEGs identified at six days were mainly enriched in processes related to phosphorus metabolism, phosphorylation, and plasma membrane function.（3）KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs at both three and six days were predominantly enriched in pathways related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction.（4） Analysis of the plant hormone signal transduction pathway indicated that high temperature stress triggered an overall up-regulation of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid signaling pathways .（5）Several transcription factor families, including NAC, MYB, WRKY, and bHLH, were identified as potential key regulators of the heat stress response in R. delavayi. These results enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying heat stress tolerance in R. delavayi and provide a theoretical foundation and genetic resources for developing more heat-resilient cultivars.

Isolation and identification of constituents from Castanopsis delavayi and its inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase

2025/8/19 18:32:21

A phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Castanopsis delavayi Franch was conducted to isolate and characterize its constituent compounds and evaluate their inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase. The 80% methanol extract of the leaves was subjected to sequential purification employing multiple chromatographic columns, including Sephadex LH-20, MCI gel CHP 20P, Diaion HP20SS, and Toyopearl HW-40F. The structure of isolated compounds was identified by pop analysis (NMR, MS) in comparison with literature data. An in vitro screening model for pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was established utilizing the 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (4-MUO) fluorescence assay, with orlistat serving as the positive control (IC?? = 0.001 4 mmol·L-1). The results were as follows: (1) Nineteen compounds were successfully isolated and structurally characterized from the methanol extract: gallic acid (1), syringic acid (2), cis-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (4), dehydrodigallic acid (5), 3-O-β-D-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside (6), gentisic acid-5-O-β-D-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside (7), macarangioside E (8), chesnatin (9), theaflavin (10), 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid (11), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (12), 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid methyl ester (13), quercetin (14), myricetin-3-O-glucoside (15), quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactoside (16), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (17), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide-6'-methyl ester (18), and quercetin 3-O-(6'-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (hyperin 6'-gallate) (19). (2) twelve compounds exhibiting differential inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase, which compounds 6, 7, 12, and 17 demonstrated significant inhibitory activity. All isolated compounds are reported from C. delavayi for the first time, the study results provide a theoretical basis for further research on its lipid-lowering effects.

Cloning and expression analysis of RdCHS2 from Rhododendron delavayi

GONG Jiyi,HU Rongmei,SHU Hefeng,SUN Wei,ZHANG Ximin,ZHU Ling — 2025/8/1 8:55:04

To elucidate the role of chalcone synthase (CHS) in flower color formation of Rhododendron delavayi, the full-length coding region of RdCHS2 was cloned using R. delavayi as materials, meanwhile, its expression profile, catalytic activity in vitro and biological function in vivo were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The full length CDS of RdCHS2 was 1170 bp encoding 389 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis displayed that RdCHS2 was grouped into the same clade with CHS from other plants and had typical conserved motifs of CHS. (2) Gene expression analysis showed that the transcript of RdCHS2 was highest in scapes and lowest in stamens, and its expression level increased gradually during flowering. (3) Enzymatic assays confirmed that RdCHS2 catalyzed the synthesis of naringenin chalcone from malonyl-CoA and p-coumaroyl-CoA, as well as catalyzed the synthesis of pinocembrin chalcone from malonyl-CoA and cinnamoyl-CoA. (4) Complementation experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana tt4 mutant demonstrated that heterologous expression of RdCHS2 successfully restored anthocyanin biosynthesis in cotyledons and hypocotyls. These results show that RdCHS2 exhibits typical CHS activity and participates in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, which lay a foundation for further clarifying the specific function of this gene in the future.

Optimization of culture conditions for Colletotrichum sp. AP-12, an endophytic fungus from Andrographis paniculata, and its control of bacterial wilt in Pogostemon cablin

CHEN Shuoqing,DING Mei,DU Qin*,HU Jingwen,HUANG Jin,LUO Wenrong,YANG Fan — 2025/7/30 9:17:22

To address the limited understanding of tripartite interactions among pathogen, biocontrol agent, and host in current biological control research, this study established an integrated research framework of “fermentation optimization-efficacy evaluation-physiological regulation” to systematically elucidate their interplay. Using endophytic fungus AP-12 from Andrographis paniculata, its fermentation process was optimized through single-factor and orthogonal tests. The biocontrol efficacy of AP-12 against Ralstonia solanacearum-induced wilt in Pogostemon cablin was evaluated via pot experiments, alongside its effects on physiological, biochemical, and bioactive compound levels. The results were as follows: (1) Optimal fermentation conditions (20 g·L-1 fructose, 20 g·L-1 yeast extract, pH 6.0, 400 mL broth volume, 150 r·min-1, 28 ℃, 8 days) enhanced AP-12’s antibacterial activity by 83.41%. (2) AP-12 fermented broth and sterilized broth exhibited disease control efficiencies of 31.45% and 21.58%, respectively, confirming thermostability of active metabolites. (3) AP-12 treatment mitigated chlorophyll and nitrogen loss in Pogostemon cablin under pathogen stress, while reducing activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05). (4) AP-12 alleviated declines in pogostone content and root vitality (P<0.05). Our results show AP-12 works through three mechanisms: directly suppressing pathogens, enhancing host resistance, and preserving bioactive compounds. This study provides an effective biocontrol agent for bacterial wilt in Pogostemon cablin and supports using endophytic fungi in sustainable agriculture.

Urban ethnobotany of beverage plants: A case study from Nanning, China

CHEN Yongjin,DUAN Zhongxin,HU Qimin,HU Renchuan,LUO Binsheng,ZHANG Yan — 2025/7/11 10:08:21

Beverage plants represent a crucial interface between human dietary culture and natural resources, valued for their nutritional and medicinal functions. As a multi-ethnic city in Southwest China, Nanning lies in a transitional zone between tropical and southern subtropical regions, characterized by high ecological diversity and complex cultural backgrounds. These conditions have nurtured a unique tradition of plant use. However, rapid urbanization poses challenges to the continuity and transmission of such traditional knowledge, particularly in cities. This study aims to explore the diversity, usage patterns, and cultural knowledge associated with beverage plants in an urban context, using Nanning as a case study. From June 2022 to March 2024, we conducted systematic ethnobotanical fieldwork in both urban and peri-urban areas of Nanning, employing methods such as semi-structured interviews, market surveys, and voucher specimen collection. The investigation was designed to document species diversity, plant parts used, preparation methods, and perceived health benefits, as well as to understand the socio-cultural contexts in which these plants are used. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 185 beverage plant species were recorded, belonging to 71 families and 143 genera, with a predominance of herbaceous species; (2) The most commonly used parts were whole herbs and leaves, with hot water infusion and decoction as the main preparation methods; (3) The reported health functions included clearing heat and toxins, tonifying the body, aiding digestion, and relieving diarrhea—reflecting traditional concepts aligned with local health needs; (4) Despite urbanization, traditional knowledge related to beverage plants continues to persist, particularly among older residents and through informal community channels. These findings demonstrate a strong link between plant biodiversity and multicultural traditions within the city, revealing that beverage plant knowledge remains a resilient part of local life. The study underscores the value of using an urban ethnobotany framework to examine plant knowledge in rapidly modernizing areas. It also highlights the need for integrative strategies to conserve plant resources and safeguard intangible cultural heritage in urban environments. By documenting this knowledge, the research provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the sustainable development of culturally embedded health beverage industries and for promoting biocultural diversity in cities.among older residents and through informal community channels. These findings demonstrate a strong link between plant biodiversity and multicultural traditions within the city, revealing that beverage plant knowledge remains a resilient part of local life. The study underscores the value of using an urban ethnobotany framework to examine plant knowledge in rapidly modernizing areas. It also highlights the need for integrative strategies to conserve plant resources and safeguard intangible cultural heritage in urban environments. By documenting this knowledge, the research provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the sustainable development of culturally embedded health beverage industries and for promoting biocultural diversity in cities.

Correlations of leaf functional traits of Persicaria hydropiper and its responses to climate factors in Northwest Yunnan

Kang Yaoyao,Li Lingyan,Zhao Xuyan — 2025/7/9 17:04:47

The study of the response of wetland plants to climate change is the foundation for understanding the response of wetland ecosystem to climate change. This study took Persicaria hydropiper, a dominant plant in the lakeside zone of Jianhu, Lashihai, Luguhu and Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, as the research object. The species’ functional traits were measured, the altitude and climate factors of four sampling sites were collected, and the relationship between functional traits of P. hydropiper and climate factors was detected through redundancy analysis to explores climate response variations of these functional traits. The results were as follows: (1) The stomatal density and leaf mass per area of P. hydropiper significantly increased with the increase of altitude, however, stomatal conductance, conduit area, vent area, leaf carbon mass fraction, and leaf nitrogen mass fraction significantly decreased with increasing altitude (P<0.05). (2) The annually mean temperature, annually mean precipitation, and annually mean relative humidity were the main climatic factors affecting the functional traits of P. hydropiper. The species prefered to grow in low altitude habitats with relatively high temperature, precipitation, and humidity. (3) There was a functional correlation between the functional traits of P. hydropiper. Net photosynthetic rate was significantly and positively correlated with leaf vein density, leaf mass per area, and leaf phosphorus mass fraction, while it was significantly and negatively correlated with sieve tube area (P<0.05). Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were significantly and positively correlated with stem diameter, stomatal size, and leaf carbon mass fraction. Transpiration rate was also positively correlated with plant height (P<0.05). This study reveals the main environmental factors that affect the functional traits of P. hydropiper, providing scientific data for its functional adaptability in the context of climate change.

Identification and expression pattern of Magnolia officinalis terpenoid synthase gene family

GAO Ji-hai,HOU Fei-xia,LIU Yi-ting,LONG Fei,WANG Fu-hua,WANG Jia-rui,YUAN Xin-yi — 2025/7/9 16:55:18

Terpenoid synthase (TPS) is a key enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis, catalyzing the formation of diverse terpene skeletons from common precursors to produce a wide array of terpenoid compounds. In this study, we identified the MoTPS gene family in Magnolia officinalis using bioinformatics approaches and systematically analyzed their physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and cis-acting elements. Based on transcriptome data from roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and flowers at different developmental stages, we further investigated their tissue-specific and floral stage-dependent expression patterns. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 55 MoTPS family members were identified on 10 chromosomes. (2) Conserved motif and gene structure analyses revealed that MoTPS proteins belong to class I TPS, containing 1-11 motifs, with all members harboring typical TPS conserved domains. However, the number of introns varied significantly among different MoTPS genes. (3) Phylogenetic analysis showed that MoTPS are divided into five subfamilies, with the TPS-a subfamily having the highest proportion of members at 58.18%. (4) Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region included cis-acting elements for light response, hormone regulation, environmental stress. Expression profiling showed significant variations in MoTPS expression across different tissues and floral developmental stages, suggesting functional diversification of MoTPS genes in M. officinalis. This study provides a foundation for further functional characterization of MoTPS genes in M. officinalis and elucidates their roles in the biosynthesis and regulation of floral fragrance compounds.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GPAT gene family in Saussurea medusa

DU Mingyang,DUAN Ruijun,DUO Jiecuo,HU Guojin,XIONG Huiyan,ZENG Siheng — 2025/7/9 16:47:51

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) plays essential roles in plant development and stress adaptation. To investigate SmGPAT gene family functions in Saussurea medusa's adaptation to alpine extremes, we performed genome-wide identification using HMM and Blastp methods and analyzed physicochemical properties, chromosome locations, conserved motifs, gene structures, and cis-elements. We also examined expression patterns across tissues using transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR validation. The results were as follows: (1) 15 SmGPAT genes were identified which randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes. These genes encode 357-566 amino acid proteins (40.16-63.86 kD) with isoelectric points of 5.93-10.02. Their lipid solubility indices ranged from 79.56 to 102.49. Subcellular localization predictions indicate that the SmGPAT gene is predominantly localized to mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (2) Phylogenetic analysis divided SmGPATs into three subgroups (Group1-Group3), which members within subgroups shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs. The secondary structure mainly contains α-helices and irregular convolutions, and the model of Group1-Group3 in the tertiary structure of the SmGPAT protein is similar. (3) Promoter analysis revealed abundant cis-elements of related stress responses, hormones, and light regulation. (4) Transcriptomic data showed higher SmGPATs expression level in leaves and flowers than in stems and roots. qRT-PCR results confirmed this same tissue-specific expression pattern. These findings suggest that SmGPAT members may key role of leaf and flower development in S. medusa. This study establishes a foundation for functional investigations of SmGPAT genes in alpine adaptation.

Characteristics and functional analysis of rhizosphere microorganisms and root endophytes of endangered plant Davidia involucrata

CHEN Bangqing,GAO Benwang,GAO Han,TAN Yan,WANG Yimin,WANG Yu,YAO Yi — 2025/7/9 16:36:19

To investigate the characteristics and functional patterns of rhizosphere and root endophytic microbial communities in different provenances of Davidia involucrata, this study analyzed rhizosphere soil and root tissues using 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing. We systematically examined community composition, diversity, physicochemical correlations, co-occurrence networks, and functional profiles. The results were as follows: (1) No significant α diversity differences were observed, but distinct β diversity patterns existed between provenances across compartments. (2) The dominant bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota, while the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Genus-level analysis revealed provenance-specific enrichment patterns. (3) Bacterial communities exhibited greater interaction complexity compared to fungi, as evidenced by a higher average degree and modularity in network topology, reflecting the greater ecological conservatism of fungal communities. (4) LEFSe analysis identified 39 bacterial and 30 fungal taxa that demonstrated significant provenance-driven differentiation. (5) Correlation analysis indicated that soil organic carbon significantly positively correlated with the dominant bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil, while available potassium was significantly positively correlated with endophytic fungal communities within roots, with no other physicochemical correlations observed. (6) Functional profiling indicated that dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere and root endosphere primarily engage in functions such as metabolism, while fungi are predominantly saprotrophic. The rhizosphere bacterial communities from the two provenances exhibited significant differences in 11 functions, including the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, transcription, folding, sorting and degradation. For rhizosphere fungi, only the function of lichenized showed significant differences. These results suggested that provenance could affect the composition and interactions of microorganisms, and shape differentiated functions. Such differences may influence the ecological adaptability of D. involucrata, so the findings of this study could provide theoretical support at the microbiome level for the ex-situ conservation of the endangered plant D. involucrata.

Dynamic impacts of termite mounds on soil aggregate stability and nutrient elements in rubber plantations

2025/6/25 15:27:40

To explore the improvement effect of fungus-growing termites as "ecosystem engineers" on soil quality in tropical plantations, this study compared termite mound soils (top and base positions) with adjacent surrounding soils from a mature rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Seasonal variations in soil aggregate stability and nutrient distribution?across aggregate fractions (megaaggregate >2 mm, macroaggregate 2–0.25 mm, and microaggregate <0.25 mm) were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The mass percentage of microaggregates at mound tops increased significantly by 131.1% during the dry season. During the rainy season, the mass percentage of megaaggregates at mound tops and bases decreased significantly by 19.6% and 26.2%, respectively, while macroaggregates increased by 27.1% and 42.6%. Compared to surrounding soils, mound soils exhibited reduced aggregate stability in both seasons to a certain extent.?(2) Mound soils significantly reduced moisture content, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus in each aggregate in both seasons, with average reductions of 37.7% and 18.0%, 16.3% and 18.9%, and 35.4% and 37.1% at the tops and bases, respectively.?The content of dissolved organic carbon was higher in the dry season than in the wet season, whereas ammonium nitrogen exhibited the opposite trend. (3) Mound soils generally enriched total aluminum, total iron, and total potassium in each aggregate in both seasons, with average increases of 15.3% and 13.8%, 13.5% and 12.9%, and 9.5% and 8.9% at the tops and bases, respectively.?Dry-season aggregates displayed significantly higher total copper, zinc, and sulfur than rainy-season counterparts. (4) As aggregate size decreased, the reduction in dissolved organic carbon content reached as high as 163.4%, whereas the increase in available phosphorus content was as high as 125.3%.?In summary, the impact of fungus-growing termites'' nesting on soil aggregate stability and nutrient elements in rubber plantations is governed by mound sampling location and seasonal variation, demonstrating strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This study can advance the understanding of termite-mediated ecological processes and support sustainable soil management strategies of rubber plantations in the tropics.

Effects of mixed plantation of Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis hystrix with different stand ages on litter and soil carbon storage

CEN Qilan,HE Peng,LIU Runhong,LUO Xinyu,QIN Huizhen,SHEN Weijun*,SONG Huiqing — 2025/6/19 15:55:55

Litter is an important part of forest productivity, and its productivity and stoichiometric ratio (notably lower C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios that facilitate decomposition efficiency) are vital in regulating soil carbon dynamics through decomposition rate modulation and nutrient release optimization. Although mixed-species plantations are known to significantly alter litter production and soil carbon sequestration compared with monocultures , the temporal dynamics of these mixing effects lacks research. The objective of this study was four pure Pinus massoniana plantation with different stand ages (25, 36, 46, and 63 years old) and their corresponding mixed plantations with Castanopsis hystrix. We quantified litter production, litter stoichiometric ratio, and soil carbon storage to assess how mixing broad-leaved tree species with pure Pinus massoniana affects these factors across different stand ages. The results were as follows：(1) Tree species mixing significantly increased litter production in mature forests (36 years old). The positive mixing effect on litter production mainly in near-mature forests (25 years old) and mature forests (36 years old). Consequently, the litter N content gradually increased with increasing stand age, whereas the P content first increased and then decreased. Except in the mature forest (46 years old), mixed plantations had lower C:N ratios than pure plantations. In over-mature forests (63 years old), we observed maximal mixing effects on litter N and N:P contents but minimal effects on C:N contents. (2) Mixing also promoted an increase in soil carbon storage for most stand ages, particularly in the 0-60 cm soil layer. We also observed that the over-mature forests exhibited maximal mixing effect values in each soil layer. (3) Spearman’s correlation analysis showed strong association between mixing-influenced sudden soil carbon storage variations and litter C, N, C:N, and N:P. Thus, introducing Castanopsis hystrix into pure Pinus massoniana plantations can effectively increase litter production and quality, thereby increasing soil carbon storage and nutrient cycling. Moderately extending the management cycle of mixed forests may optimise their ecosystem functions.

Population Structure and Community Characteristics of Endangered Medicinal Plant Dactylorhiza hatagirea in the Eastern Source Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

HE Jing,LIU Qi,QI Liping,,SUONAN Deng-deng — 2025/6/19 10:59:08

Dactylorhiza hatagirea is an endangered medicinal plant with significant ecological and cultural value in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study aimed to investigate the population structure and community characteristics of Dactylorhiza hatagirea in Tongde County, Haiyan County, and Zeku County of Qinghai Province, China. The objectives included analyzing its population density, height distribution, and the species composition of its associated communities, as well as evaluating interspecific relationships to identify indicator species for habitat assessment. Field surveys were conducted across multiple growing seasons to collect data on population parameters and community composition. Species importance value, interspecific correlation analysis, and species diversity indices were employed to assess the ecological relationships between Dactylorhiza hatagirea and its associated species. The results were as follows: ( 1 ) Population density of Dactylorhiza hatagirea was critically low across all three sites (<10 ind.·m-2). with height structure dominanted by individuals < 20 cm (80% in degraded Haiyan County sites) and 20 - 30 cm . ( 2 ) Associated communities comprised Kobresia capillifolia, Iris lactea, Kobresia humilis, Ligularia virgaurea, and Carex parva. ( 3 ) Dactylorhiza hatagirea a showed positive correlations with Kobresia capillifolia a and Iris lactea (P < 0.05), but negative correlations with Ligularia virgaurea and Euphrasia pectinata (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that Dactylorhiza hatagirea has a narrow suitable habitat and limited self-renewal capacity, with climate factors and human activities being the primary threats to its survival. For conservation, in situ protection and natural restoration measures are recommended to enhance population recovery. In practical applications, Ligularia virgaure and E. pectinata can serve as indicator species for unfavorable habitats, while Kobresia capillifolia is a reliable indicator of favorable conditions for Dactylorhiza hatagirea. However, Iris lactea is not suitable as an indicator species due to its inconsistent relationship with the target plant. This study provides a framework for identifying critical habitats and designing targeted conservation and habitat management of Dactylorhiza hatagirea in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Changes in starch granules in pollen of Cedrus deodara during pollen germination

DING Huiying,NIU Liangjie,WANG Wei,WANG Wenkang — 2025/6/19 10:34:23

The gymnosperm cedar(Cedrus deodara) is a wind-pollinated plant species, and exhibits a significantly slower process of pollen germination and tube growth than wind-pollinated angiosperm species (e.g., maize). Starch is the main energy source for pollen germination in wind-pollinated plants. To study the role of starch granules in cedar pollen during pollen germination, we compared the characteristics and changes of starch granules during pollen germination and tube growth between cedar and maize through physiological, biochemical, cytological and proteomic approaches. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with mature maize pollen, the starch content in cedar pollen was lower, but the amylose proportion was higher. (2) Starch granules in cedar pollen were mostly irregular and cobblestone-like, whereas those in maize were short and rod-shaped. (3) The activities of α-amylase and β-amylase, and starch hydrolase isoenzymes were much lower than those in maize pollen, and the abundance and numbers of starch-associated proteins in cedar pollen starch were also less than maize pollen. (4) Starch granules in mature cedar pollen were primarily distributed in the cytoplasm around the inner pollen wall, and gradually moved into pollen tube during pollen germination. Meanwhile, the species and activity of starch isoenzymes increased, and the degradation rate of starch rose, thereby producing more soluble sugar to provide energy for pollen germination. This research is of great significance for understanding the characteristics of starch grains in the pollen of coniferous plants and the factors influencing pollen germination and pollen tube growth.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the WOX gene family of industrial hemp

Huang Ziying,Liu Yuanyuan,Tian Yue — 2025/6/19 9:59:21

Industrial hemp is an important fiber crop, and its fibers have multiple unique advantages and broad application prospects. The WOX gene family has potential roles in regulating fiber development, plant growth, and stress resistance in industrial hemp. Currently, the functions of the CsWOX gene family in industrial hemp and its roles in key biological processes such as stable yield and yield increase have not been clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically identify the members of the CsWOX gene family in industrial hemp, to reveal their molecular functions in fiber development and drought stress response, and to preliminarily clarify the molecular mechanism by which?Trichoderma hamatum?enhances plant stress resistance through regulating the WOX gene network. The results wrere as follows: (1) Eleven CsWOX gene family members were identified in industrial hemp, encoding proteins with amino acid lengths ranging from 202 to 435 aa, and relative molecular weights ranging from 25,398.3 to 48,429.45 Da. Most proteins in this gene family are acidic and localized in the nucleus; (2) CsWOX proteins can be divided into three branches (ancient branch, intermediate branch, and modern branch). The modern branch contains six sub-branches, the intermediate branch contains two sub-branches, and the ancient branch contains only one sub-branch. WOX transcription factors in the same sub-branch have certain conservation in the types and organization of conserved motifs. Each family member contains a conserved domain with a helix-loop-helix-turn-helix structure; (3) Promoter prediction analysis found that the number of cis-elements related to light response, gibberellin response, and abscisic acid response was the highest. Other cis-elements such as auxin response, salicylic acid response, anaerobic response, circadian rhythm response, low temperature response, and defense response were unevenly distributed in the promoters; (4)?CsWOX4?and?CsWOX13a/b?genes had high expression levels in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of?CsWOX4?and?CsWOX13a/b?changed under drought treatment,?Trichoderma hamatum?treatment, and combined drought and?Trichoderma hamatum?treatment, suggesting that they may play potential roles in the growth, development, and stress resistance of industrial hemp. This study provides important clues for understanding the functions of the CsWOX gene family in the growth, development, and stress resistance of industrial hemp.

Effects of fence enclosure on soil seed bank and aboveground plant communities in alpine grasslands with different degradation levels

2025/6/17 17:26:25

Fence enclosure is one of the primary restoration measures for degraded grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, demonstrating significant effectiveness in restoring lightly or moderately degraded grasslands but limited success in desertified grasslands, the reasons for which remain unclear. This study focused on lightly degraded and desertified (sand patches) alpine meadows and alpine steppes in Nagqu, Tibet, systematically analyzing the characteristics of soil seed banks and their relationship with aboveground vegetation in grasslands of varying degradation levels inside and outside enclosures. The study specifically investigated the scientific hypothesis that the poor restoration effect of fencing on desertified grasslands is related to the lack of target plant species in the soil seed bank. The results were as follows: (1) The soil seed bank densities of alpine meadows and alpine steppes ranged from 184 to 2 162 seeds·m?2 and 74 to 812 seeds·m?2, respectively. Notably, in alpine meadows, the soil seed bank density of desertified grasslands was significantly higher than that of lightly degraded grasslands, while the opposite was observed in alpine steppes. Fencing significantly increased the soil seed bank density of lightly degraded grasslands in both grassland types but had no significant effect on desertified grasslands. The high species similarity between soil seed banks inside and outside enclosures suggested minimal differences in species composition. (2) Overall, grassland type, degradation level, and fencing had no significant impact on soil seed bank species diversity. (3) Regardless of fencing, although the soil seed banks of desertified alpine meadows and alpine steppes contained seeds of target plants beneficial for restoration, their densities were far lower than those of weed species. (4) The similarity coefficients between soil seed banks and aboveground plant communities ranged from 0.33 to 0.39 in alpine meadows and 0.22 to 0.33 in alpine steppes, both indicating low similarity and substantial differences in species composition. Therefore, this study confirms the critical role of the soil seed bank in the restoration of desertified grasslands, with the scarcity of target plant seeds being a key limiting factor for natural recovery. It is recommended that artificial interventions, such as reseeding target plant species, be implemented to enhance the ecological restoration of desertified grasslands.

Advances in aroma components and biosynthetic regulatory mechanisms of kiwifruit

2025/6/17 16:28:25

Kiwifruit is highly favored for its unique flavor and high nutritional value, and aroma is a key factor influencing its quality. This article reviews the research progress on kiwifruit aroma compounds, covering the composition of aroma constituents, biosynthesis pathways, key enzyme genes, and factors influencing aroma synthesis. The aroma of kiwifruit mainly originates from volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which exhibit significant variation in composition and concentration across different varieties. The main volatile components include esters, alcohols, aldehydes and terpenes. The synthesis of its aroma substances mainly involves the fatty acid metabolism and terpenoid metabolism pathways, with multiple key enzyme genes involved. The processes of fruit development, cultivation conditions (such as light exposure), and post-harvest conditions (such as temperature, 1-MCP treatment, etc.) all significantly impacts on kiwifruit aroma synthesis. Currently, research on kiwifruit aroma faces challenges such as aroma homogenization across varieties and insufficient analysis of the metabolic regulatory networks. Future studies should therefore focus on further exploration of germplasm resources, deciphering metabolic regulation networks, and utilizing molecular breeding techniques to enhance the aroma quality of kiwifruit.

Habitat segregation shapes tree community spatial patterns in karst seasonal rainforests, Guangxi, southern China

2025/6/16 9:54:13

Spatial segregation among tree species in forest communities may be driven by strong habitat heterogeneity, shaping spatial structures that adapt to local environments. Based on three 1-ha forest plots with varying habitat heterogeneity in Guangxi karst seasonal rainforests, this study quantified community tree species spatial structures by analyzing intraspecific spatial patterns and interspecific associations of dominant species, testing their responses to karst habitat segregation. The results showed that: (1) Across all communities, tree species exhibited primarily small- and medium-scale aggregation. On small scales (0–13 m), 85% of species showed aggregated distributions, which progressively decreased on medium scales (13–30 m). On larger scales (>30 m), random and regular distributions dominated (>80%). As topographic complexity increased among plots, the proportion of small- and medium-scale intraspecific aggregation rose from 63.1% to 89.5% and 94.4%, respectively. (2) Interspecific associations were predominantly spatial segregation and partial overlap. At small scales (0–3 m), such associations accounted for ~50%, increasing to ~70% at small-medium scales (3–20 m) and declining to ~40% at larger scales (>20 m). Higher topographic complexity correlated with increased small- and medium-scale spatial segregation and partial overlap (60.4%, 70.2%, and 83.7%). These findings suggest that strong karst habitat heterogeneity enhances intraspecific aggregation and promotes spatial segregation among species, implying that habitat segregation is a key driver of community spatial structure. This study underscores the need to evaluate local habitat conditions and design species configurations mimicking natural karst forest communities in rocky desertification restoration efforts.

Distribution characteristics of soil CAZymes genes in Pinus massoniana and Erythrophleum fordii mixed plantations and their pure stands

LIU Hanying,MING Angang,QIN Lin,TENG Jinqian,WANG Ting,XIE Ting,ZHANG Jing — 2025/6/13 16:48:36

Investigating the gene abundance of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in degrading soil derived components (plant and microbial) provides certain guidance for assessing the soil carbon storage potential of plantation ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how the gene abundance of these CAZymes responds to the conversion of coniferous forests to broad-leaved or mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests. In this study, metagenomic data of different soil depths (0~20 cm, 20~40 cm, 40~60 cm) of Pinus massoniana forest, Erythrophleum fordi forest and Pinus massoniana×Erythrophleum fordii mixed forest in south subtropical China were analyzed, and combined with the properties of soil physicochemical properties, the response of CAZymes gene abundance of degrading plant and microbial components to different soil depths of different stands was investigated. Meanwhile, the main regulatory factors were analyzed. The results showed: (1) After forest conversion, the gene abundance of CAZymes (GH116, GH115, and AA5) that degraded plant components was significantly increased and was strongly correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), C/N ratio, and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content. (2) The significant abundance of GH102 and GH25 genes in Pinus massoniana×Erythrophleum fordii mixed forests indicated that the ability to degrade microbial components in mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests was stronger compared to the other two forest stands. The gene abundance of CAZymes that degraded plant and microbial components in soils of the three forest stands generally decreased with increasing soil depth, primarily due to the significant positive effect of SOC content. (3) With the growth of the three stands to the later stage, the contribution of microbial-derived carbon to SOC may gradually exceed that of plant-derived carbon, with bacterial-derived components contributing the most. Overall, the distribution of CAZyme genes was closely related to SOC content. Compared to pure forests, Pinus massoniana×Erythrophleum fordii mixed forests showed significant advantages in the gene abundance of GH102 and GH25, potentially indicating higher carbon storage potential.

Differences in clonal integration of tress signal between a stoloniferous invasive plant and its congeneric native one

2025/6/13 16:16:31

Under heterogeneous resource supply, alien invasive plants with clonal growth can benefit more from clonal integration of resource substance than their native congeneric ones. However, clonal integration of non-resource substance （ like stress or defensive signal） and its effects on growth performance between alien invasive plants and their native congeneric ones were poorly understood. Clonal fragments （including three successive ramets） of invasive stoloniferous plant Sphagneticola trilobata and its native congeneric one Sphagneticola calendulacea subjected to homogeneous water stress were used to investigate effects of local abscisic acid (ABA) application on systematic resistance and growth performance within clonal network when stolon between interconnected ramets was severed or retained intact. With increase of antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic regulatory substance, local ABA application significantly alleviated foliar oxidative stress of S. trilobata and its native congeneric one S. calendulacea by clonal integration. Compared to S. calendulacea, local ABA application significantly increased content of foliar Pro and soluble protein content in third ramets of S. trilobata. However, local ABA application significantly increased foliar SOD activity in second ramets of S. calendulacea than S. trilobata. Without significant effect on underground to aboveground biomass allocation in S. trilobata, root-shoot ratio was significantly increased by local ABA application in S. calendulacea. Compared to S. calendulacea, biomass accumulation of S. trilobata clonal fragment was significantly increased by local ABA application. Altogether, alien invasive plant S. trilobata may benefit more from clonal integration of stress signal induced by local ABA application than its congeneric native one S. calendulacea. In addition, it is suggested that greater biomass allocation to aboveground may be helpful for successful invasion of S. trilobata.

ERF-VII transcription factor RAP2.12 regulates submergence-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings

DU Jie,HU Yanru,WU Min — 2025/6/13 16:09:31

Submergence stress, a major environmental constraint in agriculture, causes oxygen deficiency in plant tissues, thereby impairing plant growth, development, and survival. One notable adaptive response of plants to submergence is the accumulation of anthocyanins — flavonoid pigments with strong antioxidant properties that help mitigate reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. These compounds also play important roles in stress signaling and metabolic reprogramming. Although enhanced anthocyanin accumulation under submergence has been observed in multiple plant species, the underlying regulatory mechanisms, particularly at the transcriptional level, remain poorly understood. To clarify the molecular mechanism of submergence-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis, this study investigated the role of ERF-VII (Ethylene Response Factor group VII) transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana. Anthocyanin levels were measured in various genotypes exposed to submergence stress. In addition, protein-protein interaction assays, including yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), were conducted to examine physical interactions between ERF-VII members and known regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The results were as follows: (1) Anthocyanin accumulation under submergence depends on the MBW complex, composed of MYB, bHLH, and WD40 proteins, which serves as a central regulatory hub in flavonoid biosynthesis. (2) RAP2.12 physically interacts with MYB75, MYB90, and MYB113, and these interactions synergistically activate the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes such as DFR and LDOX, indicating a transcriptional co-activation mechanism. (3) The rap2.2 2.3 2.12 triple mutant exhibits reduced sensitivity to submergence-induced anthocyanin accumulation, while (MA)RAP2.12-HA overexpression lines show hypersensitivity, indicating that RAP2.12 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis under submergence and acts as a positive regulator in this stress-adaptive pathway. (4) Genetic analysis reveals that the regulatory function of RAP2.12 is primarily dependent on MYB transcription factors, as RAP2.12 alone cannot activate downstream gene expression in the absence of functional MYB proteins. In conclusion, RAP2.12 regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in Arabidopsis seedlings under submergence stress by physically interacting with MYB75 and other MYB family members. It enhances the transcriptional activity of the MBW complex, thereby promoting the expression of key structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. These findings expand our understanding of the roles of ERF-VII transcription factors in plant adaptation to hypoxic environments. Furthermore, this work provides novel insights into how environmental signals are integrated through transcriptional regulators to coordinate secondary metabolism and stress responses. It also offers promising targets for molecular breeding strategies aimed at enhancing submergence tolerance in crops.

Expression analysis of HsAP2-3 gene and interaction detection of HsAP2-3 with other proteins in Huperzia serrata

2025/6/13 15:59:46

Huperzia serrata, which belongs to the genus Huperzia involved in Huperziaceae, is a perennial, rare and endangered medicinal plant spread in northwest and southwest of China and also other countries. H. serrata is used extensively for treatment of contusions, strains, swellings, schizophrenia, myasthenia gavis, and organophosphate poisoning. However, it grows extremely slowly, which hampered its clinical investigation and application. It is well known that APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factor plays crucial roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. In order to explore the biological function of AP2 in H. serrata, this study screened and cloned one AP2-like gene, HsAP2-3 (genbank accession number: OR103132), based on the transcriptome and full-length transcriptome data. Bioinformatics analysis, transcript expression analysis, and protein interaction assays of HsAP2-3 were further carried out. The results were as follows: (1) The HsAP2-3 CDS was 1 734 bp in length and encoded 577 amino acids, and the relative molecular weight and isoelectric point of the HsAP2-3 protein were 64.21 kDa and 8.85, respectively. HsAP2-3 protein contained two typical AP2 domains and a conserved nuclear localization signal site. (2) Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HsAP2-3 were clustered within the euAP2 clade of the AP2 subfamily, and had the closest relationship with the Picea abies’ AP2-like protein, the latter of which were demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of plant growth and developmente. (3) Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that HsAP2-3 was expressed in roots, stems, young leaves, and mature leaves of H. serrata at different developmental stages, indicating ubiquitous regulation patterns. (4) Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that HsAP2-3 had not transactivation activity, and could form homodimers in Y2HGold yeast cells. (5) The results of protein-interaction network analysis showed that HsAP2-3 has extensive interactions with transcription factors that regulate plant growth and development, including auxin response factors, abscisic acid-insensitive proteins, late elongated hypocotyl proteins, circadian clock associated proteins and B3 domain-containing transcription factors. Overall, these results suggested that HsAP2-3 might be involved in the growth and development of H. serrata in the form of homodimers or protein complexes with other factors, laying the foundation for further illustrating the biological function of HsAP2-3.

Effects of different soil conditions on the floral color polymorphism of Primula pamirica and transcriptomic analysis

ABDUSALAM Aysajan,SAILAIJIANG Maierhaba,WANG Yibi — 2025/6/13 9:16:58

Flower color, as a key phenotypic characteristic exhibited by angiosperms in their adaptation to the ecological environment, is the result of the synergistic interaction between genetic regulatory networks and environmental factors. Current research primarily focuses on the maintenance mechanisms, driving factors, and molecular regulatory networks of flower color. However, there is still a lack of systematic studies on the interaction mechanisms between soil environmental factors and molecular regulatory networks. This study utilized Primula pamirica, a distylous plant producing flowers in four distinct color morphs (white, light white, light purple, and purple), as the experimental material. A comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted based on the spectral reflectance characteristics , soil water content and mineral element composition of the plant roots, and transcriptomic profiling data across the four flower-color morphs. The results were as follows: (1) Plants with white and light white corollas predominantly occur in soil environments characterized by high water content and low trace element availability, whereas those with purple and light purple corollas are frequently distributed in soils with low water content and high mineral element concentrations.(2) Pathways such as the phenylalanine metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, metal ion transport, and amino acid transport systems play critical roles in floral pigmentation regulation. (3) Members of the MYB, bHLH, ZIP, and WRKY gene families were identified as candidate regulators of floral pigmentation, with ZIP and WRKY families showing significant regulatory effects on purple corolla formation. In conclusion, the floral color polymorphism in Primula pamirica is influenced not only by internal gene regulation but also by external environmental factors including soil water status and mineral element content.

Diversity of endolichenic fungal communities and functional prediction in Parmotrema in Fujian Wanmulin

CUI Can,GUO Tangli,WANG Xinyi,ZHAO Xin* — 2025/6/12 9:12:18

In order to study the community diversity and predict their functions of endolichenic fungi (ELF) of Parmotrema in Fujian Wanmulin, the fungal communities of P. reticulatum and P. tinctorum were compared and analyzed by a combination of isolation culture and high-throughput sequencing technology. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the classification ratios of ELF communities obtained by high-throughput sequencing and isolation culture. (2) 70 strains were isolated from 16 samples, and 20 species-level taxa were identified by morphological observation and ITS sequencing. They belong to 1 phylum, 2 classes, 6 orders, 8 families, 12 genus, and 20 species. Sordariomycetes was the most dominant fungal class, among which the dominant genera were Nemania and Xylaria. (3) The α diversity analysis showed that the endolichenic fungi community diversity in Parmotrema was very plentiful. 9 phyla and 7 classes were identified, and in addition to Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes and Saccharomycetes also accounted for a large proportion. (4) The fungal community structure between the two species (P. reticulatum and P. tinctorum) tended to be consistent, and the community diversity was high and evenly distributed. (5) The results of functional prediction analysis of fungal communities using the FUNGuild database showed that the fungal functional groups in the genus Parmotrema mainly included pathotrophic type, symbiotroph type and saprophytic type. This study suggests that the results of the two methods complement each other and can provide a theoretical reference for the subsequent functional research and utilization of endophytic fungi in lichens.

Plastome evolution and phylogenetic relationship of the Malvatheca clade (Malvaceae)

CAI Jie,LEI Hanlin,LI Ruozhu,LI Dezhu,YANG Junbo,YU Wenbin,ZHANG Zhirong — 2025/6/11 17:05:30

The Malvatheca clade (encompassing Malvoideae and Bombacoideae within Malvaceae s.l.) possesses significant economic and ecological importance. However, the phylogenetic relationships within this clade have remained controversial, particularly concerning the phylogenetic placement of Fremontodendreae, Ochromeae and Matisieae. Moreover, comprehensive analyses of plastome structural variations and evolution within this clade remain poorly investigated. To resolve these research gaps, this study incorporated the plastomes from 142 species representing 8 tribes and 38 genera of the Malvatheca clade, including 77 plastomes newly de novo assembled. We performed comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses using the plastome datasets yielding the following key findings: (1) The plastome size in the Malvatheca clade exhibit variation ranging from 156 701 bp to 163 741 bp, primarily attributed to differential lengths in the reverse repetition (IR) region and varying numbers of repetitive sequences. (2) Four IR boundary types were identified through analysis of gene variation at IR/SC junctions. The Type IIIa is inferred as the ancestral structure of the plastome within the Malvatheca clade, with identical IR expansion/contraction events evolving convergently multiple times during its diversification. (3) Eight highly variable regions were detected in both Malvoideae and Bombacoideae, with trnSGCU-trnGUCC, petA-psbJ, ndhD-ccsA and ycf1 being common to both clades. Notably, trnSGCU-trnGUCC, ycf1 and the commonly used molecular markers ndhF exhibited robust phylogenetic resolution. (4) The topologies inferred from both the WGM and CDS datasets are largely identical and well-resolved. The Malvatheca clade was divided into four lineages, with Fremontodendreae as the earliest divergent group, followed by Ochromeae, then Bombacoideae s.l and Malvoideae formed as sister group. Additionally, our results revealed non-monophyly in tribes Adansonieae and Bombaceae, as well as the genera Sida and Hisbicus. This study clarifies critical phylogenetic relationships within the Malvatheca clade while?providing new perspectives on the plastome characteristics and evolution through comparative analyses the most extensively sampled plastome dataset currently available for this clade.

Cloning and expression analysis of hook development-related SEPALLATA-like genes in Uncaria rhynchophylla

HUANG Minghui,LI Tao,LIU Chang,LUO Qiumei,SANG Sihong,WEI Shenghua — 2025/6/11 15:24:30

Abstract: The hook is a distinctive structure of the medicinal plant Uncaria rhynchophylla, and serves as its primary medicinal part. Although the hook and inflorescence are considered to be homologous organs, the developmental mechanism of the hook remains unclear. To investigate the origin and the developmental mechanism of the hook, this study cloned the complete coding sequences of three?SEPALLATA?(SEP)-like genes, belonging to the MADS-box transcription factor family, by using RT-PCR and RACE techniques. The functions of these SEP-like genes were preliminarily characterized through bioinformatic analysis, subcellular localization, transcriptional activation assays, and RT-qPCR analyses. The results are as follows: (1) The full-length cDNA of the three genes, UrSEP1,?UrSEP3.1 and?UrSEP3.2, are 931, 981, 1 097 bp in length, which contain the coding sequences (CDS) of 738, 726, 729 bp, encoding 245, 241, and 242 amino acid residues, respectively. All three proteins contain conserved domains, including MADS domain, K-box, SEP Ⅰ and SEP Ⅱ motifs. (2) Phylogenetic analysis revealed that UrSEPs exhibit the closest relationship to CaSEPs from?Coffea arabica. UrSEP1 clusters within the SEP1/2 subgroup of the LOFSEP clade, while UrSEP3.1 and UrSEP3.2 belong to the SEP3 clade. (3) Subcellular localization confirmed the nuclear activity of UrSEPs. Transcriptional activation assays suggested that UrSEP1 and UrSEP3.2 may bind DNA directly. (4) RT-qPCR revealed potential homology between hooks and inflorescences, alongside developmental divergence. UrSEP3.1 and UrSEP3.2 showed higher expression in hooks than in roots, stems or leaves, with similar expression patterns in inflorescences. In contrast, the expression level of UrSEP1 peaked in hook buds, surpassing levels in other vegetative tissues and inflorescence buds, and displayed opposing expression trends during hook versus inflorescence development. In summary, the three UrSEPs genes encode nuclear-localized proteins from SEP1/2 and SEP3 clades, implicating their roles in hook development and early-stage fate divergence between hook and inflorescence. These results provide genetic insights into origin of the hook and establish a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying hook morphogenesis in Uncaria rhynchophylla.

Diversity of fungal-bacterial symbionts in Beibu Gulf mangrove soil and their ecological relationships with wild nematodes

CHEN Xinyi,GAO Chenghai,LI Mi,XU Shufen,XU Landi,YI Xiangxi — 2025/6/10 9:20:03

The diversity of fungal-bacterial symbionts in the Beibu Gulf mangrove ecosystems and their ecological relationship with wild nematodes remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, this study systematically investigated the microbial interactions within mangrove soil habitats through a multi-methodological approach. In view of this, mangrove soil samples were collected from the Beibu Gulf region, and pure culture techniques were employed to isolate and purify fungal strains. The 16S rRNA primers was screened fungal-bacterial symbionts and analyzed the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria. The ITS primer was analyzed fungal host diversity. The wild nematodes were isolated and identified from mangrove soil. It used 20% fermentation broth to explore the relationship between symbionts and wild nematodes. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 50 strains of fungi were isolated from 14 mangrove soil samples and selected 29 pairs fungi-bacterial symbionts. The endosymbiotic bacteria include the genera Burkholderia, Pantoea, Sphingomonas and Providencia, among which 20 strains belong to the genus Burkholderia, which widely form symbiosis with fungal hosts. According to the identification of ITS, 29 pairs of symbiont host fungi belonged to 2 phyla, 4 classes, 7 orders, 11 families, 12 genera and 22 species. (2) The endosymbiotic bacteria were isolated from the symbiont GXIMD14377 derived from the soil of Hibiscus tiliaceus in Qinzhou via the hyphal fragmentation method and identified as Pantoea dispersa through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (3) The wild nematodes fed on Pantoea dispersa were isolated and cultured from the soil of Hibiscus tiliaceus in Qinzhou, and were identified as Caenorhabditis elegans. (4) It was found that fermentation broths of some symbionts exhibited antagonistic effects on wild nematodes. Among them, the symbiont GXIMD14385 (Fusarium solani–Burkholderia territorii) showed the strongest antagonistic effect on wild nematodes, with an adjusted mortality rate of (84.25±3.61)%. In conclusion, the results indicate that the mangroves in the Beibu Gulf have a rich diversity of fungal-bacterial symbionts. There is a tripartite relationship exists between symbionts, endosymbiotic bacteria, and wild nematodes in the soil habitat of mangroves. This study is the first to explore the ecological relationship between fungal-bacterial symbionts and wild nematodes in mangrove habitats. It provides a research basis for investigating the relationship between fungal-bacterial symbiosis and wild nematodes in mangrove soils.

Identification and expression analysis of C3H gene family during low-temperature germination in seeds of Fritillaria taipaiensis

2025/6/6 17:55:04

This study systematically investigated the role of C3H genes in?Fritillaria taipaiensis?seed germination by integrating low-temperature germination transcriptome data and bioinformatics approaches. Five cold-inducible candidate genes were identified and characterized to elucidate their regulatory mechanisms in response to gibberellic acid (GA?) and abscisic acid (ABA). The results were as follows:（1）Among 65 identified C3H family members, seven were classified as stable hydrophilic proteins, whereas 58 exhibited instability, with significant variation in protein length (197–1 451 amino acids). Subcellular localization predictions indicated that only FtC3H43 and FtC3H50 were localized to chloroplasts/endoplasmic reticulum, while the majority were nuclear-localized.（2）Conserved motif analysis revealed the ubiquitous presence of Motif1 and Motif3 across C3H family members. Phylogenetic analysis clustered 196 C3H proteins into five distinct clades (I–V), with?F. taipaiensis?C3Hs showing close evolutionary relationships to those in?Arabidopsis?and rice.（3）Under GA? treatment,?FtC3H22?and?FtC3H35?promoted germination during early-to-mid stages (A–C), while?FtC3H40?and?FtC3H46?exhibited stage-specific expression at stages A and E, respectively. ABA treatment significantly upregulated?FtC3H46?but downregulated?FtC3H22?and?FtC3H35, suggesting?FtC3H46?may mediate ABA-dependent cold stress responses, whereas?FtC3H22?and?FtC3H35?play positive roles in germination regulation.

Bacteria diversity study on rhizosphere soil of Arenaria bryophylla in Qiangtang Plateau region, Northern Xizang, China

CAO Pengxi,DONG Shi,LA Qiong,LI Xingran,LIU Xing,LIU Yixuan,WANG Yuyan — 2025/6/4 17:21:13

Arenaria bryophylla is one of the important Tibetan medicinal plants in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The distribution of A. bryophylla is mostly in those extreme environments at an altitude of around 5 000 m and has high adaptability in extreme environments. High-throughput sequencing technology was used in this study to explore the bacterial diversity and community characteristics in the rhizosphere soil of A. bryophylla at three sampling sites in Qiangtang glassland of North Xizang, China. The results were as follows: (1) There was no significant difference in the Alpha diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil at the three sampling sites, but the composition of the bacterial community structure was significantly different (P<0.05). The dominant phyla of the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil at all three sampling sites were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Howerve, there were differences in the composition of the dominant bacteria at genus level. Correlation network analysis showed that the connection of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities was dominated by positive correlation and showed synergistic effects. (2) Light intensity, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter significantly affected the composition of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of A. bryophylla (P<0.05), with light intensity having the highest degree of explanation. (3) Predictions of COG functional gene families and KEGG metabolic pathways showed that the transport and metabolism of amino acids, as well as the transport and metabolism of carbohydrates, were the dominant functions, and there were significant differences in the dominant functional genes in different regions (P<0.05). In conclusion, there are significant differences in the composition of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil of A. bryophylla in different regions of the Qiangtang Glassland. Environmental factors such as light intensity significantly affect the composition of the bacterial community, and the functions of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil in different regions show differentiation. This study examines the rhizosphere soil bacteria of A. bryophylla and provides a theoretical basis for the research on A. bryophylla as a traditional Tibetan medicine. Additionally, it offers a reference for further understanding of the adaptive evolution of A. bryophylla to the harsh environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Taxonomic study on the family Parmeliaceae in the Dabie Mountains of Western Anhui Province

2025/5/30 16:54:30

In order to uncover the species diversity and resources distribution of the lichen family Parmeliaceae in the Dabie Mountains of Western Anhui Province, we examined 395 specimens of Parmeliaceae in this area through morphological, chemical and molecular phylogenetic methods. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 11 genera including 26 species of Parmeliaceae were presented in this region. Among them, four species, Cetrelia japonica, Hypotrachyna exsecta, H. pseudosinuosa and Remototrachyna?incognita were newly recorded to Anhui Province. (2) Myelochroa irrugans and M. subaurulenta were proved to be different species, which was treated as synonym in the latest literature. In this study, we clarified the systematic positions of the six species and provided detailed morphological descriptions with characteristic pictures. A key to the genera and species of Parmeliaceae in the Dabie Mountains were provided. This study enriched the lichen research data of Anhui Province and laid a foundation for the conservation and sustainable utilization of lichen resources in the province.

Correlation analysis of environmental factors with the growth and survival of Malus sieversii seedlings

2025/5/30 16:42:13

The seedling stage is the most vulnerable and environmentally sensitive period in the life history of plant resources.?However, previous studies failed to fully consider the potential impact of dynamic changes in the understory microclimate on seedling growth. In this study, Malus sieversii, the category Ⅱ key protected wild plants in China, was used as the research object. To understand the effects of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on the growth and survival of seedlings for M. sieversii, microclimate as well as other environmental factors such as soil pH, herbaceous coverage and canopy cover were investigated and monitored for three consecutive years. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for the scientific conservation and management of this wild plant resource. The results were as follows: (1) Increased mean temperature and soil moisture in the growing season was helpful to improve the survival rate and promote the growth of seedlings, and the mean temperature of the growing season had a significant positive effect on the number of leaves of seedlings for M. sieversii. (2) Soil pH was the most important environmental factor for the mortality and survival rate of seedlings for M. sieversii, and its contribution rate was 47.6%. (3) Canopy cover was the key factor affecting the height, basal diameter and leaf number of seedlings, and its contribution rate were 32.5%, 61.0% and 52.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the seedling traits has a downward trend with the increase of canopy cover. (4) The mean temperature of growing season was the most important environmental factor affecting seedling coverage, and its contribution rate was 39.5%. In all, canopy cover, understory temperature and soil pH mainly affected the growth and survival of M. sieversii seedlings, which should be focused on in the later protection and management.

Key climatic factors affecting the radial growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica of different ages in Horqin Sandy Land

2025/5/30 16:33:49

To identify the key temperature and precipitation factors influencing the growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica at different stand ages, this study focused on middle-aged (33 years), mature (48 years), and overmature (64 years) P. sylvestris var. mongholica stands, and analyzed the growth patterns (BAI: basal area increment) of these stands during the 2003–2022. In addition, the Climwin model was used to determine the temperature and precipitation seasonal windows with the strongest influence on growth at different stand ages. The results were as follows: (1) BAI significantly increased from 2003 to 2022. (2) The mean temperature in July-August had the strongest influence on the growth of middle-aged forests. When the July-August mean temperature reached 23.7°C, the growth-climate relationship of middle-aged forests turned from positive to negative. Precipitation from last November to current May showed the strongest impact on both middle-aged and mature forests. The thresholds of precipitation at which the growth-climate relationship of middle-aged and mature stands shifted from positive to negative were 124 mm and 122 mm, respectively. (3) Conversely, the temperature in the current July and the precipitation from last August to current May were positively correlated with the growth of overmature forests. (4) Precipitation proved to be more important than temperature across all stand ages, with relative importance increasing as the forests aged. Therefore, in the context of a warming and drying climate trend, developing forest management strategies that consider water balance and vary with forest age will facilitate the growth of Mongolian pine plantations.

Cloning and functional prediction of the key UGPase genes responsible for UDP-glucose synthesis in Rhus chinensis

2025/5/27 8:37:06

The uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) family genes in Rhus chinensis were cloned, and the key UGPase genes responsible for UDP-glucose biosynthesis were investigated. The study will lay the foundation for further analysis of the mechanisms of gallotannins over-accumulation in Chinese gallnut. This study relied on third-generation transcriptome data to conduct gene homologous cloning, protein sequence analysis, prokaryotic protein expression and in vitro enzyme catalytic activity analysis, gene expression pattern analysis, promoter cloning and sequence analysis, etc.. The results were as follows: (1) Four RcUGPase family genes were identified, and their protein sequences were further compared with the homology genes in other species by constructing a phylogenetic tree, which suggested that RcUGPase1 and RcUGPase3 belonged to UGPase-A class and UGPase-B class, respectively. (2) RcUGPase1, RcUGPase2, and RcUGPase4 were successfully cloned and reconstituted onto pET28a vector, and recombinant proteins were obtained by the prokaryotic expression system. In vitro enzyme activity analysis revealed that the RcUGPase1 had a UGPase enzymatic activity. (3) The in vivo UGPase enzyme activity was significantly increased during the early developmental stages of Chinese gallnut formation (21 d and 47 d), when the endogenous contents of gallotannins were gradually gained. (4) During this process, the expression of RcUGPase1 was dramatically up-regulated, the expression of RcUGPase2 was down-regulated, and no significant changes were observed on the expression of RcUGPase3 and RcUGPase4. (5) A 2 334 bp promoter sequence upstream of RcUGPase1 gene was cloned and multiple cis-acting elements in response to environments and hormone signaling were predicted. In summary, based on in vitro enzyme activity analysis and the correlation between gene expression with in vivo UGPase enzyme activity and gallotannins contents, RcUGPase1 may be the key enzyme gene catalyzing the synthesis of UDP-glucose in Rhus chinensis, and the elevated UGPase enzyme activity during the early developmental stages of Chinese gallnut might play a key role in over-accumulation of gallotannins in Chinese gallnut.

Study on the transmission of ROS (O2-) signal between cells in winter wheat tissue

2025/5/26 15:02:09

In the present study, the distribution and transmission pattern of ROS signal in the tissue of ‘Longyu 10’ was analyzed by using NBT staining and tissue section techniques from two-dimensional (2d) and three-dimensional (3D) spatial perspective. The research results as follows: (1) The root tip tissue cells of winter wheat accumulated a large amount of ROS (O2-) under normal treatment (25 ℃), while the ROS signal of the root tip tissue cells disappeared after cold stress (4 ℃). It was speculated that the disappearance of ROS (O2-) would inhibit the division of winter wheat root tip cells and the growth of roots. (2) The results showed that a "big burst" of ROS (O2-) signal appeared in the root tissue cells of winter wheat after cold stress (4 ℃) treatment. The ROS (O2-) content reached 68.93 umol/g, which was significantly higher than normal (25 ℃) treatment. After the outbreak, the ROS (O2-) showed a transmission pattern from the root tip to the meristematic zone to the elongation zone of the tissue cells, and the ROS (O2-) signal gradually decreased from near to far, which might be related to the antioxidant enzyme (SOD and POD) activity of distant cells. It was also found that a large amount of ROS (O2-) was detected in vascular bundle and ladder vessel cells during ROS (O2-) signaling.(3) The results indicated that ROS (O2-) signaling was a dynamic signaling molecule, and vascular bundle tissues and ladder vessel cells played important roles in ROS (O2-) signaling transduction. This study first found that ROS (O2-) signaling had an "intercellular" signaling mode in winter wheat tissue cells. This study was not only of great significance for cold resistant breeding and signal transduction research of winter wheat, but also provided new insights for cultivating new varieties of cold resistant wheat crops.

Chemical constituents study of Swertia chirayita

CHEN Huijian,HUANG Mi,LIU Pengxin,PU Rui,YANG Xinzhou,ZHOU Xiaolong — 2025/5/26 14:58:15

Swertia chirayita, referred to as “Jati” in Tibetan medicine, is traditionally employed for the treatment of hepatic and biliary disorders and has demonstrated significant efficacy in managing diabetes. To explore the chemical components and biological activities of the medicinal plant S. chirayita, various chromatographic techniques were applied to isolate and purify the ethyl acetate fraction of the plant extract. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified using modern spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS). Furthermore, the insulin resistance and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Twenty compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract, including tweleve xanthone derivatives, two cyclohexene ether terpenoids, and two flavonoids. These were identified as bellidifolin (1), 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthenone (2), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (3), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (4), 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone (5), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (6), 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone (7), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (8), 1,3,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (9), norswertianin (10), 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone (11), 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (12), amaroswerin (13), amarogentin (14), luteolin (15), quercetin (16), (+)-syringaresinol (17), gentianine (18), swerimilegenin C (19), and dehydroxyl-swerimilegenin H (20). Among them, compounds 4、6、7、9、12、15、17、19、20 were isolated for the first time from S. chirayita. Distinct from congeneric species such as S. mileensi (characterized by monoterpene glycosides), S. chirayita exhibits a unique phytochemical profile dominated by polymethoxylated xanthones and iridoid glycosides. This chemotaxonomic divergence likely reflects ecological adaptations to its high-altitude habitat and underpins its traditional therapeutic efficacy in treating metabolic disorders. The glucose uptake assay showed that compounds 2, 4, 6, and 10-14 had good glucose uptake activity. The intracellular ROS measurement results indicated that compounds 1 and 7 had strong inhibitory effects, while compounds 10 and 14 had good promoting effects. This study enriches the chemical profile of S. chirayita and further clarifies its components that affect glucose uptake and exhibit antioxidant activities, providing a chemical foundation for further pharmacological research.

Flowering biology characteristics and breeding system of Michelia sirindhorniae under ex-situ condition

2025/5/26 11:55:22

To investigate the flowering and reproductive characteristics of Michelia sirindhorniae under ex-situ conservation conditions, to clarify the reasons for the low seed setting rate in its natural state, and promote the sustainable utilization of germplasm resources, this study conducted systematic observations on floral morphological characteristics, flowering phenology, and pollinator behavior of cultivated M. sirindhorniae from 2023 to 2024. We analyzed the variation patterns of pollen viability and stigma receptivity at different flowering stages, and systematically evaluated stigma activity and pollination compatibility through controlled pollination experiments. The results were as follows: (1) The flowering period of M. sirindhorniae mainly concentrated from late April to mid-late May, with some individuals exhibiting a secondary flowering phenomenon from October to December. (2) The lifespan of individual flowers lasts 3-4 d, progressing through seven consecutive developmental stages: green bud stage, yellow bud stage, white bud stage, initial opening stage, blooming stage, wither stage, and young fruit stage. The tepal unfolding process exhibits a significant temporal rhythm, primarily completing unfolding between 5:00-7:00 AM, with its posture influenced by environmental factors. (3) The pistil matured before the stamen, with the stigma receptivity being optimal during the white bud stage. Anthers dehisced during the full bloom stage, and the in vitro pollen germination rate was 65.30%. (4) The main flower-visiting insects were bees, thrips, and ants. However, observations of insect behavior and the fruit set of visited flowers indicated that the pollination behavior of these insects was ineffective. (5) Paraffin sectioning of flower buds revealed severe abortion during microspore development: premature disintegration of the tapetum led to a tetrad abortion rate as high as 85.55%; at the unicellular stage, approximately 29.51% of the microspores exhibited shrinkage and deformation, indicating abortion characteristics. (6) Controlled pollination experiments demonstrated strict self-incompatibility, absence of apomixis, and varying degrees of interspecific isolation with other Michelia species. In summary, the reproductive system of M. sirindhorniae is obligate outcrossing, and microspore abortion is the key factor affecting its low seed setting rate due to the lack of effective pollinators under ex-situ conditions. This study revealed the reproductive barriers of M. sirindhorniae in ex-situ conditions, providing a scientific basis for its conservation and propagation.

Effects of microwave treatment on the germination of sugarcane seedcane setts and elimination of ratoon stunting disease pathogenic bacterium

CHEN Xianrui,HUANG Zhimin,LIN Jiasheng,MAO Junru,PAN Shiyou,WU Yanling,XIE Siyu — 2025/5/23 16:37:19

To study the effect of microwave treatment on the elimination of ratoon stunting disease (RSD) pathogenic bacterium, this study optimized parameters of microwave for sugarcane seedcane setts through systematic investigation of their placement modes, temperature, and duration. The temperature uniformity, germinative force, germination rate, shoot height, and positive rate of RSD were systematically analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Among the five tested placement modes, circularly stacked shape resulted in the optimal spatial arrangement with superior microwave temperature field uniformity. (2) Appropriate microwave exposure (54-56 ℃) was found to promote activity of sugarcane seedcane setts, while temperatures ≥58 ℃ caused significant damage. (3) Microwave treatment exhibited a significant effect on the elimination of RSD pathogenic bacterium, the positive rate of RSD in the sugarcane seedcane setts treated at 54 ℃ and 56 ℃ for 20 min and 30 min was reduced to 0%, achieving complete elimination of pathogenic bacterium. (4) Under microwave treatment at 54 ℃ for 20 min, sugarcane seedcane setts achieved a 10-day germination rate of 100%, with an average shoot height 11.67% higher than the control group. Furthermore, this treatment saved processing time and energy consumption compared to the 54 ℃, 30 min microwave condition, establishing it as the optimal microwave parameter. This study utilized microwave technology for the elimination of RSD pathogenic bacterium, demonstrating advantages such as superior heating field uniformity, high elimination of pathogenic bacterium efficiency, and environmental safety. The findings offer a novel technical reference for the preparation and propagation of healthy sugarcane seedcane setts.

Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Gao Huixia,LIANG Yunhui,LIU Dengyu,LIU Yaling,YAO Miaozhuo,ZHANG Pengfei — 2025/5/23 10:18:23

To reveal the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, this study amplified and sequenced 100 samples from 20 populations of G. uralensis using ITS and three chloroplast gene sequences (matK, psbA-trnH, and trnS-trnG), and analyzed the data. The results were as follows: (1) The ITS sequence length was 691 bp, containing 63 mutation sites, with a haplotype diversity of 0.265 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.002 69; The cpDNA sequence length was 1 976 bp, containing 740 mutation sites, with a haplotype diversity of 0.907 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.026 39. These findings demonstrate high genetic diversity at the species level. (2) Molecular variance analysis revealed that the genetic differentiation of G. uralensis primarily occurred within populations, with low levels of genetic differentiation between populations and high gene flow (ITS: Nm=1.349; cpDNA: Nm=1.520). (3) Comparsion of genetic differentiation coefficients (Nst and Gst) indicated that there was no significant phylogeographic structure within the G. uralensis populations. Neutral tests and mismatch analysis suggested that the overall G. uralensis population did not experience expansion events. (4) Haplotype geographical distribution analysis revealed that G. uralensis in Shaanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Gansu exhibits high haplotype diversity and is located at the center of the geographical distribution map, suggesting that this region may have served as a refuge for G. uralensis during the Ice Age in northwest and North China. The study analyzed the genetic diversity and geographical distribution patterns of G. uralensis using different DNA barcodes, providing a theoretical basis for the conservation and rational utilization of G. uralensis germplasm resources in the future.

Investigation of macrofungi resources in Cenwanglaoshan National Nature Reserve

LIU Jinrong,LIU Yan,MOU Guangfu,ZHANG Yancheng — 2025/5/22 12:06:54

Cenwanglaoshan National Nature Reserve (abbreviate as Cenwanglaoshan Reserve) has a large contiguous forest area, strong original primitive forest, complete forest ecosystem, and rich biological resources. To find out the resource status of macrofungi in Cenwanglaoshan Reserve, the macrofungi resources of Cenwanglaoshan Reserve were investigated and collected by random tracking method, and species identification was carried out by combining morphological and molecular biology methods. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 371 macrofungi species were found in this area, belonging to 163 genera of 2 phyla, 6 orders, 19 orders, 71 families, containing 32 edible fungi, 47 medicinal fungi and 17 poisonous fungi. (2) The analysis of the species composition of macrofungi in this area showed that the dominant family (≥ 10 species) had 8 families including Polyporaceae, Omphalotaceae, Xylariaceae, Marasmiaceae, Psathyrellaceae and Mycenaceae, ect.; the dominant genus (≥5 species) had 18 genera including Xylaria, Marasmius, Gymnopus, Marasmiellus, Russula, Ophiocordyceps, Amanita, Microporus, Polyporus, Dacrymyces, Cordyceps, Cortinarius, Mycena, Xeromphalina, ect. (3) The funga components of the macrofungi genus level in the study area could be divided into 10 categories, mainly cosmopolitan element (61.96%), followed by pantropical components (23.31%). This study finds that the macrofungi resources in the Cenwanglaoshan Reserve are abundant, and there are many species that can be further developed and utilized. This study will provide a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of macrofungi resources in this area, and provide basic data for the expansion of medicinal sources and the rational development of macrofungi pharmacognostic resources.

Quality evaluation of Guangdong Shenqu based on HPLC fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition

HUANG Liping,LI Yingna,Liang Wenzhi,WANG Jiangting,WU Jingyi,ZHOU Zhongliu — 2025/5/19 11:05:06

The establishment of the quality evaluation method for Guangdong Shenqu was achieved through HPLC fingerprint and Content Determination, and the quality was further assessed using chemometric approaches. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was utilized to establish a fingerprint of 18 batches Guangdong Shenqu, with common peaks being identified through comparison with reference compounds, and determine the content of the five active ingredients(rutin, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, baicalin, hesperidin). The similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine (2012 version) and Simca were employed to assess the similarity, cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the discrepancy by different batches of Guangdong Shenqu. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 8 Common Peaks were matched in 18 batches of Guangdong Shenqu, among which five characteristic peaks were successfully authenticated as rutin, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, baicalin, and hesperidin through comparison with reference compounds. The similarity of the fingerprint was 0.997-1.000. (2) The mass fraction of rutin, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, Baicalin and Hesperidin in the 18 batches of Guangdong Shenqu was 3.539 2-6.773 7 mg·g-1, 0.220 5-0.907 0 mg·g-1, 1.259 6-3.935 3 mg·g-1, 0.022 2-0.093 8 mg·g-1, 0.316 9-0.788 0 mg·g-1. (3) Cluster analysis (CA) successfully categorized the samples into three types; Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted three principal components; The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) identified two differential markers for Baicalin and ellagic acid. The established method of HPLC fingerprint and content determination of Guangdong Shenquan combined with chemometric analysis demonstrates excellent stability and reliability, which can be used for the quality evaluation of Guangdong Shenqu herbs.

Microbial community diversity in roots and rhizosphere soils of Coptis chinensis var.?brevisepala?with different growth years

2025/5/19 9:57:33

To investigate the characteristics and diversity of microbial communities in roots and rhizosphere soils of Coptis chinensis var.?brevisepala with different growth years, this study employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to sequence the roots and rhizosphere soils of 1-year, 2-year, and perennial plants. The results revealed that: (1) The α diversity indices (Shannon, Ace, Chao 1) and the number of total operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the rhizosphere soil microbial communities were significantly higher than those in the root tissue samples of the same growth year. (2) Microorganisms in roots were predominantly composed of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Ascomycota as the dominant phyla, with Bradyrhizobium, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Actinoplanes, Leptodophora?as predominant genera. In contrast, the rhizospheric soil exhibited?Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota as the primary phyla, while norank_f_Xanthobacteraceae, Bradyrhizobium, norank_f_norank_o_Vicinamibacterales, Epicoleosporium, and Mortierella were identified as the dominant genera. (3) The microbial diversity in both root tissues and rhizosphere soils of?Coptis chinensis?var.?brevisepala?exhibited significant changes with growth years, especially during the critical transition from the first to the second year. (4) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) demonstrated dynamic shifts in signature microbial communities in root tissues and rhizosphere soils across the growth stages of?Coptis chinensis?var.?brevisepala. 1-year-old roots were significantly enriched with Actinoplanes, Pseudonocardia and Epicoleosporium, while their rhizosphere soils were notably enriched with MND1, Sphingomonas and Epicoleosporium. In contrast, Bradyrhizobium, Steroidobacter and Saccharomycopsis were significantly enriched in perennial roots, and Bradyrhizobium, Candidatus_xiphinematter and Trichoderma were preferentially enriched in perennial rhizosphere soils. Through this project, the structural characteristics and succession patterns of microbial communities in roots and rhizosphere soils of Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala were preliminarily elucidated, providing a theoretical foundation for developing microbial agents to enhance growth and disease resistance.

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction with methyl jasmonate and on NO synthesis and AsA-GSH cycle in continuous cropping strawberry

2025/5/15 8:35:16

Abstract: In order to understand the mechanism of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and chemical fertilizer reduction in reducing continuous cropping strawberry obstacles from the perspective of antioxidant systems such as ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, this study planted ''Hongyan'' strawberry in soil where strawberry have been grown continuously for 4 years, and measured the nitrate reductase (NR) activity, nitric oxide (NO) content, the non-enzymatic antioxidant content and related enzyme activity of the AsA-GSH cycle. The results showed that : (1) Under the condition of conventional chemical fertilizer application, exogenous MeJA significantly increased the NO content of continuous cropping strawberry by 35.31%, significantly reduced the AsA content by 19.70%, significantly reduced the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity by 6.60%, significantly increased economic yield by 6.41%, and significantly increased biomass by 7.71%. However, it did not significantly affect NR activity, GSH content, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. (2) Under the condition of halving the amount of chemical fertilizer, exogenous MeJA significantly increased the NO content of continuous cropping strawberry by 53.31%, significantly reduced the AsA content by 45.45%, significantly decreased APX activity by 9.23%, significantly increased economic yield by 6.66%, and significantly increased biomass by 8.17%. However, it did not significantly affect NR activity, GSH content, and GR activity. (3) Under the condition of spraying water, chemical fertilizer reduction significantly increased the NO content, AsA content, and APX activity of continuous cropping strawberry by 27.34%, 86.11%, and 6.88%, respectively. However, it did not significantly affect NR activity, GSH content, GR activity, as well as the economic yield and biomass of continuous cropping strawberry. (4) Under the condition of spraying MeJA,chemical fertilizer reduction significantly increased the NO content and AsA content of continuous cropping strawberry by 44.27% and 26.42%, respectively. However, it did not significantly affect NR activity, GSH content, APX activity, GR activity, as well as the economic yield and biomass of continuous cropping strawberry. In summary, both exogenous MeJA and chemical fertilizer reduction have no significant effect on the GSH content and GR activity of continuous cropping strawberry. However, exogenous MeJA can alleviate the stress response of strawberry plants to continuous cropping and high salt stress, thus reducing the AsA content and APX activity. Chemical fertilizer reduction significantly increases the AsA content and APX activity, indicating that continuous cropping strawberry may mainly rely on the AsA pathway to cope with continuous cropping obstacles and excessive fertilizer stress.

A transcriptome-based investigation into mechanisms of color changes in dry-pressed rose ‘Carola’

HUANG Zhengtao,LI Jing,XU Yipei,YANG Jing,ZHOU Xuzixin — 2025/5/14 17:12:13

To examine the mechanism underlying the color change in the red rose variety ‘Carola’ during the production of art of pressed flower works, the study employed the CIELab color difference method and spectrophotometry to analyze the color change pattern of ‘Carola’ petals throughout the drying and pressing process. Additionally, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to investigate the potential mechanisms driving this color change. The results were as follows: (1) In comparison to the initial stage (D1), the brightness (L) and red color value (a) of the petals were significantly diminished after 48 hours of pressing (D3). Concurrently, the petals exhibited a bluish-purple hue, and the concentration of anthocyanins decreased from approximately 4.00 mg·g-1 to 2.73 mg·g-1 throughout the process. (2) The RNA-seq analysis revealed that the predominant enriched term within the Gene Ontology (GO) database was amino acid synthesis, while the primary enriched pathway identified in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pertained to membrane components. (3) Nine structural genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis exhibited differential expression. Specifically, within the flavonoid metabolism pathway, the expression levels of RrCHS1, RrCHS2, RrCHS3, RrCHI, RrDFR1, RrDFR2, and RrANS were significantly reduced. Conversely, in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway, the expression level of RrPAL1 was significantly elevated, while that of RrPAL2 was markedly decreased at the D3 compared to the D1. In conclusion, the process of pressing exerts a significant degradative effect on anthocyanins in ‘Carola’ petals, concurrently promoting petal color darkening. Furthermore, the pressing process suppresses the expression of structural genes associated with the flavonoid metabolic pathway in petals, thereby imposing limitations on anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Evaluation and screening of forage Triticale germplasm resources in mildly saline-alkali soil of Qinghai

CAO Dong,LI Jiedong,LIU Baolong,LIU Chengkai,MA Fucai,MA Wenyan,WANG Dongxia — 2025/5/14 17:03:49

Screening crop germplasm resources suitable for cultivation in mildly saline-alkali soils is crucial for the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali land, ensuring food security, and balancing forage supply and demand. This study analyzed 1,784 accessions of triticale germplasm resources planted in mildly saline-alkali soil (Qinghai Province) by evaluating 13 agronomic traits related to forage and grain production. The results revealed significant variation in agronomic traits among populations, while high correlations were observed between traits within the same variety. The genetic diversity index among varieties ranged from 1.86 to 2.07, indicating a rich genetic background. Cluster analysis classified the triticale germplasm resources into four groups: high-yield grain elite germplasm, poor-performing grain and forage grass germplasm, high-yield forage elite germplasm, and intermediate-performing grain and forage germplasm. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that four principal components, grain characteristics, plant height, forage yield, and grain yield captured 75.971% of the total variation in agronomic traits. Through comprehensive evaluation, 20 triticale accessions with higher comprehensive scores were selected, including 5 with high grain yield and 15 with high forage grass yield. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis and screening of elite triticale germplasm resources suitable for cultivation in mildly saline-alkali soils in Qinghai. The findings provide a critical foundation for breeding new salt-tolerant forage triticale varieties and advancing research on the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance.

Three new records of the lichen genus Oxneriaria from China

TUMUR Anwar*,YONG Haiying — 2025/5/14 16:52:32

In order to explore the diversity of Oxneriaaria in Xinjiang, this article uses morphology, anatomy, chemical analysis, and combines rDNA-ITS sequences to build research methods such as species and system development trees. The specimen has conducted detailed classification research. The results showed that a total of 3 Austrian clothing belongs to the Chinese new record species, namely O. supertegens (Arnold) S.Y. Kondr. & L?k?s, O. verruculosa (Kremp.) S.Y. Kondr, and O. permutata (Zahlbr.) S.Y. Kondr. Detailed descriptions and anatomical diagrams of the internal and external morphological structures of these three new record species are provided. In addition, the similar species were compared discuss. O. verruculosa thallus is characterized by the dark gray to gray-brown slightly purple, with black prothallus, apothecium dictyoplast, lecanorine, hymenium 70.5-95 μm, 8-spored asci, ellipsoid ascospores (16-25.5) μm × (12-16.5) μm. O. verruculosa is characterized by a wart-like thallus and like altar-shaped apothecium, apothecium aspiciloid, hymenium 89.5-135 μm, 8-spored asci, ellipsoid ascospores (12-17.5) μm × (7.5-13.5) μm. contains stictic acid. O. permutata is characterized by the uneven and rough surface of thallus, apothecium aspiciloid, hymenium 100 ~ 115 μm, 8-spored asci, ellipsoid ascospores (15-22) μm × (9-12.5) μm. The research results have increased the number of Oxneriaria species in China from 3 to 6,accounting for 32 % of the total global species, enriching the basic data of Oxneriaria lichens in China.

Flowering biology and breeding system in Chinese endemic plant of Polygonatum zanlanscianense

2025/5/14 16:47:44

Polygonatum zanlanscianense is a perennial herbaceous plant with important medicinal values in the genus Polygonatum, the family Asparagaceae. In order to explore flowering biology and breeding system characteristics of P. zanlanscianense, promote hybrid breeding and support research on hybrid breeding and new variety selection, this paper investigated its flowering biological parameters, pollination system and artificial pollination. The results were as follows: (1) The single flower of P. zanlanscianense opens around 4 p.m. in the afternoon and closes around 8 p.m. the next day, with the duration of flower opening being about 28 h. (2) The pollen vitality measured by the acetic acid magenta method during the pre-blooming and blooming stages was similar, with 76.34% and 84.02%, respectively. (3) The pollen content of a single flower was 25 460.0±1 309.0, the pollen to ovule ratio was 4 243.0±218.0, and the outcrossing index (OCI) was 4. (4) The natural setting rate of P. zanlanscianense was 80.55%, the artificial xenogamy setting rate was 72.57%, and the geitonogamy and self-pollinated flower setting rates were 2.98% and 4.68%, respectively. After self-pollination, pollen grains could germinate on the stigma and pass through the style. (5)The main flower-visiting insects were the Bombus spp., the Apis cerana, the Melanostoma scalare and the Aporia largeteaui. From 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., insects had the highest frequency of visiting flowers, with single flowers being visited 4-5 times. Based on the above, Polygonatum zanlanscianense requires pollinators, and there is no evidence of apomixis. The breeding system is mainly outcrossing, with a small amount of self-pollination.The research results can provide theoretical basis for the resource utilization and germplasm innovation of P. zanlanscianense.

Population genetic structure and gene flow of Cymbidium faberi in the Qinling Mountains

CHEN Wei,KONG Yuhua,LIANG Hongyan,QI Tianfeng,WANG Xiaoguo,ZHANG Jing — 2025/5/14 16:41:06

Cymbidium faberi is a species of the genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae. It is listed in Appendix Ⅱ of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and Information System of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants (ISCREP). The Qinling Mountains are a geographically important north-south boundary and an important ecological barrier in China. The examination of population genetic is beneficial for the conservation of this orchid species. Here, 271 samples from 15 locations were analyzed to evaluate the genetic diversity, genetic structure and gene flow among populations based on psbA–trnH and rpl14–rpl36 intergenic spacers. The results were as follows: (1) The mean haplotype diversity was 0.725 and nucleotide diversity was 3.10 × 10-3, which indicated high population genetic diversity at the species level. (2) The results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that as much as 88.84% of molecular variance was distributed within populations, only small percentage of the total genetic variation was attributed to genetic differences among populations (11.16%, P < 0.01), and the level of genetic differentiation was low (ΦST = 0.112，P＜0.01), which indicated there was no obvious phylogeography structure in C. faberi. (3) The asymmetric gene flow was observed in three populations, unidirectional gene flow moving from these populations to other populations was stronger than that from other populations. However, gene flow Nm was superior to 1.0 in most cases, suggesting the presence of frequent seed-mediated gene flow between populations. High seed dispersal ability of C. faberi may result in the lack of population genetic structure. In addition, LSZ and NCZ populations should be given priority for in situ conservation because these two populations have much higher haplotype diversity.

Ecological effects of simulated warming on the reproduction of Delphinium caeruleum

AN Yumeng,GENG Jiacheng,ZHANG Chan,ZHANG Xinran,ZHAO Suya,ZHOU Huakun — 2025/5/14 16:30:37

Climate warming affects the plant-pollinator interactions by altering flowering phenology, reproductive allocation, and floral traits of plants, which ultimately leads to changes in reproductive success of plants. Alpine regions are the most sensitive areas to global warming. To explore the ecological effects of temperature increase on the plant reproductive process in these regions, this study focused on Delphinium caeruleum, a typical alpine plant species in the alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. By using an open top chamber (OTC) for warming treatment, the effects of warming on the flowering phenology, biomass allocation patterns, typical floral traits, and reproductive success of D. caeruleum were investigated, as well as changes in pollinator visiting behavior and pollination efficiency. The results were as follows: (1) Warming advanced the flowering phenology of D. caeruleum and significantly reduced individual flowering duration and floral longevity. (2) After warming, the resource investment to vegetative growth increased, resulting in taller plant height. However, the reproductive allocation reduced, leading to decrease in flower diameter, nectar spur length, pollen vitality and nectar volume. (3) Bombus sushikini is the only effective pollinator of D. caeruleum, and it exhibited shortened per-flower visit duration and reduced pollen deposition per visit due to post-warming floral trait alterations. These changes consequently decreased pollination efficiency and ultimately exerted negative impacts on reproductive success. This study revealed the evolution of reproductive characteristics of D. caeruleum and its altered interactions with pollinators under global climate warming. These results provided a reference for clarifying the ecological effects of climate change on plant reproductive progresses.

Influence of litter input alterations on the soil microbial community structure and function in a Pinus yunnanensis forest in central Yunnan Plateau

LI Jianqiang,LIU Fangyan,LIU Yanjiao,YAN Huiying,YANG Shuyuan,ZHAO Siqian — 2025/5/8 15:55:29

This study applied litter input and removal treatments to investigate the influence of litter input (CK) alterations on the soil microbial community structure and function in a Pinus yunnanensis forest in the central Yunnan Plateau, as well as their main driving factors. Six different litter treatments were established: standard CK, no roots (NR), no litter (NL), double litter (DL), no inputs and organic and A horizons removed (OA). The effect of CK changes on the soil microbial community structure and function in P. yunnanensis forest soil was investigated by utilising Illumina HiSeq sequencing technology combined with PICRUSt and FUNGuild functional prediction. Furthermore, redundancy analysis was employed to elucidate the driving factors behind these changes in the soil microbial community structure and function. The results were as follows: (1) There were differences in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities among the non-litter treatments, with significant differences in the fungal communities. The NL treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Lactifluus, while the NL, NI and OA considerably decreased the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota and Mortierella. (2) The litter treatment significantly affected the α diversity of the bacteria and fungi, as well as the fungal β diversity. The NR and NI treatments increased the bacterial α diversity (Ace and Chao), while the NR, NL and NI treatments significantly decreased the fungal α diversity (Shannon), and reducing the CK had a greater impact on the fungal β diversity. (3) The litter treatments markedly altered the fungal functional guilds. Moreover, the NL and NR treatments enhanced the ectomycorrhizal abundance, while the NR, NL, NI and OA treatments decreased the abundance of Endophyte-Litter Saprotroph-Soil Saprotroph-Undefined Saprotroph. In addition, the OA treatment significantly increased the Ericoid Mycorrhizal abundance. (4) Correlation analysis revealed that the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and pH were closely related to the structural and functional changes of the bacterial community in Pinus yunnanensis forests, while the total phosphorus, total potassium and pH were closely related to the structural and functional changes of the fungal community. In conclusion, compared to the litter addition treatments, reduced CK exerted a more pronounced effect on the soil microbial community structure, diversity and function, particularly on the fungi compared to the bacteria. These effects were closely associated with the altered soil carbon and nitrogen inputs and chemical properties. This study provides critical insights for predicting soil ecosystem functionality and stability under global changes and human activities.

Effect of different propagation methods on the endophytic microbial compositions in ratoon cane roots

2025/4/17 10:38:50

To clarify the effects of different propagation methods on the structures and functions of endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in ratoon cane roots, the endophytic microbial compositions in ratoon cane roots were analyzed based on high-throughput sequencing technology. In this study, ratoon canes via tissue culture and conventional propagation methods were used as the materials. Meanwhile, the functions of bacterial and fungal communities were also predicted using PICRUSt and FUNGuild software, respectively. The results were as follows: (1) The dominant endophytic microbial communities in ratoon cane roots were different between conventional propagation and tissue culture propagation methods. The unique dominant endophytic bacterial genera in ratoon cane roots under the conventional propagation method included Leifsonia, Phyllobacterium, norank_f__Micropepsaceae, Haliangium, Granulicella, Acidothermus, norank_f__Acetobacteraceae and norank_f__Magnetospirillaceae; meanwhile, the unique dominant endophytic fungal genera were Trechispora, Hypochnicium, unclassified_o__Trechisporales, Mycena, Chaetosphaeria, Cladophialophora and Trichoderma. In contrast, in the ratoon cane roots under the tissue culture propagation method, the unique dominant endophytic bacterial genera included Ralstonia，Amycolatopsis，Unclassified_f__Pseudonocardiaceae, Devosia, Streptomyces, Lechevalieria and Kibdelosporangium, and the unique dominant endophytic fungal genera included Unclassified_f__Marasmiaceae, Unclassified_k__Fungi, Penicillium, Sarocladium, Unclassified_c__Agaricomycetes and Setophoma. Compared with the conventional propagation method, the endophytic microbial compositions in ratoon cane roots could be altered by the tissue culture propagation method. (2) Higher numbers of unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of endophytic bacteria and fungi could be detected in ratoon cane roots under the tissue culture propagation exhibited than those of conventional propagation method, resulting in higher endophytic microbial diversity and abundance. (3) The functional prediction results showed that the functions of endophytic bacteria in ratoon cane roots were similar between conventional and tissue culture propagation methods, however, the endophyte-plant pathogen-undefined saprotroph group of endophytic fungi was significantly enriched under tissue culture propagation method. In conclusions, endophytic microbial community structures and functions in ratoon cane roots exactly could be shaped by different propagation methods. All above results also provide a theoretical basis for improving cane ratoon property using beneficial microbial resources.

Prokaryotic Expression Analysis and Purify of MaCMO and MaBADH in Banana

LI Xinguo,LIU Juhua,YU Jiaxuan,ZHU Bowei — 2025/4/15 15:53:33

Choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) are the rate-limiting enzyme and key enzyme, respectively, in the glycine betaine (GB) biosynthesis pathway in bananas. Previous studies have revealed that CMO and BADH genes derived from the A and B genomes of different banana genotypes exhibit significant structural divergence, which may lead to functional differentiation. To explore the enzymatic differences between CMO and BADH proteins encoded by the A and B genomes at the protein level, this study cloned the coding sequences of MaCMO and MaBADH from Musa acuminata L. AAA group (cv. Cavendish). Bioinformatics analysis was performed to characterize their structural features. The prokaryotic expression vectors pET28a-MaCMO and pET28a-MaBADH were constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Optimal conditions for active protein expression were screened, and nickel affinity chromatography was employed for protein purification. The results were as follows: (1) MaCMO contained the Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] domain and iron-binding sites typical of oxygenase family proteins, while MaBADH harbors a highly conserved decapeptide motif of aldehyde dehydrogenases. (2) MaCMO consisted of 425 amino acids with a molecular mass of 47.48 kDa, exhibiting a predominantly random-coil secondary structure and hydrophilic properties; MaBADH comprised 505 amino acids (55.10 kDa), characterized by an α-helix-rich secondary structure and hydrophilicity. (3) In the BL21(DE3) prokaryotic expression system, MaCMO formed inactive inclusion bodies under induction at 28 ℃ for 18 h with 0.5 mmol·L-1 IPTG, whereas MaBADH achieves maximal active protein expression at 37 ℃ for 12 h with 0.1 mmol·L-1 IPTG and could be efficiently purified via affinity chromatography. In conclusion, the BL21(DE3) system expresses MaCMO as inactive aggregates but produces functional MaBADH. This study provides a protein-level theoretical basis for elucidating functional divergence between CMO and BADH encoded by the A and B genomes in bananas and offers methodological insights for comparative functional studies of homologous genes across plant genomes.

Full-length transcriptome sequencing analysis and identification of putative genes for biosynthesis of flavonoid in Rosa roxburghii

HE Bin,HUANG Yacheng*,LIU Linya,TANG Dahai,WU Yuhan,YANG Qunying,ZHANG Yangli — 2025/4/14 16:18:12

Rosa roxburghii, a medicinal and edible plant native to Southwest China, is renowned for its rich bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, vitamin C, and polysaccharides, which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. To advance the genetic research and application of R. roxburghii, this study aimed to construct a comprehensive full-length transcriptome database and identify key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Using PacBio Sequel II single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing, mixed samples from six tissues (flower, leaf, stem, young bark, mature bark, and fruit) were analyzed. Bioinformatics tools were employed for transcriptome assembly, functional annotation, and structural characterization. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 25 003 non-redundant isoforms were obtained, with an average length of 2 471 bp. Among these, 24 357 coding sequences (CDS) were predicted, averaging 1 727 bp, with 91.84% ranging between 300 – 3 000 bp. (2) Functional annotation using seven databases (GO, KEGG, Nr, Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, KOG, and Pfam) revealed that 24 859 isoforms (99.42%) were annotated. Notably, 99 transcripts were linked to flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and flavonol synthase (FLS). (3) A total of 1 930 transcription factors (TFs) from 82 families were identified, with 55 TFs (e.g., WRKY, MYB, and bHLH) potentially regulating flavonoid biosynthesis. (4) Structural analysis predicted 95 long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) and 12 588 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), from which 10 545 SSR primer pairs were designed. This study establishes the first high-quality full-length transcriptome database for?R. roxburghii, significantly enhancing the genetic resources for this species. The identification of flavonoid-related genes and transcription factors provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying bioactive compound synthesis. Furthermore, the SSR markers developed here offer valuable tools for genetic diversity studies, molecular breeding, and germplasm conservation. These findings lay a foundation for future research on metabolic engineering, functional genomics, and the genetic improvement of RRT, supporting its industrial development as a health-promoting crop in Guizhou Province and beyond.

Characterization and analysis of aroma characteristics of star anise oil obtained by different extraction methods

GUO Xiangyang — 2025/4/14 11:26:33

To investigate the effects of different extraction methods on the aroma characteristics and quality of star anise oil (SAO), and with the aim of enhancing the comprehensive utilization of star anise resources, this study employed electronic nose, infrared spectroscopy analysis technology, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, combined with the determination of optical rotation, relative density, and refractive index. The volatile components, aroma characteristics, and physical properties of SAO extracted using steam distillation (SD-SAO), supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE-SAO), and microwave-assisted ethanol extraction (MAEE-SAO) were analyzed. The results were as follows: （1） There were no significant differences in rotation, relative density, and refractive index between SD-SAO and SFE-SAO, while the refractive index of MAEE-SAO (1.394) was significantly lower than that of the other samples (1.557 for SD-SAO and 1.555 for SFE-SAO). （2）The electronic nose radar fingerprint analysis indicated that the aroma profiles of SD-SAO and SFE-SAO were similar, with insignificant differences in aroma characteristics, whereas, the aroma radar profile of MAEE-SAO differed significantly from those of SD-SAO and SFE-SAO. （3）GC-MS analysis of volatile components showed that the composition and content of aroma components in SAO varied significantly among the different extraction methods. The number and relative content of identified volatile compounds also differed. Although trans-anethole was the major component in all three types of SAO, its relative amount varied significantly, with values of 94.38% in SD-SAO, 85.40% in MAEE-SAO, and 82.67% in SFE-SAO. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) enabled successful discrimination the three SAO samples prepared by different extraction methods, further confirming that different extraction processes significantly impact the aroma characteristics of SAO. A comprehensive comparison revealed that SAO extracted by steam distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction exhibited better aroma characteristics, while SAO extracted by microwave-assisted ethanol extraction had a more complex volatile component profile and required further refinement. This study provides a technical reference for the analysis of aroma characteristics of SAO and lays a solid theoretical foundation for the processing and quality control of SAO products.

Difference of functional traits of Camphora officinarum and Camphora glandulifera tree branches

LIU Jiyuan,TAO Ye,WANG Lingru,ZHANG Xuelian,ZHOU Duoqi — 2025/4/14 11:10:37

Abstract: Camphora officinarum and Camphora glandulifera belonged to the genus Camphora in the Lauraceae. In order to explore whether the two plants exhibited the same or similar functional traits and covariant characteristics, the biennial branches of C. officinarum and C. glandulifera were used as research objects to measure 18 traits, including branch morphology, component biomass and water content. The descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, allometric analysis and plant trait network analysis were used to explore the differences in biomass and water allocations, allometric relationship between morphological traits, individual size-dependent characteristics and functional trait network relationships between the two species. The results showed that (1) The biennial branches of C. glandulifera had higher morphological traits and component biomass than C. officinarum. The biomass indices for C. officinarum and C. glandulifera demonstrated moderate variability, while the water content indices displayed weaker variability. The proportions of lamina biomass to total leaf biomass of C. officinarum (93.6%) and C. glandulifera (92.5%) were close. However, C. glandulifera (39.0%) had a larger proportion of stem biomass to total branch biomass than C. officinarum (15.5%). There was no significant difference in the water content percentage of inner leaves between C. officinarum (92.11%) and C. glandulifera (92.32%). However, the water content percentage in the inner stems of C. glandulifera (40.43%) was significantly higher than that of C. officinarum (19.64%). (2) Allometric relationships were observed between component biomasses, morphological traits and water contents of C. officinarum and C. glandulifera branches, and many allometric relationships with the scaling exponent ≠ 1 were found for C. glandulifera branch components. (3) At the leaf level, the biomass and water allocations of C. officinarum and C. glandulifera had similar individual size-dependent characteristics; however, at the branch level, different individual size-dependent characteristics of the two species existed. (4) Trait network analysis showed that C. glandulifera branch trait network was more complex than C. officinarum, that is, C. glandulifera branch traits were more closely related; the covariant relationship between morphological and biomass traits was high, but the water traits were relatively independent. In conclusion, the branch traits and trait associations of C. officinarum and C. glandulifera of the same genus exhibited not only great differences, but also a certain similarity, which may be mainly related to their different intrinsic growth property.

Comprehensive evaluation of cold resistance of 8 macadamia varieties under low temperature stress

2025/4/14 10:55:11

In order to select varieties with strong cold resistance, the cold resistance of macadamia varieties were tested. In this study, 8 main cultivated varieties of macadamia in Guangxi were treated at -8 ℃ to determine physiological indicators related to cold resistance, inclulding superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, soluble sugar (SS) content, soluble protein (SP) content, proline (Pro) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, relative electric conductivity (REC) and chlorophyll (Chl) content. The cold resistance of macadamia was comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function analysis and cluster analysis. The results were as follows: (1) 10 physiological indicators of cold resistance were significantly different under low temperature stress. (2) By principal component analysis, 10 indicators were converted into 3 new indicators, with a cumulative contribution rate of 90.194%. Combined with the correlation analysis results, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP), proline (Pro), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and total chlorophyll (Chl a+b) were selected as the main indicators for the identification of cold resistance of macadamia. (3) Based on the results of cluster analysis and D value of comprehensive cold resistance, 8 macadamia varieties were divided into three categories according to the strength of cold resistance. The first group had the strongest cold resistance, including Guireyin No.4, Guire No.7, HY, and JW. The second group had moderate cold resistance, including Guire No.5 and Guire No.1; The third group had the weakest cold resistance, including A16 and Guire No.6. Among them, Guireyin No.4 had the strongest cold resistance and Guire No.6 had the weakest cold resistance. The observation results of leaf morphology under low temperature stress were consistent with the clustering analysis results. These results provide a theoretical basis for the study of cold resistance of macadamia, which is of great significance for planting macadamia in the cold area of Guangxi and planting in the north of China.

Comparative analysis of bioactive substances in Dendrobium officinale based on metabolomics

LIU Zhen,WANG Qinghao,YANG Lizhi,ZHANG Wangshu — 2025/4/11 14:54:23

Dendrobium officinale is a herbaceous plant with significant medicinal value. Research on its bioactive substances is crucial for elucidating its pharmacological mechanisms and broadening its applications. However, systematic studies on bioactive substances across its different tissues remain limited. To comprehensively clarify the metabolic differences and distribution patterns of bioactive substances among various tissues of D. officinale, this study utilized metabolomics technology to investigate the composition and distribution characteristics of key bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, and amino acids, in its roots, stems, and leaves. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 460 flavonoid compounds were identified, with flavones (35.22%) and flavonols (32.61%) as the predominant components. Additionally, 26 polysaccharide metabolites (primarily monosaccharides and disaccharides), 56 amino acid metabolites, and 17 organic acids and their derivatives were detected. (2) While the metabolite compositions in roots, stems, and leaves were similar, their contents exhibited significant variations. For instance, N-acetylglucosamine, D-cellobiose, and D-galactose reached their highest concentrations in leaves, roots, and stems, respectively. (3) Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed substantial diversity in flavonoids, amino acids, and sugar metabolic pathways among tissues. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model further confirmed the distinct separation of metabolic profiles across tissues (R2Y > 0.5, Q2 > 0.5), indicating robust model reliability. (4) Hierarchical cluster analysis highlighted elevated accumulation of flavonoids and amino acids in roots and leaves, whereas polysaccharide metabolites displayed tissue-specific distribution. Notably, glucose and D-mannose levels in stems were significantly higher than in other tissues. This study systematically delineates the differential metabolite characteristics in distinct tissues of D. officinale for the first time, providing a scientific foundation for understanding the synthesis mechanisms of its bioactive compounds and optimizing medicinal part selection. Furthermore, it establishes a critical data framework for advancing the application of D. officinale in medicine and healthcare.

Codon usage bias and phylogenesis analysis of chloroplast genome in Sophora alopecuroides (Fabaceae)

2025/4/11 14:52:46

In order to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic location of Sophora alopecuroides, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of S. alopecuroides using Illumina platform, and performed assembly, annotation and characteristic analysis by bioinformatics methods, conducting phylogenetic studies and divergence time estimation of S. alopecuroides based on chloroplast genomes and single-copy orthologous genes. The results showed that the chloroplast genome of S. alopecuroides was 154 399 bp in length, with a typical quadripartite structure and 36.6% GC content, which contains 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. A total of 94 simple sequence repeat (SSR) sites were detected in the chloroplast genome, which mainly distributed in the intergenic region and dominated by single nucleotide A/T repeats. Simultaneously, codon bias analysis indicated that leucine (Leu) was the most frequent amino acid used (10.39%). There were 21 codons whose relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) was greater than 1 and ΔRSCU≥0.08, all of which mainly end in A/U. Their preferences are influenced by the combined effects of mutation and natural selection. We also found that the ycf2 gene of the chloroplast genome in S. alopecuroides might have positive selection through selective pressure analysis. Additionally, due to the different evolutionary rates of organelle genes and nuclear genes, the topological structures of phylogenetic trees constructed based on chloroplast genome sequences and single-copy orthologous gene sequences screened by transcriptome/genome were not exactly the same, but the results showed that S. alopecuroides and S. davidii were closely related. Estimates of divergence times indicated that the estimated differentiation time of S. alopecuroides based on chloroplast genome (8.05Mya) was much smaller than that based on single copy of orthologous gene (18.28Mya). This study clarified the chloroplast genome characteristics and obtained reasonable phylogenetic location and differentiation time of S. alopecuroide. It provided fundamental data and reference value for subsequent discussions on the phylogeny, genetic diversity, and selection and utilization of germplasm resources of Sophora in the future.

Selection of marker genes and screening agents for genetic transformation of Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium hybrids

JIANG Qionghai,LI Chonghui,LI Yamei,YIN Junmei — 2025/4/11 11:15:48

Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium hybrids (Den-Phals) are important ornamental plant in tropical areas, with unique flower shapes and rich colors, and have extremely high industrial value in flower market. Molecular breeding is an important means to break through the limitations of traditional breeding, and selection marker genes assisted screening can accelerate transgenic process. In order to obtain suitable selection marker genes and agents for genetic transformation of Den-Phals, the study took the embryogenic calluses (ECs) and protocorms of Dendrobium ‘Sonia Hiasakul’ and Dendrobium ‘Nobile Lindl.’ as explants, and placed them on media containing different concentrations of kanamycin, geneticin (G418), hygromycin and bialaphos to test the sensitivity of two varieties to different selection agents, and observe the growth status of them and calculate the survival rate. Furthermore, conducted genetic transformation test using the optimal marker gene and screening agent. The results were as follows: (1) The explants of the two varieties had consistent sensitivity to different selection agents and being more sensitive to hygromycin, G418, bialaphos, insensitive to kanamycin and could still growth normally in the culture medium with a concentration of 700 mg·L-1. (2) The lethal concentrations of the hygromycin, G418 and bialaphos to explants were 30 mg·L-1, 50 mg·L-1 and 7 mg·L-1, respectively. (3) Using hpt as the selection marker gene and hygromycin as the selection agent, the initial screening concentration of 30 mg·L-1 was optimal, with the screening cycle extended, increasing the concentration of the selection agent was beneficial for obtaining transgenic lines. The study has determinded the sensitivity and minimum lethal concentrations of two varieties of Den-Phals to different screening agents; hpt, npt, and bar can all be used as selection marker genes for establishment of genetic transformation systems of Den-Phals, with corresponding selection agents are hygromycin, G418, and bialaphos. At the same time, during genetic transformation, increasing the concentration gradient of the selection agent is beneficial for obtaining transgenic explants.

Response of seed germination to high temperature and humidity of extremely small population of wild plant Horsfieldia hainanensis

2025/4/11 10:58:53

In order to investigate the seed germination characteristics and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Horsfieldia hainanensis seeds under high temperature and high humidity stress，in this paper，the seeds of H. hainanensis were used as the research object，the seeds of H. hainanensis were treated with different high temperature and high humidity stress times (0，1，3，5，7 d). Then the indexes of seed germination and seedling growth were measured，and the substance and antioxidant enzyme activities of seeds were studied. The results were as follows：(1) Compared with CK，high temperature and high humidity stress significantly inhibited seed germination percentage (GP)，germination energy (GE)，germination index (GI) and vitality index (VI)，and prolonged the mean germination time (MGT) of seeds. The cumulative germination rates of CK，HTH-1，HTH-3，HTH-5 and HTH-7 treatments were 63.3%，40.0%，33.3%，21.7% and 26.7%，respectively. High temperature and high humidity significantly inhibited plant height (PH)，root length (RL) and basal diameter (BD) growth，abovegroud biomass (AB)，underground biomass(UB) and root-shoot ratio(RSR) of seedlings，and HTH-7 was the lowest. (2) With the increase of stress time，the contents of starch (St)，soluble sugar (SS)，soluble protein(SP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly decreased compared with CK treatment，while the contents of peroxidase (POD) activity，malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) were significantly increased，implying heightened oxidative stress and membrane lipid peroxidation, as well as an upregulated osmotic adjustment mechanism in response to stress. (3) Correlation analysis showed that seed germination parameters (GP，GE，GI，VI) and seedling growth indexes (PH，RL，BD，AB，UB，RSR) were positively correlated with SS，SP and SOD，and negatively correlated with POD，MDA and Pro under high temperature and humidity stress，indicating that oxidative damage and osmotic stress play crucial roles in limiting seed vigor and seedling establishment. In conclusion，with the prolongation of stress time，the decomposition of seed substance，the content of osmoregulatory substances，the membrane lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes are increased, and the seed vitality and seedling growth are inhibited, which provides a theoretical basis for the protection of H. hainanensis germplasm resources and the selection of wilderness return environments return environment.

Effects of aluminum stress on antioxidative capacity and carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Andrographis paniculata

HUANG Yan-fen,JIAN Shao-fen,ZHONG Chu — 2025/4/10 15:32:25

Aluminum (Al) stress is one of the main abiotic stresses that restrict plant growth in acidic soils. Chuanxinlian is a major medicinal herb in southern China, which is mainly distributed in the acidic soil areas of southern Guangxi and Guangdong. However, the effects of Al stress on the growth and metabolism of plant Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian) have not yet been studied to date. Using the medicinal plant A. paniculata as experimental material, a soilless cultivation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Al stress on its antioxidative capacity and carbon and nitrogen metabolism under different Al3+ concentrations (e.g. 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mmol·L-1). The results were as follows: (1) With the increase of Al3+ concentration, the contents of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased. Treatment with 50 mmol·L-1 Al3+ for 7 days significantly inhibited plant growth. (2) The soluble protein content decreased gradually with the increase of Al3+ concentration. The total nitrogen content was significantly decreased but the NH4+ content was significantly increased in 50 mmol·L-1 Al3+. Al stress remarkably increased the glutamine synthase (GS) activity but significantly decreased the activities of glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT). (3) Al stress remarkably decreased the accumulation of free amino acids. The contents of aspartate, glutamate, serine, glycine, histidine, arginine, threonine, and proline were significantly reduced by Al stress. In contrast, the contents of methionine, cysteine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine were remarkably increased under Al stress. (4) Al stress reduced photosynthesis, increased its non-stomatal limitation, and reduced the accumulation of malate and citrate in A. paniculata. Taken together, the results indicated that A. paniculata is sensitive to Al stress, which causes disorders of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid metabolism, decline of photosynthetic capacity, and decrease in organic acid accumulation, exacerbating oxidative stress in A. paniculata. The findings provide theoretical basis for the evaluation of Al toxicity tolerance and guidance for improving the Al stress tolerance of A. paniculata by correcting carbon and nitrogen metabolism through exogenous application of regulators. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of nitrogen nutrition on the tolerance of Al stress in A. paniculata and elucidate its mechanism.

Sequence analysis of PP2C2 gene in Artemisia desertorum and its expression patterns under drought stress

GUO Siyu,LIU Ruoqi,LUO Man,MA Yuhua* — 2025/4/10 14:59:38

Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is a pivotal regulator in plants, playing key roles in growth and development, cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and, most notably, responses to environmental stress. This study focuses on Artemisia desertorum, a highly drought-tolerant and multifunctional plant native to arid desert regions, to investigate the functional role of the PP2C2 gene in drought tolerance. Using A. desertorum as the experimental material, the PP2C2 gene was amplified, its sequence was subjected to bioinformatic analysis, and its protein structure was predicted. Additionally, the expression patterns of PP2C2 under various water stress conditions were analyzed. The aim of this research was to elucidate the regulatory role of the PP2C2 gene in drought stress responses and to provide a theoretical basis for its potential applications in genetic engineering. The results were as follows: (1) The PP2C2 gene in Artemisia desertorum contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 404 bp, encoding a protein of 467 amino acids. Sequence alignment demonstrated that the gene shared high homology with PP2C genes from other plants, such as Erigeron canadensis. (2) Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the PP2C2 protein was localized in the nucleus, lacked signal peptides, and was classified as a non-secretory protein. Its secondary structure predominantly consisted of random coils, with strong hydrophilicity and multiple potential modification sites. The protein did not contain transmembrane helices. (3) Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression of the PP2C2 gene was responsive to varying levels of drought stress. Under drought conditions, its expression exhibited an overall up-regulation pattern, while rehydration led to a significant reduction in expression levels. These results suggest that the PP2C2 gene played a dynamic role in regulating responses to water stress in Artemisia desertorum. In conclusion, this study provides preliminary evidence that the PP2C2 gene was a significant component of the drought tolerance mechanism in Artemisia desertorum. The findings enhance our understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms in this species and lay a foundation for further research into the functional roles of PP2C genes. Additionally, this study offers insights into the potential application of the PP2C2 gene in genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in crops and other plants.

Epigenetic diversity of different populations of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus based on MSAP technique

GAO huixia,LIANG Yunhui,LIU Dengyv,LIU Yaling,YAO Miaozhuo,ZHANG Pengfei — 2025/4/9 10:26:19

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, DNA methylation, methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism, epigenetic diversity, epigenetic structure

Characteristics of native Aspidistra germplasm resources in Guangxi and their horticultural applications

PAN Bo,TANG Weixiu,YAN Pengbo,ZHANG Qiong,ZOU Lingli — 2025/4/7 9:07:49

Based on literature review and field investigations, this study systematically examined the distribution, habitats, ornamental characteristics, and horticultural development potential of native Aspidistra species in Guangxi. A comprehensive evaluation of 52 introduced and cultivated species was conducted from three key perspectives: ecological adaptability, ornamental traits, and landscape application potential. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 96 Aspidistra taxa (including infraspecific ranks) were documented in Guangxi, of which 59 species (61.46% of the total) were endemic, indicating a pronounced pattern of endemism. (2) Spatially, the genus exhibited an uneven horizontal distribution, with concentrated occurrences in the karst mountainous areas of southwestern, western-northwestern, northern-northeastern, and central Guangxi. The highest species richness was observed in border regions adjacent to Vietnam, particularly in Longzhou, Daxin, Jingxi, Napo, Ningming, and neighboring areas such as Long’an and Debao. Vertically, most species were distributed at elevations of 200-800 meters above sea level. (3) The comprehensive horticultural evaluation reveals that most species in this genus possess both significant landscape aesthetic value and strong ecological adaptability. These species show significant potential for diverse landscape applications, including ground cover in woodland settings, flower beds and borders, edging plants, limestone and rock garden accents, specialized garden designs, and potted ornamental plants, demonstrating significant potential as regionally distinctive native ornamental plants. This research findings can provide references for the resource development and utilization of plants of the genus in Guangxi, botanic landscape design and ecological sustainability.

New materials for the flora of karst areas in Guangxi

CHANG shili,CHEN hailing,LU zhaocen,MO minglin,SU min — 2025/4/3 16:27:17

The proposed Southwest Karst National Park (Guangxi area), has a strong original subtropical karst forest ecosystem and karst cave ecosystem, and breeding rich and diverse wildlife plant resources. In order to explore the background data on plant diversity and provide important information for the proposed Southwest Karst National Park (Guangxi area), years of fieldwork, literature materials collection and specimen identification in this paper, and subsequently, four new record genera and 25 species of plants are found from ths areas. Among this 25 new recorded plants, most of them are karst endemic and have obvious karst adaptability, which makes these plants have potential utilization value in soil and water conservation, rock desertification control, ecosystem restoration. In addition, they have certain development and utilization value, such as can be used for medicine, landscaping, breeding new varieties. The discovery of these species is not only an important manifestation of the plant diversity in the karst areas of Guangxi, but also adds new information for the plant resource of the proposed Southwest Karst National Park. And moreover it has important reference value for further protection research and development and utilization, which make protection work scientific and effective. The paper also provides descriptions of various main morphological characteristics, specimen citations, color photos and geographical distribution.

Identification of glucose transporter proteins(HbGLUTs) gene family in rubber tree

HAO Yuanyuan,LONG Xiangyu,XUE Yongkang,ZENG Liwang — 2025/4/2 15:41:00

Glucose is not only the basic energy source for organisms but also serves as a precursor in various synthetic metabolic processes. Its transport proteins (GLUTs) regulate glucose levels within organisms and play a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Currently, the functions of the GLUT family in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) and their roles in key biological processes such as sugar homeostasis and latex regeneration remain unclear. Therefore, this study employed bioinformatics methods to identify glucose transporters (GLUTs) in rubber trees and systematically analyzed the physicochemical properties, protein structures, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relationships, cis-regulatory element structures, and gene expression patterns of the gene family members. The results showed: (1) A total of 31 members of the HbGLUTs family members (HbGLUT1-31) were identified, all located on the cell membrane, with the number of transmembrane domains ranging from 9 to 24 (HbGLUT1/2 contained 24 transmembrane domains), and the secondary structure was primarily composed of α-helices. (2) Evolutionary analysis revealed that HbGLUTs are functionally similar to human GLUTs in terms of classification. Type I subfamily members (such as HbGLUT8 and HbGLUT15) have conserved hexose transport functions and maintain latex production homeostasis by rapidly supplementing glucose during latex regeneration; it is speculated that Type II and III subfamily members evolved diverse transport capabilities for substrates such as fructose and myo-inositol. Among them, Type III subfamily members (such as HbGLUT3, 17, and 18) are highly expressed in various tissues, and their promoters contain stress-related elements, suggesting their involvement in plant stress responses. (3) Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that HbGLUTs were generally lowly expressed in latex, but some genes of Type I were crucial for latex regeneration. Additionally, several members (such as HbGLUT21 and 28) were highly expressed specifically in flowers, supporting the high energy requirements of the reproductive process. This study provides important clues for understanding the functions of HbGLUTs in latex regeneration and stress responses, laying a foundation for further research on sugar transport proteins in rubber trees.

Chloroplast genome structure characteristics and phylogenic analysis of Viscum diospyrosicola

Ban Qiming,Qiu Jiansheng,Zeng Xiaoli,Zhang Yubing,Zheng Hongjun — 2025/4/2 15:13:06

This study focused on Viscum diospyrosicola as the research subject. Utilizing the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform, we sequenced its chloroplast genome and performed bioinformatics analyses, including assembly, annotation, and comparative genomics. The research aimed to elucidate the characteristics of its chloroplast genome and resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the Viscum genus. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of V. diospyrosicola exhibited a typical circular quadripartite structure, with a total length of 126,315 bp and a GC content of 36.40%. A total of 111 genes were annotated, including 69 protein-coding genes, 34 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, with no detection of the transcription initiation factor infA. (2) Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the variation rate in the LSC region of the chloroplast genome was significantly higher than that in the IR region among five Viscum species. Specific variations were found in the coding regions of genes such as ycf1, ycf2, ycf3, atpA, rpoC2, and rpoC1, providing potential targets for molecular marker development. (3) Codon usage bias analysis showed that the third base of codons predominantly ends with A/U, and the codon usage pattern was mainly influenced by natural selection. (4) Phylogenetic analysis results indicated that the species were divided into two main branches, Loranthaceae and Santalaceae, with V. diospyrosicola clustering closely with V. liquidambaricola, indicating the closest genetic relationship. This study is the first to elucidate the characteristics of the chloroplast genome of V. diospyrosicola and to clarify the phylogenetic relationships within the Viscum, providing a theoretical basis for molecular identification and phylogenetic research of Viscum species.

Nitrogen transfer from nitrogen-fixing lichen to co-occurring epiphytes in subtropical forests of Yunnan

HU Xiaowen,LI Su,LU Zhiyun,PU Xiaoyan,SUN Wei — 2025/3/27 18:01:36

Acquiring sufficient nitrogen (N) to meet requirements for growth is a major challenge for epiphytes living in nutrient-poor canopy habitats. Cyanolichens (lichens that contain cyanobacterial symbionts) can function as the primary participants in the biological nitrogen fixation in many terrestrial ecosystems due to their excellent N2 fixation ability, however, it remains unclear whether fixed N from epiphytic cyanolichens can be transferred to neighboring epiphytes. To assess the N contribution of cyanolichens on epiphytes, this study focused on epiphytic ferns, bryophytes and coexisting cyanolichen Lobaria retigera in subtropical montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forests of the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Using 15N natural abundance analysis, the N transfer between the cyanolichens and epiphytes and its impact on the nutrients of epiphytes were investigated. The results were as follows: (1) Cyanolichens significantly transferred N to epiphytes, contributing 26.18 % and 35.15 % of N to bryophytes and ferns, respectively. (2) The presence of cyanolichens enhanced the ability of phosphorus (P) acquisition in bryophytes, thereby significantly reducing their N:P ratio, while no significant response was observed in ferns. (3) N transfer from cyanolichens to ferns was primarily influenced by the growth direction of the cyanolichens and the diameter at breast height of the host tree, while N transfer to bryophytes was mainly affected by the growth direction and coverage of the cyanolichens. In conclusion, cyanolichens play a crucial role in supplying N to coexisting epiphyte communities and alleviating N limitation in subtropical forests. This study provides evidence for understanding the formation and maintenance of epiphyte biodiversity in more stressful canopy habitats.

Impacts of high temperature adaptability of photosynthetic systems in three Quercus species on their distribution under climate change

WANG Limin,ZHOU Shuai — 2025/3/26 15:49:43

Climate change-induced temperature rise significantly influences the photosynthesis and geographic distribution patterns of temperate forests. Quercus species are pivotal components of temperate forests, yet their photosynthetic performance and distribution under warming conditions remain insufficiently studied. This paper focuses on Q. liaotungensis, Q. coccinea, and Q. rubra, investigating their photosynthetic system’s adaptability to high temperatures at both canopy and leaf levels and its influence on geographic distribution patterns. The results were as follows: (1) Significant variation in high-temperature adaptability among the three Quercus species, which directly impacts their geographic distribution patterns. (2) At the canopy level, Q. liaotungensis exhibits stronger photosynthetic capacity under high temperatures, indicating robust adaptability to high temperatures. (3) At the leaf level, its Photosystem II (PS II) shows enhanced stability under high temperatures, particularly in the electron transfer chain from PS II to Photosystem I (PS I). In contrast, Q. coccinea and Q. rubra demonstrate weaker adaptability to high temperatures, with significant declines in photochemical activity under high temperatures. Overall, the high-temperature response mechanisms of these Quercus species determine their temperature adaptability, thereby influencing their geographic distribution patterns. This study offers a novel perspective on predicting changes in the distribution patterns of Quercus species under climate change, emphasizing the critical role of photosynthesis in species adaptation and its theoretical significance for the evolution of temperate forest ecosystems and forest management.

Exploring the phylogeny and species delimitation of Coniogramme sect. Notogramme based on chloroplast genome and morphological evidence

CONG Wei,WU Die,YAN Pengpeng,YANG Wenli,ZHANG Gangmin — 2025/3/26 15:27:56

Coniogramme Fée, which belongs to Cryptogrammoideae of Pteridaceae, was divided into sect. Coniogramme and sect. Notogramme based on whether the leaf veins were connected to form an areole. The latter mainly includes the taxa with anastomosing veins represented by C. japonica. So far, there has been little systematic research on the phylogenetics of the genus Coniogramme. The phylogenetic relationship among species of sect. Notogramme has long been in controversy. Moreover, the taxonomic treatment was confused due to different understandings of morphological traits. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the sect. Notogramme and related species based on molecular and morphological analyses were investigated. The results were as follows: (1) Sect. Notogramme sensu Shing is not a monophyletic group. Only the species with 2-3 rows of areoles along each side of midrib belong to this group. (2) C. gracilis formed a well-supported monophyletic clade, which was sister to the clade formed by C. japonica, C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis. Combining with morphological evidence, this study suggested that C. gracilis should be recognized as a distinct species. (3) There was no obvious morphological distinction among C. japonica, C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis, and they clustered into a monophyletic group in the phylogenetic tree. C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis should be treated as synonymies of C. japonica. The traditional concept of sect. Notogramme was redefined in this paper. This section consists of two species, namely C. japonica and C. gracilis.

Rhizosphere fungal community compostions and root hydraulic traits of different mycorrhizal trees in karst forests

JIANG Guofeng,LI Qixia,LUO Longde,WANG Bingchao,XU Liming — 2025/3/24 10:37:39

To elucidate the symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi and their associated groups in the rhizosphere soil of trees in karst forests, as well as to investigate the drought resistance of tree roots associated with different mycorrhizal types. Using PacBio third-generation sequencing and pressure volume curve analysis, we examined the root and rhizosphere soil fungi of 17 tree species in the Mulun National Nature Reserve, Hechi City, Guangxi.. The results are as follows: (1) A total of 8028 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified and clustered from 85 soil samples, predominantly comprising Ascomycota (relative abundance: 70.76%), Basidiomycota (relative abundance: 13.17%), and unclassified fungi (relative abundance: 10.41%). (2) Rhizosphere soil fungal community diversity in karst plants was primarily influenced by the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), and pathogenic fungi (Pathogen). AMF abundance significantly exceeded EMF (1.691%>0.698%, P<0.01), with no significant correlation between symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi and other fungal groups. (3) Comparative analysis of typical tree species revealed that AM plant roots exhibited significantly lower values for saturated osmotic potential (Ψsft), turgor loss point water potential (Ψtlp), and relative water content (RWCtlp) compared to EM plants (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate the clear dominance of AMF over EMF in the rhizosphere soils of karst forest trees, with AMF being more widely distributed. Notably, other fungal community components in the rhizosphere soil did not directly influence the symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, comparative analysis showed significant differences in hydraulic traits between tree roots of different mycorrhizal types in karst forests. AM plants root exhibited higher drought tolerance, maintaining water absorption and physiological metabolism under drought stress, compared to EM plants root. This enhanced drought resistance in AM plants roots suggests greater adaptability to the unique karst habitat conditions. Future research should focus on the application of advanced sequencing technologies to further elucidate specific mycorrhizal fungi associations. This study contributes to the future isolation and identification of mycorrhizal fungi, providing scientific evidence for tree species selection and the application of mycorrhizal biotechnology in desertification control.

Niches, interspecific association and community stability of main species in secondary tropical rainforest in the main stream of Nandu River

HOU Dejia,HU Xiaofei*,LAN Caixin,MU Xiaodong,ZUO Yongling — 2025/3/12 15:51:41

To explore the community niche characteristics, interspecific relationships and community stability of secondary tropical rainforest in the main stream of Nandu River, and reveal its community structure, succession status and trend. We studied 21 main species in the arboreal shrub layer of the community. Niche width, niche similarity and niche overlap were used to analyze niche characteristics. Spearman coefficient, chi-square statistic, association coefficient and matching coefficient were used to analyze the interspecific association relationship of the community. The stability of the community was determined by the improved M.Godron stability measurement method. The results were as follows: (1) Heptapleurum heptaphyllum had the highest important value, and Aporosa dioica had the largest niche width. The total niche similarity and overlap among these main species were generally low, among which Machilus chinensis - Eurya nitida had the highest niche similarity and overlap index (0.69 and 0.87, respectively). (2) The overall association of the main species was significant positive association, but the significant rate of association test between species pairs was 3.81%. (3) The intersection point of the fitted curve with line segment y = 100-x was (39.80, 60.20), and the euclidean distance from the stable point (20, 80) was 28.00, which indicates that the community of the secondary tropical rainforest in the main stream of Nandu River is unstable. In conclusion, the secondary tropical rainforest of the main stream of Nandu River is in the key stage of transition from pre-successional to mid-successional. In order to maintain and enhance the stability of the community of the secondary tropical rainforest, we should take measures to close hills for afforestation and reduce human disturbance. The study provides the data basis for promoting the protection and restoration of secondary tropical rainforests and enhancing the stability of watershed ecosystems.

Cloning and analysis of the responses to drought and high-temperature stress of SMPD in Racomitrium canescens

BAO Wei,MA Tianyi,PENG Yifang,SHA Wei,WANG Jingjing,ZHANG Meijuan — 2025/3/12 15:32:33

Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (SMPD) plays a crucial role in the sphingolipid metabolism process by hydrolyzing sphingomyelin into phosphatidylcholines and ceramides. To investigate the functions related to drought tolerance and high-temperature resistance of an SMPD gene (RcSMPD) in the strongly desiccation-tolerant plant Racomitrium canescens, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was employed to detect the expression of RcSMPD under dehydration stress and high-temperature treatments. The coding sequence of RcSMPD was cloned, and bioinformatics analysis was carried out to predict the protein encoded by RcSMPD. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing RcSMPD were constructed to evaluate the drought tolerance and high-temperature resistance of RcSMPD. The results were as follows: (1) RcSMPD was found to respond to the dehydration stress and high-temperature treatments of R. canescens to different degrees. (2) RcSMPD had a total of 326 amino acid residues and was a hydrophilic protein. RcSMPD could be an acidic or neutral SMPD and was predicted located in chloroplasts or vacuoles. (3) Compared with wild-type plants, the morphology of the RcSMPD overexpression transgenic A. thaliana showed differences, yet there was no significant difference in stress resistance under simulated drought stress and high-temperature stress treatments among the A. thaliana lines. In conclusion, RcSMPD can participate in the response of R canescens to dehydration and high-temperature stress. Overexpression of RcSMPD can change the morphology of A. thaliana, but has no significant impact on its drought tolerance and high-temperature resistance.

Functional traits and drought resistance evaluation of leaves from five mulberry varieties in the Guangxi karst region

2025/3/6 17:03:36

In order to select drought-resistant Morus alba varieties suitable for planting in the karst areas of Guangxi, this study investigated five mulberry varieties from Huanjiang county, namely Guisang 5, Guisang 6, Guisangyou 12, Nongsang 14, and Yu 711. A total of 24 leaf functional traits were measured, including chlorophyll, osmotic regulatory substances, anthocyanins, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as anatomical traits such as conduit diameter, conduit wall reinforcement, leaf thickness, upper and lower epidermis thickness, palisade mesophyll thickness, spongy mesophyll thickness, stomatal size, and stomatal density. These traits were evaluated through principal component analysis, membership function, and cluster analysis to identify leaf functional traits associated with drought resistance and to select the varieties with the strongest drought resistance. The results were as follows： (1) Principal component analysis revealed that the key leaf functional traits associated with drought resistance in the five mulberry varieties were chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotene, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase activity, stomatal size, stomatal density, conduit wall reinforcement, and spongy tissue thickness. These traits were found to have significant correlations with the drought resistance of the varieties. (2) The membership function analysis ranked the drought resistance of the five varieties as follows: Nongsang 14 > Guisangyou 12 > Guisang 5 > Guisang 6 > Yu 711. This ranking was confirmed by the subsequent cluster analysis, which grouped Nongsang 14, Guisangyou 12, and Guisang 5 together, while Guisang 6 and Yu 711 were placed in a separate group. The clustering results were consistent with the membership function analysis. (3) Nongsang 14, Guisangyou 12, and Guisang 5 exhibited the best drought resistance, which was attributed to their more efficient physiological regulation mechanisms and optimal anatomical features. The findings of this study provide a solid scientific foundation and valuable theoretical insights for the selection of drought-resistant mulberry varieties in the karst regions of Guangxi.

In vitro culture and plant regeneration from the leaves of Primulina danxiaensis

2025/3/6 10:36:27

Primulina danxiaensis, an endemic species of the Danxia landform within the Gesneriaceae family, exhibits a narrow distribution range and a limited population size, thereby necessitating propagation and conservation via plant tissue culture techniques. In this paper, in order to establish the tissue culture and rapid propagation technical system of P. danxiaensis, the leaf segments of P. danxiaensis were used as explants to screen the appropriate surface disinfection time with HgCl?, the culture media for adventitious bud induction, bud proliferation and rooting, as well as the transplanting substrates for tissue-cultured seedlings. The results were as follows: (1) The optimal disinfection procedure involved a 30-second immersion in 75% alcohol, followed by a 6-minute soak in 0.1% HgCl2, achieving an 84.95% survival rate of leaf explants. (2) For bud induction, the most effective medium was found to be 1/2MS supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) 2 mg·L?1 and α-naphthalene aceticacid (NAA) 0.1 mg·L?1, resulting in a 100% bud induction rate and an average of 38.35 buds per leaf explant after 40 days of culture. (3) Bud proliferation was optimally achieved on 1/2MS medium containing 6-BA 3 mg·L?1 and NAA 0.2 mg·L?1 , yielding a proliferation coefficient of 7.54 over a 50-day period. (4) Rooting was successfully induced using 1/2MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.5 mg·L?1 , leading to a 100% rooting rate and an average of 26.28 roots per plant after 30 days. (5) The tissue-cultured seedlings were successfully acclimatized and transplanted into three different mixed substrates: a mixture of leaf mould from Karst landform, perlite, and vermiculite (1:1:1, V/V/V), peat soil, perlite, and vermiculite (1:1:1, V/V/V), and perlite and vermiculite (1:1, V/V), all with a 100% survival rate and demonstrating robust growth. This study is capable of achieving large-scale propagation of P. danxiaensis, a result that significantly contributes to both its resource protection and utilization.

Construction of three-frame expression library of Zizyphus jujuba cv. ‘Dong zao’ cDNA and screening of upstream regulator factors of ZjRWD40 gene

2025/3/6 10:23:24

Zizyphus jujuba cv. ‘Dong zao’, a late-maturing fresh-eating jujube variety unique to China, features tender flesh, abundant juice and minimal residues. It is not only nutritionally rich but also has the value of serving as a medicinal substitute, making it highly popular among consumers. DNA methylation, as an important epigenetic modification method, plays a core role in plants'' response to stress and the process of fruit development. The RWD40 protein is a key protein involved in the methylation regulation pathway. It affects the expression of a series of downstream genes by regulating the DNA methylation level, and thus has a profound impact on the development process of fruits, the synthesis and accumulation of flavor substances, etc., ultimately affecting the fruit quality. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the expression of the RWD40 gene remains unclear. This study employed the yeast one-hybrid technique to preliminarily screen for upstream candidate regulatory factors of the ZjRWD40 gene. The results were as follows: (1) The titer of the three-frame expression library of Zizyphus jujuba cv. ‘Dong zao’ cDNA reached 4×109 CFU?mL-1, and the recombination rate was 100%. (2) Stress-defense elements ABRE, MBS, and TGACG-motif were identified from the promoter region of the ZjRWD40 gene family, and bait vectors Bait1-ABRE, Bait2-MBS, and Bait3-TGACG-motif were constructed respectively. (3) The results of screening upstream regulatory factors through yeast one-hybrid showed that Bait1-ABRE exhibited a self-activation. A total of 11 gene sequences were initially retrieved from the Bait2-MBS and Bait3-TGACG-motif bait vectors. Among them, 5 sequences were directly related to plant stress-resistance responses. The proteins encoded by these genes may regulate the expression of the ZjRWD40 gene through interactions with the MBS element and the TGACG-motif element, thus affecting its growth, development, and fruit quality under stress environments. This study provides important insights into the molecular network mechanism by which the ZjRWD40 gene regulates the fruit development of Zizyphus jujuba cv. ‘Dong zao’, and also lays a theoretical foundation for the stress-resistant breeding of Zizyphus jujuba cv. ‘Dong zao’. Future research will focus on using transcriptome sequencing technology to identify the downstream regulatory genes of ZjRWD40, aiming to further clarify its molecular pathway in the stress regulation of Zizyphus jujuba cv. ‘Dong zao’.

Cloning and expression analysis of LCYB and LCYE genes in Dendrobium hybrids and their relationship with flower color

陈曼曼,Li chonghui,Li yamei,Luo xiaoyan — 2025/3/6 10:12:08

Carotenoids is one of the important anthocyanins in phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium hybrids (Den-Phals), and the biosynthesis of carotenoids in Den-Phals flowers has not been investigated. Two key synthase genes DhLCYB and DhLCYE on the downstream branch of carotenoid synthesis pathway were cloned from the flower buds of Den-Phals cultivar D. Thongchai Gold, and their sequences were analyzed. We measured their expression characteristics at different stages of flower development in Den-Phals with different flower colors using RT-qPCR, and analyzed their correlation with the composition and content of carotenoids, which were investigated through targeted metabolomics assay. The results indicated that: (1) one transcript of DhLCYB, and one transcript of DhLCYE were cloned. Their amino acid sequences are closest to those of species of the same genus, D. candidum and D. chrysotoxum, showed the highest homology. As two lycopene cyclase enzymes, DhLCYB and DhLCYE showed highly similar in protein 3D structure. (2) DhLCYB and DhLCYE had different expression characteristics at different stages of flowering in Den-Phals. DhLCYE had a higher expression level in yellow flowers than that in purple-red flowers, and was significantly positively correlated with the content of lutein and α-carotene. There is no regular pattern in the expression of DhLCYB in various cultivars with different colors, but its expression level during the S1 stage was significantly positively correlated with the β, β- carotenoid metabolites of LCYB catalytic branching pathways such as antheraxanthin and violaxanthin. (3) there were total 48 kinds of carotenoids, including 4 carotenes and 44 xanthophylls, were identified from the flowers of Den-Phals; the total carotenoid content was higher in yellow cultivars than that in purple or pink ones. (4) The content of 15 kinds of carotenoids and their derivatives, as well as total carotenoids, was significantly negatively correlated with the chroma a* and significantly positively correlated with b* value. This study provides genetic resources and breeding ideas for color improvement of Den-Phals.

Chemical constituents of Millettia pachycarpa and their inhibitory activities on MDA-MB-231 cells

Miao Yingying,XU Qiuyue,Zhang Qian — 2025/3/6 9:05:42

In order to investigate the chemical constituents of Millettia pachycarpa and their inhibitory activity on MDA-MB-231 cells, the extract of M. pachycarpa was isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. The structure of the compound was identified according to the physicochemical properties and spectral data. The inhibitory activity of the compound on MDA-MB-231 cells was tested by MTT assay. The results were as follows show: (1) Twenty-two compounds were identified from the M. pachycarpa as mtricrin (1), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycetophenone (2), 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumrin (3), glouxnthone (4), p-methoxybenzoic acid (5), oxophoeine (6), isoshonnin (7), schizndriside (8), nudiposide (9), rtemetin (10), hentricontnol (11), clliphyllin (12), corymoside (13), norrchycourmrin (14), 2, 5-dihydroxyacetophenone (15), 2, 4-dihydroxyacetophenone (16), mkoline (17), 5, 6, 7-trimethoxycoumarin (18), 5, 7, 4'' -trihydroxy-3'', 5'' -dimethoxyflavonone (19), 5, 4’ 5-dihydroxy-3, 7, 3’-trimethoxyflvnone (20), 5, 4’-dihydroxr-7-methoxyflavone (21), 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-6, 8-dimethyl flavone (22). All the compounds were identified from the Millettia pachycarpa for the first time. (2) Compounds 6 and 11 showed good inhibitory activity on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. The IC50 value of compound 6 was 5.71 μmol·L-1, which was similar to that of 5-fluorouracil (IC50 value 5.53 μmol·L-1). The results of this study revealed the chemical composition of Millettia pachycarpa, and provided scientific basis for further research on inhibiting the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells.

General report on new taxa of vascular plants in Guangxi

CHEN Hailing,HUANG Yusong — 2025/3/5 22:11:12

The species diversity of vascular plants in Guangxi is increasing with the deepening of field investigation and research. In the last 25 years, data about new taxa of vascular plants in Guangxi (new species, varieties, subspecies and variants, etc.) have been scattered in various publications. It is necessary to collate and make statistics in time. Thus, the species composition, distribution, distinctive taxa and conservation status can be fully displayed, and provided an important resource guarantee for the protection and sustainable utilization of plant diversity in Guangxi. Based on extensive literature review and data proofreading, the statistical results were as follows: (1) 683 new taxa of vascular plants belonging to 85 families and 206 genera have been reported in Guangxi from 2000 to 2024. The dominant families and genera were Gesneriaceae, Begoniaceae, Asparagaceae, Urticaceae, Primulina, Begonia, Aspidistra and Elatostema. (2) The new taxa are highly rare and endemic, including 70.42% of limestone specific, 85.51% of Guangxi endemic, 49.93% of threatened, 22 species under state key protected protection, and 24 species under Guangxi key protected protection. (3) Karst areas rich in biodiversity are the main distribution, and more new taxa are reported in non-protected areas than in protected areas. Jingxi City is the county-level region?where most new taxa have been reported. (4) The research institutes are the main contributors to the new taxa in Guangxi, and led by Guangxi Institute of Botany. The discovery and report of these new plant taxa is an important embodiment of the rich plant diversity and the improvement of ecological environment quality in Guangxi.

Kiwifruit Trait Improvement via CRISPR/Cas9: Precision Breeding Strategies and Challenges

2025/3/5 22:00:18

The rapid advancement of gene editing technologies has revolutionized precision breeding in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). This review systematically summarizes the multidimensional applications, strategies, and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in kiwifruit trait improvement. Leveraging high-quality genomic resources, such as the telomere-to-telomere gapless reference genome of A. chinensis, and efficient genetic transformation systems like marker-free Agrobacterium-mediated methods, researchers have achieved breakthroughs in fruit quality, disease resistance, and plant architecture regulation. Key advancements include: targeted editing of AcNAC1, bZIP, and MYB/bHLH complexes to reduce citrate content, enhance vitamin C biosynthesis, and optimize anthocyanin accumulation; a host-pathogen dual-targeting strategy that strengthens the AcCBL3-mediated calcium oxalate barrier and disrupts the hopAI1 virulence gene in pathogens, significantly improving disease resistance; and knockout of CEN-like and AcFLC-like genes to develop compact plant architecture and cold-independent budbreak germplasms. Postharvest studies have elucidated synergistic regulatory networks between ethylene signaling and cell wall hydrolases, offering molecular targets for shelf-life extension. Despite challenges such as polyploid editing complexity and transgenic regulatory controversies, the integration of multi-omics and synthetic biology tools is advancing kiwifruit breeding from single-gene manipulation to metabolic pathway reprogramming. With global regulatory relaxation for foreign DNA-free edited varieties, CRISPR/Cas9-based molecular design breeding is poised for industrial-scale application. This review further outlines technical optimization pathways and future research priorities, providing a theoretical framework to accelerate the development of next-generation kiwifruit cultivars.

The Compilation and Research Journey of "Flora of Guangxi" ——Also Discussing the Development Vision for Guangxi's Plant Taxonomy and Related Disciplines

Liu Yan,Wei Fa Nan,许为斌 — 2025/3/4 14:44:19

Guangxi located in the south of China, with complex geology, diverse terrain, and abundant biodiversity, also serving as a vital ecological barrier in southern China. Since its establishment, the Guangxi Institute of Botany dedicated to identifying Guangxi"s plant diversity, conducting extensive field surveys across all the region, and accumulated approximately 600,000 plant specimens. It established the largest plant herbarium (IBK) for Guangxi"s collections, and jointly completed the compilation and publication of all six volumes of "Flora of Guangxi" with 28 institutes or universities. This flora includes 307 families, 2,073 genera, and 9,051 species (including infraspecies) of vascular plants in Guangxi, marking the first comprehensive and systematic description for Guangxi"s plant diversity in a large-scale. This article introduces the basic information and compilation features of "Flora of Guangxi", systematically reviews the twists and turns of its compilation process, which is divided into three stages for introduction, and briefly introduces the evaluations from peers and various honors received by "Flora of Guangxi". Looking back on history and forward to the future, combining with the modern development trends of botanical disciplines also, the author briefly discusses the development vision for Guangxi"s plant taxonomy and related disciplines, providing some suggestions for future research, protection, and sustainable utilization of Guangxi"s plant resources.

Research progress on the influencing factors of forest litter decomposition rate

GUO Yi-li,LIU Ming,LIU Qi,LU Xue-gan — 2025/3/3 16:37:33

Litter is an important functional component of forest ecosystems, and its decomposition is the main pathway for material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem. It is a key link in the biogeochemical cycle. This article starts with the main factors that affect litter decomposition, such as litter quality, climate, and soil decomposer communities. It also summarizes the research and hot topics on litter decomposition both domestically and internationally in recent years, which is of great significance for the sustainable utilization of forest resources. In the context of global climate change, this article provides a research basis for further exploring the influencing factors and response mechanisms of litter decomposition process.

New records of Carex L. (Cyperaceae) from Guangxi, China

LIU Yan,LU Yifei,LU Zhaocen,SU Min,WU Youdong — 2025/3/3 8:40:30

For a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of the species diversity of Carex in Guangxi, China, this article based on specimens identification, literature research and field investigation, 20 species of Carex were newly recorded from Guangxi and reported here, which are C. bodinieri Franch., C. dayuongensis Z. P. Wang, C. foraminata C. B. Clarke, C. gongshanensis Tang & F. T. Wang ex Y. C. Yang, C. henryi (C. B. Clarke) T. Koyama, C. jizhuangensis?S. Yun Liang, C.?longipes?D. Don, C. manciformis C. B. Clarke ex Franch., C. metallica H. Lév., C.?olivacea?Boott, C. orbicularinucis L. K. Dai, C. oxyphylla Franch., C. phoenicis Dunn, C. pseudotristachya X. F. Jin & C. Z. Zheng, C. remotistachya Y. Y. Zhou & X. F. Jin, C.?rugata?Ohwi, C. sinodissitiflora Tang & F. T. Wang ex L. K. Dai, C. tsaiana F. T. Wang & Tang ex P. C. Li, C. tungfangensis L. K. Dai & S. M. Huang, C. wuyishanensis S. Yun Liang. The discovery of these newly recorded species in Guangxi has not only enriched the species diversity of Carex, but also provided valuable background information which will facilitate subsequent research endeavors and utilization of this genus.

Research progress on soil microbial community in karst area

Li Qiang,Zhang Hao,Zou Xiaoxiao — 2025/3/2 20:54:41

Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in the karst ecosystems, significantly influencing ecosystem functionality through their role in nutrient cycling. This review focuses on reviewing the effects of vegetation restoration, geological background, soil properties, and soil fauna on soil microbial communities. It also elucidates the interrelationships among karst vegetation, soil, and microorganisms. Furthermore, this review also pointed out key issues requiring urgent attention in current research. Including the distribution of microorganisms at the level of soil aggregates in karst areas, the impact of litter on soil microbial functions, the interactions between soil fauna and microorganisms, the role of soil microorganisms in carbon and nitrogen cycling, and the development and utilization of soil microbial resources. The research on the above issues will provide scientific basis for further understanding the biogeochemical cycle process of karst ecosystems, formulating effective ecological restoration strategies and soil management practices.

Genetic diversity analysis of Illicium verum germplasm resources in Guangxi using SLAF-seq

2025/2/26 18:16:04

As one of the significant characteristic economic forestry species in Guangxi, star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) showcases a rich genetic variation. In order to uncover the genetic diversity of star anise germplasm resources in Guangxi, the specific amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-Seq) technology was employed. This enabled an in-depth investigation into the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci across 53 star anise population samples, gathered from a variety of geographical territories within Guangxi, as well as 42 samples of artificially selected superior germplasm. Based on SNP polymorphism, population genetic structure and genetic diversity analyses were conducted on these star anise samples. The results were as follows: (1) From 95 star anise samples, a total of 1 588 Mb of sequencing data and 643 690 SLAF tags were obtained, of which 74 434 were polymorphic SLAF tags. After filtering, 2 690 564 population SNPs were identified. (2) The 95 star anise samples were classified into two fundamental clades: one clade assimilated samples originating from the northern, western, and some regions of central Guangxi, whereas the other clade embraced the 42 samples of artificially selected superior germplasm, coupled with samples from southern, eastern, and portions of central Guangxi. (3) Populations from northern Guangxi exhibited the highest level of genetic diversity, followed sequentially by those from eastern, central, western, and southern Guangxi. In contrast, the artificially selected superior germplasm samples displayed the lowest degree of genetic diversity. The study effectively demonstrates that SNP molecular markers, derived from SLAF-Seq technology, are capable of efficiently assessing the genetic diversity in samples from different Guangxi regions and the samples of artificially selected superior germplasm. This information acts as a significant theoretical guide for the conservation, utilization of the star anise genetic resources in Guangxi, as well as the selection of superior germplasms.

Temporal and spatial variations of gross primary productivity (GPP) in vegetation ecosystems and its dominant climatic factors identification in Southwest China

LI Zhenxi*,XIE Zongying — 2025/2/26 17:50:11

Exploring the spatiotemporal variations of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) across vegetation ecosystems (cropland, forest, and grassland) in Southwest China, as well as the direct, indirect, and comprehensive impacts of climatic factors on these variations, holds significant importance for managing regional vegetation resources amidst climate change. Based on GPP, temperature, and precipitation data spanning from 2000 to 2022, coupled with land use type data from 2020, this study adopts methods such as Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall significance test, and path analysis to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of GPP within Southwest China''s vegetation ecosystems. It further dissects the direct, indirect, and overall effects of temperature and precipitation on vegetation GPP, revealing the dominant climatic factors and their modes of influence on GPP changes in the region. The findings are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2022, a significant upward trend (P<0.05) was observed in GPP across all vegetation ecosystems in Southwest China, with the cropland ecosystem experiencing the highest increase rate, and the grassland ecosystem, the lowest. (2) At the regional scale, temperature had a positive direct, indirect, and overall effect on vegetation GPP, whereas precipitation exerted a negative influence. Temperature had the most significant direct impact on grassland ecosystem GPP, while precipitation''s direct impact was greatest on cropland ecosystem GPP. (3) At the pixel scale, temperature''s influence on GPP changes in Southwest China and its individual ecosystems was stronger than that of precipitation. Temperature directly dominated 54.89% of the changes in vegetation GPP. In summary, a considerable proportion of vegetation ecosystems in Southwest China showed positive changes in GPP, with temperature''s direct effect being the primary driver of GPP variations across these ecosystems. These findings provide valuable insights for formulating regionally adaptive ecological restoration and management policies amidst global climate change.

Isolation, identification and microbial transformation of endophytic fungi Colletotrichum queenslandicum KJT-1 of Tinospora sinensis

2025/2/24 17:25:48

To fully develop the endophytic fungal resources of Tinospora sinensis and obtain strains with microbial transformation capabilities for the host medicinal material, this study employed a tissue isolation method and ITS?sequence analysis to identify the isolated endophytic fungi and conduct microbial transformation research. The bioactivity and chemical composition differences of the extracts before and after microbial transformation were analyzed and evaluated through antibacterial experiments, DPPH radical scavenging assays, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques. The results were as follows: (1)?An endophytic fungus was isolated and identified as Colletotrichum queenslandicum from Tinospora sinensis, which demonstrated microbial transformation capabilities towards the host medicinal material. (2) The extracts of T. sinensis before microbial transformation had no inhibitory effect on the tested strains. Howeever, after microbial transformation, the n-butanol extract of T. sinensis had inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum bactericidal concentration of 31.3 g·mL-1. (3) The DPPH free radical scavenging ability of crude extract, n-butanol and ethyl acetate extract was decreased compared with that before transformation, while the petroleum ether extract exhibited an enhanced scavenging ability compared with that before transformation. (4) A total of 33 and 23 compounds were identified and characterized from the n-butanol extracts of Tinospora sinensis before and after microbial transformation, respectively, indicating the changes in chemical composition. This study isolated and obtained an endophytic fungus with microbial transformation capabilities of the T. sinensis, providing theoretical support for research on its efficient utilization and biotransformation.

Abietane diterpenoids with cytotoxicities from Tripterygium hypoglaucum

CHEN Xinglong,HU Weiyan,LIN Zhiqi,TANG Ran,WANG Ji,ZHANG Rongping,ZHOU Tang — 2025/2/21 11:11:29

To study the abietane diterpenoids with cytotoxicities from Tripterygium hypoglaucum, the ethyl acetate extract of T. hypoglaucum was purified by various chromatographic separation methods such as silica gel, MCI, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). Cytotoxicities of the compounds were performed on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, SW1990 human pancreatic cancer cells, and 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells using CCK-8 assay. The results were as follows: (1) Ten abietane diterpenoids were isolated from T. hypoglaucum and were identified as: isoneotriptophenolide (1), triptophenolide (2), triptobenzene I (3), triptotin (4), triptotin B (5), triptobenzene N (6), triptobenzene M (7), wilforol F (8), triptobenzene A (9), and quinone 21 (10). Compounds 4, 5, 6 and 7 were isolated from T. hypoglaucum at the first time. (2) Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against the SH-SY5Y cells with the IC50 value of (1.10±0.03) μmol?L-1. Compounds 1, 7 and 8 showed cytotoxicity on SW1990 cells with the IC50 values of (0.47±0.02) μmol?L-1, (9.26±1.39) μmol?L-1 and (4.81±0.77) μmol?L-1, respectively. Compounds 7, 8 and 9 showed inhibitory against the 4T1 cells with the IC50 values of (3.98±0.73) μmol?L-1, (0.79±0.05) μmol?L-1, and (2.12±0.08) μmol?L-1. The results of this study enriched the chemical constituents of T. hypoglaucum and provided a basis for the development of anti-tumor activity.

Analysis of chloroplast genomic characteristics and phylogeny in Sycopsis triplinervia

HUANG Yuan *,LI Rui,WANG Shidong,WANG Shubao,XIONG Shuang,ZHOU Fuqin — 2025/2/21 11:11:08

Sycopsis triplinervia is an evergreen shrub in the genus Sycopsis (Hamamelidaceae). The phylogenetic position of Sycopsis has been a subject of debate, and its evolutionary relationships with closely related genera such as Distyliopsis and Distylium remain unclear. Here we sequenced and assembled its chloroplast genome and conducted comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses together with publicly available Hamamelidaceae chloroplast genomes. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of S. triplinervia was 159 375 bp in length and encoded 133 genes, including 8 rRNA genes, 37 tRNA genes, 87 protein-coding genes and 1 pseudogene. (2) A total of 33 interpersed repeats, 39 tandem repeats and 82 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the genome. (3) Codon usage was biased toward A/U endings. Nine optimal codons were detected, and natural selection was determined to be the main driver of codon usage bias. (4) Overall, the chloroplast genome of S. triplinervia was highly conserved relative to its close relatives. Fifteen highly variable regions were identified as potential markers for molecular identification in Sycopsis. (5) Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Hamamelidaceae was monophyletic, and the six genera Hamamelis, Parrotiopsis, Sycopsis, Distyliopsis, Parrotia, and Distylium formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade. Within this clade, S. triplinervia was sister to the remaining taxa. However, Sycopsis, Parrotia, Distyliopsis, and Distylium were each non-monophyletic. This study provides fundamental data and a valuable reference for further phylogenetic research on Hamamelidaceae.

Pollen Morphology of 31 Taxa of the Genus Iris L.(Iridaceae) and its Taxonomic Implications

LI Kai,SONG Hua,WANG Baibing,ZHANG Lei,ZHU Ying — 2025/2/21 9:37:16

To investigate the pollen morphology and its potential taxonomic implicatons for the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae), the pollen grains of 31 Iris taxa were researched by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their pollen morphology was clustered and analyzed. Pollen grains were prepared using the critical-point drying method. The results were as follows: (1) All the pollen grains of the 31 taxa were monad, heteropolar and sulcate, oblate, suboblate or spheroidal in shape, with medium or large size. The sulcus membrane was smooth or ornamented. The pollen grains were semitectate or atectate, with different types of heterobrochate (rarely gemmate-clavate) exine ornamentation. (2) Zonasulcate pollen grains were found in Iris bungei, Iris kobayashii and Iris ventricosa. For the first time the disulcate pollen grains were found in Iris hookeri in the genus Iris. (3) Cluster analysis showed that at a squared Euclidean distance of 10, 31 taxa could be clustered into six types (i.e., Sibirica type, Germanica type, Pumila type, Ruthenica type, Laevigata type and Spuria type). The taxa studied cluster basically in accordance with the subgenera, sections and series of the morphotaxonomy. Of the six types, the Germanica type had the largest pollen grains and a heterobrochate reticulate exine with the largest lumina, while the Ruthenica type had the smallest pollen grains and a microreticulate or nanoreticulate exine. The Pumila type was characterized by atectate pollen grains with a gemmate-clavate exine ornamentation and the Spuria type was characterized by suboblate shape pollen grains with an ornamented sulcus membrane. (4) The possible evolutionary trends of the pollen morphology of three subgenera were proposed: the subgenus Limniris was more primitive than the subgenus Iris, series Ruthenicae was the most primitive taxon among the species studied, and subgenus Pardanthopsis and section Lophiris could be the intermediate types in the transition of the subgenus Limniris to the subgenus Iris. (5) The critical-point drying method and 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) direct method were suitable methods for the preparation of pollen micromorphology of the genus Iris. The results of this study indicate that the pollen morphology of 31 Iris taxa reflects both consistency and differences. The morphology data of pollen can be used as supplementary characteristics to identify the subgenera, sections and series, providing reliable palynological evidence.

Pollen morphology and taxonomicsignificance of 13 taxa of Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae)

DU Hanmei,HU Meng,LI Shengchun,TAN Lu,WANG Anhu,WANG Qinghai,WU Dandan,XU Zhou — 2025/2/20 9:23:20

The genus Fagopyrum is the gene pool for the genetic improvement of cultivated buckwheat. The phylogenetic status of this genus and the biosystematic relationship of some species are still controversial. Pollen morphology of Fagopyrum was observed by scanning electron microscope to provide some clues to explore the morphological characteristics of Fagopyrum and its taxonomic significance. The results were as follows: (1) The pollen shape of the Fagopyrum species varied from subspheroidal to prolate, and the pollen sizes varied significantly among species. Of which, the pollen of F. tataricum ssp. potanini and F. gracilipes were the biggest, F. callianthum was the smallest, the rest were medium-sized. (2) The pollen exine ornamentation of Fagopyrum species was a finely reticulate. However, there are lumen differences in the size and density of pollen surface perforation among different species. (3) Cluster analysis showed the pollen morphology of F. tataricum ssp. potanini, F. lineare, F. tataricum, F. urophyllum, and F. callianthum had similar characteristics, The germination furrow is small in length and width, the pollen shape is subglobose and oblong, and the pollen size is medium or small. F. densovillosum, F.caudatum, F. statice, F. rubifolium, F. dibotrys, and F. macrocarpum were similar, with germination furrow of medium length and width, pollen shape subglobose or oblong, pollen all of medium size. Surprisingly, the pollen morphology of F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis and F. gracilipes were quite different from other species, expressed in mesh width, ridge width, mesh size and germination furrow length and width are the largest, pollen shape is oblong and pollen size is large. In all, the pollen of Fagopyrum has the common characteristics of sub-spheroidal or prolate shape, exine ornamentation is finely reticulate, tricolporate aperature, which are different from other species of Polygonum, which means that it can be used as a reference to determine the phylogenetic status of this genus. Although there are differences in pollen morphology between taxa, the low resolution is not enough to distinguish the species of Fagopyrum.

HY5 inhibits the transcription of SAUR1/2/3/4 in thermomorphogenesis

FENG Yu,LIU ZhouLi,WANG Xin — 2025/2/19 15:00:35

The SAUR (SMALL AUXIN UP RNA) gene family is an important downstream gene family that promotes hypocotyl elongation. However, the molecular mechanism by which SAURs are regulated in high temperature induced-hypocotyl elongation remains unclear. Thermomorphogenesis is defined as a series of morphological changes that occur in the mild high temperature range between the optimal temperature and the adverse high temperature in higher plants. Hypocotyl elongation is one of the most intensively researched one. In this study, Arabidopsis Col wild type, hy5 mutant, 35S::HY5-HA/Col-0 overexpressed plants and tobacco were used as research materials. NPA treatment, quantitative RT-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation and double luciferase reporter gene detection were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of high temperature regulated SAUR1/2/3/4. The results were as follows: (1) Auxin is downstream of HY5 (ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5) in the thermomorphogenesis signaling pathway. (2) HY5 inhibits the transcription of SAUR1/2/3/4 in 20 ℃ and 29 ℃. (3) HY5 binds to the E-box-containing regions of SAUR1/2/3/4 promotors chromatin, and these bindings are inhibited by high temperature. (4) Auxin is required for the regulation of SAUR1/2/3/4 by HY5. In summary, high temperature regulates the transcription of these four genes by affecting the binding strength of HY5 and SAUR1/2/3/4 promoter chromatin, and this regulatory process requires auxin. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of hypocotyl elongation downstream genes regulated by high temperature.

Identification of Trichoderma harzianum T9131 and analysis of its effect on against pathogen and disease resistance of Astragalus membranaceus

2025/2/19 14:56:08

The fungus Trichoderma spp. is ubiquitously detectable in soil and plant roots, and it plays a crucial role in the biological control of agriculture. To explore the influence of Trichoderma spp. on the resistance of Astragalus membranaceus to root rot, the aim of this study is to isolate and identify type of Trichoderma from Astragalus membranaceus root rot, and subsequently investigate its antagonistic confrontation on pathogen and analyze its effect on change of resistance physiological indexes of Astragalus membranaceus. The type of Trichoderma was determined through morphological characteristics, ITS and tef1 sequence analysis. The antagonistic confrontation of Trichoderma isolate against Fusarium solani HYFS-1 was analyzed by plate confrontation assay. To determine the role of Trichoderma isolate in inducing the resistance of Astragalus membranaceus, the physiological indexes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonlyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) and proline (Pro) were determined. The results were as follows：(1) The Trichoderma type from Astragalus membranaceus root rot was identified as Trichoderma harzianum and named T9131. (2) The inhibition rate of Trichoderma harzianum T9131 against Fusarium solani HYFS-1 reached 72% ± 1% after 6 days of two confrontation. (3) Compared to HYFS-1 alone, T9131 significantly enhanced SOD activity at 0h after HYFS-1 infection. At the 24h infection, T9131 markedly increased SOD activity, POD activity, and Pro content. By the 48h infection, T9131 significantly elevated POD, PAL activity, and Pro content. To sum up, Trichoderma harzianum T9131 can control Astragalus membranaceus root rot by directly inhibiting the growth of HYFS-1 and could enhance SOD, POD, PAL acitivities and Pro content of Astragalus membranaceus under Fusarium solani HYFS-1 stress. This research will lay the foundation for exploring the mechanism of Trichoderma harzianum against Astragalus membranaceus root rot. was determined through morphological characteristics, ITS and tef1 sequence analysis. The antagonistic confrontation of Trichoderma isolate against Fusarium solani HYFS-1 was analyzed by plate confrontation assay. To determine the role of Trichoderma isolate in inducing the resistance of Astragalus membranaceus, the physiological indexes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonlyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) and proline (Pro) were determined. The results were presented as follows：(1) The Trichoderma type from Astragalus membranaceus root rot was identified as Trichoderma harzianum and named T9131. (2) The inhibition rate of Trichoderma harzianum T9131 against Fusarium solani HYFS-1 reached 72% ± 1% after 6 days of two confrontation. (3) Compared to HYFS-1 alone, T9131 significantly enhanced SOD activity at 0h after HYFS-1 infection. At the 24h infection, T9131 markedly increased SOD activity, POD activity, and Pro content. By the 48h infection, T9131 significantly elevated POD, PAL activity, and Pro content. To sum up, Trichoderma harzianum T9131 can control Astragalus membranaceus root rot by directly inhibiting the growth of HYFS-1 and could enhance SOD, POD, PAL acitivities and Pro content of Astragalus membranaceus under Fusarium solani HYFS-1 stress. This research will lay the foundation for exploring the mechanism of Trichoderma harzianum against Astragalus membranaceus root rot.

Research progress on the mechanisms of plant uptake of per/polyfluoroalkyl compounds and their mutual impacts

2025/2/19 11:24:42

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are two representative per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Due to their excellent physical-chemical characteristics, including surface activity and high stability, these chemicals have found widespread applications in many industries. However, during their production, use, and disposal, some PFAS would enter environment as pollutants inevitably. Soil is the final and largest sink of PFAS. PFAS in soil could be absorbed, translocated, and accumulated by plants, and then enriched in organisms through the food chain and posing serious risks to animals and humans. Moreover, owing to their chemical stability, PFAS persist in the environment for extended periods, leading to their classification as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and attracting increasing attention. However, the current understanding of the impacts and mechanisms of plant uptake and accumulation of per/polyfluoroalkyl compounds is not well documented. Literature mining indicates that PFAS not only affect plant growth, development, metabolism, and genes expression, but also significantly influence the environmental chemistry of PFAS through absorption, transportation, and enrichment by plants. This review aims to focus on several key topics, such as the influence of plants on PFAS distribution in soil, the mechanisms of PFAS uptake and translocation/accumulation in plants, the effect of PFAS on plant metabolism and growth, and plant response to PFAS stress. This review will promote our understanding of how plants affect the environmental chemical behaviors of PFAS, and provide insights into plant-based solutions for the remediation and utilization of PFAS-contaminated soils.

Dispersal risk of Alternanthera philoxeroides in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park under climate change

CHEN Zhiqi,SONG Xiqiang,YANG Fan,YANG Zexiu — 2025/2/19 9:48:26

Alternanthera philoxeroides, a globally invasive species, poses a significant threat to local ecosystems due to its rapid spread and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, a critical area for biodiversity conservation, is increasingly at risk from the spread of?A. philoxeroides. Therefore, accurately mapping its distribution and conducting dynamic monitoring are essential for effective management. This study utilized field survey data and employed the?Biomod2?package in the R programming language to develop species distribution models, analyzing the spatial distribution of?A. philoxeroides?in the national park under current and future climate scenarios, as well as identifying key environmental factors influencing its habitat suitability. The results were as follows: (1) The suitable areas for A. philoxeroides in the national park were categorized into low, medium, high, and very suitable zones. Under current conditions, the highly suitable area covered approximately 180.75 km2, concentrated primarily in the Yinggeling, Diaoluoshan, and Limushan areas. (2) Among the various factors influencing habitat suitability, climatic variables were found to have the most significant impact on the species’ distribution. Specifically, the mean annual temperature change (bio7), normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi), maximum temperature in the warmest month (bio5), and precipitation in the warmest quarter (bio18) were identified as the key factors influencing habitat suitability. (3) The trends in the total habitat suitability area of A. philoxeroides under different future climate scenarios revealed two distinct patterns. In both scenarios, the centroid of suitable habitat shifted eastward. Under the high emissions, extreme climate intensification scenario (SSP585), the expansion of suitable habitat was more rapid compared to the moderate sustainable development scenario (SSP126). In conclusion, the projected habitat of A. philoxeroides under current climate conditions is primarily located on the periphery of the national park. However, due to the expected dramatic changes in global climate, the risk of its spread within the national park is significantly heightened. Continuous monitoring and proactive management are crucial to prevent the large-scale invasion of?A. philoxeroides?and mitigate its ecological impacts.

Chemical constituents from the roots of Melastoma normale and their nitric oxide inhibitory activities

2025/2/14 9:47:42

To study the chemical constituents of Melastoma normale roots and their ant-inflammatory activities, the ethanol extracts of M. normale roots were isolated using techniques such as Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and RP-HPLC．The structures of obtained compounds were determined using a comprehensive analysis of NMR and HRESIMS data. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of the compound was evaluated by inducing the release of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results were as follows: (1) A total of 19 compounds were isolated and identified as 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (1), syringylglycerol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), (-)-epicatechin gallate (3), vanillic acid 4-O-β-D-glucoside (4), myricetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), 6-O-galloylglucose (6), 3-O-Methylellagic acid 4''-O-rhamnopyranoside (7), ellagic acid-3,3′,4-trimethoxy-4′-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8) , 3,3′,4-tri-O-methyl-4′-O-rutinosylellagicacid (9), 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid-4′-O-glucoside (10), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoicacid (11), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (12), β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenylacetoniwile (13), 1-O-Benzoyl-myo-inositol (14), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (15), ursolic acid (16), ?friedelin (17), α-amyrin (18), and harprogenin-28-β-D-glucopyranosylester (19). Except for compounds 6, 10, and 18, all others were obtained from this plant for the first time. (2) Compound 12 exhibited significant inhibitory effect on LPS induced NO release in RAW 264.7 cells with an IC 50 value of 18.2 μ mol · L-1. This finding provids a scientific basis for in-depth research on the anti-inflammatory effect of M. normale.

Investigation on chemical components and anti-inflammatory activity from the aerial parts of Saposhnikovia divaricata

2025/2/13 9:05:09

In order to investigate the chemical components and anti-inflammatory activity from the aerial part of Saposhnikovia divaricata. Silica gel, ODS and HPLC etc. were utilized for the separation and purification of the 70% ethanol extract. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized by integrating physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and MS. Their inhibitory activity of the compounds on nitric oxide (NO) was determined by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell model. The results were as follow: (1)Fifteen compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Saposhnikovia divaricata. They were identified as gingerglycolipid A (1), (E)-2-hexenyl-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (2), (Z)-3-hexenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), hexyl-1-O-β-Glucopyranoside (4), sachalinoside B (5), 5β,6α-dihydroxy-3β-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-7-megastigmen-9-one (6), phenethyl-β-D- glucopyranoside (7), ethylgallate (8), vanillic acid (9), grasshopper ketone (10), 2-ethoxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol(11), 2-methoxy-2-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol(12), 1,2,3,4, 6-penta-O-gally-β-D-glucopyranose(13), (-)-angelica angellinol-2-O-β-D-furan celery glycosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(14), (9Z,12Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)octadeca-9,12-dienamide (15). Among them, compounds 1-5 and 7-10 were isolated from plants of the Umbelliferae for the first time, and compounds 11-15 were discovered from plants of the Saposhnikovia genus for the first time. (2)In vitro anti-inflammatory activity experiments were conducted on compounds 1-15. The results showed that compounds 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12 and14 could inhibit the release of NO from RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS.

Cloning and expression analysis of cytokinin response regulator PvoRR22 in Plukenetia volubilis

CHEN Weiyue,FU Qiantang — 2025/1/13 11:04:58

Cytokinin response regulators (RRs) are key components of cytokinin signal transduction pathways, and RR22 belongs to type-C RR subfamily. PvoRR22 was cloned based on the Plukenetia volubilis genome and transcriptome database, and its bioinformatics and expression patterns were analyzed in this study. The results were as follows: (1) PvoRR22 encoded a protein of 170 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 18.65 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 4.54. PvoRR22 was characterized as a hydrophilic protein and localized in the nucleus. (2) Phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest evolutionary relationship of PvoRR22 was the homologs from Ricinus communis and Euphorbia peplus. (3) Analysis of the PvoRR22 promoter sequences revealed cis-acting elements that responded to light, a circadian rhythm, abiotic stresses, and hormones, including abscisic acid, auxin, and jasmonic acid. (4) PlantRegMap analysis revealed that PvoRR22 might be primarily regulated by the transcription factors of MYB and ERF family. (5) PvoRR22 was principally expressed in the roots, stems, and stem apexes of P. volubilis, with the highest expression levels in the roots. The expression levels of PvoRR22 peaked at 12 h in inflorescence buds after 6-BA treatment. In conclusion, PvoRR22 might play an important role in the growth and development of the roots, stems, and stem apexes in P. volubilis, as well as in cytokinin signal transduction. This study provided valuable information for further research on the function of PvoRR22.

Cloning, subcellular localization and expression analysis of the transcription factor gene KoNAC25 in Kandelia obovata

DONG Chao,DU Zhaokui,JIANG Wenjun,WANG Jianqiang,WANG Yongfeng,YANG Dang — 2025/1/7 20:34:29

NAC is a plant-specific transcription factor that plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development, hormone signaling and response to adversity stress. In our previous work, a low-temperature-induced NAC gene, KoNAC25 (GenBank accession number PP860407), was identified from the genome of the mangrove Kandelia obovata. To investigate whether the KoNAC25 gene of K. obovata is involved in the response to salt stress conditions, this study cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of the KoNAC25 gene from the cDNA of K. obovata leaves by RT-PCR, and performed bioinformatics, subcellular localization, and gene expression analyses. The results showed that: (1) the coding region of the KoNAC25 gene was 858 bp in length, encoding 285 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 32.9 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.53. It is a hydrophilic protein, and contains none signal peptide nor transmembrane structure. (2) The N-terminus of KoNAC25 protein has a NAM superfamily structural domain, which consists of five conserved sub-structural domains and belongs to the NAM subfamily. The phylogenetic tree showed that the KoNAC25 transcription factor of K. obovata is similar to the transcription factors of Ricinus communis, Manihot esculenta and Hevea brasiliensis in the family of Euphorbiaceae. (3) The subcellular localization test confirmed that the protein was localized in the nucleus. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of KoNAC25 gene was significantly higher in leaves than in flowers, and could be induced to up-regulate the expression by NaCl and ABA, which reached the peak at 12 and 6 h of treatment, respectively. In summary, KoNAC25 is involved in the regulation of salt stress response in K. obovata, and the results provide a reference for further research on the function of the KoNAC25 gene and its expression regulation mechanism under salt stress in K. obovata.

Effects of exogenous Brassinosteroids on REVEILLE 7-like gene expression in winter wheat under low temperature stress

CAO Jiaang,CHEN Yushu,LIU Lijie,SHAO Qingyi,WANG Xuesong,YANG Sen,ZHANG Junbao — 2025/1/7 10:30:54

Dongnong Dongmai No.1 (Dn1) is the first strong cold-resistant variety that can be planted in a large area in the cold zone, and the greening rate is over 85%. To explore the function of the REVEILLE 7-like gene in winter wheat and the effect of exogenous brassinolide (BR) on the expression of this gene under low temperature stress. In this study, the cDNA sequence of REVEILLE 7-like gene of winter wheat (Dn1) was cloned by RT-PCR, and its bioinformatics analysis was carried out. At the three-leaf stage of winter wheat, BR was sprayed on the leaves, and the leaves and tillers of winter wheat were sampled at 4℃, 0℃, -10℃ and -25℃. The expression patterns of this gene in the leaves and tillers of winter wheat in the above different treatment groups were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that, (1)REVEILLES belongs to MYB transcription factor family, and the full length of REVEILLE 7-like gene is 1251bp, which encodes 416 amino acids. The encoded protein is an unstable hydrophilic protein, mainly located in the nucleus. (2)REVEILLE 7-like has the closest genetic relationship with Aegilops tauschii and Eremmer wheat, and the total similarity of protein sequence is 78.62%. (3)REVEILLE 7-like gene promoter contains cis-acting elements involved in adversity response, hormone response and MYB binding site. (4)The expression pattern analysis showed that the expression of REVEILLE 7-like gene in the control group was significantly higher at 0℃, -10℃ and -25℃ than at 4℃. At -10℃ and -25℃, the expression of this gene in BR treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group, which suggested that this gene played an important role in winter wheat under low temperature stress, and BR could improve the expression of this gene and further improve the cold tolerance of winter wheat.

Construction of EMS mutant library and screening of excellent mutants of pea

2025/1/6 11:49:14

To create a broader range of pea mutation materials and acquire superior mutant pea germplasm, ‘Qingjian No. 1’ pea was used as the experimental material and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) as the mutagen. The EMS concentration of 1% and mutagenesis time of 8 hours were selected as semi-lethal mutagenesis conditions. The study analyzed the mutation types of pea plants under these conditions and obtained important phenotypic data for the mutants, establishing a pea phenotypic mutant library. Combined with field phenotypic data, excellent mutant materials were selected. The results were as follows: (1) 10 000 pea seeds were treated with 1% EMS for 8 hours, resulting in 4 682 M1 plants and 342 pea mutants in M2 generation. (2) The phenotypic mutation types of mutant peas were diverse, with the coefficient of variation in individual seed dry weight being the largest at 0.965. (3) By comprehensively analyzing the field phenotypic data, 10 excellent pea mutant germplasms were selected. This study enriches the pea germplasm resources and provides a reference for functional gene mining and the breeding of superior pea varieties.

Transcriptome characteristic analysis and SSR marker development of Choerospondias axillaris

Cai Yuyu,LI Ting,SUN Rongxi,WU Nansheng,XU Mengyang — 2024/12/24 9:01:25

Transcriptome characteristic analysis and SSR markers was developed based on the leaf transcriptome sequences of Choerospondias axillaris in order to provide theoretical support and scientific basis for genetic evaluation, and sex marker-assisted breeding of C. axillaris. Differential expression of male and female transcriptomes, the distribution and sequence characteristics of SSR locus were analyzed, and SSR locus mining, development and validating were conducted based on the transcriptome data.The results were as follows：(1) A total of 40 341 Unigenes were obtained from the male and female transcriptomes of C. axillaris. The total length, the length of N50, average length and GC content were 52 806 369 bp, 2 409bp, 1 309 bp, and 38.75%, respectively. A total of 1 949 differentially expressed genes between males and females were screened, among them, 1 052 genes were significantly upregulated and 897 genes were downregulated in male compared to female. (2) Among all Unigenes, 5 251 SSR loci were detected with 619 Unigenes containing two or more SSR loci, resulting in an SSR occurrence frequency of 11.18% and an average distribution distance of 10.06 kb. Among all SSR loci, dinucleotide repeats accounted for the highest proportion (46.95 %), followed by trinucleotide repeats (34.27 %). (3) A total of 20 pairs of SSR polymorphic primers were obtained, detecting 80 alleles among 85 samples, with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.56. In summary, the sequencing quality of C. axillaris is high, and the assembly effect is good. The 20 pairs of primers is found that had high suitability, which can provide reference for the analysis of population genetic diversity, sex marker-assisted breeding and fingerprints construction of C. axillaris.

Identification and expression analysis of R2R3-MYB transcription factor in Pseudostellaria heterophylla

He Hua,Huang Yishu,Jiang Weike*,Liu Hongxia,Ou Xiaohong,Pan Qi,Xu Jiao,Zhou Tao — 2024/12/23 16:19:21

R2R3-MYB transcription factor plays an important role in plant growth and development, stress response, and secondary metabolism. In order to explore the temporal and spatial expression pattern of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in Pseudostellaria heterophylla and screen R2R3-MYB transcription factors involved in the regulation of heterophyllin B biosynthesis, fifteen R2R3-MYB transcription factors were identified from P. heterophylla based on the full-length transcriptome database. Their physical and chemical properties, conserved motifs and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and their tissue expression and abscisic acid induced expression patterns were studied by qRT-PCR. The results were as follows: (1) 15 PhR2R3-MYB proteins subcellular were predicted to locate in cell nucleus, and most of them were unstable hydrophilic proteins. By constructing phylogenetic tree with Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB protein, PhR2R3-MYB proteins can be divided into 8 subgroups, of which 6 subgroups can be clustered with Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factors respectively. (2) PhR2R3-MYB gene has tissue expression specificity in P. heterophylla, and two of the genes, PhMYB4 and PhMYB8, are highly expressed in phloem of tuberous root. Correlation analysis showed that PhMYB4 and PhMYB8 gene expression were significantly positively correlated with heterophyllin B content and prePhHB gene expression in P. heterophylla, suggesting that PhMYB4 and PhMYB8 might be involved in the regulation of heterophyllin B biosynthesis in P. heterophylla. (3) PhMYB4 and PhMYB8 gene were differentially expressed in response to ABA treatment for different time. The expression of PhMYB4 gene decreased first and then increased, while the expression of PhMYB8 gene was inhibited with ABA treatment, indicating that both PhMYB4 and PhMYB8 genes respond to ABA signals. This study will lay a foundation for further investigation of the function of PhR2R3-MYB gene, and also provides a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of R2R3-MYB transcription factor involved in the regulation of heterophyllin B biosynthesis.

Pollen morphological and taxonomic study on 13 Deutzia plants

GU Yanan,HU Xiaoyu,JIANG Pinghong,LI Aimin,WEN Shusheng*,YANG Yujie — 2024/12/23 16:02:16

This study aimed to investigate taxonomic significance of pollen morphology and clarify phylogenetic relationship of Deutzia. The pollen grains including pollen shape and size, exine ornamentation and aperature of 6 species, 1 variety and 6 cultivars in Deutzia (following abbreviated as 13 Deutzia plants) were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). All quantitative characteristics were clustered and analyzed based on the results of palynological clustering. The results showed that: (1) The pollen of 13 Deutzia plants is highly conserved. The observed pollen is prolate or perprolate, with small and medium-sized pollen accounting for 23.08% and 76.92%, respectively. The polar view of the pollen is 3-colpate, and equatorial view is oblong or oval. The pollen exine ornamentation of 13 Deutzia plants is all rough reticulate type. The pollen size such as polar and equatorial axis length, ditch length and lumina characteristics varied significantly among species and cultivars. D. parviflora is the only species with irregularly lumina and protuberant mesh. A large number of wrinkles and irregular deformities were observed in 6 cultivars, which could be due to incomplete development of pollen. (2) 3 principal component factors were selected by PCA analysis, including pollen size, mesh ridge width and ditch width. When the Euclidean mean distance was 15, 13 Deutzia plants can be divided into 4 types. Among 6 species and 1 variety, D. discolor, D. ningpoensis, D. parviflora and D. grandiflora are closely related; D. calycosa var. calycosa and D. calycosa var. xerophyta are closely related. In contrast, D. crassidentata is distantly related to the first 6 species. Among 6 cultivars, D. gracilis ‘Nikko’, Deutzia × magnifica ‘Toubillon’ and Deutzia × hybrida ‘Strawberry Fields’ are related. Deutzia × rosea ‘Yuki Snowflake’, Deutzia × rosea ‘Cherry Blossom’ and Deutzia × rosea ‘Campanulata’ are closely related. Cluster analysis results support the view that Sect. Mesodeutzia and Sect. Deutzia should be separated. (3) Deutzia is presumed to be a relatively late-diverging group in Hydrangeaceae. This is the first report of pollen characteristics of 4 species, 1 variety and 6 cultivars except for D. ningpoensis and D. discolor, and the results of this study can provide important criteria to the classification and phylogenetic relationship analysis of Deutzia.

Effects of rocky desertification vegetation restoration on soil microbial community structure and organic carbon in karst plateau canyons

JIANG Xingyu,LAN Jiacheng,LEI Yanting,LI Jiqiong,LI Rui — 2024/12/23 14:53:39

This study aims to explore the effects of vegetation restoration on the structure of soil microbial communities, the variation in soil organic carbon components, and the interaction between microbes and organic carbon in karst plateau canyons. Soils were collected from 0 to 20 cm depth in cropland (control) and under typical vegetation restoration (Zanthoxyhum planispinum var Dingtanensis and natural secondary forests) in the Guizhou karst plateau canyons. The contents of soil organic carbon and its components and the composition and diversity of microbial communities were determined. Changes in soil organic carbon and its components, microbial diversity, and community composition after vegetation restoration were investigated. The relationships between soil organic carbon components and microbial taxa were analyzed. Results showed that (1) vegetation restoration significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon and its components, particularly in the 0~10 cm soil layer compared with the 10~20 cm layer (P<0.05). (2) Vegetation restoration significantly altered the β-diversity and relative abundance of soil microbial species, although no significant change was observed in α-diversity. (3) The dominant bacterial phyla in all samples were unclassified.knorank.dBacteria, Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteriota, and the main fungal phyla were Ascomycota, unclassified.kFungi, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota. (4) Bacteria closely related to soil organic carbon and its components mainly included Asanoa, norank_f_67-14, Solirubrobacter, norank_f_Ilumatobacteraceae, and Streptomyces from Actinobacteriota and unclassified_p_Ascomycota, Setophaeosphaeria, unclassified_o_Helotiales, unclassified_o_Pleosporales, Cladosporium, Setophoma, unclassified_o_Sordariales, Metarhizium, Codinaea, and Exophiala from Ascomycota.The results showed that vegetation restoration in karst rocky desertification control could promote the accumulation of soil organic carbon and change the microbial community, among which Actinobacteriota and Ascomycota were the key species affecting the change of organic carbon and its components.

Function of R2R3-MYB Gene LcMYB113 on Regulating Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

LIAO Xiaoshan,LU Peng,RONG Duoyan,XIAO Yangyao,ZHANG Bangyue — 2024/12/23 14:31:18

Anthocyanin plays one of the key factors in determining ornamental value of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in L. chinense var. rubrum, an anthocyanin biosynthesis relative R2R3-MYB gene, named LcMYB113 with GenBank accession number OR344758, was cloned from L. chinense var. rubrum. The deduced amino acid sequence of LcMYB113 gene was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The relative expression levels of LcMYB113 gene in leaves of L. chinense var. rubrum and L. chinense were tested by real-time quantitative RT-PCR method. The phenotypes of leaves and flowers of transgenic tobacco lines were recorded. The relative expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes in leaves of transgenic tobacco lines were examined. The results were as follows: (1) The open reading frame of LcMYB113 gene was 789 bp, encoding 262 amino acids. Multiple alignment analysis showed that the N-terminal of LcMYB113 contained a canonical R2R3 DNA binding domain and a bHLH transcript factor binding motif [D/E]Lx2[R/K]x3Lx6Lx3R. Two anthocyanin biosynthesis activator characteristic motifs ANDV and [K/R]P[Q/R]P[Q/R] were also found in the amino acid sequence of LcMYB113. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that LcMYB113 was closely related to anthocyanin specific R2R3-MYB subfamily transcription factors, including PsMYB58 of Paeonia suffruticosa and VvMYBA1 of Vitis vinifera. (2) The anthocyanin content and relative expression level of LcMYB113 gene in leaves of L. chinense var. rubrum were 7.4 and 101 times that of L. chinense respectively, which indicated that the relative expression levels of LcMYB113 gene was correlated with the anthocyanin content in leaves. (3) The LcMYB113 gene overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into tobacco variety WS38. Heterologous expression of LcMYB113 gene in tobacco induced anthocyanin accumulation in leaves and flowers of transgenic lines. Further more, compared with wide type tobacco line, transgenic lines had remarkably higher relative expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes, such as NtANS, NtDFR and NtCHS. In summary, this research results indicate that LcMYB113 can regulate the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, providing theoretical support for leaf color breeding of L. chinense var. rubrum.

Response of Setaria italica yield and the relationship between elements to foliar application of selenium

DU Yan,LI Xiaojun,WANG Chenxi,XUE Chenyang,ZHANG Si,ZHANG Yuchen — 2024/12/23 11:39:13

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans, and consuming selenium rich agricultural products is the best way to effectively supplement the Se needed by the human. In order to facilitate the large-scale production and quality improvement of selenium-rich crops, Setaria italica (Zhangzagu-10) was selected as the research object, spraying different concentrations of commercial Se fertilizer on the leaves during the jointing and filling stages, measuring Se content and yield of S. italica, and analyzing and elucidating the interaction between plant elements. The results were as follows：(1) Exogenous foliar application of Se fertilizer can significantly increase the Se content in grains and millet yield. (2) Spraying 30.75 g·hm-2 (measured as Se) on the leaves once during the grain filling period can increase the Se content of the seeds by 3.7 times compared to the control, meeting the standards for Se rich agricultural products. (3) The ear weight and milling ratio of millet significantly increased by 11.31 % and 17.34 %, respectively. (4) Foliar application of Se significantly altered the element content and interrelationships in plant leaves, stems, leaf sheaths, and grains, with a significant increase in the proportion of positive correlations between elements. (5) Calcium and sulfur ions show a decreasing trend with the increase of Se fertilizer concentration, while iron, copper, and zinc ions exhibit a low concentration promoting and high concentration inhibiting phenomenon. The decrease in sulfur ion content in leaves and grains may be closely related to the increase in Se content, and the two compete in transportation and metabolic pathways within the plant. In conclusion, the Se fertilizer used in this study can effectively increase the Se content and yield of S. italica. During the production process, soil sulfur fertilizer should be appropriately increased to supplement the reduced sulfur element in the grains. The results of this study provide practical support for the improvement of selenium-enriched fertilizer ratio, the production and nutrition regulation of selenium-enriched S. italica.

Species composition, floristic characteristics and influencing factors of alien plants in China

LIU Yuli,WANG Li,YIN Haonan,ZHANG Jinmeng,ZHU Liangliang — 2024/12/13 17:23:35

China is one of the countries most severely affected and imperiled by biological invasions. Mastering the species composition, floristic characteristics, and influencing factors of alien plants on a national scale is paramount to mitigating the risk of alien plant invasion and bolstering preventive measures. Based on a comprehensive dataset of alien plants in China, this paper statistically analyzed the species composition, life forms, floristic types and other characteristics. Furthermore, it employed correlation analysis and a stepwise regression model to deeply explore the influence mechanism of alien plants from socio-economic indicators and ecological factors. The results were as follows: (1) The existing alien plants in China belonging to large families (99 families, encompassing 13 741 species) and genera (205 genera, with 7 199 species) significantly contributed 93.41% and 48.94% to the total species number, respectively. Regarding life form composition, herbaceous plants dominated the alien plants in China, comprising 59.82% of the total. (2) Nationally, tropical component families held a significant advantage, accounting for 52.65% of the total families, followed by temperate families (21.56%) and cosmopolitan families (20.49%). (3) The distribution pattern of the total number of alien plants mirrored that of their floristic components, that is, the total number of alien plants and their floristic components were most abundant in the eastern coastal and southwestern regions, gradually decreasing inland in China. Notably, cosmopolitan and temperate families were more prevalent in northern provinces, whereas tropical families dominated southern regions. (4) Correlation analysis underscored a robust linear relationship between the number of invasive alien species and the total alien species within the same family. Socio-economic factors and climate conditions of various provinces and cities jointly determined the spatial distribution pattern of alien plants and floristic component family numbers in China. However, the proportion of each floristic component was mainly influenced by heat conditions (annual average temperature). In the future, China should vigorously strengthen the introduction assessment and supervision of alien plants, particularly the herbaceous plants of large families and genera with tropical characteristics and cosmopolitan distributions.

MpPP2A-A gene cloning and knockout mutant constructing in Marchantia polymorpha

2024/12/12 16:51:55

Protein phosphatase 2A, a serine-threonine protein phosphatase, participates in many biological processes such as plant growth and development by dephosphorylating its substrate proteins. Marchantia polymorpha is an emerging model plant with many advantages such as a small genome and low gene redundancy. To explore the regulatory mechanism of PP2A-A pattern gene in plant growth, the full-length coding region of the MpPP2A A subunit (MpPP2A-A) was cloned, and its expression was analyzed by using bioinformatics software and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technology. At the same time, a knockout mutant of MpPP2A-A gene was constructed. The results were as follows: (1) The full-length coding region of the MpPP2A-A gene is 1 761 bp, encoding 586 amino acids. It contains three domains and does not have a signal peptide. (2) The amino acid sequence alignment analysis indicates that PP2A-A is relatively conserved during plant evolution. (3) Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR shows that the expression of MpPP2A-A gene in the apical notch, thallus, and gemma cup decreases successively. (4) Three independent mutant lines were successfully obtained by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. It was found that the area of the mutant gemma was significantly reduced compared with wild-type Tak1, and its morphology was abnormal. The research results show that MpPP2A-A gene plays an important role in the growth process of M. polymorpha gemma, laying a foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanism of PP2A-A gene regulating plant growth and development in the future.

Ethnobotanical study on traditional medicinal plants for traumatic injuries among Hakka in southeast Guangxi

FU Qiongyao,LIUFU Yongqing,Luo Binsheng,Qin Yixin,Shao Min — 2024/11/26 18:39:28

The Hakka people have developed a distinct martial arts culture through their long history of migration and adaptation to new environments. In the Southeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the Hakka community has accumulated a wealth of unique traditional knowledge on medicinal plants for treating traumatic injuries through daily martial practice, agricultural, and life activities. To systematically investigate and document the types, application methods, and related traditional knowledge of medicinal plants for traumatic injuries in the Southeastern Guangxi Hakka region, this study, conducted between 2021 and 2024, employed ethnobotanical research methods focusing on Hakka communities in Luchuan and Bobai counties in Yulin City. The study also quantitatively assessed the consistency of traditional knowledge regarding these medicinal plants using the Fidelity Level (FL) index. The results indicate that: (1) There are 97 species of medicinal plants for traumatic injuries used by the Southeastern Guangxi Hakka, belonging to 47 families and 81 genera, with the highest representation from the Fabaceae (8 species) and Primulaceae (7 species); (2) Local medicinal plants for traumatic injuries are primarily wild, with branches and leaves (27 species) and whole plants (25 species) being the most commonly used parts. Herbs (36 species, accounting for 37.11%) and shrubs (31 species, accounting for 31.96%) are the primary resources used for treating injuries; (3) The processing methods for these medicinal plants include boiling for drinking, boiling for washing, rubbing with boiled water, soaking in alcohol for rubbing, boiling as soup, stir-frying with alcohol and applying hot, and crushing and applying, with boiling for washing and drinking being the most widely used methods; (4) Six species, including Zanthoxylum nitidum, Calophyllum membranaceum, Ardisia crenata, Ardisia villosa, Justicia ventricosa, and Justicia gendarussa, showed the highest levels of knowledge consistency and are the most commonly used medicinal plants for treating injuries locally. This study suggests the inheritance and sustainable development of traditional knowledge regarding medicinal plants for traumatic injuries in the area.

Study on functional traits and environmental adaptive characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

DING Jia,FENG Jinchao,LI Lei,SHI Sha*,TANG Yiyun,YANG Hongyu — 2024/11/26 18:26:29

To investigate the adaptive characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a rare and endangered species native to the desert regions of northwest China, under the context of climate change, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the functional traits of natural A. mongolicus populations in gravelly habitats across Inner Mongolia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu Province. Using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI), we assessed the drought conditions of the study sites and explored the functional traits of A. mongolicus and their adaptive responses to environmental factors. The study employed various methods, including GPS-based measurements of geographic coordinates and altitude, along with assessments of soil moisture, leaf structural traits, physiological and ecological indicators, and growth parameters. The results were as follows：（1）The intraspecific coefficient of variation in A. mongolicus ranged from 7.06% to 39.54%, with considerable variability observed in leaf morphology and structural composition. （2）As the study regions became increasingly humid, significant decreases were observed in leaf dry matter content, leaf thickness, petiole length, petiole dry weight, petiole fresh weight, and transpiration rate (P<0.05), while significant increases were found in leaf fresh weight, leaf length, leaf shape index, and water use efficiency (P<0.05).（3）The leaf functional traits of A. mongolicus were significantly influenced by environmental conditions, with key factors including soil sand content, average annual wind speed, soil clay content, and average annual potential evapotranspiration.（4）The plant trait networks (PTNs) of A. mongolicus exhibited a loosely structured yet locally clustered configuration in sandy habitats, while in gravelly habitats, traits were more coordinated. These findings suggest that the development of leaf traits in A. mongolicus is a complex process shaped by the interaction of multiple environmental factors. A. mongolicus adapts to different habitats by modulating trait modules, either coordinating traits as a whole or differentiating them into distinct modules to mitigate water stress in arid environments. In summary, A. mongolicus demonstrates distinct functional traits and adaptive strategies under varying environmental conditions, with these traits significantly influenced by environmental factors. This study provides scientific insights into the mechanisms of environmental adaptation in A. mongolicus and serves as a reference for formulating conservation and restoration strategies for this endangered species.

Qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents of the roots of Codonopsis convolvulacea var. pinifolia by using LC-MS

2024/11/26 15:11:35

To qualitatively analyze the chemical constituents of the Tibetan medicine Codonopsis Convolvulaceae Radix (the roots of Codonopsis convolvulacea var. pinifolia) by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 150 mm) chromatographic column was used. The mobile phase was 0.1 mmol?L-1 ammonium acetate aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.3 mL?min-1, and the injection volume was 3 μL; the column temperature was 40°C. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used, and the detection was conducted in negative ion mode. The mass spectrometry scanning range was m/z 100–1 800 (MS) and m/z 50–1 800 (MS/MS). The molecular formula of a compound was deduced based on quasi-molecular ions in its first-order mass spectra, and its structural fragments and possible molecular structure were elucidated by analyzing the characteristic fragment ions in its second-order mass spectra. Finally, its structure was determined by comparison with the possible structures in SciFinder database, related literature, and reference compounds. The results were as follows: (1) Totally 56 compounds were tentatively identified from the roots of C. convolvulacea var. pinifolia for the first time, including 6 nitrogen-containing compounds, 6 phenylpropanoids, 22 lignans, 2 flavonoids, 8 organic acids, and 12 glucosides or other compounds. Among them, 11 compounds were unequivocally identified by comparison with reference compounds. (2) Lignans and phenylpropanoids were first found to be the main components of the roots of C. convolvulacea var. pinifolia, and their fragmentation pathways were deduced in detail. In this study, the application of UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS can quickly and efficiently elucidate the chemical constituents of the roots of C. convolvulacea var. pinifolia. It provides a chemical basis for further studies of quality standard, in vivo process and pharmacodynamic substances of Codonopsis Convolvulaceae Radix.

Diversity of Orchidaceae in Shennongjia National Park

2024/11/26 15:05:19

This study systematically investigates and analyzes the orchid resources in Shennongjia National Park, aiming to provide a robust scientific foundation for the conservation and sustainable utilization of orchid biodiversity in the region. Through comprehensive field surveys and an in-depth review of relevant literature, the species diversity, floristic characteristics, and conservation status of orchids in the area were assessed. The findings are as follows: (1) The region hosts a highly diverse orchid flora, encompassing 42 genera and 111 species, including eight newly recorded species, four of which are new records for Hubei Province. (2) The floristic composition of orchids in Shennongjia exhibits transitional characteristics, incorporating both tropical and temperate elements. The unique geographic and climatic conditions of the area provide ideal habitats, further reinforcing its significance as a biodiversity hotspot. (3) Numerous rare and endangered orchid species were identified, with 26 species listed as nationally protected plants and 32 species under varying degrees of threat. These findings emphasize the urgency and necessity of implementing targeted conservation measures to safeguard orchid biodiversity in the region. This research not only underscores the ecological importance of Shennongjia National Park but also provides a scientific basis for developing biodiversity conservation policies. The results serve as a critical reference for the formulation of sustainable management strategies, ensuring the long-term preservation of the rich orchid diversity in this ecologically significant region.

Temporal dynamics of species diversity of Deutzianthus tonkinensis community in the karst seasonal rainforest of Southwest Guangxi

2024/11/11 9:43:43

Deutzianthus tonkinensis, classified as a national secondary key protected wild plant in China, serves as the foundational species in communities that constitute one of the primary rare vegetation types within the northern tropical karst seasonal rainforests. These communities harbor rich biodiversity and numerous endemic species, possessing significant ecological and economic values. However, the temporal dynamics of species diversity within these communities and their underlying driving factors remain poorly understood. To investigate the temporal dynamics and identify the driving factors of species diversity in Deutzianthus tonkinensis communities, this study conducted three cycles of periodic re-surveys over a five-year period within a 1-hectare long-term monitoring plot in Nonggang, Guangxi Province. The objective was to analyze the changes in species diversity from 2012 to 2022 and to explore the impact of topographic factors on these dynamics. The results were as follows: (1) The importance values of dominant species remained stable over the ten-year period. Concurrently, there was an increase in the basal area at breast height, indicating the growth of these species. However, species abundance declined, suggesting a shift in the population structure within the community. (2) A total of 18 rare and occasional species withdrew from the community, resulting in a 14% reduction in species richness. Additionally, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, a measure of species diversity, declined significantly (P＜0.05), indicating a loss of biodiversity within the community. (3) The number of quadrats that significantly contributed to β-diversity, which reflects the variation in species composition among different locations within the community, decreased by 2%. Furthermore, the temporal β-diversity index declined in 80% of the quadrats, indicating that species loss significantly exceeded species gains within the plot. This suggests a trend of homogenization in species composition over time. (4) Generalized linear model results revealed that elevation had a significant impact on species loss within the plot (P＜0.05). This finding highlights the importance of topographic factors, particularly elevation, in shaping the species diversity dynamics within the community. In conclusion, while the overall community structure of Deutzianthus tonkinensis remained stable over the past ten years, significant changes were observed in both α-diversity and β-diversity. The loss of rare and occasional species drove these diversity changes, indicating a potential threat to the biodiversity of the community. Among the topographic factors, elevation emerged as a significant influence on species diversity changes. These research findings are crucial for enhancing our understanding of biodiversity dynamics and their driving mechanisms in karst seasonal rainforests, which are essential for conservation efforts and sustainable management strategies.

Study on population spatial patterns and association of rare and endangered plant Camellia kweichowensis Hung T. Chang

LI Yuanyuan,LIU Haiyan,TANG Feng,YANG Naikun,ZHOU Quan,ZOU Tiancai — 2024/11/8 10:21:59

The Camellia kweichowensis Hung T. Chang in taxonomy is already confirmed to be the same as Camellia reticulata, it is a key protected wild plants distributed naturally in Guizhou Province, the species is rare and endangered. It is of great significance to explore the spatial distribution pattern and correlation characteristics of the population to strengthen the utilization of biodiversity conservation and study the succession mechanism of its population developmental and succession. Based on the investigation of C. kweichowensis, its spatial pattern and intra-population correlation at different growth stages were investigated with the pairwise correlation function g(r). The results showed that: (1) The distribution of plants at all stages of C. kweichowensis population was clustered at small spatial scales, but with the research scale increased, the degree of aggregation between individuals gradually decreased, showing a changing trend from aggregated distribution to randomly distribution, with significant basic characteristics of a small-scale clustered and large-scale randomness. (2) At small scale, the plants protected each other to improve the survival rate of population, and the plants at adjacent ages show a positive correlation; With the increase of the scale, the correlation gradually weakened and turned to be a negative correlation; At the medium-large scale, the middle-aged and adult plants inhibited the underforest renewal to guarantee the population growth advantage. The primitive growth habits and development character of C. kweichowensis species, high competition pressure of habitat resources, strong self-thinning and habitat interference were the major reasons why the population is difficult to spread out and shows a very narrow distribution characteristics naturally, all together makes the species rarely and endangered. Therefore, the research suggests that in order to ensure C. kweichowensis population stably growth and health development the key factors are to improve the situ growth conditions, adjust the sparse forest structure appropriately, and migrate the species for ex-situ conservation and artificially bring up seedlings and re-cultivation. The research provides germplasm and scientific basis on efficiently protection of C. kweichowensis and innovative utilization of its plant resources.

Saxicolous macrolichen communities characteristics in the Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve Xinjiang, China

TUMUR Anwar,TUMUR Anwar*,TOKSUN Dolathan,MAMATALI Rehanguli,YONG Haiying — 2024/11/5 15:46:40

In this paper in order to investigate the characteristics of saxicolous macrolichen communities and the relation between species distribution and environmental factors in Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve, the two way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) was used to numerical classification of community and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was used to analysis the relations between the species distribution and environmental factors. The results were as follows：（1）There are 30 saxicolous macrolichen (including 2 varieties) belong to 6 families and 14 genera were distributed in this nature reserve, among them Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae and Verrucariaceae were dominant families have 25 species, accounting 83.3% of total macrolichen species. （2）The saxicolous macrolichen communities were classified into 5 association according to TWINSPAN analysis result. Association 1: Dermatocarpon moulinsii + Dermatocarpon miniatum var. Imbricatum + Dermatocarpon arnoldianum; Association 2: Umbilicaria virginis + Physcia caesia; Association 3: Xanthoparmelia somloensis + Xanthoparmelia wyomingica; Association 4: Umbilicaria aprina + Phaeophyscia ciliata; Association 5: Physcia phaea + Melanelia stygia. （3）The α diversity index shows that association 3 has the highest diversity, while association 5 has the lowest diversity; the β diversity index between association is relatively low. （4）The CCA ordination result shows that, environmental factors such as altitude, slope, human disturbance, and rock size have a significant impact on the distribution of saxicolous macrolichen species, while air relative humidity and the acidity and pH of rocks have no significant impact on lichens; the aspect and light intensity are negatively correlated with the distribution of saxicolous macrolichens. Comprehensive analysis shows that the structure of the saxicolous macrolichen community in the protected area is complex, and the distribution of lichen species is influenced by both natural and human factors. There is no significant difference in lichen species between different altitudes.

Identification, biological characterization and fungicide screening of leaf blight causing Curcuma kwangsiensis

2024/11/5 15:32:19

In order to identify the pathogen causing leaf blight of Curcuma kwangsiensis in Qinzhou city, Guangxi, explore its biological characteristics and screen out effective fungicides. In this study, pathogens were isolated from infected leaves by conventional tissue separation method, pathogenicity was determined based on Koch’s rule, and their classification status was determined by morphological characteristics of the pathogen combined with the analysis ITS and TUB gene sequences. At the same time, biological characteristics of the pathogen and the sensitivity of four fungicides were studied by mycelium growth rate measurement method. The results were as follows: (1) Diaporthe phaseolorum was identified as the pathogen of leaf blight of Curcuma kwangsiensis in Guangxi based on the characteristics of colony, spore morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis. (2) The most suitable medium for growth of the pathogen was PDA, and the best carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and peptone, respectively. The temperature between 25 ℃ and 28 ℃ was favorable for mycelium growth, and the lethal temperature was 56 ℃. pH 5-7 was favorable for mycelial growth. Full light was favorable for mycelial growth. (3) The results of the virulence test showed that all the four fungicides tested showed strong inhibitory activity against C. kwangsiensis leaf blight. Among them, 250 g?L-1 prothioconazole ester EC and 75% trifloxystrobin tebuconazole WG showed the best inhibitory effect, with EC50 values of 0.055 0 and 0.121 6 μg?L-1, respectively. In conclusion, the pathogen of leaf blight of C. kwangsiensis belongs to Diaporthe phaseolorum. The mycelial growth of D. phaseolorum was significantly affected by temperature, light, pH, carbon and nitrogen source conditions. 250 g?L-1 pyrazole ester EC and 75% oxime · pentazolol WG could be used as candidate fungicides to control leaf blight. The results provide theoretical guidance for effective prevention and control of leaf blight of C. kwangsiensis in Guangxi.

Community structure and recovery characteristics of subtropical mixed plantations in early succession

CHEN Jie,DU Jian,LI Yanpeng,PAN Lijun,XU Han — 2024/11/5 15:25:51

The resilience of community structure is important to the success of mixed plantation construction. This study was conducted in the subtropical mixed plantations formed after the renovation of pure forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata in 2010 in Yunyong Forest Farm, Foshan, Guangdong Province. To understand the restoration process of community structure and ecological function of subtropical mixed plantations, species diversity, importance value, diameter class structure and basal area at the breast height were calculated based on the 7.92 hm2 plot which was set up in 2020. The results were as follows: (1) 136 woody plant species belonging to 101 genera and 47 families colonized the community after 10 years of natural restoration, including 78 rare species, indicating the subtropical mixed plantations had a strong conservation ability of species diversity. (2) The average diameter at breast height (DBH) of all individuals was 8.47 cm, and the DBH distribution showed an inverse-J shape. In addition, early artificially introduced species could achieve natural regeneration, although their DBH shapes showed bell curves due to the short recovery time. (3) There was a significant positive correlation between species abundance and basal area at the breast height, while other species diversity indices showed significant negative correlations with basal area at the breast height, indicating the basal area at the breast height was still determined by the artificially introduced species in the early succession of mixed plantations. With the increasing of niche complementarity among coexisting species, it is expected to promote the simultaneous improvement of species diversity and community productivity in the succession of mixed plantations. The results reveal the subtropical mixed plantations have strong conservation ability of community structure. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the management of subtropical mixed plantations.

Studies on resource status and priority protection of rare and endangered plants in Zhejiang province

2024/11/5 15:21:59

This study analyses the species component and distribution pattern of the rare and endangered plants listed in The List of National Key Protected Wild Plants(2021) and The List of Zhejiang Key Protected Wild Plants in 2023 in Zhejiang Province. Using the coefficients of endangerment, genetic value and species value, priority protection of rare and endangered plants in the province was quantitatively analyzed. The results show that: (1) There are totally rare and endangered 333 species belonging 229 genera in 101 families recorded in Zhejiang, of these, 311 species (accounting for 93.39%)are seed plants. The Orchidaceae, with 56 species in 32 genera, exhibit the highest species richness.(2) Regionally, the high density of rare and endangered plants in Zhejiang is mainly concentrated in Tianmu Mountain area (including 147 species) in northwest Zhejiang and the Donggong Mountain area (including 164 species) in southwest Zhejiang. In contrast, fewer rare and endangered plant species are found in the plains of north Zhejiang.(3) At altitudal distribution level, the rare and endangered species revealed a ‘U’-shaped change of first increasing and then decreasing as the altitude increasing. A Total of 144 species (in 113 genera of 60 families) were most abundant between 601 to 800 m above sea level (a.s.l). (4) According to the quantitative analysis of priority protection, 82 species (26.62%) were classified as level I of priority protection, 144 species (43.24%) as level II, 85 species (25.53 %) as level III, and 22 species (6.61%) as level IV, providing an intuitive reflection of the priority and urgency of protection, and offering effective references for conservation research initiatives.

Comparative study on the photosynthetic properties of four rare and endangered Dendrobium species

2024/11/5 15:09:47

This study was carried out to determine the daily change of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), light response curve, CO2 response curve, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf microstructure of four Dendrobium species, including D. scoriarum, D. lituiflorum, D. lohohense, and D. aduncum. The purpose of this investigation was to learn more about the photosynthetic characteristics of Dendrobium species.?The results were as follows: (1) Dendrobium?scoriarum and D.?aduncum had positive Pn during the daytime, with the maximum peak at 8:00-10:00 a.m., and the nighttime Pn was lower than that during the daytime, and there was positive Pn. Dendrobium lituiflorum and D.?lohohense showed a bimodal curve of Pn during the daytime, with positive Pn during the daytime and negative Pn during the nighttime. (2) Among the four species of Dendrobium, D.?lituiflorum has the strongest photosynthetic capacity, while D. lohohense has the widest light adaptation range. (3) The initial carboxylation efficiency (α), potential maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax) and photorespiration rate (Rp) of D.?lituiflorum were significantly (P<0.05) greater than those of the other three Dendrobium species. (4) The leaf thickness (LT) of D.?aduncum and D.?scoriarum were greater than those of D.?lituiflorum and D.?lohohense, while stomatal density (SD) showed an opposite trend. (5) The total chlorophyll content (Chl), chlorophyll a (Chla), and chlorophyll b (Chlb) of D.?lituiflorum were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the other three Dendrobium species. (6) The mesophyll thickness (MT) was significantly (P<0.05) negatively correlated with maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax); The SD was highly significant (P<0.01) positively correlated with Pmax, and significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with potential maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax); total chlorophyll content (Chl) was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with Pmax and Amax. In conclusion, the four Dendrobium species may respond to low light levels, being affixed to tree trunks, or growing in stony, water-deficient settings by developing larger leaf pulp tissue and low stomatal density. The four Dendrobium species'' total chlorophyll concentration, stomatal density, and leaf pulp thickness are significant determinants of their photosynthetic potential. For the four Dendrobium species to flourish during introduction and cultivation, it is helpful to establish a proper light environment and raise the CO2 content adequately. The findings of this research can serve as a foundation of reference for the introduction of agriculture and the preservation of genetic resources.

Morphological variation of Uraria Desv. (Fabaceae) and its related genera in China

DUAN Weiwei,HE Aoxiang,ZHAO Xueli* — 2024/10/24 9:49:10

Classifications of Uraria and its related genera have long been controversial. To explore the patterns of morphological variation and provide morphological data for the taxonomy of these genera, we conducted mean analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis of 24 morphological characters based on 296 specimens from 43 populations. The results were as follows: (1) The intergeneric boundary between Uraria and Christia (excluding C. campanulata) was clear, and length of leaf, length and width of terminal leaflet, and whether the calyx enlarged after flowering period were valuable taxonomic traits, while the boundary with Urariopsis was not clear. (2) Within Uraria, length of leaf, leaflet and standard, types of inflorescence and hairs on rachis could be used as the key taxonomic characters. Within Christia, length of leave, stipule, terminal leaflet and lateral leaflet were of great taxonomic value. Within Urariopsis, length of inflorescence was of great taxonomic significance. (3) At an Euclidean distance of 16.5, the 15 species were clustered into four clades, of which U. picta and U. crinita were clustered as two monophyletic clades, respectively. The genus Christia (except C. campanulata) was clustered into an monophyletic clade, and the other nine species were clustered into one clade. For taxa that were taxonomically controversial, our results supported that C. campanulata and Urariopsis should be attributed to the genus Uraria. The present study could provide a basis for the taxonomy and evolution of Uraria and its related genera.

Differential content and analysis of methyl jasmonate induced root exudates in Przewalskia tangutica

2024/10/24 9:22:04

Przewalskia tangutica is an endangered alpine plant, found in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, contains tropane alkaloids as its main active ingredients. The roots, seeds and whole herb of P. tangutica were used in medicine and hold significant medicinal value. The study was conducted to analyze the changes in the root exudates of P. tangutica induced by methyl jasmonate. The plants were treated with 0, 150 μmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate for 3 d and 7 d, and the root exudates were analyzed using the non-targeted metabolomics technique of LC-MS/MS. The results were as follows: (1) There was a significant difference in the content of root exudates from P. tangutica after 3d and 7d treatments with 0, 150 μmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate. (2) The amount of root exudate increased significantly with the 150 μmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate treatment compared to the control. (3) The KEGG pathways mainly involved in the root exudates of P. tangutica were alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism pathway, plant hormone signal transduction pathway and lysine biosynthesis pathway. In summary, it was concluded that the induction of methyl jasmonate affected the metabolism and changed the content and quantity of induced exudates in the root system of P. tangutica. Through non-targeted metabolomics analysis, the study preliminarily reveals the key metabolites involved in the root exudate response to methyl jasmonate of P. tangutica, which provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of the changes in root exudate and metabolism mechanism of this alpine plant under methyl jasmonate. In addition, the results also offer a new way of thinking on the continuation of the resources.

Cluster analysis and grafting affinity study of Prunus Campanulata and related species based on EST-SSR

FU Tao*,HAO Wenjie,JIANG Lei,LI Zihan,LIU Kui,YE Qi,ZHANG Yi — 2024/10/24 8:58:43

This study used 16 species of Prunus plants as research materials and conducted cluster analysis using EST-SSR molecular marker technology, aiming to provide molecular level basis and technical support for species classification, species resource conservation, rootstock selection, and hybrid parent selection of cherry blossom and its related species. The results were as follows: (1)The results of genetic diversity analysis showed that a total of 98 alleles were detected from 17 pairs of EST-SSR primers, with an average of 5.76 alleles per primer pair. The Ne ranges was 1.16-7.64, with an average of 3.22; The Ho range was 0.04-0.54, with an average value of 0.28; The He range was 0.58-0.92, with an average value of 0.77; The I ranges was 1.38-2.65, with an average value of 2.14; The PIC ranges was 0.62-0.92, with an average value of 0.78. (2) The clustering analysis results indicated that, except for Prunus subhirtella var. ascendens and P. maximowiczii, the other 14 species were closely related and were clustered into a large group (Gs ranging from 0.653 1 to 0.918 4). Among them, the highest genetic relationship was found between P. campanulata and P. cerasoides (Gs=0.9184), while the lowest was found between P. campanulata and P. subhirtella var. ascendens (Gs=0.7755). Therefore, it is recommended to use P. subhirtella var. ascendens and P. maximowiczii with distant genetic relationships to conduct hybridization experiments with P. campanulata. (3) In the production practice of southern China, grafting have emerged using P. conradinae as rootstock and P. campanulata as scion grafting. Therefore, in theory, species closely related to P. campanulata, such as P. conradinae, P. serrulata, P. discoidea, P. patentipila and P. schneideriana etc., can also serve as rootstocks. Nevertheless, the resistance, growth, reproduction, and lifespan of the rootstock should also be considered. Through grafting experiments, it was found that P. cerasoides and P. serrulata have the highest survival rate (≥80%) when grafted onto P. campanulata, which was consistent with molecular experiments and was more suitable as rootstocks for grafting P. campanulata. The research results provided a molecular basis for breeding, reproduction, protection and utilization of P. campanulata, and the classification of species between Prunus.

Analysis on varieties and superior tree economic characters of Illicium verum from four regions in Guangxi

CHEN Jinyan,HUANG Kaishun*,LIANG Wenhui,WANG Kun,YANG Zhuoying,ZENG Xiangyan — 2024/10/22 8:52:23

To further clarify the distribution of different accessions and superior germplasm of Illicium verum (Chinese star anise) in Guangxi, I. verum accessions obtained from four different regions, and 36 superior individual plants were initially screened to analyze the traits of leaf and fruit. The results were as follows: (1)The proportion of star anise individuals with light red and red flowers exceeded 90%, whereas those with yellow flowers were not identified in this study. The number of fruits segments in star anise ranged from 6 to 13, with 8 segments being the most common. It was only the fruits with 8 and 13 segments that were consistently observed on the entire plants. (2)The coefficients of variation (CV) for fresh fruit weight, oil content in fresh fruits, and fruit stalk length all exceeded 20% among the initially screened superior individual plants. In contrast, the CV for trans-anethole content was the smallest at 5.44%. Significant differences were observed in leaf shape index, leaf thickness, and oil content in fresh fruits from the four origins. (3)A significantly or extremely significantly positive correlation was found between leaf thickness/fresh leaf weight and fresh fruit width/weight. Relative humidity was significantly positively correlated with seven main traits. In contrast, flower color did not show a clear correlation with the main fruit traits. (4)In the cluster analysis, the individual from Shanglin (SL5) clustered separately, whereas other individuals did not cluster based on region. In conclusion, the two types of star anise with light red and red flower were main accessions in Guangxi. Among these accessions, the number of fruit segments ranging from 6 to 13 were completely considered normal, and that fruits with 8 segments were the common type. The initially screened superior individual plants displayed a high degree of trait variation, suggesting significant potential for genetic improvement in economic traits such as fresh fruit weight and oil content. Relative humidity significantly influenced the growth and development of star anise. Those plants with thicker leaves generally to produce larger fruits. However, no clear correlation was observed between flower color and fruit quality. Cluster analysis results imply, significant genetic differentiation in traits among plants from different regions indicating complex genetic relationships among these accessions. This complexity may be attributed to variations in artificial cultivation methods and the inherent genetic characteristics of the plants. The study provides a theoretical reference for the future utilization of germplasm resources and offers guidance for further breeding and cultivation of star anise.

Difference of physiological characteristics of leaf senescence during color transition period between Taxodium ascendens and T. distichum

JIA Xianglu,LIAO Hongying,OUYANG Zilong,TENG Weichao,WEI Yanmei — 2024/10/19 12:29:07

During the autumn and winter seasons, both Taxodium ascendens and T. distichum undergo a color transition period in which their leaves gradually turn orange or red, making them common ornamental trees with colored foliage in gardens. Analyzing the physiological characteristics of leaf color transition in these two species is crucial for understanding the aging and coloring process of these trees, providing valuable guidance for the application of ornamental trees with colored leaves in garden landscapes. This study conducted measurements on pigment content, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmotic regulation substance levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in aging leaves of T. ascendens and T. distichum during the color transition period. Statistical methods such as significant difference analysis, correlation analysis, linear fitting, and membership function analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate the physiological state of aging leaves from both species. The results were as follows: (1) The value of AC/CHLa+b—a pigment present in T. ascendens and T. distichum leaves—increases rapidly with age reaching 11.46 and 7.13 respectively; this directly contributes to the orange-red hue observed in their foliage. (2) During aging processes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and soluble sugar content decreased while MDA content initially increased before decreasing again; however peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and phenylalanine aminolyase (PAL) activities increased, indicating a resistance effect against leaf senescence. (3) The photochemical conversion efficiency and heat dissipation ability can represent the change of physiological and biochemical indexes well, and reflect the aging process. (4) Comprehensive scores show that at any given time T. ascendens consistently exhibited lower scores than T. distichum suggesting superior physiological status for T. ascendens. In conclusion it is evident that both T. ascendens and T. distichum demonstrate similar physiological characteristics of leaf senescence but T. ascendens entered into this phase earlier than T. distichum. In landscape applications combining plantings of T. ascendens alongside T. distichum can extend overall periods for colorful foliage display.

Characteristics of chloroplast genome and phylogenetic analysis of alpine plant Rhodiola tangutica (Crassulaceae)

2024/10/17 14:54:13

In order to explore the structure characteristics, gene information and phylogenetic relationship of the chloroplast genome for Rhodiola tangutica, which is an important medicinal plant growing in Northwest China, this study sequenced its complete chloroplast genome using the high-throughput sequencing technology with Illumina NovaSeq6000. We analyzed the genome structure, gene function and genetic relationship of the chloroplast genome based on NOVOPlasty, GeSeq, PGA, IRscope and MISA. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of R. tangutica had a typical and quadripartite circular structure of 150 863 bp in length, including LSC (82 121 bp), SSC (16 996 bp) and IR (25 873 bp). Total GC content was 37.8%, among which the IR regions had the highest (42.9%). The genome encoded 131 genes in total, including 85 PCGs, 38 tRNAs and eight rRNAs. (2) Among the 32 471 codons, cysteine (Cys) had the smallest percentage (1.18%), while isoleucine (Ile) had the highest (8.24%). There were 29 codons with the value of RSCU above one. (3) The analysis of IR regions showed that both rps19 and ndhF were expanded into the IRB region. (4) Phylogenetic analysis indicated that R. tangutica and R. quadrifida had the closest relationship. Estimates of divergence times indicated that the origin of Rhodiola species was estimated to be around 15.50 Mya (95% HPD: 6.0-21.0 Mya). In this study, we clarified the chloroplast genome characteristics of Rhodiola tangutica and obtained a reasonable phylogenetic relationship of Rhodiola, which provided a theoretical basis for the study of genetic diversity, the discussion of adaptive evolutionary mechanism and the protection of germplasm resources of Rhodiola.

Population structure and dynamic characteristics of an endangered plant species (Berchemiella wilsonii) and its variety (Berchemiella wilsonii var. pubipetiolata)

2024/10/16 10:12:03

Understanding population structure and dynamic characteristics of rare and endangered species is crucial for providing theoretical bases for their conservation and management. In this study, we conducted field investigations of an endangered plant species (Berchemiella wilsonii) and its variety (B. wilsonii var. pubipetiolata) across their entire distribution ranges in China, including Hubei, Anhui, and Zhejiang provinces. We drew the population structure diagrams and designed the static life tables. Subsequently, we fitted and plotted survival curves for survival analysis and used time series model to predict the population development trends. The results were as follows: (1) The age class structure of B. wilsonii was irregular pyramid mold and that of B. wilsonii var. pubipetiolata was a spindle-shaped structure. (2) The survival curves of the two species tended to be the Deevey-III type, indicating the high mortality rate at the juvenile stage. For both species, the mortality rate reached the peak at the age class VI. (3) The survival rate and cumulative mortality rate showed that B. wilsonii entered the declining stage earlier than B. wilsonii var. pubipetiolata. (4) The dynamic index suggested that populations of these two species are increasing, but they are sensitive to external disturbance. (5) Time series prediction indicated that the number of individuals at each age class of B. wilsonii will increase with uneven degrees after the next 2, 4, 6 and 8 age classes. However, the number of young-, middle-, and mature-aged individuals of B. wilsonii var. pubipetiolata will disappear, decrease and increase in the future, respectively. Therefore, we should adopt different conservation strategies for the two species. For B. wilsonii, appropriate forest thinning should be carried out to improve light conditions, and human disturbance should be reduced to promote the seedling survival. For B. wilsonii var. pubipetiolata, it is necessary to strengthen research on artificial propagation technology and supplement the seedlings timely in the wild to alleviate population decline.

Identification and expression pattern analysis of WRKY gene family in jackfruit under low temperature stress

2024/10/15 15:39:07

The WRKY genes of transcription factors plays an important role in plant biological and abiotic stress responses, a total of 61 members of the WRKY genes of that jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) were identified based on the whole genome of jackfruit and the expression profile of WRKY genes in jackfruit under low temperature stress were analyzed by bioinformatics method and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The results were as follow: (1) Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that jackfruit, Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) WRKY genes were divided into four subfamilies. (2) Chromosome localization showed that 61 AhWRKY genes were unevenly distributed on 23 chromosomes. (3) Analyses of conserved motifs and gene structure showed that AhWRKY genes located in the same subfamily had similar conserved motifs and gene structure. (4) Phylogenetic analysis revealed 124 pairs of fragment duplicated genes within AhWRKY genes. Inter-species analysis showed jackfruit exhibits a greater number of homologous gene pairs with Arabidopsis thaliana than rice and fig (Ficus carica), and 8 genes formed homologous gene pairs in Arabidopsis thaliana, rice and fig. (5) Transcriptomic analysis of different varieties of jackfruit under low temperature stress showed that there the expression patterns of WRKY genes differed in different varieties. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis further verified this result, indicating that WRKY genes play a role in response to low temperature stress in jackfruit of different varieties. This study provides new insights into the evolution and function of WRKY genes, and lays a foundation for functional research and utilization of WRKY genes in jackfruit.

Growth and stoichiometry of Pinus yunnanensis seedlings in response to shade and drought interactions

CHEN Gang,DUAN Guihe,JING Huiqing,LI Zhiqi,WEN Chengjing,WU Junwen — 2024/10/15 15:23:51

In order to investigate the growth of Pinus yunnanensis seedlings and the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) of different organs in response to shade and drought treatments and the adaptive mechanism, the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings in shade and drought environments was measured and analyzed in a potting controlled experiment using 1-year-old P. yunnanensis seedlings as the target. The experiment was set up with two levels of 0% shade and 70% shade, and four moisture gradients of normal moisture (CK, 80%±5%), mild drought (LD, 65%±5%), moderate drought (MD, 50%±5%) and severe drought (SD, 35%±5%), were set to determine the growth indexes of P. yunnanensis seedlings under shade and drought, as well as the C, N, and P contents of leaves, stems, thick and thin roots, and calculate the stoichiometric characteristics of the seedlings. their stoichiometric characteristics. The results were as follows: (1) seedling height, diameter and biomass increment were greatest under 0% shade and 70% shade conditions with mild drought; leaf biomass increment was significantly increased under shade treatments compared with no shade treatments in all drought stress treatments. (2) Compared with the normal water treatment, with the increase of drought stress degree, the C content in each organ of P. yunnanensis seedlings under the shade and drought stress intercropping treatments did not change significantly; the N content in leaves was decreasing, the N content in stems and coarse roots was increasing, and the N content in fine roots was decreasing and then increasing; and the P content in leaves and coarse roots was decreasing, and the P content in fine roots was increasing. (3) The order of variability of each element is C＜N＜P; C element has the smallest variability in stems and weak variability in stems, coarse roots and fine roots; N element has the smallest variability in leaves; P element has the largest variability in fine roots. (4) There was a general correlation among the C, N and P contents in each organ of P. yunnanensis seedlings. C content was negatively correlated between thick and thin roots, N content was positively correlated between leaves and thin roots, stems and thick roots, and thick and thin roots, and P content was positively correlated between leaves and thin roots. In summary, the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings in drought environment was mainly limited by N; shade slowed down the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings limited by N. P. yunnanensis seedlings improved the habitat of seedlings by increasing the utilization efficiency of N and P, and could alleviate the damage caused by drought stress. It is recommended that appropriate shade be provided when cultivating P. yunnanensis seedlings in the forest understory in the future.

Leaf hydraulic characteristics of 16 cycas species

WANG Yangyan,WU Hongjia,YANG Quanguang,ZHU Shidan — 2024/10/15 11:41:20

Cycads of China are mainly distributed across diverse habitats in tropical and subtropical regions, with most species are highly endangered. The study of leaf hydraulic traits in cycads species enhances our understanding of their adaptation to the water environments and responses to climate change. We selected 16 native Cycas species from Nanning Botanical Garden and measured leaf morphological and anatomical traits, pressure-volume curves, hydraulic conductance, and cavitation resistance. Additionally, we collected leaf traits of tropical-subtropical angiosperms from the same region for comparative analysis. The main aim to this study was to reveal the hydraulic strategies of Cycas species. The results were as follows: (1) There was slight interspecific variation in hydraulic traits across the 16 Cycas species, and no significant differences were found in hydraulic traits between the two groups distributed in karst and non-karst. (2) Compared to angiosperms, Cycas species showed higher leaf maximum hydraulic conductance (Kleaf-max), lower cavitation resistance (P50leaf), and stomatal safety margin, tend to adopt a risky stomatal regulation strategy. (3) Different from angiosperms, we found a no significant trade-off between Kleaf-max and P50leaf in Cycas species, which partly due to the fact leaf hydraulic traits of Cycas were less influenced by anatomical structure. This study illustrates the high leaf hydraulic risk of Cycas, and recommends monitoring water relations of their field populations to improve the level of conservation.

Flowering biology and breeding system of Panax notoginseng

2024/10/14 11:52:54

Panax notoginseng is a precious traditional Chinese medicine, it faces the challenges of low reproduction rate and extinction of wild resources. In order to explore the characteristics of the flowering biology and breeding system, and to clarify the reasons for the low fruiting rate of P. notoginseng in the natural state. The paper investigated its flowering biological parameters, pollination system and artificial pollination. The results were as follows: (1) The single flower, single plant, and flowering period of the population, were approximately 4-5 d, 20-25 d and 60 d, respectively. (2) P. notoginseng had the floral characteristics of herkogamy and dichogamy, which is the type of protandrous plant. (3) The pollen grains were medium-size and had three germinations holes. (4) P. notoginseng had the highest pollen viability on the first day of flowering, and the stigma got receptivity on the 12th day. (5) The hybridization index (out crossing index, OCI) was 4, the breeding system of P. notoginseng was mainly outcrossing with partial self-compatible, which required pollinatorand the pollen/ovule ratio ranged from 450.0 to 1 037.5 , the breeding system was obligate xenogamy. (6) Pollination test showed that the breeding system was a mixed mating system with both self and xenogamy, pollination is assisted by both insect and wind vectors. (7) The main flower-visiting insects are the Apis cerana, the Episyrphus balteatus and the Riptortus pedestris.The Apis cerana was dominant flower-visiting insect. Based on the above, the breeding system of Panax notoginseng belonged to the facultative heterozygous type, partially self-compatible, and insect-mediated pollination was critical. Needing wind and insect pollinators. Pollen limitation and high disease severity at flowering and fruiting stage are the key factors affecting its fruitfulness. These results can provide theoretical basis for the cultivation and improving seed breeding of Panax notoginseng.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and active ingreients of Andrographis paniculata

DING Mei,GU Yuanqin,DU Qin*,HU Jingwen,HUANG Jin,YANG Fan,ZHENG Jianyun — 2024/10/14 10:53:52

To study the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth and active ingredients content of Andrographis paniculata, this study used a pot experiment in which A. paniculata were singly inoculated with Funneliformes mosseae (FM) and Diversespora diversiformis (DV) treatments, and their growth indexes, root morphology, physiological and biochemical indexes, and active ingredients content were determined at 30, 60, 90, and 120 d after inoculation. The results were as follows: (1) Both AMFs could be well symbiotic with Andrographis paniculata, and at 120 d of inoculation, the infection rates of FM and DV were 76.76% and 90.09%, respectively, and the infection ability of DV was stronger. (2) Inoculation with AMF significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, stem thickness, leaf area, and aboveground fresh weight of A. paniculata, including 35.59%, 54.79%, 38.94%, 23.44%, and 37.51% in the DV group, respectively. (3) Root surface area, root volume, root tips and root fresh weight of the two treatment groups inoculated with AMF were significantly higher than those of the control group, in which the DV group increased by 28.43%, 26.82%, 18.54%, and 68.25%, respectively. (4) The malondialdehyde content was significantly lower than that of the control group in both AMF-inoculated groups, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and root activity were significantly higher than that of the control group, in which the malondialdehyde content of the DV group was reduced by 18.87%, and the rest of physiological and biochemical indexes were increased by 70.77%, 12.51%, 24.78% and 48.91%, respectively. (5) The contents of andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and dehydrated andrographolide in both treatment groups inoculated with AMF were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the contents of the aboveground active ingredients in the DV group were increased by 20.82%, 98.64%, 65.96%, and 61.57%, respectively. In conclusion, the inoculation of AMF can promote the development of root system of A. paniculata and then promote the nutritional growth of the plant, improve the biomass of harvested parts, and improve the accumulation of active ingredients content of the plant, among which the effect of Diversespora diversiformis promotion is better.

Flowering biological characteristics and pollen vitality of Pseudosasa amabilis

chenjiahong,hedamin,wangjiye,yuanjinling,yuejinjun,zhonghongming — 2024/10/14 10:39:26

To provide a reference for further research into the reproductive biology of bamboo, Pseudosasa amabilis was used in this study, and the field observation method was used to observe the flowering forest, floral dynamic and the organ structure. The biological characteristics such as pollen viability, pollen germination rate, and stigma receptivity of tea stem bamboo were detected using the iodine-potassium iodide method, germination medium method, and benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method. The results were as follows: (1) The flowering period of P. amabilis was about 115 d, and the florescence is from late February to early April. After flowering, the old bamboo does not die, and in the same year, the new bamboo does not bloom, but bloomed synchronously with the old bamboo in the next year. (2) The pollen vitality and germination rate of P. amabilis were highest when the flower first appeared, with well-developed and germinating pollen accounting for 48.00% and 5.41%, respectively. The stigma had the best receptivity when the anthers released pollen. (3) P. amabilis was a mixed bamboo that bloomed multiple times with conical mixed inflorescences and open florets. In summary, P. amabilis featuring mixed inflorescences, does not die after flowering and can bloom continuously for many years. The main reason for the extremely low seed setting rate was the low germination rate of pollen.

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Illicium verum and their antioxidant activities

2024/10/14 9:57:13

To study the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of the fruit of Illicium verum, this study used various chromatography techniques, like silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and HPLC, etc., were used to isolate and purify the chemical components of I. verum fruit. The structures of the isolates were identified using physicochemical constants combined with spectral data, and DPPH method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the compounds. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 23 compounds were isolated and identified as 1-hydroxy-1-(4''-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one (1), ethyl 5-(acetyloxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate (2), isoshonanin (3), yunnanensin A (4), isolariciresinol-9-acetate (5), isolariciresinol-9''-acetate (6), kinsenone (7), 4-coumaric acid (8), vitexin (9), apigenin 7-O-rutinoside (10), quercetin (11), (2E, 4Z)-abscisic acid (12), paratrimerins H (13), 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol (14), maltol (15), syringic acid (16), shikimic acid (17), shikimic acid ethyl ester (18), shikimic acid n-butyl ester (19), protocatechuic acid (20), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (21), protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (22) and protocatechuic acid n-butyl ester (23). Among with, compounds 1 and 2 were new natural products, compounds 1-10, 13-15, 19, and 21-23 were isolated from Illicium for the first time, while compounds 12 and 18 are isolated from I. verum for the first time. (2) Compounds 11, 16, and 21-23 exhibited stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity than the positive control VC, The IC50 of the five compounds were (60.15±1.72), (35.51±0.50), (52.25±0.73), (33.34±0.94), (30.29±0.67) μmol?L-1 respectively. This study reveals the chemical composition of star anise, and provides a reference for indepth research on the antioxidant activity of star anise.

Sesquiterpenes from the fruits of Cinnamomum migao and their biological activities

CHEN Faju,Li Qiji,WANG Li,YANG Juan,YANG Lishou,YANG Xiaosheng,ZHOU Lang — 2024/9/30 18:11:33

In order to explore the chemical constituents and their biological activities from the fruits of Cinnamomum migao, the ethanol extract from the fruits of C. migao was isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, reversed phase column chromatography, semi-preparative HPLC and other column chromatography technologies. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties, comprehensive spectral data combined with relevant literatures. Some compounds have been tested for their neuroprotective effects and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results were as follows: (1) Twenty-nine sesquiterpenes were isolated from the fruits of the C. migao, which were identified as dehydrocarissone (1), elemol (2), eremophil-6-en-11-ol (3), 11-hydroxy-1-oxo-4α,5α,7β,10β-eremophilane (4), 1β-hydroxy-4(15), 5E,10(14)-germacratriene (5), (1R,5S,6R,10R)-4-methylene-10-methyl-6- (2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl) octahydro-1H-inden-1-ol (6), 1β-acetoxy-4-eudesmen-11-ol (7), shiluone H (8), 7α,11- dihydroxy-cadin-10(14)-ene (9), kobusone (10), humulene diepoxide A (11), madolins A (12), holostylactone (13), 4-(2,2,5-trimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydrocyclopentapyran-3-yl)butan-2-one (14), litsemnolide D (15), spathulenol (16), isospathulenol (17), aromadendrane-4α-10α-diol (18), aromadendrane-4β-10β-diol (19), litseachromolaevane A (20), phacadinane E (21), rel-(5R,7R)-10-desmethyl-1-methyl-1,10-dioxo-1,10-seco-11-eudesmene (22), chimonol C (23), 10-hydroxy-6,10-epoxy-7(14)-isodaucane (24), 1,5-epoxy-4(14)-salvialene (25), 4-hydroxy-4,7- dimethyl-1-tetralone (26), (4S*,5E,10R*)-7-oxo-tri-nor-eudesm-5-en-4β-ol (27), trans-4,5- dihydroxycorocalane (28), 5,11-epoxycadalene (29). Compounds 1-10, 12-15, 17, 19-22, 24-25, 27, 29 were isolated from this plant for the first time. (2) Compounds 1, 4, 5, 8, 11, 16, 22 showed protective activity against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. (3) Compounds 5 exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of (33.30.71) μmol·L-1. In conclusion, this finding enriched the chemical composition of C. migao, and provided a reference for the development and utilization of the plant resource in the future.

Essential oil components and antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus robusta families

GUO Dongqiang,LIANG Shenghuan,WEI Yinzhou,YANG Mei,ZHU Hui — 2024/9/27 9:28:50

In order to screen for essential oil families of Eucalyptus robusta with excellent antibacterial, the study focused on the leaves of four E. robusta families in Nanning and Wuxuan. Fresh leaves of 5-year-old E. robusta were collected for steam distillation essential oil extraction. The chemical components of the essential oils were identified, and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi was measured. The extracted oil yield, component differences among families, regional response of family essential oils, and the effects of essential oil components on antibacterial activity were explored. The results were as follows: (1) The essential oils of the four families of E. robusta were mainly composed of 73.695% to 84.535% monoterpenoids with the main components being pinene, phellandrene and p-cymene. The α-pinene content in the family 1 content can reach up to 41.629%, Common components among E. robusta families included α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellanderene, d-limonene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, 4-terpineol, and α-terpineol. The 1,8-cineole chemotype of E.robusta has a low oil production rate. (2) The leaf essential oils of different E. robusta families has different responses to environmental changes. α-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, d-limonene, α-terpineol and p-cymene are correlation components. (3) E. robusta essential oil exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and S. typhi. Notably, family 3 of E. robusta showed higher activity against S. typhi than streptomycin. However, no antibacterial ability against P. aeruginosa was observed. An increase in alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes was beneficial for improving its antibacterial activity. In conclusion, E. robusta essential oil is mainly composed of monoterpenoids. Certain essential oil components are correlated, and there are common components among families. Increasing alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes is beneficial for improving the antibacterial activity of E. robusta essential oil. However, the 1,8-cineole chemotype of E. robusta has a low oil production rate, indicating a need for further breeding efforts. This study provides a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of E. robusta essential oil and their application in spices or medicine.

Effect of bagasse biochar on phosphorus availability in calcareous soil of karst forest ecosystem

HE Xinyu,JIANG Xiaoxiao,LIANG Yueming,NING Kai,PAN Fujing,YANG Xi — 2024/9/27 9:13:19

In order to improve phosphorus availability of calcareous soil in karst forest ecosystem, the effect of bagasse biochar application on soil phosphorus activation was studied. The effects of four bagasse biochar levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t·hm-2) on phosphorus availability in calcareous soil from karst forest were analyzed based on laboratory culture experiment. The results were as followed: (1) The contents of Olsen-P, HCl-P and Citrate-P in soil were significantly increased with the addition of bagasse biochar concentration and time. (2) The highest of soil microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) content and alkaline phosphatase activity were observed in 5 t·hm-2 biochar addition. (3) The content of Olsen-P was highly positively correlated with the contents of HCl-P and Citrate-P (R2=0.68, R2=0.77), while Olsen-P content was no highly correlated with Enzyme-P (R2=0.14). The results indicated that an increasing in soil available phosphorus was mainly from inorganic phosphorus activated by weak acid when bagasse biochar was applied into limestone soils. (4) Random forest model analysis showed that soil phosphorus availability was significantly affected by HCl-P, Citrate-P, MBP, Enzyme-P and soil pH. To sum up, these results indicate that 5 t·hm-2 biochar addition is the most appropriate concentration to improve soil phosphorus availability of karst forest, considering the factors related to phosphorus availability.

Population structure and dynamic characteristics of an endangered plant Alseodaphne hainanensis

ChenYuKai,GuiXinLi,WuTingTian,YeChuMin,ZhangKai — 2024/9/26 10:19:17

Alseodaphne hainanensis is a national second-class key protected plant in China. In order to explore the purvival status of its populations in Hainan province, a field quadrat survey was conducted. Based on the sample site survey data, population dynamics and future development trend were predicted by replacing the age class with the diameter class, compiling the static life table of the population, analyzing the quantitative characteristics of the population, using the population dynamic index and the time series model. The results were as follows:(1) The age-class structure of Alseodaphne hainanensis populations exhibited an inverted J-shape in primary and secondary forests, and the studied trees covered all age classes. Compared to primary forests, secondary forests had more seedlings. (2) The dynamic indices of Alseodaphne hainanensis populations in primary and secondary forests fluctuated between neighboring age classes, and the values of Vpi and V′pi were greater than zero, which indicated that the populations were the growth type, but it were more sensitive to external disturbances, and had poorer anti-disturbance ability. The secondary forests populations were more resistant to disturbances than primary forests. (3)The static life table showed that the number of surviving Alseodaphne hainanensis populations and individual life expectancy decreased gradually with increasing age class in both primary and secondary forests; the population purvival curve tended to be Deevey-II type. (4) After experiencing 2-3 age-class times, there is a decline in the number of individuals in the primary forest age class III; while after experiencing 2 age-class times, there is a decline in the number of individuals in the secondary forest age class III. The number of individuals at all ages in both primary and secondary forests show a steady increase after the next five age-class times. In summary, the populations of Alseodaphne hainanensis are growth-oriented, and the populations are in a fluctuating state and sensitive to external disturbances; young individuals of the population can replenish the losses caused by the death of individuals of all ages and maintain population stability. Measures should be taken to promote the natural regeneration of Alseodaphne hainanensis populations, such as strengthening in-situ conservation, strengthening research on seedling breeding and seedling renewal, carrying out research on genetic diversity, and conducting moderate anthropogenic measures.

Characteristics of chloroplast genome and response of psbB gene of Dolichandrone spathacea under cold stress

2024/9/19 10:19:12

Low temperature is an important obstacle to the ecological restoration of endangered mangrove plant Dolichandrone spathacea. Chloroplasts and their coding genes closely respond to plant cold stress. Analyzing chloroplast genome characteristics and understanding the molecular response patterns of psbB genes under cold stress can help protect and restore this species. To reveal the chloroplast genome information, this study sequenced the total DNA of D. spathacea using the Illumina NovaSeq sequencing platform, and then annotated and functionally analyzed the assembled chloroplast genome. In the meantime, the changes of psbB gene in D. spathacea seedlings under cold stress was investigated, and physiological parameters such as total chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, proline, total phenols, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars were detected in this study. Further the expression level of psbB gene was detected using fluorescence quantitative PCR experiment. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of D. spathacea exhibits a typical tetrad structure with the length of 159 139 bp, and the total GC content of 37.9%. It encodes a total of 133 genes, including protein-coding genes (88), tRNA genes (37) and rRNA genes (8). (2) Phylogenetic analysis revealed that D. spathacea did not form a monophyletic group but instead clustered with eight other Bignonaceae species, with a support rate of 100%. (3) Under cold stress, the contents of total chlorophyll in the leaves of the D. spathacea seedlings decreased with the decrease of treatment temperature, while the contents of total phenol, malondialdehyde, osmotic regulator proline, soluble protein and soluble sugar and the relative expression of psbB gene in the seedling leaves increased with the aggravation of cold stress. In summary, the chloroplast genome characteristic of D. spathacea is highly conservative in Bignoniaceae family. Under cold stress, the total chlorophyll synthesis of the plant is inhibited, and the synthesis of osmoregulatory substances is affected. At the same time, the psbB gene is involved in molecular regulation under plant cold stress. The above research provides a preliminary basis for molecular assisted breeding to improve the cold resistance of endangered mangrove plants.

Cloning and activity analysis of HbJAZ1.0 promoter from rubber tree

CAO Wenqing,CHAO Jinquan,HU Jingtao,WU Shaohua,YANG Jin,ZHANG Shixin — 2024/9/19 10:18:59

The JAZ (jasmonate ZIM-domain) is a repressor in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, inhibiting the expression of early jasmonic acid response genes by interacting with related transcription factors. To elucidate the characteristics and activity of the HbJAZ1.0 gene promoter, this study used the rubber tree clone ‘CATAS 7-33-97’ as material and analyzed the cis-acting elements and expression activity of the HbJAZ1.0 gene promoter through PCR amplification, PlantCARE software analysis, and Arabidopsis thaliana transformation techniques. The results were as follows: (1) A 1 501 bp promoter sequence upstream of the HbJAZ1.0 gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of the rubber tree. (2) Several key cis-acting elements have been identified within the HbJAZ1.0 promoter, including ABRE for abscisic acid, TCA for salicylic acid, as well as ACAT-motif, Box4, G-box, GT1-motif, TCCC-motif, TCT-motif and chs-CMA1a for light responsiveness. (3) A plant expression vector containing the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene under the control of the HbJAZ1.0 promoter has been constructed and transformed it into A. thaliana using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Histochemical GUS assays demonstrated extensive expression of the HbJAZ1.0 promoter throughout various tissues of A. thaliana, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. In conclusion, the results indicated that the promoter of HbJAZ1.0 gene has constitutive expression activity and may be regulated by light and various plant hormones. This study may lay the foundation for further study on the function of HbJAZ1.0 gene.

Composition and diversity pattern of plant community with elevational gradient in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley

2024/9/18 16:58:29

Although dry-hot valleys in southwest China have shaped a landscape with a vegetation appearance similar to that of African savannas, they are different from the African savannas because of the vertical geomorphology and climate type formed by the depth of river valley and the blocking of air flow by mountains in this region, which are more prone to land degradation, species loss and plant community heterogeneity. However, previous studies have paid little attention to the vertical distribution pattern and main regulatory factors of plant community species composition and diversity. In this study, the soil nutrients, meteorological factors and species composition of 450 m (low elevation, LE), 850 m (middle elevation, ME), 1 250 m (middle-high elevation, M-HE) and 1 650 m (high elevation, HE) were investigated in the Yuanjiang Dry-Hot Valley National Nature Reserve, and the species important values, α-diversity and β-diversity were calculated to explore their changes with the elevation gradients. Results showed that (1) soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrous nitrogen (NO3--N) at LE were significantly higher than those at other elevations. (2) The species composition and species importance value of different elevations were significantly different. (3) The species diversity of HE was high, while the species abundance of LE was high. In α-diversity, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index increased with elevation, while Simpson dominance index of tree species reached its maximum at LE. The β-diversity showed that the similarity of communities in adjacent elevations increased with the elevations, but the similarity of communities in non-adjacent elevations decreased with the elevations to compare with adjacent elevations. (4) CCA showed that SWC, SOM, NO3--N and NH4+-N were the main factors affecting species differences at different elevations. It is concluded that the diversity, similarity and stability of plant communities in the hot-dry valley increased with the increasing of elevation, and the future research on the restoration of plant communities and their response and adaptation to drought should consider the spatial heterogeneity of the community, and different protection and restoration measures also should be formulated accordingly in this region.

Response of functional traits of Castanopsis hystrix leaves to geographic environmental factors

BAI Tiandao,JIANG Weixin,LI Qiguo,SHEN Wenhui,TAN Zhangqiang — 2024/9/18 16:52:35

Leaf is an important vegetative organ for plants to carry out physiological and biochemical activities, and its functional traits reflect the environmental adaptability of plants to a certain extent. Revealing the relationship between functional traits of Castanopsis hystrix leaves and geographic environmental factors can help to understand its adaptive response to environmental changes. In this study, six populations of C. hystrix in Guangxi were used as the research objects. Various statistical methods including nested analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were employed to explore the variations of leaf functional traits and their correlation with geographic environmental factors, so as to reveal the patterns of geographic environmental variation in the leaf functional traits of C. hystrix. The results were as follows: (1) The 13 leaf functional traits of C. hystrix showed highly significant differences (P < 0.001) among and within populations, with rich diversity; (2) The leaf functional traits were dominated by intra-population variation (average differentiation coefficient VST = 22.28%), and the differentiation between populations of morphological traits (13.11%~46.93%) was higher than that of physiological and biochemical traits (10.95%~22.59%), indicating that the morphological traits of leaves responded more significantly to the environment; (3) Principal component analysis showed that leaf functional traits were positively correlated with altitude, longitude and latitude, and negatively correlated with annual precipitation, indicating that the functional traits of C. hystrix leaves were subjected to the joint effects of altitude, geographical distance and precipitation; (4) Cluster analysis divided the tested C. hystrix populations into two groups. The results of the Mantel test showed that leaf functional traits had significant positive correlations with geographical distance (P = 0.028) and altitude (P = 0.013), and the effect of altitude on leaf functional traits was relatively more significant. In summary, the functional traits of C. hystrix leaves were rich in variation, and the variation mainly originates from within populations; the functional traits of C. hystrix leaves showed a geographic variation pattern dominated by changes in altitude, latitude, longitude and precipitation.

Pernicious weeds in Paracel Islands

CAI Hongyue,CHEN Quan,Jian Shuguang,LIU Dongming,PU Lin,TONG Shenghong — 2024/9/14 21:54:27

Paracel Islands is a group of tropical coral islands with unique and bad natural environment, low biodiversity, and extremely fragile ecosystem in the northwestern part of the South China Sea. In this paper, the species composition, island distribution, damage degree, growth characteristics and sources of pernicious weeds on 24 islands in Paracel Islands were analyzed through field investigation and combined with literature review. The results showed that there were 45 species of pernicious weeds belonging to 34 genera and 16 families in Paracel Islands. Among them, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae , Apocynaceae, and Verbenaceae accounted for 84.4% of the total number of pernicious weeds. Based on the analysis of the growth and distribution of pernicious weeds, the damage degree of pernicious weeds is divided into three grades, of which 8 species are at first grade, and Yongxing Island (8 species), Dong Island (8 species), Chenhang Island (5 species), Shanhu Island (5 species), and Jinqing Island (5 species) are most seriously damaged, and the damage is mainly related to the island size and human activities. The prevention and control of pernicious weeds which have caused serious harm in mainland and tropical coral islands should be strengthened by the risk assessment. The control strategy should focus on strengthening inspection and quarantine, research of prevention and control on pernicious weeds, developing local plants and strengthening the public education of pernicious weeds.

Variation characteristics of rhizosphere soil microorganisms along altitude gradient of Abies yuanbaoshanensis in winter

DENG Minmin,Ding Tao,Liu Shinan,WANG Ying,Yang Yuping,ZHOU Longwu — 2024/9/14 21:29:08

To investigate the effects of altitude on the rhizosphere soil microbial community of Abies yuanbaoshanensis, We utilized Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the composition, diversity and influencing factors of the rhizosphere soil microbial community in winter across different altitude gradients. The results were as follows: (1) Altitude significantly affected on the physicochemical properties (P < 0.05). (2) Altitude had a significant impact on the composition and diversity of the rhizosphere soil microbial community (P < 0.05), with bacterial diversity initially increasing before declininge, while fungal diversity exhibited a significant decrease. (3) The structure and diversity of the rhizosphere soil microbial community were closely associated with environmental factors; specifically, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, soil total potassium, C:N, C:P, and N:P were identified as important drivers influencing the microbial community structure along the altitude gradient (P < 0.05). In contrast, total phosphorus, C:P and N:P were found to be significant drivers affecting microbial diversity along the altitude gradient (P < 0.05). This study provides a scientific basis for the conservation of Abies yuanbaoshanensis, an endangered plant, and offers valuble data to support the improving the enhacement of fungal and bacterial distribution patterns in the mountain forest ecosystem.

Characteristics of soil seed bank after 32 years of different harvesting methods in evergreen broadleaf forests

CAI Jichun,LI Zhaojia,WANG Xu,ZHAO Houben,ZHOU Guangyi,ZOU Bin — 2024/9/14 10:38:07

Soil seed bank is both the genetic memory and the future in vegetation succession, and plays an important role in revealing the mechanism in the recovery process of disturbed forests and in predicting its successional direction. In order to reveal the role of soil seed bank in the process of forest restoration, and to provide scientific basis and theoretical guidance for the management of subtropical secondary forests and the development of artificial restoration techniques, the soil seed banks from secondary forests which undertook different modes of harvesting and have recovered ever since, were analyzed. The comparisons were conducted between forests naturally restored for 32 years after clear cutting (CC) or selective cutting (SC) in Tianjingshan Forest Farm, Guangdong, with noncutting (NC) evergreen broad-leaved forests in the same area as controls. The distribution, density, species composition and diversity of the soil seed bank in these three types of forest were investigated through vegetation surveys and soil seed germination experiments, and the relationship between the soil seed bank and the above-ground vegetation was analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The seed banks of understory soils of different harvesting methods were dominated by herbs, followed by shrubs and least by trees. The seed densities of trees and shrubs were in the order of NC>CC>SC, with NC significantly higher than CC and SC (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between CC and SC; the seed densities of herbs were not significantly different among different harvesting methods. (2) A total of 43 plant species were found in the soil seed banks, most of which were light-damanded species, including 7 tree species (which were NC=CC>SC), 15 shrubs (which were NC>CC>SC), and 21 herbs (which were CC>NC>SC). (3) Shannon’s diversity index, Simpson’s diversity index and Pielou’s evenness index of trees in the seed banks were in the order of NC>CC>SC among different harvesting methods, the diversity indices and evenness indices of shrubs and herbs were mostly not significantly different among different harvesting methods. (4) The similarity between soil seed banks and vegetation was low in all investigated forests, with 4 shared tree species including 3 in NC and 1 in SC, 2 shared shrub species, one each in SC and CC, and 1 shared herbaceous species in NC. In conclusion, the seed density, number of species and diversity indices in the soil seed bank after 32 years of natural recovery from logging in broadleaved evergreen forests are still smaller than those in unharvested forests, the soil seed bank cannot support rapid natural recovery of disturbed forests.

Correlation between soil factors and effective components content of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos

CHEN Qingmin,CHENG Xing,HE Kaikai,WANG Gaohong,YANG Ling,ZHANG WenShuo,ZHU Meng — 2024/9/13 16:52:10

To investigate the impact of soil factors on the accumulation of effective components in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos in southern Shaanxi region, this study measured the content of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, total phenolic acids, galuteolin, and 12 inorganic elements in 27 batches of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos samples from different production areas in southern Shaanxi. Additionally, the content of 5 fertility indicators and 12 inorganic elements in the corresponding planting soil were measured. The enrichment characteristics of inorganic elements in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos were analyzed, and the main factors affecting the effective components of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos were identified. The resultswere as follows: (1) Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the effective components of phenolic acids in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos with Se and organic matter in soil, while showing a negative correlation with Co, Fe, and Mn in soil. (2) The trend of element enrichment coefficients in soil by Lonicerae Japonicae Flos was as follows: Cd>Cu>Zn>Se>Ni>Mn>Hg>Cr>Co>As>Pb>Fe. Monitoring Cd element content in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos was crucial for cultivation. (3) The Se-abundant areas in Ankang show potential in Se-abundant Lonicerae Japonicae Flos development. The contents of Se and Cd in soil, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos should be expressed concerns at the same time. These results indicated applying organic and Se fertilizer in soil can improve the effective components in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. The study can provide theoretical direction for standardized planting and Se-abundant product development of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos.

The relationship between leaf anatomy of Camellia and drought resistance in high altitude area

GAO Chao*,NIE Yanmei,SONG Qiling,SUN Dongchan,WAN Xianqin,WANG Qimei — 2024/8/29 18:09:26

In order to explore the anatomical structure characteristics of Camellia oleifera leaves in high-altitude areas and the relationship between structure and drought resistance, this study selected 35 C. oleifera plants with excellent firming properties in the high-altitude area of eastern Guizhou Province in Guizhou Province as test materials, and observed them using paraffin sections. For the anatomical structure of leaves, typical indicators of leaf structure that reflect plant drought resistance are screened out through descriptive and variance analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis, and then the membership function is used to comprehensively evaluate drought resistance and select excellent plants with strong drought resistance, which are high-quality plants. The results were as follows: (1) The number of cell layers in C. oleifera palisade tissue varied. Most were composed of two layers of neatly arranged and dense long columnar cells, and a few had three layers. The coefficient of variation of morphological indicators ranges from 11.15% to 26.73%, and the coefficient of variation of the ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue is the largest among the 14 indicators. (2) Through cluster analysis and comprehensive ranking of related indexes, it was concluded that the main indicators affecting the drought resistance of C. oleifera were ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue, leaf area, leaf vein thickness and fence tissue thickness. TY05 had a maximum leaf vein thickness of 599.32 μm, and TY16 has a minimum vein thickness of 347.53 μm. The largest leaf area was TY33, which was 1 766.00 mm2 and had 2 layers of palisade tissue cells. TY08 had the maximum blade thickness, palisade tissue thickness and ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue, which were 673.33 μm, 340.26 μm and 1.13, respectively. (3) According to the membership function value, TY26, TY08, TY03, TY27, TY33 had strong drought resistance, which could provide material basis for the next step of drought resistance breeding.

Analysis of volatile oil components and genetic correlation in aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family

CHEN Shengwen,LI Chunyu,PAN Qiqu,SHEN Qi,WEN Meijuan,ZHANG Yuxuan,ZOU Xiuzai — 2024/8/26 17:54:58

In this study, the aim is to clarify the kinship and volatile components of 27 aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae and the correlation between them. psbA-trnH barcode was used to identify the species of the experimental materials and the neighbor-joining method was used to construct a phylogeny tree to analyze the genetic relationship of them. The volatile components from the leaves of 27 aromatic plants was extracted by n-Hexane and analyzed by GC-MS. The volatile components were identified and compared. The results were as follows：(1) Among the 27 aromatic plants, 64 volatile terpenoids were detected. (2)Mentha canadensis contained the most species composition,which was 11, followed by Lavandula dentata (9), Salvia rosmarinus (9). (3)β-caryophyllene and Germacrene D were common components of 14 and 15 plants, respectively. To some extent, the main components of the Lamiaceae aromatic plants of the same genus are similar. The type compositions of volatile terpenes contained in the closely related aromatic plants in the Lamiaceae family are also similar. This study not only provides reference for the utilization and development of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, but also provides the basis for the study of the metabolism of plant terpenes.

Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Bulbophyllum tianguii

2024/8/26 15:49:58

In order to establish the tissue culture and rapid propagation of Bulbophyllum tianguii, in this study, the seeds of B. tianguii were selected as explants to screen for suitable culture media that promote seed germination, cluster bud differentiation, cluster bud proliferation, cluster bud rooting, and transplanting and domestication of rooted seedlings. The results were as follows: (1) The most optimal medium for seed germination of B. tianguii was MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 + coconut milk 200 mL·L-1 + sucrose 30 g·L-1 + agar 7 g·L-1. (2) The optimal culture medium for cluster bud differentiation was B5 + IBA 0.2 mg·L-1 + sucrose 30 g·L-1 + agar 7 g·L-1. (3) The optimal medium for cluster bud proliferation was MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1 + KT 0.1 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 + coconut milk 200 mL·L-1 + sucrose 30 g·L-1 + activated carbon 1 g·L-1 + agar 7 g·L-1. The proliferation coefficient reached a high value of 6.7. (4) The optimal medium for rooting of cluster buds was MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.2 mg·L-1 + KT 0.5 mg·L-1 + coconut milk 200 mL·L-1 + sucrose 30 g·L-1 + activated carbon 1 g·L-1 + agar 7 g·L-1. The rooting rate, rooting number and root length reached 100%, 6.19 and 3.15 cm, respectively. (5) The survival rate of rooted seedlings reached 100% when transplanted into media (vermiculite∶perlite=2∶1). The results not only play a foundation for providing rapid propagation for seedlings and factory production of B. tianguii, but also benefit to resource conservation.

Chloroplast sequences and nuclear microsatellites reveal extensive hybridization among sympatric species of the genus Machilus

Chen Xiaoyong,Jiang Kai,Wang Zhengwei — 2024/8/21 16:40:05

Plants of the genus Machilus Nees (Lauraceae) are evergreen trees and are common dominant species in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, with significant economic value. However, there is considerable debate regarding the classification within the genus and the phylogenetic relationships among species. To explore the potential reasons behind this, this study selected 12 sympatric species of Machilus and analyzed 72 chloroplast fragments and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. The results were as follows: (1) A total of only 48 variable sites were found across the 44 025 base pairs of the 72 chloroplast fragments, indicating extremely low polymorphism. (2) The 10 nuclear microsatellite markers showed good universality across the 12 species of Machilus, with high polymorphism, a large number of shared alleles among different species, and very few private alleles. (3) A high-support consensus phylogenetic tree could not be obtained based on chloroplast DNA, while microsatellite markers supported the taxonomic status of M. oreophila, M. rehderi, and M. thunbergii. However, those relationships among other species were confused and there was incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies. This confusion is likely attributed to frequent interspecific hybridization and gene flow that have blurred the boundaries between species. Further research is needed to integrate morphological data and multiple molecular markers, and to develop effective analytical tools to understand the complex phylogenetic relationships within the genus Machilus.

Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of phenotypic genetic diversity of Bougainvillea varieties

CEN Ruobang,FENG Yiqi,HUANG Jiuxiang*,JING Yanzhi,LI Meifen,LIU Jiamei,YU Shujun — 2024/8/19 16:32:46

This study took 100 Bougainvillea varieties as the research object, observed 7 quantitative traits and 13 quality traits, and used data analysis methods such as coefficient of variation, quantitative classification, genetic diversity index, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and Q-type cluster analysis to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the phenotypic genetic diversity of the tested Bougainvillea varieties. This study aims to provide a scientific reference for the innovative utilization and breeding selection of Bougainvillea germplasm resources. The main research results are as follows: (1) The intra-variety variation of the 7 quantitative traits was 7.52%~29.27%, of which 2 were less than 10%, 3 were between 10%~20%, and 2 were greater than 20%; the inter-variety variation was 20.15%~41.08%, all of which were greater than 20%. This shows that the variation of the quantitative traits of Bougainvillea within the variety is at a medium level, while the variation between varieties is at a high level. It is more likely to use the difference in quantitative traits between varieties to identify varieties. (2) The probability classification method is more suitable for the quantitative trait classification in this study. The probability classification method is more scientific and reasonable than the traditional equidistance classification method. (3) The genetic diversity indexes of the seven quantitative traits were all greater than 1; the genetic diversity indexes of the 13 quality traits ranged from 0.08 to 2.74, of which the diversity indexes of eight quality traits were greater than 1. This indicates that the overall genetic diversity level of Bougainvillea phenotypes is high. (4) Principal component analysis can simplify the 20 phenotypic traits into eight principal component factors, with a cumulative contribution rate of 78.689%. The first principal component is determined by leaf width, leaf length, and petiole length, indicating that the quantitative traits of leaves are the most important trait indicators for distinguishing Bougainvillea varieties. (5) Q-type cluster analysis mainly divides 100 Bougainvillea variety resources into four categories based on the size of leaves and bracts.

County-level distribution and conservation status of the national key protected wild plant species in Inner Mongolia

DA Lai,DU Le,XU Zhuwen,ZHANG Zhen,ZHAO Liqing — 2024/8/19 16:29:17

This study clarifies the county-level distribution of national key protected plant species in Inner Mongolia, their threatened degree and the current status of protection based on field surveys, specimen collections, and literature review of herbarium specimens from the Inner Mongolia University (HIMC), Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH). The compiled county-level distribution data of key protected wild plant species in Inner Mongolia were evaluated and analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) There were 48 key protected wild plant species in Inner Mongolia, including 1 species with data deficiency (DD), 10 species in endangered (EN), 19 species in vulnerable (VU), 10 species in near threatened (NT) and 8 species as least concern (LC). Among them, there were 3 lower plant species and 45 higher plant species. (2) The key protected higher plants account for 1.4% (45/3205) of the higher plants in Inner Mongolia, with moss plants accounting for 0.2% (1/586), gymnosperms accounting for 4% (1/25), and angiosperms accounting for 1.6% (43/2619). In terms of county-level distribution, Alxa Left Banner had the most species (15 species), followed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner (13 species), Yakeshi City (12 species), Hexigten Banner (11 species), Alxa Right Banner (10 species) and Erguna City (10 species). The number of national protected plant species distributed in other counties is less than 10 species. (3) 44 out of 48 national key protected wild plant species were protected in existing nature reserves; among them, 12 were only distributed in national nature reserves, 4 were only distributed in autonomous region level nature reserves, and 28 were distributed in both national reserves and autonomous region level reserves; 4 species were not protected by nature reserves. Based on the above results, we have put forward strategies and recommendations for the future monitoring and protection of the national key protected plant species in Inner Mongolia.

Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids from Ludwigia adscendens and their cytotoxicity

CHEN Lian,LI Jinling,LIAO Guangfeng,LU Rumei*,XIE Dajing,YU Qifang,ZHANG Jinyan — 2024/8/16 10:12:07

To study the chemical constituents from Ludwigia adscendens and their cytotoxic activities. Silica gel, SephadexLH-20, Flash C18 and semi-preparative liquid chromatography were used to separate the chemical constituents of L. adscendens. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral methods such as MS and NMR, and the inhibitory activity of monomeric compounds on the proliferation of five types of tumor cells were detected by MTS method. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 15 compounds were isolated from L. adscendens and identified as coumurrayin (1), sibirinol (2), toddanone (3), toddalolactone (4), galgravin (5), saurufurin C (6), futoquinol (7), hancinone C (8), denudatin B (9), myricitrin (10), desmanthine-2 (11), kaempferol (12), tricin (13), myricetin (14), and 3,4′-dimethoxy-5,7,3′-trihydroxyflavone (15); compounds 1-9, 11, and 13-15 were isolated from Ludwigia for the first time. (2) Compound 6 showed significant inhibitory activity against human leukemia HL-60, lung cancer A549, liver cancer SMMC-7721, breast cancer MDA-MB-231, and colon cancer SW480, with the IC50 values of 14.40, 27.35, 12.19, 31.67, and 33.53 μmol?L-1, respectively. Compound 11, 12, 15 showed inhibitory effects on human liver cancer SMMC-7721 with the IC50 values of 31.61, 30.71, and 9.17 μmol?L-1, respectively. This study enriched the chemical composition of Ludwigia and laid the foundation for further research on the antitumor activity of L. adscendens.

Correlation between endogenous hormones and physiological and biochemical properties and somatic embryogenesis capacity of Pinus elliottii cell line

DENG Zhaolei,HU Shan,LIU Qian,SHI Maoyin,YANG Chunxia,ZHONG Dongyang — 2024/8/16 9:58:00

This paper aims to study the correlation among endogenous hormone content and physiological-biochemical characteristics and Somatic embryogenesis capacity for different cell lines of Pinus elliottii, seven cell lines induced by immature seeds of P. elliottii were used as materials. The phenotype and cellular structure were observed, and the contents of endogenous hormones, soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined, followed by the maturation culture of five selected cell lines. In order to explore the characteristic index values that affect the embryonicity of cell lines, so as to identify the embryonicity of cell lines with strong embryonicity in the early stage, and provide technical reference for optimizing the somatic embryogenesis and improving the somatic embryo induction rate of P. elliottii. Data analysis involved Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Duncan Multiple Range Test, and correlation analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Different cell lines differ in cytological observation, among which the V30 cell line has obvious and more embryonal-suspensor mass (ESM), indicating V30 line is a strong embryonic line. (2) The endogenous hormone content was significantly and different among cell lines, with a significant positive correlation among abscisic acid (ABA), trans-zeatin riboside (ZR) and cell lines, a significant negative correlation among indoleacetic acid (IAA) content and cell lines, no significant differences among GA3 and no significant correlation among gibberellic acid (GA3) differences and cell lines. (3) The soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, starch content, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly different among cell lines, but showed no obvious correlation with the embryogenic ability of cell lines. (4) Based on the embryogenesis of the cell line and the number of mature embryos, the V30 cell line has a high somatic embryogenesis potential.The somatic embryogenesis capacity of the P. elliottii cell line was significantly correlated with the endogenous hormone content, and it can provide reference for improving the embryonicity of cell lines and optimizing the maturation conditions of somatic embryos.

Plastid genome diversity of vascular plants and its acquisition and applications: a review

LI Ruo-Zhu,LI De-Zhu,LI Xin,YANG Jun-Bo,YAO Xin,郁文彬 — 2024/8/15 10:55:37

Vascular plants are crucial to global biodiversity, so their systematic taxonomy, origin and evolution are important topics. With the rapid development of sequencing technology, numerous vascular plant plastomes have been sequenced and published, offering significant insights into these issues. This study aims to present the basic characteristics and structural variations of vascular plant plastomes, as well as plastome degradation in parasitic plants. In addition, this review examines the main methods of plastome sequencing and assembly, highlighting important considerations for herbarium DNA and lineages with challenging plastome assemblies. Lastly, this study discusses the difficulties with applying plastomes to phylogenetic and super-barcode studies, offering suggestions to address these issues.

Research on pollen morphology and germination characteristics of Camellia oleifera ‘Changlin’

Gao Chao*,Nie Yanmei,Song Qiling,Sun Dongchan,Wan Xianqin,Wang Qimei — 2024/8/14 15:53:08

In this experiment, three nationally approved Camellia oleifera ‘Changlin’ series of camellia, planted in East Guizhou Province, were used as materials to explore the pollen morphological characteristics and the influence of nutritional elements on the germination of C. oleifera ‘Changlin’ pollen through in vitro culture. A single-factor and orthogonal tests were conducted using the AGAR medium germination method. This study was to research the effects of different concentrations of KH2PO4, H3BO3, MgCl2, and CO(NH2)2 on the in vitro germination of C. oleifera pollen, screen the optimum nutrient ratio for promoting pollen germination and observe the pollen morphology by scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows：(1)The pollen form of C. oleifera ‘Changlin’ was oblong or nearly oblong, the polar view was trifid or nearly round, the equatorial view was oblong or nearly round, the pollen had three germination furrows, and the outer wall pattern was brain striate. (2)The single factor test showed that 0.10-0.15g?L-1 KH2PO4 had the best effect on pollen germination. The optimal concentrations of the other elements were 0.05-0.10 g?L-1 for H3BO3, 0.05-0.08 g?L-1 for MgCl2, and 0.15 g?L-1 for CO(NH2)2. (3)The orthogonal test results showed that the treatment effect of (0.10 g?L-1) KH2PO4+(0.15 g?L-1) H3BO3+(0.08 g?L-1) MgCl2+(0.15 g?L-1) CO(NH2)2 was the best, which was the best ratio. The results can provide a reference for assisted pollination of C. oleifera by drone, promoting pollen germination and nutrient solution formulation, and providing a reference for germplasm identification of C. oleifera.

Cloning and expression analysis of Salsola abrotanoides SaGPAT1 gene

DU Mingyang,DUAN Ruijun,DUO Jiecuo,LUO Tianrong,MA Jianzhi,XIONG Huiyan — 2024/8/14 15:43:28

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is a crucial component of plant cell membranes, seed lipids, and epidermal waxes. It plays a significant role in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. To investigate the molecular mechanisms and expression patterns of drought tolerance in the GPAT gene of Salsola abrotanoides, SaGPAT1, a member of the GPAT gene family, was cloned from S. abrotanoides using qRT-PCR. Its function was preliminarily interpreted through bioinformatics analysis and gene expression patterns. The results showed that: (1) The cloned SaGPAT1 gene cDNA was 1 648 bp in length and encoded a protein of 532 amino acids. This protein was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, was stable, mainly consisted of alpha helix and random coil, and belonged to the GPAT family because it contained a PlsC structural domain. (2) Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the SaGPAT1 protein is more closely related to those in quinoa and spinach and belongs to the same evolutionary branch as AtGPAT2 and AtGPAT3 in Arabidopsis thaliana. (3) Predictive analysis of the SaGPAT1 promoter revealed several cis-acting elements related to plant growth, development, and stress response. (4) qRT-PCR results showed that the SaGPAT1 gene was expressed in different tissues, with the highest expression in leaves, followed by stems and seedlings. Under drought stress, the SaGPAT1 gene was upregulated, and its expression increased significantly. To sum up, it is hypothesized that the SaGPAT1 gene might be involved in the regulatory mechanisms related to drought stress response in Salsola abrotanoides. This hypothesis provides a reference for further clarification of the gene’s specific function in drought tolerance through transformation studies in model plants.

Research progress on basis biological and development and application of Dunaliella

2024/7/30 10:01:04

Dunaliella is a green salt-tolerant single-cell microalga that can accumulate significant amounts of precious products such as carotenoids, lipids, and proteins. It has promising potential for use in medicine, food, and bioenergy. This paper provides an overview of basic biological research on Dunaliella, including its fundamental characteristics and the effects of light, temperature, pH, salinity, nutrient element, and plant growth regulatory substance on its growth and substance accumulation. In addition, this paper summarizes the advancements in molecular biology research on Dunaliella. These studies serve as theoretical and technical reference for Dunaliella’s large-scale cultivation and genetic breeding. Additionally, this paper systematically reviews the development and application of Dunaliella and its bioactive components in medicine, food and bioenergy. This section elaborates on the application value of Dunaliella and guides its comprehensive development and utilization. This section elaborates on the application value of Dunaliella from several perspectives, and provides a reference for its comprehensive development and utilization of Dunaliella. Lastly, this paper looks ahead to future research directions that promote industry cost reduction and benefit increase through innovation in breeding modes, optimization of cultivation conditions and production processes, genetic engineering breeding, strengthening achievement transformation, and promoting the application of Dunaliella in high-value healthcare fields through safety, pharmacological, and clinical studies.

Temporal and spatial pattern and their relationship between the seed bank and sexual reproduction of Halophila beccarii along the coasts of Southern China

PAN Yuanfang,QIU Guanglong,QIU Siting,SU Zhinan — 2024/7/28 11:34:55

Halophila beccarii is one of the sea grass species with a global risk of extinction and was listed as a vulnerable (VL) species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). To provide scientific evidence for the conservation, management, and restoration of the threatening seagrass Halophila beccarii, the temporal and spatial distribution pattern and their relationship between the soil seed bank and the sexual reproduction (male and female flowers density) of H. beccarii along the coasts of southern China, were studied. The results showed: (1) there were significant differences in the density of the male and the female flowers between the sampling sites, with notably higher densities at Yifengxi and Zhao’an than other sites. And these monitored parameters exhibited marked seasonal fluctuations, with a peak in spring or autumn. (2) the highest soil seed bank density was observed at Huachangwan, followed by Yangpu, while relatively low densities were investigated at other sites. Moreover, soil seed bank density exhibited considerable heterogeneity and seasonal changes across all sites. (3) Linear regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between soil seed bank density and male flower density(P<0.05), while the correlation with female flower density was not significant(P>0.05). (4) seasonal change was the primary factor influencing soil seed bank density in H. Beccarii based on the results of the structural equation modeling (SEM). The direct effect of seasonal changes on soil seed bank density (0.16) was greater than the indirect effects (0.008). This research is of great significance for a deeper understanding of the establishment, renewal, regeration, and reproductive mechanisms of the H. beccarii population.

Molecular mechanism of the formation of petal color spots in Paeonia delavayi

DU Chun,Li Haiqing,WANG Juan,Zhang Huaibi — 2024/7/28 11:16:34

To investigate the molecular mechanisms of spot formation in Paeonia delavayi petals, this study used yellow petals of P. delavayi with and without spots as experimental materials. Utilizing the Illumina platform for transcriptome sequencing and the UPLC system for metabolome analysis, the key differential genes and transcription factors affecting spot formation in P. delavayi were screened. This provides a scientific basis for developing efficient breeding techniques for P. delavayi. The results showed that: (1) The transcriptome sequencing yielded 63,981 Unigenes with an average length of 805bp, and 68.24% of these Unigenes were annotated. A total of 19,496 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 41 DEGs were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Among these, the DFR, CHS, and CHI structural genes showed significant differential expression. Among the 37 MYB transcription factors identified, one R2R3 MYB transcription factor, PdMYB30, was found to play a significant role in promoting spot formation. (2) Targeted analysis using the UPLC-MS/MS platform detected 44 anthocyanin compounds. (3) The expression trends of differentially expressed genes identified by RNA-seq were consistent with the qRT-PCR results.In summary, the formation of spots in P. delavayi is mainly influenced by anthocyanins. The transcription factor PdMYB30 is positively correlated with the structural genes CHS, CHI, and DFR during the B-S1 stage due to their similar high expression levels. It is predicted that PdMYB30 may act as a positive regulator in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, enhancing the expression levels of structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby promoting the accumulation of anthocyanins in the plant.

Isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from Guangxi mangrove Streptomyces sporoverrucosus 33510 actinomyces

2024/7/28 11:13:27

In order to study the secondary metabolites and antifungal activities of Mangrove-derived actinomyces Streptomyces sporoverrucosus 33510 in Guangxi. Silica gel column chromatography, ODS reversed phase column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography combined with various chromatographic techniques were used to separate and purify the fermentation extract of Actinomyces No. 2 medium of this strain. The structures of compounds were identified by spectral technique and literature comparison. In addition, the antifungal activity of these compounds were tested by Disk Diffusion Assay. The results were as follows: (1) Ten compounds were isolated from fermentation cultures of Streptomyces sporoverrucosus 33510 and identified as cyclo-(L-isoleucyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl-L-prolyl) (1), matsudipeptide B (2), cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) (3), cyclo(Leu-Ile) (4), N-acetyltyramine (5), isoleucine (6), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (8), 2-minaline (9), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10). Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10 were all isolated for the first time from this strain. (2) The activity test results indicated that compound 6 exhibited high sensitivity against the Cryphonectria parasitica at a concentration of 0.2 mmol·L-1, and the effect was superior to that of the positive control group. In this paper, the activity of compound 6 against Cryphonectria parasitica was reported for the first time. This study further enriched the structural diversity of secondary metabolites produced by the mangrove-derived actinomycete Streptomyces sporoverrucosus 33510 in Guangxi, China. The antifungal components of strain 33510 were identified, providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent development and utilization of antifungal pesticides.

Extraction, purification and biological activity of total triterpenoids from Sanghuangporus sanghuang

2024/7/28 11:11:18

Aim to optimize the extraction process of total triterpenes from Sanghuangporus sanghuang, purify the total triterpenes, analyze its chemical composition, as well as its antitumor and antioxidant activities. This study first used the response surface method to optimize the extraction process of total triterpenes from S. sanghuang. Secondly, D101 macroporous resin and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography were used to purify the total triterpenes. Meanwhile UHPLC-ESI-MS technology was used to analyze the composition of triterpenes, Finally, the anti-tumor and antioxidant activities of total triterpenes were studied by the methods of CCK8, DPPH and ABTS. The results were as follows: (1) The optimal conditions were extraction time 55, ultrasonic temperature 45 ℃, ethanol concentration 75% and a liquid-solid ratio of 35:1 (mL·g-1). Under these conditions, the total triterpene content was 10.34 mg·g-1. (2) The purity of Fraction a (Fa) was increased by 3.8 times to 47.98%. Eight triterpene components were identified from Fa: glycyrrhetinic acid, xibutanone, ursolic acid, euphorbiol, 24, 25-dihydrolanosterol, soya saponin B, lanosterol and cratonic acid. (3) The inhibition rate of Fa on PC3 was 68.65% at 200 μg·mL-1, which was higher than that of 5-fluorouracil (66.3%). Fa exhibited high DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities with IC50 values of 42.76 and 66.24 μg·mL-1, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further research and utilization of total triterpenes from S. sanghuang.

Clone and drought function analysis of wheat Tae-miR167

LI Di,MA Changrui,WANG Lianzhe,YANG Yujiao,ZHU Tao* — 2024/7/28 11:06:08

The miR167 family is a conserved microRNA (miRNA) family in plants, which plays a vital role in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. To clarify the function of wheat miR167 under abiotic stress, the Tae-miR167 family sequences in wheat were identified and analyzed. The differential expression profiles of mature Tae-miR167 in various wheat organs and in response to abiotic stresses were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The precursor sequence of miR167c was cloned, and its role in drought response was investigated through overexpression in Arabidopsis. The results were as follows: (1) The Tae-miR167 family comprised 18 members, which give rise to three mature miRNA sequences. Tae-miR167 exhibited a characteristic hairpin structure. (2) Tae-miR167 was expressed in most wheat organs, with relatively higher expression levels observed in roots, leaves, and seeds. The expression of mature Tae-miR167b and Tae-miR167c were up-regulated in response to low temperature treatment and PEG-induced drought stress, respectively. (3) Seedlings overexpressing Tae-miR167c exhibited significantly enhanced germination rates and root lengths under drought stress. Additionally, the drought tolerance of these transgenic seedlings was improved, and significant increases were observed in water content, soluble sugar content, and chlorophyll content. (4) Target gene prediction indicated that Tae-miR167c could bind to an F-box protein, thereby participating in the regulation of stress response. In conclusion, miR167c was significantly up-regulated under drought stress, and transgenic lines overexpressing Tae-miR167c enhanced tolerance to drought stress. This study enhances the understanding of the function of wheat miR167 and provides novel genetic resources for wheat germplasm innovation.

Effects of varying nitrogen and calcium fertilization levels on the growth and physiological traits of the endangered plant Excentrodendron tonkinense

huang xing yue,liang fang,liang shi yao,liang xi xian,tan zhang qiang — 2024/7/28 11:04:04

Excentrodendron tonkinense is a national second-class protected plant and also an endangered (EN) species. To facilitate the cultivation and propagation of E. tonkinense seedlings and mitigate the species’ endangered status, this study utilized two-year-old E. tonkinense cutting seedlings as experimental subjects. Employing a two-factor experimental design approach, the study conducted fertilization experiments with varying nitrogen-to-calcium ratios. The aim was to investigate the impacts of different nitrogen-to-calcium ratios on the growth and physiological traits of E. tonkinense seedlings, thereby providing a scientific foundation for the efficient cultivation and maintenance of this species. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the effects of different fertilization treatments on the growth and physiological characteristics of E. tonkinense seedlings. The T5 (N2Ca2) treatment exhibited the greatest enhancements in seedling height and ground diameter, suggesting that a fertilization regimen with medium nitrogen and medium calcium levels may promote the growth and maturation of E. tonkinense seedlings. (2) The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), total chlorophyll (Chl), and carotenoid (Car) contents of seedlings of E. tonkinense in the T5 treatment were all the highest, indicating that the fertilization of calcium in medium nitrogen is beneficial for promoting the transport and accumulation of photosynthetic products in E. tonkinense seedlings and enhancing their photosynthesis. (3) The soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP) content, and SOD activity of E. tonkinense seedlings in the T5 treatment were the highest, while the free proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of E. tonkinense seedlings in the T8 treatment were the lowest. Through a comprehensive analysis of growth metrics, physiological indicators and subordination function, it can be inferred that the T5 (N2Ca2) nitrogen calcium synergistic treatment (with N and Ca dosages of 16 g?plant-1 and 24 g?plant-1, respectively) shows the best growth performance of E. tonkinense seedlings, making it the optimal fertilization combination for this study.

Screening of the optimum nuclei extraction buffer for Picea abies proembryogenic masses based on flow cytometry analysis

Gao Han,Hu Jiwen,Wang Junhui,Zhu Tianqing. — 2024/7/25 16:23:55

Nuclear suspension is an important foundation for a variety of molecular biology researches. To effectively prepare the nuclear suspensions of Norway spruce (Pice aabies) proembryogenic masses (PEM), PEMs of Norway spruce embryonic cell lines PaVIII, PI3, and PI5were used as the material for nuclear extraction with six lysis buffers: (LB01, Otto’s, Galbraith’s, GPB, WPB and Tris·MgCl2). Based on detecting DNA content by flow cytometry, the quantity and quality of the nuclei suspensions were evaluated to screen for the optimal buffer. Further, the integrity of nucleus and the stability of optimal buffer were measured. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the other lysates, the number of nuclei obtained of PaVIII line PEMs from LB01 was the highest, but lower amount of cell debris. (2) In addition, coefficients of variation (CVs) of G0/G1 and G2/M nuclei, obtained from LB01, were not more than 5%. The CVs were relatively low. (3) The nuclei of different lines PEMs were extracted by LB01. There was no significant difference in the efficiency of nucleus extraction and the proportion of cell debris among the different lines. (4) The nuclear membrane of most cells maintained in a high integrity when the nuclei of Norway spruce PEMs were extracted via LB01 through morphology investigation. To sum up, compared with other buffers, LB01 is the optimal one for Norway spruce PEMs nuclear extraction, which might provide reference for nuclear extraction from gymnosperms.

Transcriptomic analysis of tobacco flowering regulated by the BdFKF1 gene in Brachypodium distachyon

2024/7/25 10:13:25

FKF1 gene is known to be a blue light-responsive gene and an important factor in regulating flowering through the photoperiod pathway. To explore the molecular mechanism of the BdFKF1 gene in regulating flowering in tobacco plants through the photoperiod pathway, wild-type tobacco （SR1）and BdFKF1 gene-transformed tobacco plants （BdFKF1-OE）were used as materials. Transcriptomic sequencing and RT-qPCR validation were conducted to observe and record the flowering time in both materials. The results were as follows: （1） In the SR1 vs FKF1 group, a total of 472 differentially expressed genes were identified, with 248 upregulated genes and 224 downregulated genes. Among them, 15 differentially expressed genes were related to the photoperiod, with 8 upregulated genes and 7 downregulated genes. （2） GO enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in pathways such as U5 snRNP、 oxidoreductase activity、 acting on paired donors and response to blue light. Among them, the differentially expressed genes related to the photoperiod were mainly enriched in pathways such as FK506 binding、photoperiodism,flowering、 photoperiodism 、phosphatidylethanolamine binding, macrolide binding and regulation of flower development. （3） KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in pathways such as ABC transporters、 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum、 Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis and Circadian rhythm – plant pathways. Among them, the differentially expressed genes related to the photoperiod were mainly enriched in pathways such as Circadian rhythm – plant and Plant hormone signal transduction. （4） The observation and recording showed that the flowering time of BdFKF1-OE plants was advanced by 3.9 days compared to SR1. （5） Finally, the RT-qPCR results were consistent with the trend of changes in the transcriptomic data, indicating that the transcriptomic data had high reliability. In conclusion, under long-day conditions, the BdFKF1 gene can affect the expression of photoperiod pathway-related genes, and overexpression of the BdFKF1 gene promotes flowering in tobacco plants.

Rediscovery, supplementary description, and discussion of the systematic position of the endemic Chinese species Pilea menghaiensis (Urticaceae)

FU Longfei,FU Xiaoying,WANG Renfen,XIONG Chi — 2024/7/24 10:05:14

Pilea menghaiensis C. J. Chen is an endemic species of the genus Pilea Lindl. within the family Urticaceae Juss, which is only distributed in the Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna in Yunnan, China. This species has limited specimens and a lack of description of the female inflorescence in the Flora of China. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of relevant studies on the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic relationships of this species. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of P. menghaiensis was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. The chloroplast genome data of P. menghaiensis was assembled and annotated. Phylogenetic trees of the genus Pilea were reconstructed based on the concatenated sequence matrix of chloroplast genome sequences, as well as the combined matrix of the ITS sequence and two chloroplast DNA regions (trnL-F and rbcL). Additionally, photographs and detailed descriptions of the female inflorescence and achenes of P. menghaiensis were obtained. The complete chloroplast genome is 152 079 bp long, with a GC content of 36.62%, and features a typical quadripartite structure with a large single-copy region (LSC) of 83 178 bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 18 355 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25 273 bp each. A total of 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, were annotated, primarily distributed within the LSC and SSC regions. P. menghaiensis belongs to the sect. Verrucosae of Pilea, is phylogenetically close to P. sinofasciata, with which it shares similar morphological characteristics. This study enriches the genetic information of the chloroplast genome of P. menghaiensis, providing a basis for developing molecular markers and studying genetic diversity. It also serves as a reference for exploring species evolution within the genus Pilea.

Cloning, subcellular localization, and expression analysis of the RdNAC72 gene in Rhododendron delavayi

HU Xiaoyu,WANG Hongfei,WANG Xiaojing,WEI Yunfeng,ZHOU Ping,ZHOU Yumei — 2024/7/24 9:49:12

NAC transcription factors play important roles in plant growth, development, and various stress responses. However, the molecular mechanism of the RdNAC72 gene in Rhododendron delavayi involved in the heat stress response was still unclear. To investigate the the roles of the RdNAC72 gene in heat stress response, we first designed primers for cloning the full length coding sequence of the RdNAC72 gene using PCR technology. Subsequently, the gene''s structure, function, and physicochemical properties were analyzed and predicted using bioinformatics method. The spatial and temporal expression characteristics of the RdNAC72 gene under heat stress and ABA were analyzed using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR). The results were as follows: (1) The RdNAC72 gene had a full length of 1 005 bp, encoding 334 amino acids with a relative molecular weight of 37.415 kDa. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the RdNAC72 protein was located in the nucleus. (2) Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the RdNAC72 was most closely related to the RwNAC72 in R. williamsianum. Additionally, cis-acting element analysis revealed that the gene contains elements associated with hormone response, light response, anaerobic response, low temperature response, and heat stress response. (3) Heat stress could induce the expression of RdNAC72, exhibiting temporal and spatial expression specificity. After three days of heat stress treatment, the relative expression level of the RdNAC72 gene in leaves was significantly upregulated by 31.16-fold, while no significant changes were observed in stems and roots. After six days of heat stress treatment, the relative expression levels of RdNAC72 were significantly upregulated, with the highest observed in leaves (61.56-fold), followed by stems (50.14-fold), and roots (17.42-fold). Additionally, it was found that ABA was found to induce the expression of RdNAC72. (4) RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a coordinated expression pattern between RdHSP17.2 and RdNAC72 with RdHSP17.2 containing multiple NAC recognition motifs (CATGTG) and core binding sequences (CACG) in its promoter region, suggesting it may be a downstream target gene of RdNAC72. Therefore, the RdNAC72, a transcription factor, localized in the nucleus, responds significantly to high temperatures and ABA, potentially activating the RdHSP17.2 expression to confer heat resistance. These findings not only understanding our comprehension of the biological functions of NAC transcription factors in response to stress, but also potentially guide future genetic and breeding strategies to enhance stress resilience in plants.

A newly recorded species of Aspidistra (Asparagaceae) from China: Aspidistra xuansonensis var. violiflora

LI Jianling,LI Meixian,LIN Chunrui,LU Qiuyan,WEI Yujing — 2024/7/23 10:31:44

Aspidistra?xuansonensis var. violiflora is reported here as?a newly recorded taxa for the first time?in China from the karst region of Yunnan Province. It is similar to A. saxicola Y. Wan, but differs by its stamens are inserted at the lower part of perigone tube, the stigma surface white, irregular wavy at margin. A.?xuansonensis var. xuansonensis and A.?xuansonensis var. violiflora were previously known only from the Xuan Son National Park, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam. Recently, we found A.?xuansonensis var. violiflora in Hekou Yao Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, China on the Sino-Vietnamese border, collected specimens and introduced plants. The new discovery enriches the diversity for the genus Aspidistra in China, which has some biogeographical significance for the study of Aspidistra in Sino-Vietnamese border areas, as well as also provides potential resources for the development of this genus in landscaping and horticulture. Detailed characteristic descriptions, pollen morphology and color plates are provided for identification, and the changes in flower color of the genus Aspidistra were discussed.

Research progress on the changes in geographical distributions of plant species under future climate change scenarios in China

WANG Siyu,WU Jianguo* — 2024/7/22 10:04:59

Identifying the impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution of plant species is crucial for biodiversity conservation and adaptation to climate change. Here, 220 literatures published since 2010 on the changes in geographical distribution of plant species under future climate change scenarios in China were collected, and the research progress on the changes in geographical distribution ranges of plant species under future climate change scenarios was reviewed, the deficiencies and problems were discussed, and the future research directions were suggested. The results were as follows: (1) Since 2010, the geographical distribution changes of 1 058 plant species in China under future climate change scenarios were analyzed. There were 636 plant species with clear information of changes in their geographical distribution under future climate change scenarios. (2) Among 518 species of angiosperms, 195 species showed an increasing trend and 245 species showed a decreasing trend for the geographical distributions under the future climate change scenario. Among 57 gymnosperms, 12 species showed an increasing trend and 38 species showed a decreasing trend for the geographical distribution ranges. The distribution range of one species of fern showed an increasing trend. Among the 60 species of bryophytes, 53 species showed a decreasing trend and seven species showed an increasing trend for their geographical distribution ranges. The geographical distributions of other plant species were characterized by inconsistent changes or lack of change information. (3) Under the climate change scenario, 137 plant species would migrate to the northwest, north, and northeast regions, 19 species would migrate to high latitude and high altitude regions, 125 species would move only to high latitude, and other plant species showed different directions or local migration trends. (4) Under the future climate change scenario, about 32 angiosperms, 42 gymnosperms and 48 bryophyte species would face the risk of losing total geographical distribution range with the probability of greater than 0.6, while about 57 angiosperms and 96 gymnosperms would face the risk of total loss of their geographical distributional ranges without considering the probability. Research deficiencies include: (1) The number of plant species studied was still inadequate; (2) The selection of climate change scenarios and models was single; (3) The lack of comprehensive consideration of climate and other environmental factors and the comparative study of multiple models; (4) The lack of risk analysis of the loss of geographical distributions under future climate change scenarios. In the future, while enriching the study on geographical distributions under future climate change scenarios for many plant species, it is necessary to strengthen the use of multiple climate change scenarios, develop niche models suitable for China''s regional conditions, carry out comparative studies on the geographical distribution changes of various plant species under different climate change scenarios, and strengthen the analysis of the risk of loss of plant geographical distribution ranges under future climate change scenarios.

Spatial distribution and associations of Pinus yunnanensis forests formed by 40 years of fire disturbance in Jizu Mountain, Yunnan

2024/7/22 9:55:41

Pinus yunnanensis, native to southwest China, is widely used as a pioneer species for afforestation. Large areas of P. yunnanensis natural forests and plantations provide abundant forestry resources, playing a key role in forestry construction and sustainable development. However, the high oil content and low ignition point of P. yunnanensis make it susceptible to frequent wildfires, especially with the intensification of global change. To investigate the community composition, spatial distribution and associations of dominant species in early post-fire regeneration of P. yunnanensis forests, a 1 hm2 dynamic monitoring plot of P. yunnanensis forest was established in Jizu Mountain, Yunnan Province, following the standard protocol of the forestglobal earth observation network. This area was a subtropical semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest 40 years ago. We analyzed community composition and diameter class structures based on census data. The g (r) function was used to analyze the spatial patterns and associations between P. yunnanensis in different diameter classes and dominant woody plants with different leaf habits. The results were as follows: (1) There were 3 088 individuals (DBH≥1cm), belonging to 30 species from 14 families and 21 genera, including 23 evergreen and 7 deciduous species in 1 hm2 dynamic plot. (2) The diameter structure of P. yunnanensis and Populus adenopoda was skew-normal and belonged to stable populations. While the diameter structure of Viburnum cylindricum, Pinus armandii and Pieris formosa was inverted "J" type,indicating successful regeneration of with a higher number of small-diameter individuals. This suggests that they may eventually replace P. yunnanensis forests. (3) The spatial distribution of P. yunnanensis at three developmental stages (saplings, juveniles, adults) was mainly aggregated, and the distribution of adults mayshift from aggregated to random or uniform distribution patterns as the scale increases. (4) The saplings of P. yunnanensis were mainly positively correlated with juvenile and adult trees, while juvenile and adult trees were uncorrelated. This suggests that a healthy relationship within the P. yunnanensis population. Additionally, P. yunnanensis showed negativeor no correlation with the dominant evergreen and deciduous plants, indicating that competition for limited resources such as light and water. In summary, the structure of the P. yunnanensis community is stable, and P. yunnanensis remaining the dominant species in the early stage of community succession. The spatial distribution of its different developmental stages is dominated by aggregation. However, the distribution of adults may shift to random or uniform distributions in the future, reflecting cumulative effects of negative density-dependence. Positive spatial associations between different diameter classes are also an important feature in the early stage of community succession. However, as succession progresses, evergreen plants may replace the dominant position of P. yunnanensis, leading the community towards a subtropical semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest.

Characterisation of soil inorganic phosphorus and bioavailable phosphorus fractions in karst ecosystems, influenced by land use types and hydrothermal conditions

HU Peilei,LIANG Yueming,PAN Fujing,WANGKelin,YANG Qian,ZHANG Wei — 2024/7/22 9:55:04

In order to gain an understanding of the characteristics of soil inorganic phosphorus and bioavailable phosphorus fractions affected by land use types and hydrothermal conditions in karst ecosystems, the characteristics of soil inorganic phosphorus and bioavailable phosphorus fractions in karst ecosystems were analyzed and compared across croplands, artificial forests, and natural forests in low hydrothermal regions (Nanchuan District in Chongqing, Dushan and Suiyang Counties in Guizhou) and high hydrothermal regions (Huanjiang, Mashan County/Wuming, and Longzhou Counties in Guangxi). One-way analysis of variance, two-factor analysis of variance, and correlation analysis were used to explore the different characteristics and the relationship between soil inorganic phosphorus fractions and bioavailable phosphorus fractions under the influence of land use types and hydrothermal conditions. Redundancy analysis was used to explore the key inorganic phosphorus fractions influencing soil bioavailable phosphorus fractions. The results were as follows: (1) Soil inorganic phosphorus fractions were significantly affected by land use types. The contents of dicalcium phosphate (Ca2-P), octacalcium phosphate (Ca8-P), phosphorus adsorbed on the Al oxides surfaces (Al-P), phosphorus adsorbed on the Fe oxides surfaces (Fe-P), occluded phosphorus (O-P) and decalcium phosphate (Ca10-P) in the soils of croplands were found to be higher than those in the soils of artificial forests and natural forests. Furthermore, the contents of Ca8-P, Fe-P and O-P exhibited the order of croplands > artificial forests > natural forests, whereas the contents of Ca2-P and phosphorus extracted by hydrochloric acid (HCl-P) demonstrated the order of croplands > natural forests > artificial forests. (2) In high hydrothermal regions, Ca10-P and O-P contents of natural forests soils were significantly higher than in low hydrothermal regions, and phosphorus extracted by enzymes (Enzyme-P) contents of artificial and natural forests soils were the opposite. (3) Soil inorganic phosphorus fractions Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca10-P contents were significantly and positively correlated with bioavailable phosphorus fractions CaCl2-P and HCl-P contents. Redundancy analysis showed that Ca2-P was the key factor affecting the bioavailable phosphorus fractions. The results indicate that land use types and hydrothermal conditions are key fraction influencing the characteristics of soil inorganic phosphorus fractions and bioavailable phosphorus fractions. Increasing the contents of inorganic phosphorus fractions has a positive effect on bioavailable phosphorus fractions. Therefore, consideration should be given to the potential effects of future climate change on the fractions and availability of phosphorus in soil, thereby promoting the restoration of karst ecosystems.

Clone, natural variation analysis and development of KASP molecular markers for gene GmYUC2 to respond shade stress in soybean

2024/7/17 15:23:28

YUC2 was one of the rate-limiting enzymes in auxin biosynthesis, and it involved in plant response to shade stress. In this study, Gongdou 7, an extremely shade-tolerant soybean variety was used for clone of gene GmYUC2. Based on the resequencing data and the phenotypic identification data of shade tolerance index (STI) in three environments of 394 natural variation populations of soybean in southern china, this research analyzed the natural variation of gene GmYUC2 to respond shade stress in soybean, and developed KASP molecular markers. The results were as follows: (1)The length of CDS sequence for gene GmYUC2 cloned from Gongdou 7 was 1 148 bp, it encoded 382 amino acids, the encoded proteins all contained domains including FMO-like, Pyr-redox-2 and Pyr-redox-3; (2) There existed four SNP variation sites in gene GmYUC2, three SNP variants were located in the intron and one SNP variant was located in the 5_prime_UTR region, SNP2 and SNP3 had the highest linkage degree (r2=0.9888), followed by SNP1 and SNP4 (r2=0.921934), SNP1 and SNP2 had the lowest linkage degree (r2=0.475691); (3) Four haplotypes were identified in 394 populations based on these four SNP sites, the Hap1 haplotype was consistent with the reference genome Wm82, and Hap2, Hap3, and Hap4 were all directly mutated from Hap1, the STI of soybean germplasm corresponding to Hap2 was significantly lower than that of Hap1, indicating that the soybean germplasm carrying Hap2 had better shade-tolerance than that carrying Hap1; (4) Under shady conditions, the expression of gene GmYUC2 was up-regulated in both extremely shade-tolerant germplasm and nagetive shade-tolerant germplasm, and the expression of gene GmYUC2 was significantly higher in extremely shade-tolerant germplasm than that in nagetive shade-tolerant germplasm; (5) the KASP molecular marker developed by three SNP mutation sites of gene GmYUC2 was used to verify 18 soybean materials, the identification results of genotype and phenotype were highly consistent with 88.89%. The conclusion of this paper is as flows: (1)The gene GmYUC2 is cloned successfully; (2)GmYUC2 gene plays an important role in soybean response to shade stress; (3) The KASP molecular marker developed can be used to identify shade-tolerance of soybean resources at seedling stage. This study provides a reference for further analysis of the main function and expression regulation mechanism of gene GmYUC2, and lays a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding of shade tolerance in soybean.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of Camellia flavida based on SSR markers

LU Yongbin,TANG Shaoqing,XIANG Yingying — 2024/7/17 10:44:08

Camellia flavida is listed as Class Ⅱ plant that distributed in southwestern Guangxi with high ornamental value. Understanding the genetic diversity and genetic structure of rare and endangered species can provide a theoretical basis for the conservation and management of their germplasm resources. The present study aimed to analyse the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 12 natural populations of C. flavida in its currently known range using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 63 alleles were detected by the 14 pairs of primers, with a mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.691, indicating a high level of genetic polymorphism. (2) The average allele (Na) of the 12 populations was 4.476, the average effective allele (Ne) was 2.720, the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.590, the average expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.575, and the coefficient of genetic differentiation between populations (FST) was 0.212. (3) Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 21.19% occurred between populations (P< 0.05), suggesting significant genetic differentiation among populations, which was corroborated by the STRUCTURE and UPGMA analyses. (4) Mantel test indicated a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance among populations (R2 = 0.177, P< 0.05). The above results indicate that C. flavida maintains a degree of genetic diversity and exhibits high levels of genetic differentiation between populations. Based on this result, it is recommended to protect as many natural populations of C. flavida as possible and to strengthen the protection of the Xiashi population.

Seasonal dynamics in growth status of newly emerged twigs of Kandelia obovata

HONG Tao*,LI Jian,XU Bingyan — 2024/7/17 9:26:15

Newly emerged twigs are the most active part of plant branching systems and are most sensitive to changes in habitat such as light and temperature. Analyzing the differences in stem and leaf characteristics of the twigs and evaluating their growth status is crucial for understanding the growth and survival strategies of plants and their adaptability mechanisms. As an evergreen broad-leaved shrub, the crown of Kandelia obovata produces a certain number of the twigs in different seasons within a year. To gain a deeper understanding of the growth status and seasonal dynamics of the twigs of Kandelia obovata, this study investigated the growth traits of the stems and leaves of the twigs. Statistical methods such as variance analysis, multiple comparisons, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to comprehensively evaluate the growth performance of the twigs in different seasons and to explore the growth and survival strategies of mangrove plants, represented by Kandelia obovata. The results were as follows: (1) The 14 trait indicators characterizing the growth status of the twigs showed significant variation, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 13.856% to 56.469%, and a strong correlation between the indicators. (2) The growth traits of the twigs varied significantly in different seasons, with the overall performance being highest in July followed by May, March, and October. Additionally, the importance of the growth traits was ranked as follows: leaf traits > biomass > stem configuration. (3) The total weight proportion of the 7 trait indicators such as leaf density, the ratio of leaf and stem biomass, leaf number, leaf biomass, large leaf area, stem length, and leaf area ratio was 87.146%, which were the key indicators characterizing the growth status of the twigs of Kandelia obovata. In conclusion, the growth status of the twigs reflects the adaptation strategy of the tree to resource levels, influenced by external factors such as light and temperature, as well as internal growth strategies. These research results provide insight into the response of the twigs to environmental changes in different seasons and offer a reference basis for the protection and sustainable development of Kandelia obovata population.

QTL mapping and candidate gene prediction of important agronomic traits in wheat

CAO Dong,GONG Zhengwei,HAO Ming,LI Yun,LIU Baolong,ZHANG Huaigang — 2024/7/11 9:26:47

Wheat is one of three major staple crops in the world, QTL mapping and candidate gene analysis of important agronomic traits are beneficial for breeding new cultivars. In this study, the excellent wheat varieties Shumai 969 and Shumai 830 were used to construct a recombinant inbred line (F7) population consisting of 89 lines, and the reduced representation genome sequencing technology was carried out to genotype this population and its parents. In field, the phenotype of plant height, internode length, awn length, spike length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, tiller number, effective tiller number, thousand grain weight, grain length, grain width, and grain surface area were measured. The complete interval mapping method was employed to locate the QTL sites controlling these agronomic traits. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 27 QTLs were identified. These QTLs distributed on 13 distinct chromosomes, and could elucidate 3.74% to 26.7% of the phenotype variation of the agronomic traits. Among them, the QTL in the 608.58-609.12 Mb interval on chromosome 7B controlled both plant height and panicle length, which was identified by two years. The QTL in the 519.94-528.83 Mb interval on chromosome 5A controlled both tiller number and effective tiller number, and the QTL in the 437.38-439.30 Mb interval on chromosome 5D controlled both thousand grain weight and grain surface area. 7 QTLs located in the same positions as previously reported. (2) The gene function analysis showed 2 candidate genes associated with plant height traits, 4 candidate genes linked to tiller traits, and 3 candidate genes attributed to thousand grain weight within the mapped interval. The two candidate genes of plant height encoded a leucine repeat receptor-like protein kinase and a gibberellin 2-oxidase. The candidate genes of tiller encompassed a auxin response protein, a RING/U-box superfamily protein, and two F-box proteins. The candidate genes for the thousand grain weight encoded a leucine repeat receptor-like protein kinase, a protein kinase, and a chlorophyll a-b-binding protein. The identified QTLs and predicted major genes in this research established a foundation for the meticulous mapping and cloning of the major genes controlling the correspondent agronomic traits, and benefited breeding new wheat cultivars.

Volatile components of different periods and different parts of Dendrobium chrysotoxum based on GC-MS

CAO Hua,LI Donghui,LI Han,LI Limei,LU Lin,SHEN Dingcai,ZHAO Ruijing — 2024/7/11 9:00:59

In order to investigate the characteristics of volatile components in Dendrobium chrysotoxum during flowering, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect the volatile components in four periods of D. chrysotoxum, namely, bud, primordial, full-flowering and final flowering, as well as in four parts of labellum, sepals, petals and pistil column during full-flowering. The volatile components were analyzed and compared. A total of 29 volatile components were detected in the 4 periods of D. chrysotoxum, consisting of 13 alkenes, 6 alcohols, 2 aldehydes, 2 esters, 2 alkanes, 1 phenol, 1 acid and 1 other class, and a total of 39 volatile components were detected in the 4 parts of D. chrysotoxum in full bloom, consisting of 15 alkenes, 9 alcohols, 4 alkanes, 3 esters, 3 ketones and 2 other classes. aldehydes, 2 others and 1 acid. The results were as follows： (1)There were differences in the volatile compositions in different periods, and there were 22 volatile compositions in the full bloom period, mainly alkenes and esters; (2) The seven volatile components, namely, octyl acetate, loreleiene, (+)-α-pinene, (-)-β-pinene, laurolene, d-limonene and n-octanol, were important volatile components in D. chrysotoxum. Among them, octyl acetate and loreleiene were the most released in the full-flowering period, which accounted for 31.74% and 24.98% of the total content, and the contents of acetic acid, octyl ester were detected in the three periods of buds, primordia and full bloom, and the content was higher, (+)-α-pinene, (-)-β-pinene, myrcene, d-limonene and 1-octanol were detected only in the early and full-flowering periods and their contents increased gradually with the opening of the flowers; (3) The types and contents of volatile components released from different parts of D. chrysotoxum also varied, with 29 types of volatile components detected in sepals, 20 types of volatile components in petals, with the highest total content of 5754.26 ng·g-1, and the main volatile component acetic acid, octyl ester was detected only in the labellum;(4) D. chrysotoxum have the most volatile constituents with the highest content in the bloom period, and the main volatile constituent release sites in the bloom period were the petals and sepals. The results of this study will lay a theoretical foundation for the development of D. chrysotoxum flower daily industrialization.

Analysis of Chloroplast Genome of Pogostemon cablin of Different Origins

LIANG Yingying,LU Yaru,PENG Xiaoqi,WU Wenru*,XING Bingnan,ZOU Heyuan — 2024/7/10 10:08:51

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. possesses significant medical and industrial values, as it can be used for medicinal purposes as well as for essential oil extraction. However, the yield and quality of P. cablin can vary depending on the ecological environment and artificial cultivation measures employed in different production regions and origins. In order to study the structural characteristics and compare the differences of the chloroplast genome of P. cablin of different origins, this study used the DNBSeq sequencing platform to sequence the whole genome of P. cablin, used getOrganelle to assemble the complete chloroplast genome, annotated the chloroplast genome through the OGDRAW website, and analyzed the basic structural characteristics, IR/SC boundary comparison, genome comparison and collinearity analysis, simple repeat sequences and interspersed repeat sequences, polymorphism analysis and relative usage analysis of synonymous codons. The results were as follows: (1)The full length of the chloroplast genomes of 20 different origins of patchouli was 152 461~152 510 bp, and 132 genes were annotated, including 87 CDS, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. (2)The mVISTA comparison found that atpF, atpF-atpH, rps16-trnQ_UUG, rpoB-trnC_GCA, accD, psaI-ycf4, petA-psbJ, rpl16, and rps15-ycf1 were hypervariable regions. (3) The sites with nucleic acid diversity greater than 0.002 were located in the trnM-CAU-atpB interval, ycf4, rpl32, and rpl32-trnL-UAC interval. (4)Analysis of the relative usage of synonymous codons detected a total of 64 codons encoding 20 amino acids, and there were 33 highly preferred codons, among which codons ending in A/U accounted for the majority. (5)74-76 SSRs, 15-18 palindrome repeat sequences, and 12-17 forward repeat sequences were detected. (6)After genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic analysis, only GSY_MLXY has a distant genetic relationship with other cultivated types. In this study, the genome structure and different sites identified of chloroplasts from 20 different sources of P. cablin were obtained, which provided basic data for the development of molecular markers and the selection of superior germplasm.

Effects of intercropped trees on the structure and function of soil fungal communities in tea gardens

DU Jinbao,HUANG Shuangjie,LIU Wei,SUN Mufang,WANG Liyan,WEI Yiwei,ZHANG Yongrui — 2024/7/10 9:26:05

To explore the impact of different intercropped trees on fungal communities in tea garden soils in southern Henan, the study took the tea garden soils intercropped with Castanea mollissima, C. seguinii and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Xinyang, Henan as the test objects. It used indoor chemical experiments and high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the chemical properties of tea garden soil, fungal community structure and their relationship with soil nutrients under different intercropping patterns. The results were as follows: (1) The fungal species abundance and diversity in the tea garden soil intercropped with Castanea seguinii and Cunninghamia lanceolata were significantly higher than those intercropped with Castanea mollissima, and there were significant differences in fungal community composition among the three. (2) In terms of fungal community structure, the tea gardens intercropped with C. seguinii and Cunninghamia lanceolata exhibited high similarity. Further analysis revealed that Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the main fungal phyla in the soil of the three intercropped tea gardens. Among them, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota was higher in the tea garden soil intercropped with Castanea mollissima and Cunninghamia lanceolata, while Ascomycota dominated in the tea garden intercropped with Castanea seguinii. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Russula and Mortierella in the tea garden soil intercropped with Castanea mollissima was significantly higher than the other two intercropping types. (3) The study also found a significant correlation between the chemical properties of the tea garden soil and the fungal community structure. There were significant differences in nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus contents in the soil of tea gardens intercropped with different trees, which further influenced the distribution and structure of the fungal community. (4) In terms of fungal trophic types, the soil fungi in the tea gardens intercropped with Castanea mollissima and Cunninghamia lanceolata were dominated by ectomycorrhizal fungi, while those in the tea garden intercropped with Castanea seguinii were primarily undefined saprotrophic fungi. In summary, significant differences exist in the composition, diversity, and functions of fungal communities in the soil of tea gardens intercropped with Castanea mollissima, C. seguinii, and Cunninghamia lanceolata in southern Henan. These findings provide scientific evidence for the selection of intercropped tree species in tea gardens, contributing to the optimization of the ecological environment and the improvement of tea quality.

Bioinformatics analysis and expressionof PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 in Pinus massoniana

Chen Hu,Chen Yinghao,Huang Jinlong,Yang Zhangqi — 2024/7/5 11:46:06

The WRKY family is one of the largest families of transcription factors in higher plants. Previous studies have found that WRKY family genes play an important role in the response of P. massoniana to insect pests, growth and development, and drought stress. In order to further study the biological function of WRKY family genes and the response to exogenous hormones, the bioinformatics characteristics of PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes were analyzed, and the expression patterns of PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes under exogenous hormones and calcium ion treatment such as ABA, SA, MeJA and GA were studied by qPCR. The results showed that: (1) PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 proteins encoded 667 and 575 amino acids, respectively, and the subcells were located in the nucleus, and the N-terminus of the two genes contained a highly conserved WRKYGQK heptapeptide structure, and the C-terminus contained a zinc finger structure, which belonged to the WRKY transcription factor family. (2) In terms of evolutionary relationship, PmWRKY2 protein and PmWRKY6 protein were most closely related to PtXG20020.1 and Pt2G29990.1 proteins, which were also gymnosperm Pinus tabuliformis; (3) Compared with CK, the expression of PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes could be significantly induced by the four hormone treatments and the corresponding Ca2+ treatment, and their expression levels reached the peak in the late treatment period. The expression of PmWRKY2 gene was significantly induced in the early stage of Ca2+ treatment, and there was no significant difference between the expression of PmWRKY2 gene in the late treatment and the control, while the expression level of PmWRKY6 gene was significantly higher than that of the control during the whole treatment. These results showed that both PmWRKY2 and PmWRKY6 genes could respond to different exogenous signaling substances, but the expression patterns were different.

Floristic characteristics of vascular plants in Qilian Mountains,China

LI Jianan,WANG Bo,ZHANG Famei,ZHAO Shuo,ZHOU Guoying — 2024/7/4 15:03:30

Vegetation plays a crucial role in the terrestrial ecosystem and can serve as a valuable indicator of environmental change. Studying the flora allows us to differentiate between interspecies evolutionary relationships. Furthermore, understanding the composition and distribution of vegetation not only enhances plant biodiversity and quality but also enables us to make scientific use of plant resources. The ecological transition zone, known for its high species diversity, is an essential area for studying the flora. The Qilian Mountain area, as an ecological transition zone, exhibits high plant diversity. However, the flora composition in this area has not been systematically documented. In order to ensure the accuracy of the species list and explore the distribution of flora, this study conducted preliminary statistics by collecting and organizing scattered data from the literature. Subsequently, we used the plant specimen information to proofread and determine the flora composition. The results revealed the following: (1) The Qilian Mountain had 1 952 species of vascular plants, belonging to 108 families and 527 genera, including 44 species of national protected plants and 100 species of threatened plants. (2) The dominant plant types in the Qilian Mountain were herbaceous, followed by shrubs, with trees being the least abundant. Most of these plants exhibited cold-resistance and drought-tolerance, with the majority being oligotrophic genera (the genera containing only one plant in Qilian Mountain). The geographical components of the flora were diverse, but the temperate elements were predominant. (3) Species richness was highest in the eastern region of the mountain, followed by the middle region, and lowest in the western region. As longitude increased westward, the similarity index decreased. This suggested that the species composition and geographical components are influenced by local climatic conditions, topographic conditions, and diverse habitat types. (4) The presence of endemic species was significant, with a total of 717 endemic species in China and 45 endemic species in the Qilian Mountain, reflecting the uniqueness, diversity, and complexity of the ecosystem in the important region. In short, the flora of the Qilian Mountains is characterized by youthfulness. As an ecological transition zone, the region has extremely rich plant species diversity and breeds a large number of rare plants. Due to the large longitude span of the Qilian Mountains, there are great differences in plant types between the eastern and western regions. The above results can provide background data and a scientific basis for the maintenance of species diversity, sustainable development, and utilization of resources in this area.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus supplementation on fine root morphological characteristics and biomass of Ligustrum lucidum in coastal new reclamation area

2024/7/4 15:01:28

To explore nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) Nutrient gradients have different effects on plant surface in new coastal reclamation areas （0-10 cm）Effects of fine root morphological characteristics and biomass, Ligustrum lucidum was used as the test material and uses ingrown soil cores (Volume 196.25 cm3). The fertilization method was used to conduct nitrogen and phosphorus addition experiments on the soil core of the soil surface layer (0-10 cm) of Ligustrum lucidum, Suppose the fertilization gradient is 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20 g per hole. The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients on the functional traits of fine roots in the soil surface were studied. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the control, when 3 g N was applied, the total length, surface area, volume, root length density, root surface area density, and biomass of fine roots increased significantly, with increases of 62.39%, 120.87%, 169.97%, respectively. 59.19%, 106.99% and 102.75%; when 5-11 g N is applied, the above indicators gradually decrease. When the amount of N applied is greater than 11 g, there is no root growth. (2) When 3 g P is applied, the total length, surface area, volume, root length density, root surface area density and biomass of the root system significantly increase, with increases of 77.37%, 111.15%, 147.50%, 73.87%, 97.88% and 98.05%. When the amount of P applied is greater than 5 g, the above indicators of fine roots gradually decrease. But there is no rootless situation. Fertilization causes significant changes in the morphological indicators and biomass of fine roots, and plants improve the ability to acquire soil nutrients by changing the structure of fine roots. Therefore, applying 3 g of N or P respectively to the surface soil 1 m away from the trunk significantly promoted the growth of fine roots of Ligustrum lucidum.

Effects of supplementary clones on genetic diversity of Pinus elliottii seed orchard

Feng Yuanheng,Meng Lanyang,Qin Xianyu,Xie Junkang,Yang Zhangqi — 2024/7/3 15:44:48

Supplementing clones in seed orchards with limited or missing clones represents a crucial scientific management strategy. This research focused on the clonal seed orchard of Pinus elliottii at Nanning’s Forestry Research Institute, examining how additional clones influence the orchard''s genetic diversity to offer insights for its scientific management. Utilizing 16 SSR marker pairs, the study assessed genetic diversity variations pre and post-clone augmentation, analyzing material genetic uniqueness and relationships through fingerprint and genetic clustering. The results were as follows: (1) Enhancing clone numbers from 18 to 50 led to a 2.24% rise in polymorphic information content, a 14.29% increase in average allele number, a 1.19% boost in average effective allele number, and a 3.84% uplift in the Shannon index. (2) It was determined that 11 SSR marker pairs could identify all 50 clones, for which fingerprint maps were established. (3) The genetic distance among these clones varied between 0.018 and 0.670, and using a 0.251 threshold, the UPGMA clustering diagram grouped them into seven categories. The study concludes that while clone supplementation enhances the genetic diversity of P. elliottii seed orchards, improvements are modest. Developing fingerprints offers a dependable method for identifying premium P. elliottii clones and analyzing seed orchard progeny parentage. The genetic clustering of established clones serves as a reference for parent selection in P. elliottii hybridization experiments, efficiently preventing inbreeding.

β-diversity of the herbaceous layer plant communities in natural forests and its influencing factors in Henan Province

DU Xiaojun,GAO Xianming,JIAO Zhihua,LIU Longchang,MENG Wei,WANG Yu — 2024/7/2 15:19:26

Conducting research on β-diversity (beta diversity) and its components, which reflect spatial or temporal variations in species composition among communities, helps to improve the understanding and knowledge of community structure and its maintenance mechanisms. The herbaceous layer of forest is an important part of forest community and forest ecosystem. Although some studies have been conducted on β-diversity of the understory herbaceous plant communities, there is still a lack of consensus on the proportion of β-diversity components such as turnover and nestedness components, as well as the influencing factors and the extent of their impact on β-diversity. This study is based on the survey data of herbaceous layer plant communities from 168 natural forest plots in Henan Province. It analyzed the β-diversity patterns of herbaceous layer in natural forests in Henan Province using Jaccard dissimilarity index, variance partitioning and other methods, and quantified the relative contributions of influencing factors such as spatial distance, environmental factors, and species richness to its β-diversity. The results show: (1) The total β-diversity (as measured by the Jaccard dissimilarity index) of the herbaceous layer plant communities in natural forests in Henan Province is 0.94, which is mainly derived from the species turnover component (accounting for 96.8% of the total β-diversity). (2) The total β-diversity and its species turnover component of plant communities in the herbaceous layer of natural forests in Henan province show a significant increasing trend with increasing spatial distance, while the nestedness component shows a significant decreasing trend with increasing spatial distance. (3) Mantel test shows that spatial distance, environmental factors, and species richness all have significant effects on the total β-diversity of plant communities in the herbaceous layer of natural forests, with environmental factor, spatial distance, and species richness having the greatest, second, and least effect respectively; Variance partitioning results further show that spatial distance, environmental factors, and species richness accounting for 27.14% and 20.35% of the variation in total β-diversity and its turnover component, with environmental factors alone accounting for the most variation (10.62% of total β-diversity and 9.35% of turnover component). This study helps to enhance the understanding of the variation rules of plant composition in the herbaceous layers of natural forests and its influencing factors, thereby providing a solid scientific basis for the protection and management of forest vegetation and ecological restoration.

Evaluation of the applicability of TG and VI productivity models at multiple time scales in typical forests in the central subtropics

Gu Daxing,JIA Yuwei,Ni Longkang,Qin Jiashuang,Ren Shiqi — 2024/7/1 10:01:13

Estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) of vegetation is essential for exploring the flow and storage of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and helps to explain the factors influencing global climate change. Remote sensing GPP models are important tools for simulating GPP at regional and global scales. In order to clarify the applicability of two remote sensing GPP models, TG and VI, to two typical forests in the meso-subtropical region as well as the simulation effects of different model parameter calibration methods, the present study was conducted to calibrate the sensitive parameters of the TG and VI models based on the ground-based meteorological data and MODIS data using flux-tower measured GPP at both year-round and seasonal scales, and then the GPPs of the meso-subtropical regenerated broad-leaved evergreen forest and the eucalyptus The GPP of meso-subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaf forest and eucalyptus plantation forest were simulated, and the simulation accuracies of the TG and VI models in these two ecosystems were compared and analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The simulation accuracy of the models was improved after parameter calibration, especially in the case of seasonal calibration, the simulation accuracy was significantly better than that of the year-round calibration. (2) The correlation between the input parameters of the TG and VI models and the measured GPP of the two ecosystems was high (R2 >0.70，P<0.001). (3) The correlation between the simulated and measured GPPs of the TG model was higher than that of the VI model, and the simulation error of the TG model was the smallest in the secondary broadleaf evergreen forest ecosystem (RE< 2%). In conclusion, both models have the potential to be applied in two typical forests in the central subtropical region, and the simulation effect of the TG model is better than that of the VI model.

Characterization of TCP transcription factors in Elymus nutans and analysis of phytohormones response patterns

GARCÍA-CAPARRÓS Pedro,MENG Chen,PENG Xiaomei,SUN Xudong,YANG Yongping,ZHANG Yu — 2024/6/24 16:43:37

Elymus nutans, a high-quality forage distributed on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, holds significant ecological and economic value. The TCP transcription factors, a plant-specific family, play a crucial regulatory role in plant growth and development processes, including leaf development, branch morphogenesis, and phytohormone signaling pathways. In this study, Single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology was used to obtain full-length transcript data from E. nutans, which to adied in the identification of TCP transcription factors. Meanwhile, we employed the Illumina sequencing platform to investigate the response patterns of E. nutans under four different phytohormones treatments. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 90 956 non-redundant full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) sequences were obtained. (2) A total of 26 EnTCPs were identified based on the full-length transcriptome data. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a diverse range of amino acids in these EnTCPs (186 to 575 aa), with all EnTCPs predicted to be located in the nucleus. (3) Based on the branching of the phylogenetic tree, the 26 EnTCPs were divided into Class I subfamily, Class II-a (CIN) subfamily, and Class II-b (CYC/TB1) subfamily. Conserved motifs analysis revealed that all EnTCPs possess a TCP domain. (4) Expression pattern analysis suggested that the expression of 7 EnTCPs family members (En108950, En35573, En10347, En16325, En128790, En10346, and En14028) was up-regulated/down-regulated under different phytohormones treatment, suggesting their potential involvement in hormone synthesis pathways. QRT-PCR analysis results showed that En35573 and En14028 are involved in auxin response, while En108950, En10347, En128790, En10346, and En14028 are all involved in cytokinin response. En14028 is involved in abscisic acid response, En108950 is involved in jasmonic acid response, and En16325 may be involved in multiple hormone signaling pathways. These findings provide a foundation for further exploration of the function of the EnTCPs gene and can serve as a reference.

A study on the seed plant flora of Qinghai, China

Li Congjia,Pang Zhe,Wu Yuhu,Zhang Zelin — 2024/6/24 10:21:59

Qinghai Province, as a core component of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, shares similar geological and geomorphological formations as well as an evolutionary history of its natural ecosystem with the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Within Qinghai, there exist 97 families, 595 genera, and 3 558 species of wild seed plants. Based on the author''s extensive field research and data accumulation, this article presents a classification and analysis of the distribution area types of all plant families, genera, and species in Qinghai. The key findings are as follows: (1) Qinghai hosts all 15 areal-types described in Mr. Wu Zhengyi''s "Distribution Area Types of Chinese Seed Plant Genera," indicating the richness of its floral components and the complexity and diversity of its ecological and geographical environment. (2) Tropical types, primarily represented by pan-tropical distributions, are characterized by marginal distribution within Qinghai, with the absence of woody types. (3) At the genus level, the core components of Qinghai''s flora are predominantly warm-cold genera originating from the Northern temperate zone and East Asia. However, at the species level, species distributed in Temperate Asia and East Asia dominate. (4) The unique Chinese type of flora in Qinghai reflects its close affinity with the flora of Southwest China (Hengduan Mountains) and the Himalayas, and exhibits distinct alpine flora characteristics of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. (5) The southwest and northern flora of China has great influence on Qinghai. (6) Qinghai has three distinct ecological zones in Qinghai: the warm and humid Qilian Mountains, the alpine southern Qinghai Plateau, and the temperate and arid Qaidam Basin, and each zone exhibits distinct and prominent characteristics. Intersection of the three zones reveals the transitional nature of the flora. (7) The terminal or marginal distribution areas of many plant species in Qinghai are particularly evident, marked by the westernmost extent of their distribution ranges and the highest altitudinal limits. (8) Qinghai''s flora exhibits a youthful and derived taxonomic nature, primarily consisting of perennial herbaceous species and a paucity of woody types. This analysis concludes that Qinghai''s flora is dominated by northern temperate components, particularly those endemic to the temperate and cold zones of Eurasia. Qinghai possesses the temperate flora attributes of warmth, cold, and alpine types, reflecting the complexity of its flora. For the first time in China, a "species-level" distribution area type system for wild seed plants in Qinghai has been established.

Identification and fusarium wilt resistance evaluation of distant hybrid offspring of lilium brownii var.viridulum Baker

2024/6/24 9:56:58

During the cultivation process of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, it is easy to be infected with wilt disease, while some varieties of ornamental lilies have strong resistance to wilt disease. The study aimed to create hybrids with improved resistance to wilt disease by crossbreeding Lilium brownii var. viridulum Bake with various ornamental lily varieties. Disease-resistant ornamental lily cultivars were specifically chosen for reciprocal crosses with Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker. The authenticity of the hybrids was confirmed through SSR molecular markers, and the resistance of the hybrid offspring to wilt disease was subsequently assessed. The results showed that: (1)Lilium Asiatic hybrids such as ‘Black stone’ had strong resistance to fusarium wilt, while Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker and ‘Pink planet’ had the weakest resistance to fusarium wilt. (2)A total of 28 capsules were obtained from the orthogonal combination using Lilium brownii var. viridulum Bake as the maternal parent, and 3 Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker×‘Black stone’ hybrid seedlings were finally obtained. The cross combination of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Bake as the male parent obtained a total of 74 capsules, and ultimately obtained a hybrid seedling of ‘Strawberry event’×Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker.(3)SSR molecular marker identification results showed that 3 hybrid seedlings of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker×‘Black stone’ were real hybrids, while 1 hybrid seedlings of ‘Strawberry event’×Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker was a false hybrid. (4)The 3 Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker×‘Black stone’ hybrid seedlings obtained had moderate resistance to fusarium wilt. This study provides a reference for the distant hybridization of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Bake and ornamental lilies, and proves that Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker hybrids with fusarium wilt resistance can be obtained through hybridization. This study provides technical guidance for the distant hybridization of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Bake with ornamental lily varieties, laying the groundwork for the breeding of new lily varieties with enhanced resistance to wilt disease in the future.

Identification and fusarium wilt resistance evaluation of distant hybrid offspring of lilium brownii var.viridulum Baker

2024/6/24 9:50:43

Effects of growth cycle on the accumulation of metabolites in leaves of Murraya tetramera Huang

BU Jiahao,CAO Jingxiao,HAN Wenjun,XING Qinqin,ZHOU Tao — 2024/6/21 10:04:58

In order to investigate the effects of different growth cycles on the differences in metabolite species of Murraya tetramera, and to establish a scientific cultivation system and harvesting system. This study used non-targeted metabolomics to analyze the new and old leaves of M. tetramera, the inter-group differences of metabolites were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures- discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and the method of combining the fold change, the P-value of the t-test and the VIP-value of the OPLS-DA model was adopted to screen for differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). The results were as follows: (1) A total of 850 DAMs were screened, of which 426 DAMs were higher in the old leaf than in the new leaf and 424 DAMs were higher in the new leaf than in the old leaf. (2) DAMs were classified into 41 categories, among which carboxylic acids and their derivatives, fatty acyls, organooxygen compounds, benzene and substituted derivatives, flavonoids and organonitrogen compounds were the most abundant. (3) Pathway enrichment analysis by KEGG showed that the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate acid metabolism. The KEGG pathway enriched by DAMs expressed at higher levels in old leaf was significantly different from that enriched by DAMs expressed at higher levels in new leaf.

Cloning and expression analysis of OsCPI in rice

JING Shengli,LIU Qingsong,REN Xinxin,WANG Baixue,WANG Haibing,XU Jingang — 2024/6/21 9:40:04

To investigate the function of protease inhibitor genes in rice defense against herbivorous insects, the coding sequence of the protease gene OCPI2 from the rice variety ‘Zhonghua11’ was cloned. The sequence characteristics of OCPI2 were analyzed, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using bioinformatics software. Real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to examine the expression characteristics of OCPI2 under herbivorous insect feeding and plant hormone treatment. The results were as follows: (1) The coding region of OCPI2 was 219 bp, encoding a protein of 72 amino acids. The OCPI2 protein had a molecular weight of 7.72 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.21, with no signal peptide and no transmembrane structure. (2) The OCPI2 protein was closely related to the homologous protein in Triticum urartu (EMS61613.1). (3) The OCPI2 protein contained a potato_inhibit conserved domain and belonged to the serine protease inhibitor family. (4) The expression of OCPI2 was induced by feeding from the rice striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), mechanical damage, and methyl salicylate treatment, whereas methyl jasmonate treatment consistently suppressed OCPI2 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that OCPI2 may be involved in the induced defense response of rice to herbivorous insects. This study provides a theoretical basis for an deeper understanding of the function of OCPI2 in rice defense against insect herbivores.

Carpel fusion of Annona × atemoya (Annonaceae)

CAO Yang,GAN Yangying,PING Jingyao,SONG Songquan — 2024/6/21 9:22:32

Annona × atemoya (Annonaceae) is an important tropical economic fruit. Carpel fusion is an important stage in its fruit development process. In order to study the ontogeny of the carpel fusion of Annona × atemoya , the present study observed its young fruits by paraffin sections and light microscopy. The results were as follows: (1) The carpel fusion happened about 1 month after pollination. Carpels at the top of the receptacle fused earlier than carpels at the bottom. The adjacent carpels firstly fused near the base of the carpels, gradually extended towards the style, and end at the stigma. (2) The fusion was caused by the dedifferentiation of epidermal cells into parenchymatous cells or special parenchymatous cells. The former happened at the top of carpels and result in a total fusion while the latter happened at the ovary end and left a boundary marks at the original epidermal site, which is a new type and incomplete postgenital fusion. These findings enrich the types of carpel fusion as well as our understanding of the early developmental characteristics of Annona × atemoya, and provide a reference for revealing the process and characteristics of carpel fusion in genus Annona.

Chemical constituents and anti-colorectal cancer activity of Bothriospermum zeylanicum

CHAI Ling,GE Zhumei,LIN Xiao,SHANG Xun,WAN Guangwen,ZHAO Xiaochao — 2024/6/20 16:01:21

In order to explore the anti-colorectal cancer activity of Bothriospermum zeylanicum, the compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction by ODS gel column chromatography, high-pressure preparative liquid chromatography and other methods. MS, NMR and other spectroscopic were used to identify the structure of the compounds. And then the effects of the compounds on the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells ( SW620, HT-29 ) and human normal colon epithelial cells ( NCM460 ) were detected by CCK8 method. The results were follows: (1) A total of 12 compounds were identified from the ethyl acetate fraction of B. zeylanicum, including fumaric acid (1), protocatechuic acid (2), monomethyl fumarate (3), 3,4, α-trihydroxymethylphenyl propionate (4), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (5), echiumin A (6), echiumin B (7), (+)-isolariciresinol-2a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(8), p-coumaroyl-α-L- rhamnopyranoside (9), p-coumaric acid (10), (-)-5-methoxyisolariciresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), rupestrin B (12). Compounds 1-12 were isolated from B. zeylanicum for the first time. (2) Compounds 8 and 12 showed a certain inhibitory effect on the proliferation of SW620 cells, with IC50 values of （9.34±1.10）μmol·L-1 and （0.33±0.06） μmol·L-1, respectively. Compound 12 showed a certain inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HT-29 cells, with IC50 value of （15.94±1.56） μmol·L-1. This finding enriched the chemical composition of B. zeylanicum, and it was further clarified its anti-colorectal cancer activity ingredients. which provided a reference for the development and utilization of B. zeylanicum.

Response of Enzyme Activities and Microbial Communities in the Rhizosphere Soil of the Aged Forest Stage of Loropetalum chinense Community in Karst Stone Mountain to Drought and Rainy Season

LIANG Yueming,MA Jiangming,WANG Yanan,YANG Hao — 2024/6/20 9:48:00

To understand the seasonal changes and influencing factors of soil biological activity in karst areas, we investigated the changes in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soil microbial communities and enzyme activity of the Loropetalum chinense community in the aged forest stage of karst areas, as well as their relationship with environmental factors. The results show that: (1) During the rainy season, the pH value, organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus content, and alkaline phosphatase, catalase, and urease activities of rhizosphere soil are lower than those of non rhizosphere soil, indicating that nutrient leaching in rhizosphere soil is more severe and affects the activity of related enzymes. In contrast, the changes in dry season are nutrient enrichment strategies adopted by rhizosphere soil for healthy plant growth. (2) The diversity of fungi in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soils was significantly higher in the dry season than in the rainy season; The bacterial diversity of non rhizosphere soil is significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, but the seasonal differences in bacterial diversity of rhizosphere soil are not significant. Regardless of the dry and rainy season, the dominant fungal phyla in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soils are Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota, while the dominant bacterial phyla are Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacter. The PCoA results show that seasonal changes have significant differences in the structure of microbial communities in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soils. (3) Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Spearman analysis found that the dominant factors of rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soil microbial communities vary in different seasons. During the rainy season, the rhizosphere soil exhibits pH, catalase and alkaline phosphatase activity, while non rhizosphere soil exhibits catalase, alkaline phosphatase, cellulase activity, and total potassium content; During the dry season, the rhizosphere soil exhibits catalase activity and soil moisture content, while non rhizosphere soil exhibits cellulase and sucrase activity. In addition, soil enzyme activity is significantly correlated with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soil moisture content. (4) Compared to bacteria, fungal functions in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soils are more sensitive to seasonal changes. In summary, the adaptive strategies adopted for microbial communities and enzyme activities in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soil during the rainy and dry seasons are significantly different. The research results provide theoretical reference for vegetation restoration and soil succession in karst areas.

Advances in cytoplasmic male sterility phenotype and infertility mechanism

NIE Liyun,WANG Jie,WANG Xuesong,WU Zhiqiang*,ZOU Yi — 2024/6/19 11:36:50

The presence of some unknown and specialized open reading frames (ORFs) within plant mitochondrial genomes can cause the failure of male gamete production or their abnormal fertilization, which is referred to as Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS). CMS material is of great value in the commercial production of hybrid seeds owing to their sterility effectively reduce breeding costs and enhance hybrid seed purity. With progressive investigations, new CMS materials are continuously being created through various means, with several associated sterility genes being identified and cloned. Herein, the current research on the evolution of CMS genes is throughly reviewed, as well as the exploration of common CMS materials and their responsible CMS genes. The phenotypic characteristics of CMS materials in material-energy metabolism and hormone levels are summarized. Moreover, several hypotheses concerning the molecular mechanisms of CMS are discussed and some new insights are proposed based on the recent empirical evidence. This review aims to assist in integrating the current research on cytoplasmic male sterility and contributing to more profound theoretical and experimental investigations in the future.

Diversity and antibacterial activity of culturable bacteria from seagrass bed halophytes rhizosphere

CHEN Wang’an,GAO Chenghai,LI Fangting,LI Mi — 2024/6/17 10:46:42

The purpose of this study was to investigate the novelty and particularly of the culturable bacteria in seagrass beds and study its antibacterial activity. A total of nine rhizosphere soil samples were collected from the seagrass bed ecosystems in Pearl Bay and Yuzhouping, Fangchenggang City. Five different isolation medias were used to isolate and purify the culturable bacteria using the dilution spread plate method. The bacterial species were identified through PCR amplification and 16S rRNA sequencing. The antibacterial activity against four human pathogenic bacteria (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. aureu and Acinetobacter baumanii) were screened with Kirby-Bauer method. The results were as follows: (1)42 culturable bacteria were isolated, belonging to 14 genera and 13 families, which included Streptomyces, Vibrio, Bacillus, Shewanella, Microbacterium, Brevibacteriu, Staphylococcus, Sphingomona, Rothia, Psychrobacter, Pseudonocardia, Photobacterium, Halomonas, and Escherichia. The genus Streptomyces was the dominant bacterium. (2)Antibacterial activity showed that six bacterial exhibited strong inhibitory activity against at least two or more human pathogenic bacteria, which included Vibrio (1 bacteria), Rothia (1 bacteria), and Streptomyces (4 bacteria). The studies have shown that there are abundant resources of culturable bacterium and several bacteria has the potential antibacterial activity especially Streptomyces, which can provide a new source for the research and development of new antibiotics drugs.

Identification of soybean TrxG gene family and analysis of expression patterns under abiotic stress

GU Xiaoyan,JIANG Ling,PENG Ming,YANG Xiaofeng,ZHOU Hong — 2024/6/17 10:46:18

Abstract The trithorax group (TrxG) gene family is conserved and widely present in plants and animals, and plays important roles in regulating gene expression and maintaining normal growth and development of organisms. In this study, a total of 15 GmTrxG gene family members were identified in soybean by means of bioinformatics analysis, encoding 982-2394 amino acids, all of which are hydrophilic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the protein members of soybean GmTrxG can be divided into three groups (class I-III), and members of each group contain a conserved SET domain. Heat map analysis of transcriptome data demonstrated that most GmTrxG genes were highly expressed in stem tips, leaves, and flowers. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the GmSDG2a/b/c/d genes were constantly and highly expressed by heat and drought. The genes GmSDG25a/b were induced to be up-regulated by NaCl. Under the stress of chilling, except for GmSDG2b/c and GmSDG14c, the expression of other genes was inhibited. Upon treatment by JA and SA, the expression levels of most GmTrxG genes were up-regulated at earlier stage (4h after treatment), but decreased in later stage (8h after treatment), indicating that the GmTrxG genes were differentially regulated by different stress, and specifically responded to related responses. The results of this study will provide theoretical references for further analysis of the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of the soybean GmTrxG genes.

Identification of soybean TrxG gene family and analysis of expression patterns under abiotic stress

GU Xiaoyan,JIANG Ling,PENG Ming,YANG Xiaofeng,ZHOU Hong — 2024/6/17 10:45:38

A new prenylated isoflavone from Argyreia pierreana

2024/6/12 17:22:10

To study the chemical constituents from Argyreia pierreana and their cytotoxic activity, the compounds were isolated and purified using methods including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, C18 medium and low pressure column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of the compounds were identified through a combination method of physicochemical properties, spectral techniques and compared with literature references. The isolated compounds were tested for their proliferation inhibition effects on tumour cells using MTS assay. The results were as follows: (1) Twelve compounds were isolated from the A. pierreana and identified as argypierin A (1), 4''-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-isoflavone (2), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl anthraquinone (3), rubiadin (4), rubiadin-1-methyl ether (5), grossamide (6), methyl 1,4-di-O-caffeoylquinate (7), 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester (8), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester (9), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic ethyl ester (10), ω-hydroxypropioguaiacone (11), C-veratrylglycol (12). Among them, Compound 1 was a new compound. Compounds 2-7, 10-12 were isolated from A. pierreana for the first time. Compounds 2-7, 11, 12 were isolated from the genus of Argyreia Lour. for the first time. (2) Compound 6 had good cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell line HL-60, breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and colon cancer SW480 cells with IC50 values of (10.89 ± 0.37), (16.37 ± 1.13), (17.35 ± 0.44), respectively.

Dynamic of community structure in middle mountain evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Cenwanglaoshan

CHEN Tao,HUO Chunlin,LIANG Huolian,LUO Yinghua — 2024/6/12 16:30:56

Understanding the dynamics of community structure and species diversity in evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests can provide a scientific foundation for effective forest management. To analyze data from two surveys conducted in 2015 and 2022, we employed species α diversity index, β diversity index, principal coordinate analysis, and spatial point pattern analysis. Our study focused on three 1 ha communities at different elevations to investigate changes in species composition, species diversity and diameter at breast height (DBH) structure characteristics while exploring the causes of tree mortality. The results are as follows: (1) Tree mortality was greater in lower altitude communities than higher altitude ones. Tree death primarily affected small diameter trees and exhibited a non-random pattern independent of density dependence. (2) Overall α diversity of communities decreased slightly across all altitudes over the course of seven years but not significantly so. The rate of change in α diversity index was relatively consistent among communities at different altitudes. Although there were slight changes observed in the species composition within each community, these differences were minimal (P > 0.99). A convergence trend was observed regarding species composition among communities at various altitudes. (3) Average DBH and total basal area of all trees increased across communities at different altitudes, with an inverted “J” shaped diameter class structure indicating good self-renewal capacity and community stability maintenance ability. In summary, the changes observed in community structure of the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Cenwanglaoshan mountain are generally consistent across different altitudes, thus demonstrating stable community structure with insignificant changes despite minor fluctuations occurring within dominant species population or rare species extinction impacting overall richness level.

Three New Records of Lycopsids and Ferns from Vietnam

JIANG Rihong,Lin Guoliang,LU Yu,WANG Bo,WANG Zhenxing — 2024/6/12 16:27:18

Three New Records, Phlegmariurus guangdongensis Ching, Adiantum longzhouensis A.H.Wang, F.G.Wang & F.W.Xing and Lepisorus bicolor (Takeda) Ching, were reported form Vietnam.The identification characteristics, information of specimen, and geographical distribution of the species are described. The voucher specimens were kept in the Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences(KUN), Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences(PE) and Herbarium of Guangxi Forestry Research Institute(GXFI).

Exploring the systematic relationships of Aleuritopteris argentea, A. subargentea, and A. michelii based on chloroplast genomic and morphological evidence

HU Hongyu,YANG Wenli,YIN Yue,ZHANG Gangmin — 2024/6/12 10:44:15

Aleuritopteris argentea (S. G. Gmelin) Fée, A. subargentea Ching, and A. michelii (Christ) Ching belong to the genus Aleuritopteris of Pteridaceae subfam. Cheilanthoideae. Their phylogenetic relationship has long been in controversy due to morphological similarities, resulting in different classification treatment. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships between the three species based on molecular and morphological analyses were investigated. The results were as follows: (1) Based on the chloroplast genome and the ribosomal DNA , A. argentea and A. subargentea are two distinct species; samples of A. michelii were not clustered into a monophyletic lineage, and individuals were embedded in a monophyletic lineage formed by samples of A. subargentea. (2) Statistical analysis of the morphological data showed that A. argentea and A. subargentea differed significantly in morphological traits; A. michelii and A. subargentea did not differ significantly in morphological traits. In summary, based on the above results, this study suggested that A. subargentea should be recognized as a distinct species and A. michelii should be treated as a synonymy of A. subargentea.

Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activity of alcohol extract from Gymnadenia orchidis

FAN Jingyu,LI Jiuyi,MA Danwei,NIE Shenming,REN Yumin,TANG Xian — 2024/6/3 9:46:53

To investigate the potential applications of the alcohol extract from Gymnadenia orchidis, an in vitro study was conducted to evaluate its antioxidant activity and antitumor activity using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), biochemical analysis, and the MTT method.The results were as follows: (1) Gastrodin was discovered in the alcohol extract from G. orchidis, with a mass fraction of 2.5 mg?g-1. The concentration of gastrodin in the alcohol extract was 0.25%. (2) The alcohol extract from G. orchidis demonstrates a significant scavenging capacity towards hydroxyl radicals, ABTS+ radicals, and DPPH radicals. The efficacy of the alcohol extract from G. orchidis becomes more pronounced with an increase in concentration, exhibiting a concentration-dependent response. The alcohol extract from G. orchidis demonstrates the most substantial scavenging capacity at a concentration of 2.0 mg?mL-1,the scavenging rates for hydroxyl radical, ABTS+ radical, and DPPH radical were 81.68%, 19.94%, and 48.16%, respectively. In contrast, gastrodin solely exhibits scavenging activity towards hydroxyl radicals and lacks such activity towards ABTS+ and DPPH radicals. (3) The IC50 of the 2.0 mg?mL-1 alcohol extract from G. orchidis on SMMC-7721 and HepG-2 were 5.170 mg?mL-1 and 4.551 mg?mL-1, respectively. Similarly, the IC50 of BGC-823 and MKN-45 was 1.759 mg?mL-1 and 1.564 mg?mL-1 respectively, while The IC50 of MDA-MB-231 was2.665 mg?mL-1. Furthermore, the IC50 of U251 was 4.401 mg?mL-1. The alcohol extract from G. orchidis demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on SMMC-7721, HepG-2, BGC-823, MKN-45, MDA-MB-231, and U251 cells. Notably, the inhibitory effect on BGC-823 and MKN-45 was the most pronounced, suggesting that the antitumor activity of the alcohol extract from G. exhibits a wide range of efficacy. The findings of this research demonstrated that the alcohol extract from G. orchidis possesses antioxidant capabilities, and its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species is more extensive than that of its antioxidant active component, gastrodiene. Given the correlation between reactive oxygen species and tumorigenesis, the alcohol extract from G. orchidis was discovered to possess significant anti-tumor characteristics, contributing to the synergistic effects of natural plants through its multiple components. The alcohol extract from G. orchidis effectively inhibited the proliferation of various tumor cells, particularly those of human gastric cancer.

Cloning and expression analysis of maize fucosyltransferase gene SPINDLY

GAO Xiaoxiao*,LI Bowen,WANG Zhiqin,ZHU Xiaona,ZHU Zhenyu — 2024/6/3 9:29:34

SPINDLY (SPY) is a novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosyltransferase that regulates target protein activity or stability via O-fucosylation. Previous studies have indicated that the SPY protein regulates plant growth and development by modulating various intracellular processes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Its mediated O-fucosylation plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis and regulating plant growth and development, however protein O-fucosylation regulated by SPY in other plants largely remain unknown. Maize (Zea mays ) is one of the most important cereals crops for supplying foods, fibers, and fuels to humans. In order to explore the function of maize fucosyltransferase gene (ZmSPY), this study first analyzed the conserved domain, amino acid sequence and physicochemical properties of ZmSPY protein by bioinformatics means, and cloned the gene from maize root tissue to construct the GFP fusion protein expression vector. The subcellular localization of ZmSPY was analyzed, and its response to different hormone treatments (GA, IAA, 6BA, ABA) was determined by exogenous hormone application. And the results were as follows: (1) ZmSPY proteins belong to the TPR and SPY superfamilies, and structural analysis demonstrated that ZmSPY had TPR (Tetratricopeptide repeat) and catalytic domains. (2) Phylogenetic analysis shows that SPYs are highly conserved, and ZmSPY exhibits strong homology to SPY in Sorghum bicolor. (3) Sequence analysis shows that the CDS region of ZmSPY is 2736 bp. Physicochemical analysis indicates that ZmSPY, which contains 911 amino acids and 33 glycosylation sites, is hydrophilic and non-secretory. Its secondary and tertiary structure is largely composed of alpha helix and random coil. (4) The subcellular localization of ZmSPY is predominantly observed in the nucleus. (5) The expression of ZmSPY is induced by phytohormones including GA, IAA, 6BA and ABA, and exhibits various expression patterns. This study provides foundational information on SPY in maize, which could contribute to further investigation of SPY and its effect on O-fucosylation in cereal plants.

Granularity effect of landscape in Jiangxi Guanshan subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

2024/5/28 14:44:19

Determining an appropriate scale is crucial in landscape pattern analysis and ecological research. In order to gain deeper insights into the spatial diversity and dynamic characteristics of landscape patterns, based on the survey data from the 12 hm2 plot in Guanshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, during 2015 to 2020, we analyzed the scale effect of eight different landscape types landscape indices within the range of 5-50 meters. The variation coefficients were used to reveal the changing characteristics of different landscape pattern indices as the scale increases, and the optimal scale was selected based on the inflection points of changes in various landscape indices. The results were as follows: (1) Based on the importance value analysis, eight different landscape types were identified in the arbor layer of the plot, including gap (GAP), bamboo forest (BBF), Cunninghamia lanceolata forest (CLF), P. massoniana forest (PMF), broad-leaved forest (BLF), bamboo and C. lanceolata mixed forest (BCF), bamboo and P. massoniana mixed forest (BPF), C. lanceolata and P. massoniana mixed forest (CPF). (2) The overall distribution of patches in the landscape is relatively balanced, and the distribution pattern remains relatively stable. At larger spatial granularity, the aggregation of each landscape type increases, leading to a higher probability of landscape merging. In contrast, at smaller granularity, there is a noticeable trend of fragmentation in landscape types, providing a more comprehensive display of the quantity, density, and shape of each landscape type. Number of patches (NP) effectively characterizes the degree of landscape fragmentation, mean shape index (SHAPE_MN) accurately reflects patch shape, and Shannon''s diversity index (SHDI) better explains the diversity of landscape types. Patch density (PD), NP, edge density (ED), landscape shape index (LSI), fractal dimension index (FRAC_MN), contagion index (CONTAG) exhibits significant negative correlations with increasing granularity, while mean patch area (AREA_MN), SHDI, Shannon''s evenness index (SHEI) exhibits significant positive correlations with increasing granularity. (3) The coefficients of variation for landscape indices PD, NP, ED, LSI, and AREA_MN are the highest, combining landscape structural stability and diversity, the changes in different landscape indices are primarily concentrated around the inflection point at 5 meters. These results illustrate the diversity of landscape types, with the coefficient of variation reflecting the most sensitive characteristics of landscape pattern changes. This study suggests that a granularity of 5 meters is optimal for studying the landscape pattern of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Guanshan, Jiangxi.

Two Newly Recorded Species of Diospyros from China

Huang Yusong,XU Weibin,ZHANG Zhixiang,ZOU Chunyu — 2024/5/28 11:36:21

Diospyros dasyphylla Kurz and Diospyros sumatrana Miq. (Ebenaceae) are reported as newly recorded species in China. Their diagnostic characters, habitat and distribution of the two newly recorded species are provided. The endangered category of the two newly recorded species is assessed based on field survey. D. dasyphylla closely resembles D. xylocarpa Y. M. Shui, W. H. Chen & Sima, However, it can be distinguished by its young branchlets and leaves, which are densely covered with yellow-brown hairs. Another distinctive feature of D. dasyphylla is its mature fruit, approximately 6 cm in diameter, accompanied by a fruit calyx measuring 8 mm. D. sumatrana is similar to D. elliptifolia Merr., but differs in its white and urceolate corolla, fruit 2 cm in diameter and erected calyx. The voucher specimens are deposited in Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany (IBK) and Museum of Beijing Forestry University (BJFC). These findings provide new basic data for the biodiversity research of Diospyros plants in China. Key words: Ebenaceae, Diospyros dasyphylla, Diospyros sumatrana, China

Two Newly Recorded Species of Diospyros from China

Huang Yusong,XU Weibin,ZHANG Zhixiang,ZOU Chunyu — 2024/5/28 11:31:52

An Survey of Useful Wild Plants of Zang People in Zada County, Xizang

DING Xiaoyong,HU Huabin,LIN Lei,MEI Renqiang,WANG Yuhua,WU Guomao,ZHANG Dezheng — 2024/5/28 11:11:06

Wild plants play a pivotal role in people’s daily lives, providing numerous necessities such as food, medicine, and living tools for survival. Zada County, located in the southwestern part of Ngari Prefecture (??????, mngav-ri) , Xizang Autonomous Region of China, bordering India, serves as an important gateway for China''s access to South Asia. This region used to engage in prosperous and lively border trade. Characterized by a plateau sub-frigid arid climate, characterized by low annual average temperature, low oxygen concentration, cold winters, and cool summers. The Zang People here has amassed rich traditional knowledge on the utilization of wild plants in adapting to harsh environments. To comprehensively and systematically investigate, document, and study the traditional knowledge of the Zang People in Zada County on the utilization of wild plants, an ethnobotanical investigation methods were adopted. The research involved interviews with 173 informants, recording 3 639 utilization reports (URs), and conducting quantitative analyses using UV, CV, and CII metrics. The results were as follows: (1) The Zang People in Zada County possesses extensive traditional knowledge on the utilization of wild plants, employing 119 species belonging to 40 families and 83 genera. (2) The utilization categories of wild plants in this area are diverse, with 8 utilization categories, and multiple plants possessing two or more uses simultaneously. (3) The most significant plants in people’s lives are Carum carvi (UV=1.220), Artemisia stracheyi (UV=0.919), Rheum acuminatum (UV=0.890), Cupressus sp. (UV=0.769), and Urtica dioica (UV=0.757). Theses plants are intimately connected to the lives of the local Zang People and are deeply loved by them. (4) The intricate and diverse plateau environment significantly influences the utilization of wild plants in this region. This research not only comprehensively and systematically documents the utilization knowledge and characteristics of wild plants in Zada County, but also provides evidence for the further exploration and rational utilization of local plant resources, contributing to the sustainable development of the region. At the same time, it also helps to promote the inheritance and promotion of traditional knowledge, contributing to the prosperity of local culture. In addition, this research has positive implications for biodiversity conservation, helping to raise public awareness and protection consciousness towards biodiversity, and promoting the balance and harmonious development of the ecosystem.

Bacterial wilt resistance gene Slmlo1/6 mutants in tomato created by CRISPR/Cas9 technology

FU Cunnian,SHI Jianlei,SU Shiwen,XIONG Zili,ZAI Wenshan — 2024/5/27 19:20:05

Bacterial wilt is a devastating soil-borne disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production. The pathogenic species are complex and tend to have a variation, while mlo caused by the recessive mutation of MLO genes has a broad-spectrum resistance. The previous study suggested that Slmlo1/6 may be involved in the resistance response to bacterial wilt in tomato. In order to further study the gene function of Slmlo1/6 in tomato bacterial wilt resistance, the genetic mutant plants were created by CRISPR/Cas9 technology and their phenotypes were identified followed. The results were as follows：(1) First, gRNA sequences of SlMLO1/6 were designed and assembled with the U6 promoters, then U6-gRNA1/6 fragments containing highly effective targets were ligated to CRISPR vector of pBGK via restriction enzyme Bsa I digestion, to construct the two-gene fusion knockout vector of pBGK-SlMLO1/6. The recombinant plasmid of pBGK-SlMLO1/6 was transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α competent cells and positive monoclonal clones were selected via plate cultivation. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 strains-mediated genetic transformation and resistance screening to hygromycin, a total of 9 edited tomato plants were obtained with the PCR and sequencing validation. (2) Target region sequencing showed that M2 and M8 plants had the 177 bp and 7 bp deletion of SlMLO1, respectively, M7 had the 12 bp deletion of SlMLO6, and M9 had a single base T insertion of SlMLO6. Except for 4 single gene homozygous mutants above, the other mutations were heterozygous. (3) RT-qPCR showed that compared with the wild type plant, SlMLO1/6 gene expression of the mutants was significantly decreased, especially M2, M7, and M8 plants. (4) Phenotypic identification indicated that SlMLO1/6 may be tomato bacterial wilt susceptibility genes. In a word, the knockout vector is successfully constructed for broad-spectrum resistance MLO genes and tomato transformation is also achieved. Further, a few homozygous gene edited plants acquire resistance to bacterial wilt to some extent. Amino acid deletion and frameshift mutation may be two crucial reasons for the gene function change of Slmlo1/6 in resistance. These results provide a theoretical basis and genetic engineering materials for the gene function study in resistance to bacterial wilt and disease resistance breeding in tomato.

Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke, a newly recorded genus of Gesneriaceae from China

Do Van Truong,CHEN Bin,LI Zhenglong,WEN Fang,XIONG Chi,ZHAO Qiong — 2024/5/27 19:08:45

Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke, a newly recorded genus of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China is reported. Tetraphyllum has only 3 species. The morphological description and the distinctive features to the species of Tetraphyllum are provided, and the detailed morphological description and photos of T. confertiflorum (Drake) B.L.Burtt are provided. The voucher specimens were preserved in The Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany (IBK) and Shanghai Chenshan Herbairum (CSH).

Microbial community structure and diversity of leaf phyllosphere in tobacco plants infected with wildfire disease

CAI Liuti,CHEN Xingjiang,GUO Tao,LI Wenhong,WANG Hancheng,,YU Zhihe — 2024/5/27 19:02:52

The stability of phyllosphere microbial community is closely related to plant health. In order to understand the microecological characteristics of tobacco leaves infected with wildfire disease, community structure and diversity of phyllosphere microbiome in diseased spots and healthy tissues of tobacco leaves with different degrees of disease using high-throughput sequencing technology in this paper. The results showed that the dominant microorganisms in diseased and healthy tissues were Proteobacteria and Ascomycota, and their relative abundance in diseased tissues was significantly higher than that in healthy tissues. The dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Alternaria, Plectosphaerella and Conocybe, and only the relative abundance of Pseudomonas in diseased tissues was significantly higher than that in healthy tissues. The diversity and richness of bacterial communities in diseased spots were higher than those in healthy tissues, and the diversity index showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing with the increase of the degree of disease, and the richness index showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. The richness and diversity index of fungal communities in diseased spots showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of the disease degree, and the diversity and richness of fungal communities in diseased spots of mildly and moderately diseased leaves were higher than that in healthy tissues, but the diversity and richness of fungal communities in heavily diseased tissues were lower than those in healthy tissues. Gene functional information and relative abundance of bacteria in diseased spots and healthy tissues are generally similar, primarily related to metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing. The dominant functional taxa of fungi were plant pathogen, animal pathogen-endophyte-plant pathogen-wood saprotroph, undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph and plant pathogen-wood saprotroph. The results provide a reference for the understanding of evolutionary pattern of tobacco wildfire disease and characterization of the phyllosphere microbial community.

FUNGuild-based study of fungal community, and isolation and identification of potential pathogenic fungi in yam (Dioscorea opposita L.) rotting tubers

2024/5/27 18:57:41

To investigate the characteristics of the fungal community and potential key pathogens, ITS rDNA gene amplicon sequencing technology and FUNGuild analysis were used to study the fungal community composition, network characteristics and ecological function groups in rotting tubers of Dioscorea. sp. Additionally, potential pathogenic fungi were isolated and identified. The results were as follows: ( 1 ) In rotting tubers of Dioscorea sp., the dominant phylum was Ascomycota, and prevalent fungal genera included Penicillium, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Talaromyces, Clonostachys, etc. The fungal molecular ecological network exhibited a clear modular structure with a high ratio of positive correlation edges (99.33%), suggesting that positive cooperation was strengthen between different fungi. ( 2 ) FUNGuild analysis indicated that 10 guilds were highly correlated with yam tuber rot. Among these guilds, the relative abundances of dung saprotroph-undefined saprotroph-wood saprotroph and endophyte-plant pathogen were 33.74% and 23.64%, respectively, and the representative genera were Penicillium and Colletotrichum, respectively. Additionally, three guilds were related to both plant pathogen and wood saprotroph, and occupied 13.67% of the ecological functional groups. Moreover, Fusarium was representative genus of all three guilds. Traits analysis showed that some fungi (Penicillium, Fusarium, etc.) in the fungal community were probably invovled in yam tuber rot. ( 3 ) A total of 22 strains were isolated and belonged to 6 genera, including Fusarium ( 9 strains ), Penicillium ( 5 strains ) and Aspergillus ( 4 strains ), etc. This study provides an important reference for understanding the pathogenesis of tuber rot in Dioscorea sp., and for the selection of appropriate pesticides and biocontrol microbes.

Supplement to the checklist of vascular plants of Guangxi, China (IX)

HUANG Yusong,LIU Yan,NONG Suyun,SU Chunlan — 2024/5/27 11:29:48

Eleven species of vascular plants are reported as new records in Guangxi, viz. Pteris amoena Blume, Diplaziopsis cavaleriana (Christ) C. Chr., Diplazium nanchuanicum (W. M. Chu) Z. R. He, Macrothelypteris ornata (Wall. ex J. Sm.) Ching, Cyrtomium chingianum P. S. Wang, C. shingianum H. S. Kung et P. S. Wang, Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King ex Hook.f., Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo, Rubia falciformis H. S. Lo, Blumea repanda (Roxb.) Hand.-Mazz., Synotis saluenensis (Diels) C. Jeffrey et Y. L. Chen. These new records not only provide a useful reference to the studies of floristic geography, but also are of great significance to the innovative utilization of plant resources and the protection of plant diversity in Guangxi. Description of main morphological characteristics, citation specimens, colour photos reflecting the characteristics and geographical distribution of the eleven newly recorded species are also provided．

Identification of Bletilla striata rust pathogen and resistane resources screening

QIU Shuo,LIU Qiao,LU Xi,MA Xiaoya,WU Qiaofen,XIA Ke,ZHAO Zhiguo,ZHENG Wenjun — 2024/5/27 8:46:08

In order to identify the pathogen that caused rust in Bletilla striata in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and screen resistene resources for B. striata, the rust pathogen was isolated from infected leaves of B. striata and identified using morphology and molecular methods. At the same time, the resistance of 23 B. striata from different regions was evaluated by artificial inoculation of pathogen. The results were as follows: (1) The urediniopores of Strain X2 isolated from diseased leaves in B. striata were golden yellow, oval, (21.43-30.95) μm × (13.10-19.05) μm. The teliospores were orange, russet, obovate or clavate, (17.25-30) μm × (5.5-6.65) μm. (2) The length of ITS sequence of strain X2(OQ826009) was 689 bp, which were compared with other ITS sequences in the GenBank, and the similarity reached to 95.86% compared with Coleosporium sp. (KY783686.1). But the sequence was clustered together with two sequences of C. bletiae (MN108161.1, OP363678.1). The strain X2 was identified as C. bletiae by combining morphology and molecular methods. (3) After 14 days of artificial inoculation with strain X2, the disease index of 23 Bletilla striata ranged from 0 to 70.7. And 6 different resistance levels were divided according to the disease index. Among them, one immune materials was identified for the disease index was 0. Four highly resistant materials was identified for the disease index was 1.7-4.7. Six disease-resistant materials was identified for the disease index was 5.6-9.4. Five medium-resistant materials was identified for the disease index was 12.7-18.3. Five susceptible materials was identified for the disease index was 32.0-49.1 and two highly susceptible materials was identified for the disease index was 62.2-70.7. Five?B. striata?from diffenrent places can be promoted directely or applied as parent materials for creating excellent germplasm to resistant the rust in B. striata for they expressed immune or highly resistance. The five?species came?from Honghe City in Yunnan Province, Gongcheng County and Baise City in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Zunyi City in Guizhou Province and Yichang City in Hubei Province, respectively. This study can provide a basis for further research on pathogenesis and control of rust in B. striata.

Chemical constituents of Castanopsis mekongensis and their inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase

2024/5/25 21:10:26

Castanopsis mekongensis is mainly distributed in southern and southwestern of Yunnan, growing in mountainous areas below an altitude of about 2 000 meters. This plant is also widely distributed in Laos. According to folk records, C. mekongensis has medicinal effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, nourishing the stomach and strengthening the spleen. In order to explore the chemical constituents of C. mekongensis leaves and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Various modern chromatographic separation techniques were used to separate and purify 70% methanol extract of the leaves of C. mekongensis. The structures of all the compounds were determined by comprehensive analysis methods, including mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and literature comparison. At the same time, the compounds were analyzed testing of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results were as follows: (1) Seventeen compounds were isolated from the leaves of the C. mekongensis, which were identified as mekongensis A (1), gallic acid (2), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3), syringate (4), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (5), methyl gallate (6), ellagic acid (7), gentisic acid 5-O-β-D-xyloside (8), 3-O-gallic acid (9), 2,3-O-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenyl-β-D-glucopyranose (10), casuariin (11), 5-degalloylstarchyurin (12), rutin (13), kaempferol 3-O-rutoside (14), quercetin-3-O-(6''-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (15), quercetin-3-O-(6''-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (16), and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3''→O-3'')quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (17). Compound 1 is a new compound，and all compounds were isolated for the first time from the C. mekongensis. (2) Pharmacological experimental results showed that compounds 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17 had strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of (0.36 ± 0.053) mmol·L-1, (0.03 ± 0.398) mmol·L-1, (0.24 ± 0.035) mmol·L-1, (0.41 ± 0.283) mmol·L-1, (0.18 ± 0.154) mmol·L-1, (0.15 ± 0.296) mmol·L-1 and (0.22 ± 0.095) mmol·L-1 [acarbose as the positive control, with IC50 value of (0.91 ± 0.226) mmol·L-1]. Compounds 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, which were isolated from the leaves of C. mekongensis , are considered potential candidates for developing new antidiabetic drugs based on their performance in biological activity assays. This study enriched the chemical constituents of C. mekongensis and further clarified its hypoglycemic active ingredients, providing a chemical structural basis for further development of hypoglycemic related product.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Yulania denudata with Variegated Leaf Based on Anatomy

HU Yonghong,QIN Jun,SHAO Wen,SONG Xiqiang,YE Kang,ZHU Kaili — 2024/5/24 10:11:02

The green leaves, variegated leaves and yellow leaves of Yulania denudata with variegated leaf were used as experimental materials. The anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics of three types of leaves were compared from the aspects of photosynthetic pigment content, leaf anatomical structure and light response curve, the factor of photosynthetic characteristics of Yulania denudata with variegated leaf was revealed from anatomy. The the result of research as follows: (1) The yellow leaf spots of Yulania denudata with variegated leaf is chlorophyll-type leaf spots formed by the decrease of chlorophyll content due to the abnormal structure of chloroplasts; (2) The structure of the thylakoids in the yellow region of the flower and leaf Yulania denudata with variegated leaf was abnormal, and ATP synthesis was blocked, which hindered the progress of photosynthesis; (3) The anatomical structure showed that the palisade tissue of the green leaf was developed, the chloroplast integrity and pigment content were higher than that of the variegated leaf and the yellow leaf, and the net photosynthetic rate was higher；(4) There was a significant difference in the maximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point between the green leaf and the variegated leaf, and the green leaf can withstand a wider range of bright light than the variegated leaf. This study further elucidates that that the chloroplast structure of Yulania denudata with variegated leaf affected its photosynthetic characteristics, and the results provided references for the breeding of fine varieties.

Changes of endogenous hormone content and enzyme activities during seed germination of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis

GUO Hongwei,HUANG Xuejing,KANG Liang,LU Qinpei,WANG Debao,ZHU Dan,ZHU Kaiming — 2024/5/23 11:55:03

To investigate the germination physiological mechanism of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis seeds, different stages of the germination process were divided based on the seed embryo morphology and the changes in endogenous hormone content and related enzyme activities were analyzed at different stages. The results were as follows: (1) The germination process of the seeds can be divided into eight stages based on seed embryo morphology: non-germinating embryo stage (S1), heart-shaped embryo stage (S2), embryo swelling stage (S3), radicler not breaking through seed coat stage (S4), cotyledon petiole elongation and radicle breaking through seed coat stage (S5), lower hypocotyl breaking through seed coat stage (S6), upper hypocotyl elongation stage (S7), and radicle elongation stage (S8). (2) The α-amylase activity in the seeds was significantly higher than β-amylase activity in all germination stages. (3) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was highest in stage S5 and lowest in stage S1; peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities generally increased with germination progress; soluble protein content initially decreased and then increased with germination progress. (4) The content of hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) decreased overall, while 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs) increased overall during seed germination. Cytokinins (CTKs) content showed no significant change. The ratios of IAA/ABA and GA3/ABA decreased initially and then increased, while CTKs/ABA continuously increased with seed germination progress. (5) The contents of ABA, IAA, GA3 were negatively correlated with embryo rate, while ACC, JA, BRs, POD, CAT, and β-amylase activity were positively correlated with embryo rate. In conclusion, the germination process of the seeds can be subdivided into eight stages based on seed embryo morphology, with varying endogenous hormone content and related enzyme activities at different stages. The activities of α-amylase and POD may be related to radicle elongation, while GA3 may affect the embryo formation, and ABA may inhibit the growth and development of the embryo.

Combined metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveals the albino mechanism of gold-coloured mutant leaves of Cyclobalanopsis gilva (Bl.) Oerst.

HE Yueqiu,HUANG Huahong,LIN Li,LU Yunfeng,WANG Hao,WANG Jianjun — 2024/5/15 11:13:41

In order to reveal the albino mechanism of gold-coloured mutant leaves of Cyclobalanopsis gilva, a naturally-occurring leaf-color mutant was used as experimental materials, and the metabolome and transcriptome of mutant leaves and normal green leaves were analyzed by UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X and high-throughput RNA sequencing, respectively. The results were as follows: ( 1 ) 257 and 357 significantly changed metabolites ( SCMs ) were respectively identified under the positive ion mode and the negative ion mode. Compared with green leaves, the content of some flavonoids such as quercetin, leucoyanidin, myricetin and their derivatives (pyranodelphinin A, isorhamnetin 3-glucuronide, etc. ) increased significantly in mutant leaves, but the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids decreased significantly. ( 2 ) A total of 4 146 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, of which 1 711 were up-regulated and 2 435 were down-regulated. ( 3 ) KEGG enrichment analysis showed that SCMs and DEGs were mainly enriched in photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. The research results indicate that inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis, chloroplast developmental abnormalities and promotion of flavonoid synthesis were the main factors driving the golden leaf coloration in the mutant C. gilva. In addition, the genes of the MYB and bHLH families were significantly up-regulated in mutant leaves, confirming these two types of transcription factors were involved in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis. This study provided new molecular insights into the phenomenon of leaf etiolation, and also provided reference for exploring leaf color-related functional genes and breeding of landscape plant.

Ethnobotanical survey and research on bsang plants in Xizang Autonomous Region

FENG Haowen,LIN Lei,WAGN Jin,WANG Yuhua,ZHANG Xiong — 2024/5/7 16:55:02

Bsang is a folk activity with unique ethnic cultural characteristics on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), and it plays an important role in the daily life of Zang people. There are abundant bsang plant resources and related bsang cultural knowledge on the QTP, to investigate, document, and research Xizang bsang plants and related traditional knowledge, the research team conducted four ethnobotanical surveys on bsang plants in Xizang. Interviews were conducted with 459 informants from 22 townships, documenting 83 species of bsang plants belonging to 36 genera across 19 families. The results were as follows: (1) People of different regions, ages, and genders possess extensive knowledge of bsang plants; (2) Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste, Juniperus indica, Rhododendron anthopogon and have high cultural value (CV) indices, making them crucial in bsang activities; (3) The utilization of bsang plants demonstrates regional and substitutive characteristics, reflecting the local practices of scientifically managing and sustainably collecting of bsang plant resources. This study contributes to the inheritance of bsang activities and the biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bsang plant resources.

BoehmeriaSnivea var. strigosa (Urticaceae), a new variety from southwest China

2024/5/7 11:31:47

Boehmeria nivea var. strigosa Zeng Y. Wu & Y. Zhao, a new variety of B. nivea (Urticaceae) from southwest China, is here described and illustrated based on evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny. This new variety is mainly characterized by its green abaxial leaf blade, partly connate stipules, and densely patent strigose hairs. The phylogenetic analysis based on rbcL, nrDNA and rbcL+nrDNA datasets, resolved that all individuals of B. nivea var. strigosa formed a monophyletic group. The conservation status of B. nivea var. strigosa is assessed as “Near Threatened” (NT) according to IUCN Criteria. The discovery of this new variety is not only crucial for the taxonomy of ramie, but also lays the foundation for the exploration and utilization of ramie.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase U-box gene family in Physcomitrium patens

CHEN Bo,JIANG Shan,WU Xiaoai,YANG Huiqing — 2024/5/7 11:20:40

The U-box family encodes E3 ubiquitin ligase, which can specifically recognize the substrate and thus regulate the process of protein modification and degradation. Identification of the members of the Physcomitrium patens U-box family and analysis of their biological characteristics and tissue expression patterns provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent study of the function of the Physcomitrium patens U-box genes.The results were as follows:(1) A total of 31 members of the U-box gene family were identified in the whole genome of Physcomitrium patens and were unevenly distributed on 14 chromosomes; their molecular weight sizes ranged from 37.75-117.49 KDa, and their isoelectric points ranged from 5.32-8.55;(2) The evolutionary tree shows that the U-box family members of Physcomitrium patens are distributed in subfamilies I-IX, among which subfamily VII contains the largest number of members, with a total of 11 members accounting for about 36.67%. This indicates that Physcomitrium patens is highly conserved and functionally diversified in the historical evolutionary process;(3) Promoter analysis yielded that the Physcomitrium patens U-box gene has elements that bind several hormones including GA and ABA;(4) Tissue expression analysis yielded that Physcomitrium patens U-box was abundantly expressed mainly in the chloroplast, axoplast, and sporoplast S3 periods； (5) After simulated drought treatment with ABA, mannitol and saturated LiCl, it was found that the proposed stems of gametophytes were yellowed and the expression of PpPUB21 was significantly induced. It is hypothesized that the Physcomitrium patens U-box plays an important role in growth and development and in response to adversity stress, and these findings provide a reference for further research on the U-box gene of Physcomitrium patens.

Response of seedling community to season and topography in mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Ailaoshan, Yunnan

CAO Min,LU Zhiyun,SHEN Jinfeng,SONG Xiaoyang,WEN Handong,YANG Jie — 2024/5/7 11:19:39

Abstract: Seedling is the most important stage during the life history of plant and plays a critical role in the forest regeneration. We studied the species composition, seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of tree seedlings in the 20 hm2 Ailaoshan forest dynamics plot. The forest dynamics plot was built in a mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Ailaoshan. Within the 20 hm2 plot, we established 450 seedling quadrats of size 1 m × 1 m. We investigated the species composition, seasonal recruitment, seasonal mortality and spatial distribution of tree seedlings for four years (from 2019 to 2022). The results were as follows: (1) We recorded a total of 2 928 seedlings of 58 species belonging to 42 genera and 26 families. There were 817 recruits of 47 species and 1 181 dead seedlings of 50 species. (2) The importance values of tree seedlings varied among different tree species across years. Symplocos ramosissima and Machilus bombycina were the dominant species, with importance values consistently in the top 2 in four years, while the importance value of the pioneer species Viburnum cyclindricum declined continuously. (3) We didn''t find significant differences in species richness, average species richness in a quadrat, species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index), abundance, recruits, recruitment rate, mortality and mortality rate of tree seedlings between different seasons. (4) The majority of species exhibited restricted distribution within the plot, while only a few species displayed a broader distribution across the plot. Topography was found to determine the distribution and diversity of tree seedlings with higher species richness, density and diversity (Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index) in the flat topography compared to the ridge and valley of the plot. These findings suggest that we don''t find significant differences in community composition, recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings between different seasons. Topography influences the spatial distribution and diversity of tree seedlings. The present study reveals the dynamics of recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings and provide the theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation and forest management.

Metabolomic analysis of different metabolites in different culture periods of Grifola frondosa

LIU Jinrong,LIU Yan,LV Huqiang,MU Guangfu,ZHANG Qiang,ZHENG Yancheng — 2024/5/7 11:15:50

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the metabolite differences and metabolic pathways involved in the mycelium of Grifola frondosa during various culture periods, this study employed HPLC-MS/MS analysis to thoroughly investigate the mycelium cultured for 10, 20, and 30 days. The results were as follows: (1) The study identified a total of 584 metabolites belonging to 44 different categories. Notably, among these metabolites, 159, 47, and 165 metabolites exhibited distinct accumulation patterns in the control groups comparing 10 days with 20 days, 20 days with 30 days, and 10 days with 30 days, respectively. This significant variation in metabolite composition across different culture times suggests that the metabolic activities of the mycelium are dynamically changing as it grows. (2) During the early stage of culturing (10 days), the mycelium produced a higher concentration of metabolites related to promoting its growth and oxidative energy supply. As the culture progressed to 20 days, the mycelium began to produce or accumulate various secondary metabolites that are beneficial to humans. These included compounds like Oleuropein, Glycyrrhetic acid, N-methyltyramine, and Alprazolam, which are known for their biological activities and potential in health benefits. By the 30th day of culture, the mycelium contained multiple compounds associated with aroma production. (3) To further understand the underlying metabolic processes, this study conducted KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. This analysis revealed that the comparison groups of 10 days VS 20 days, 20 days VS 30 days, and 10 days VS 30 days were enriched in 163, 81, and 137 metabolic pathways, respectively. Among these, amino acid metabolism emerged as the most significantly influenced pathway across different culture periods. This finding underscores the importance of amino acid metabolism in driving the metabolic activities of the mycelium during its growth cycle. In conclusion, this study initially explored the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways of the mycelium of Grifola frondosa, and found that there were significant differences in the metabolites of the mycelium of Grifola frondosa in different culture periods. The content of some components in the mycelium was related to the culture time, which has a certain reference value for the quality control and mechanism research of the mycelium of Grifola frondosa.

Effects of continuous cropping on fungal community structure succession in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of cassava

2024/5/7 11:03:29

For revealing the mechanism of cassava continuous cropping obstacle formation, the current study planted cassava in a fixed field for three consecutive years, and applied high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics to explore effects of continuous cropping on fungal community structure of both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of cassava soils. The results were as follows: (1) Continuous cropping caused significant effects on the α diversity and β diversity of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of cassava. (2) The dominant fungi phyla of cassava rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were Ascomycota, SAR_k__norank, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, and unclassified _k __Fungi, while the main classes were Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes and Intramacronucleata. The composition of Ascomycota of the non-rhizosphere soils varied with the continuous cropping years significantly. In the rhizosphere, Hypocreales, Chaetothyriales, Myrothecium, Dothideomycetes, and Sordariomycetes were observed in 2019 and 2020, while Monosiga was found in 2021. (3) Soil pH, organic matter content, available nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, available potassium content, and urease activity significantly influenced the structure of fungal communities, especially for distributions of Ascomycota, SAR_k__norank, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota. In conclusion, continuous cropping of cassava influenced soil physicochemical properties through the accumulation of root exudates, thus altering the survival environment of fungi, leading to differences of the diversity and the abundance of fungal communities between cassava rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundance of Hypocreales, Myrothecium, and Sordariomycetes decreased with continuous cropping years, which may be one of main causes of the continuous cropping obstacles of cassava.

Cloning, structural and function analysis of MiMYB44L gene in kernels of Macadamia integrifolia

2024/4/30 15:47:13

Macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) is an evergreen nut tree with high economic value. Its kernel is rich in nutrients such as fatty acid and protein, etc. In order to further explore the main regulatory genes related to nutrient formation in M. integrifolia kernels, transcriptomics, gene cloning, fluorescence quantification PCR and bioinformatics techniques were used to screen potential regulatory genes from the kernel transcriptomes of ‘Guire No. 1’ and ‘A4’, which have significantly different nutrient content in M. integrifolia kernels. The results were as follows: (1) Transcriptome analysis showed that 1 667 genes were up-regulated and 1 798 genes down-regulated in ‘Guire No. 1’ kernel compared with those of ‘A4’ kernel and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential genes were mainly in starch and glucose metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and carbon metabolism. (2) A significant differential gene-LOC122077931 encoding the R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB44L was discovered. The MiMYB44L gene was cloned in kernels of M. integrifolia variety ‘Guire No. 1’ using RACE technology, which was 1 165 bp in length, 999 bp in ORF in length, and encoded 332 amino acids. (3) Bioinformatics analysis confirmed the presence of the SANT domain in the MiMYB44L protein, a hallmark feature of the R2R3-MYB family. The protein lacked both a signal peptide and a transmembrane domain but featured phosphorylation sites. (4) The protein content in kernels of 10 M. integrifolia varieties was determined. And it was found that the expression of MiMYB44L gene in M. integrifolia varieties with high protein content was significantly higher than that in varieties with low protein content, and the overall correlation coefficient was 0.54, reaching a very significant level. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for in-depth analysis of the regulatory mechanism of MiMYB44L gene in the formation of protein content in M. integrifolia.

Floristic geography of woody plants in the big plot of Gulinqing karst forest in Yunnan Province

CHEN Wenhong,FAN Changli,HUANG Hong,LIU Qun,SHUI Yumin,YANG Chong — 2024/4/30 15:30:17

Based on the 25 ha karst forest big plot in Gulinqing, Yunnan, through sample-plot investigation, specimen collection and identification, floristic analysis, Jaccard similarity coefficient and PCA, to explore its floristic characteristics and the status of the Gulinqing big plot in Yunnnan and the geographical relationships among Gulinqing in Yunnan, Bubeng in Yunnan, and Nonggang in Guangxi, China, The results were as follows: (1) There were about 78 families, 238 genera, and 406 species（including infraspecies taxa and excluding woody vines）of woody plants with DBH≥1cm. (2) In the plot, the families with two–five species and with one species were dominant and accounted for 37.18% and 34.62% of the total number of families, respectively, while the genera with two–four species and with one species were also dominant and accounted for 30.25% and 65.13% of the total number of genera, respectively. (3) Through analysis of the areal-types of families and genera, it was found that it had been divided into 9 areal-types and 7 variations at the family level, and the proportion of families was the highest at Pantropic, accounting for 50.77%, and the ratio of tropical flora to temperate flora (R/T) was 4.42; there were 11 areal-types at the genera level, mainly composed of Tropical Asian, Pantropic, Old World Tropics, 33.47%, 18.22%, and 13.98% respectively, and with R/T of the genera was 10.25. (4) The composition of Gulinqing, Bubeng and Nonggang big plots showed that Gulinqing and Bubeng had the highest similarity in family and genera level at Jaccard similarity coefficient (0.674 and 0.395, respectively), and Bubeng and Nonggang with the smallest Jaccard similarity coefficient (0.575 and 0.297, respectively). (5) PCA principal component analysis of the floristic spectrum had similar result of the Jaccard similarity coefficient above in the level of genera, but different one at the level of families, e.g. a higher geographical connection between Gulinqing and Nonggang. In summary, this plot has a high diversity of families and genera, significant tropical characteristics, ancient floristic characteristics, obvious transitional status and extensive flora connections. However, there is an inconsistent geographical connection among Gulinqing, Bubeng and Nonggang from the composition and floristic spectrum.

Response of Enzyme Activities and Microbial Communities in the Rhizosphere Soil of the Aged Forest Stage of Loropetalum chinense Community in Karst Stone Mountain to Drought and Rainy Season

LIANG Yueming,MA Jiangming,WANG Yanan,YANG Hao — 2024/4/29 19:04:45

Effects of nitrogen forms on nitrogen uptake and allocation and andrographolide components accumulation in Andrographis paniculata

JIAN Shaofen,LIN Yang,LIU Han,WAN Si,ZHONG Chu — 2024/4/28 16:48:12

Nitrogen (N) is a mineral nutrient with the highest demand for plants, and it is also a vital abiotic factor that limits plant yield and quality. Plants use inorganic and organic N sources from soil, and N form is a key factor affecting the active ingredients and their contents in medicinal plants. However, the utilization characteristics of different N forms by medicinal plants and the impact on active ingredients remain to be investigated. With nitrate nitrogen (NN), ammonium nitrogen (AN), amide nitrogen (urea, UN) and amino acid nitrogen (glycine, GN) as sole N source and combining 15N isotope tracing and physiological and biochemical analysis, this study aimed to clarify the characteristics of N uptake and utilization and its effect on the accumulation of andrographolide components at different growth stages (rapid growth stage, jointing stage, budding stage, flowering stage) of Andrographis paniculata. The results were as follows: (1) N content in leaves and roots decreased gradually with the growth period, and it was lower in the NN treatment. (2) The absorption rate of N was higher in the vegetative growth period, and rapidly decreased in the reproductive growth period. The absorption rate of AN, UN and GN was higher than that of NN in A. paniculata. (3) The allocation ratio of N in leaves was decreased, while the allocation ratio of N in stems was increased at budding stage. In comparison to the NN treatment, AN, UN, and GN treatments reduced N allocation ratio in leaves, but increased the ratio in stems and roots at this growth stage. (4) At rapid growth stage, the maximum carboxylation rate and maximum electron transport rate of photosynthesis were lower in the NN treatment, as well as the proportion of leaf N allocation in the carboxylation system and bioenergetics components. However, the allocation of leaf N in the carboxylation system in UN and AN treatment was reduced at budding stage and flowering stage, respectively. (5) AN, UN and GN increased andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide contents, and decreased 14-deoxyandrographolide content at budding and flowering stages, while neoandrographolide was slightly affected by N forms. (6) The contents of andrographolide and neoandrographolide were significantly negatively correlated with N contents in leaves, stems and roots, N uptake rate, and N allocation ratio in leaves and roots, while they were significantly positively correlated with N allocation ratio in stems. The opposite was true for 14-deoxyandrographolide. Taken together, the results indicate that the vegetative growth period is the main period for N uptake in A. paniculata, and that A. paniculata can better utilize AN, UN, and GN, and promote the accumulation of andrographolide components by optimizing N allocation. The results provide a theoretical reference for N management of A. paniculata.

Isolation and identification of symbiotic fungi in roots of young Quercus wutaishansea on Liupan Mountain

DENG Xiaojuan,LI Minqi,LIU Jianli,REN Yufeng,YAN Xingfu,ZHOU Libiao — 2024/4/28 16:31:24

The symbiotic fungi in roots of young Quercus wutaishansea at different ages were isolated directly from root tips to elucidate community structure and dynamic changes. The isolated fungi were identified based on the morphological characteristics of colony and molecular analysis. The results were as follows: （1）A total of 249 fungal strains were isolated from the roots of young Q. wutaishansea, 18 species belonging to 15 genera, 8 families, 7 orders, 8 classes and 2 phyla were recognized. Among them, 2 species are ascomycotes and 16 species are basidiomycets. Pezicula pruinosa was the species with the highest isolation frequency (81.93%), followed by Dactylonectria torresensis (4.02%), Ilyonectria robusta (2.01%) and Atrocalyx nordicus (2.01%). （2）Significant differences in species and quantities of symbiotic fungi demonstrate in different ages of young Quercus wutaishansea, with the highest frequency of isolation occurring in the 4-5 years old (44.98%) followed by the triennial (29.32%), biennial (19.68%) and annual (6.02%). To sum up, culturable symbiotic fungi in the roots of young Q. wutaishansea on Liupan Mountain were highly diverse. Species and quantities of isolates varied at different ages of trees, and the diversity increased with the growth of tree. Pezicula pruinosa is the most dominant culturable symbiotic fungi in roots of young Quercus wutaishansea. The results lay the foundation for further investigating symbiotic fungal resources and exploring the microbial symbiotic mechanism of Q. wutaishansea in adapting to local environment.

Cloning and expression of aerenchyma-related gene SmPAD4 in Saussurea medusa

DAI Wubing,DUAN Peng,HE Tao,LI Fengzhen,LI Peilan,LUO Dan,SHI Guomin,WEI Rongyi — 2024/4/28 12:00:54

The aerenchyma is an adaptive structure of Saussurea medusa in response to extreme environments, and its formation is usually accompanied by programmed cell death （PCD）. The death of cells and the formation of aerenchyma are typically regulated by the PAD4 gene （Phytoalexin deficient 4）. However, the mechanism by which SmPAD4 regulates the formation of aerenchyma in S. medusa remains unclear. In this study, S. medusa was used as the experimental material, and the gene SmPAD4 related to ventilation tissue formation was cloned by homologous cloning and RACE technology, and its sequence, phylogenetic evolution, expression and subcellular localization were analyzed, and its promoter was amplified by hi-1IL PCR technology to explore its function in environmental adaptation. The results were as follows:（1） The cDNA of SmPAD4 gene was successfully cloned with a total length of 2 047（GenBank accession number OR766038）, including an open reading frame of 1 866 bp, encoding 621 amino acids, a molecular formula of C3163H4906N848O910S26. The protein was an alkaline and hydrophilic unstable protein. （2）Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that SmPAD4 had high similarity with CcPAD4 of Cynara cardunculus. （3）A 1 049 bp promoter sequence of SmPAD4 was amplified, which included cis-acting elements such as light response element, hypoxia response element, methyl jasmonate response element, dry early, auxin response element and binding site of WRKY transcription factor.（4）Real-time quantitative fluorescence analysis showed that SmPAD4 gene was expressed in roots, stems and leaves, and the expression level was the highest in leaves. Under ultraviolet and hypoxia stress, the expression of SmPAD4 gene was up-regulated in leaves and stems, and down-regulated in roots. （5）Subcellular localization showed that SmPAD4 is distributed in the nucleus, cell membrane, and chloroplast. The results show that SmPAD4 gene has a unique protein domain and it responds to hypoxia and ultraviolet environmental stress, so it plays an important role in the formation of aerenchyma and the response to adversity stress. This study provides theoretical basis for further exploring the role of SmPAD4 gene in the environmental adaptation process of S. medusa.

Geographic distribution and research progresses of National Key Protected Wild Plants in Hubei Province

JIANG Mingxi,PU Yunhai,SHI Hongwen,WEI Xinzeng,XIAO Zhiqiang — 2024/4/23 17:44:11

The updated List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (LNKPWP) was released by National Forestry and Grassland Administration and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China in September 2021. By integrating literature search, herbarium record, field investigation and expert consultation, we compiled the updated list, investigated the geographic map, research progresses, threatened status, and protection status of National Key Protected Wild Plants (NKPWP) in Hubei Province. The results were as follows: (1) There are 155 species on the LNKPWP in Hubei Province, of which 11 species belong to Category I and the remaining 144 species belong to Category II. (2) Geographic distribution of NKPWP in Hubei Province is uneven and concentrated in west and southwest areas, with Shennongjia and Lichuan have the greatest numbers of NKPWP. (3) The most studied species are the species with economic value, flagship species and regional representative species. In addition, more than a third of the species (55 species) were almost unstudied. The research of NKPWP in Hubei Province focused on genetic diversity, genetic structure, future distribution prediction under global change conditions, and phylogeography. (4) According to the “China Red List of Biodiversity-Higher Plants Volume”, the NKPWP in Hubei Province contain 9 critically endangered species, 30 endangered species, 41 vulnerable species and 19 near-threatened species. The main threatened factors are direct mining or logging, habitat degradation or loss, and species intrinsic factors. (5) Until now, 137 species(88%) of NKPWP in Hubei Province are wholly or partially located in protected areas, and the remaining 18 species (12%) are completely located outside protected areas. At present, 93 species of NKPWP have been introduced and cultivated in Hubei Province, while the other 62 species have not been recorded under ex situ conservation. In addition, very few species have been reintroduced into the wild. (6) At present, although the distribution ranges of seven wild plants in Hubei Province (five of which are endemic to Hubei) are limited and they are negatively affected by internal causes and human interference, they have not been included in the LNKPWP. In addition, this study points out the knowledge gaps in the research and protection of NKPWP in Hubei Province, and puts forward specific research suggestions and protection strategies.

Composition and floristic characteristics of national key protected wild plants distributed in Hainan Province, China

2024/4/22 10:06:53

Based on the ‘National Key Protected Wild Plants List’ and related data in 2021, combined with field investigation, the ‘National Key Protected Wild Plants List of Hainan Province’ was integrated, and its composition and floristic characteristics were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Among the national key protected wild plants, the original Cycas changjiangensis, C. hainanensis, C. lingshuigensis and C. taiwaniana were incorporated into C. taiwaniana; compared with the National Key Protected Wild Plant List in 1999, the original Semiliquidambar cathayensis and Amphicarpaea linearis were removed from the protection category, and Bretschneidera sinensis was degraded from the Category I protection to the Category II protection.127 species of national key protected wild plants were added, and a total of 173 species ( including varieties ) were added, belonging to 53 families and 83 genera, including 8 species of national Category I protected wild plants. There are 165 species of national Category II protected wild plants and 32 endemic species in Hainan Province, which belong to 4 groups. Among them, the angiosperm species are the most abundant, with 129 species. (2) Based on years of field investigation information and the results of this survey, Cycas rumphii, C. shanyagensis, Alsophila costularis and Paphiopedilum purpuratum have not been investigated. (3) The life forms of 173 protected plants were divided into 5 types, mainly phanerophytes ( 115 species ), followed by hemicryptophytes ( 34 species ) and hemicryptophytes ( 22 species ), and hemicryptophytes and cushion plants were the least ( 1 species ). (4) At the family level, Orchidaceae had the most species, including 47 species ( 27.17% ). At the genus level, Dendrobium has the largest number of species, including 21 species ( 12.14% ). (5) The floristic elements are complex and have obvious tropical characteristics. The families are mainly distributed in the pantropics and their variants. The genera are mainly distributed in tropical Asia and its variants. In summary, the tropical nature and unique phenomena of national key protected wild plants in Hainan Province are obvious, and there are many new protected species. Therefore, background investigation and dynamic monitoring should be carried out continuously, law enforcement should be strengthened, human factors should be reduced to interfere with and destroy habitats, and in-situ and ex-situ protection measures should be taken to strengthen protection and management.

Distribution characteristics of national key protected wild plants in Hainan Province and the vegetation types underlying them

2024/4/18 17:47:02

In order to reveal the distribution and habitat characteristics of national key protected wild plants in Hainan Province, this paper selected national key protected wild plants, based on the 2021 edition of the List of national key protected wild plants through field surveys, researched the distribution of national key protected wild plants in Hainan Province and their type of vegetation. The results were as follows: (1) There were a total of 53 families, 83 genera and 173 species of national key protected wild plants in Hainan Province, ranking fifth in the number of species and first in the density of species in China (based on the current data base of wild). (2) All 19 counties and municipalities in Hainan Province had national key protected wild plants, and the number of species in the central and the south of the cities/counties is much larger than that in the north, with the largest species richness in Changjiang Li Autonomous County (75 species), and the highest species density in Lingshui Li Autonomous County (0.604 5 ind.?km-2); The number of species of national key protected wild plants was distributed in nine gradients (with a gradient value of 200 m) from 0 to 1 867 m above sea level, and there were a trend of slightly decreased-very rapidly increased-slowly decreased, with the highest number of species distributed in the elevation band. When 800 m ≤ Altitude < 1 000 m and 1 000 m ≤ Altitude < 1 200 m, there was 81 national key protected wild plant species, while only 9 species in the segment 1 600 m ≤ Altitude < 1 867 m. (3) The habitats of national key protected wild plants in Hainan Province were complexed, relied on a total of 11 vegetation types, among which the lowland rainforest had the highest species richness (114 species), followed by mountain rainforest (105 species) and the semi-mangrove forest (1 species); and the most severely externally disturbed is freshwater wet grassland, followed by lowland rainforest, and the least is montane cloud forest. The results of the study can provide scientific reference for the conservation and utilization of national key protected wild plants in Hainan Province.

Effects of water and soil microorganisms on the growth traits of Albizia kalkora and Leucaena leucocephala in a dry-hot valley

DU Xunqiu,LIU Ziyu,SHI Leiqi,WANG Chaojun,WANG Xuemei*,WANG Yinhao — 2024/4/18 16:38:03

Vegetation restoration is an effective way for ecological restoration in the dry-hot valley, and many alien species are introduced along with natural vegetation restoration. In order to compare the responses of native and alien species to water and microorganisms, the native Albizia kalkora and alien Leucaena leucocephala were selected as our research objects, and the effects of water and soil microorganisms on the growth and development of the two plants were studied by soil moisture control and soil microbial inoculation under climate chamber conditions. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with Leucaena leucocephala, the seed germination rate, root biomass, root-shoot ratio and plant nitrogen-phosphorus ratio of Albizia kalkora were significantly increased by 58.82%, 76.13%, 90.59% and 18.42%, respectively (P< 0.05); (2) Under the drought conditions, the root biomass and plant nitrogen concentration of Albizia kalkora were significantly lower than those under moist conditions by 33.67% and 8.65% (P< 0.05), and the plant height, aboveground biomass and root biomass of Leucaena leucocephala under drought conditions were 39.32%, 40.06% and 39.61% lower than those under moist conditions (P< 0.05), indicating that drought inhibited the growth and nutrient uptake of both plants; (3) The number of nodules in the roots of Albizia kalkora under drought conditions was higher than that under moist conditions (P< 0.05), while the number of nodules in the roots of Leucaena leucocephala under moist conditions was higher than that under drought conditions; (4) Except for the proportion of dead leaf biomass, soil microbial inoculation and the interaction between soil microorganisms and water had no significant effect on the growth of Albizia kalkora and Leucaena leucocephala. The above results suggest that Albizia kalkora is more suitable for drought environment than Leucaena leucocephala, which provides a theoretical basis for the selection of species for vegetation restoration in dry-hot valleys, but the effects of soil microorganisms on plant growth are worthy of further study.

Microhabitats and their colonized plants on rock outcrops surface in a tropical karst forest

GUO Yibo,LAN Ya,SHEN Youxin,YUAN Chuang — 2024/4/18 16:35:38

Rock outcrop is a typical feature of karst ecosystem, on which there are complex microhabitats and various colonized plants, but the relationship between these plants and microhabitats is not clear. Taking a tropical seasonal humid forest in Xishuangbanna as the research object in this study, we measured the morphological characteristics and external environmental factors of 586 rock outcrops microhabitats. And all colonized vascular species on these microhabitats were identified and counted. Then, Pearson correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to reveal the relationship between microhabitats (including morphological characteristics and environmental factors) and vascular plants richness. The results are as follows: (1) In tropical karst forest, the microhabitat characteristic such as soil depth (4.92±4.00 )cm and area (532.28±1575.10 )cm2 have great variability. (2) A total of 1518 individuals of 90 species belonging to 82 genera and 44 families were recorded in all microhabitats, and karst preferent species that dominants on limestone accounted for 35.6%. (3) The area size and soil depth of microhabitat can explain more than 70% of the species composition and colonized plants richness in the RDA model. (4) The species-area relationship between the richness of the colonized plants and the area of rock outcrops microhabitats shows an obvious exponential decay. In conclusion, microhabitats on rock outcrops in the tropical karst forest is highly heterogeneous, the area size and soil depth are the key factors affecting plant colonization, and the species-area relationship dominates the species richness pattern on rock outcrops microhabitats.

Study on ×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and related species based on DNA barcoding

Liu Wenliang,Wang Yucen,Zhang Shilan — 2024/4/18 8:54:56

In this study, one nuclear gene ( ITS ) and five chloroplast genes ( matK, ndhF, rbcL, trnL and trnL-trnF ) candidate DNA barcodes were used for the Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR ) amplification and sequencing of 21 samples from ×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter (Tang & F.T.Wang) Tatanov and its related species, including four species. Identification analyses of screened single sequences and sequence combinations were performed using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Results demonstrated that the identification success rates of ITS + matK was 71.4%, which was the highest among the single sequence and multiple combinational sequences. In addition, phylogenetic tree based on ITS + matK sequences constructed using Bayes inference method were constructed to evaluate the genetic relationship. That samples of the same species had better aggregation and were mostly monophyletic, while all samples of ×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and Bolboschoenus maritimus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama formed a monophyletic clade. Therefore, ITS + matK appears to be the best barcode sequence for interspecific identification of ×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter and its related species. Furthermore, the result support ×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter as a synonym of Bolboschoenus maritimus.

Resource and conservation status of national key protected wild plants in Shaanxi Province, China

2024/4/17 17:10:07

Based on the references of natural reserves in Shaanxi Province, field survey, and digitized herbarium specimens provided by China Virtual Herbarium (CVH), the resource and conservation status of species listed in national key protected wild plants (NKPWPs) (2021 version) distributed in Shaanxi Province was investigated and analyzed in present study, and it can provide a scientific basis for future research on in situ and ex situ conservation. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 104 species (including subspecies and variety) were belonged to 38 families, 67 genera were distributed in Shaanxi province, including 3 species of Lycophytes, 6 species and 2 varieties of Gymnosperms, and 85 species, 1 subspecies and 10 varieties of Angiosperms, representing 2.88%, 6.73% and 90.38% of the total NKPWPs respectively. (2) The number of the NKPWPs represented about 18.18%, 5.09%, and 2% of families, genera and species respectively of the total vascular plant in Shaanxi Province. (3) Among 104 species of NKPWPs, 26 species listed in the last version (1999) had been protected, and 24 species were ever listed and protected as local protected wild plants, and a total of 54 additional species were not protected at all before, accounting for 52% of the total NKPWPs, e.g. Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis, Dendrobium flexicaule and Paeonia rockii. The endangered status analysis showed that 5 species are Critically Endangered (CR), representing 4.81%, 22 species were Endangered (EN) and 22 were Vulnerable (VU), representing 24.04% of the total NKPWPs. (4) Qinling-Bashan region was a concentrated distribution area of NKPWPs, about 60 species were distributed in Zhenping County, accounting for 57.69% of the total, and 47 species were distributed in both Pingli and Foping counties; contrast to it, few species found in the north area of Shaanxi Province. (5) There were 249 reserves in Shaanxi Province, including the natural reserve (national and provincial), wetland parks and forest parks, and about 70 species representing 67.31% of NKPWPs had been effectively protected in these areas. We suggest: (1) investigate the resources, distribution and status of the additional species of NKPWPs in Shaanxi Province, especially focus on the 54 species which are not previously protected; (2) facilitate the regional botanical gardens in the Loess Plateau area of Shaanxi Province; (3) dynamic monitor and update data of NKPWPs in natural reserves, so as to provide a scientific and valuable reference for in situ and ex situ conservation in the future.

Studies on the mitigating effect of potato root exudates on Andrographis paniculata seed germination under cinnamic acid stress

DING Mei,DU Qin),GU Yuanqin,HONG Linlan,HU Jingwen,HUANG Jin,(ZHENG Jianyun — 2024/4/3 18:18:29

Cinnamic acid is a chemosensory autotoxic substance for the continuous cropping barrier of Andrographis paniculata, and potato-Andrographis paniculata crop rotation can effectively alleviate the continuous cropping of Andrographis paniculata. In order to study the chemosensory stress of cinnamic acid on Andrographis paniculata seed germination and root marginal cell (RBC) and to explore the rationality of the potato-Andrographis paniculata crop rotation model. In this study, we used Andrographis paniculata seeds as materials to investigate the effects of cinnamic acid on Andrographis paniculata seed germination, root marginal cell (RBC) and physiological indexes of young roots, as well as the mitigating effects of potato root secretion and seeding growth.The results were as follows:(1) Cinnamic acid significantly inhibited the germination and growth of Andrographis paniculata seed, the potato root exudates has a certain mitigating effect and diminishes with the increasing of concentration, compared with the cinnamic acid treatment group, Andrographis paniculata seed germination of the chemosensory composite index increased by up to 67.5%. (2) Cinnamic acid has a strong damaging effect on the root tips of Andrographis paniculata seedlings, and potato root secretion can effectively alleviate this damage. The number and viability of Andrographis paniculata root margin cells increased significantly under the treatment of potato root secretion, by 23.67% and 200%, respectively; apoptosis rate decreased significantly by 32.25%; and the thickness of RBC mucilage layer decreased significantly by 43.06%. (3) Most of the physiological indexes of young roots of Andrographis paniculata under cinnamic acid stress showed an upward trend, and decreased after the treatment of potato root secretion, in which the activity of root crown pectin methyl esterase decreased significantly by 22.85%; The antioxidant enzyme activities of root tips were all significantly decreased, including the superoxide dismutase activity decreased by 8.96%, peroxidase activity decreased by 16.78%, catalase activity decreased by 28.51%; malondialdehyde content decreased by 20.00%; and root vigor significantly increased by 20.18%. In summary, it can be seen that cinnamic acid produces a succession of barriers by inhibiting Andrographis paniculata seed germination, destroying root tip structure, and inducing apoptosis or death of Andrographis paniculata RBCs, and a certain concentration of potato root secretion can alleviate the chemosensory stress damage of cinnamic acid. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the generation of through-cropping barriers in Andrographis paniculata and the rationality of the potato-Andrographis paniculata rotation pattern.

Studies on the mitigating effect of potato root exudates on Andrographis paniculata seed germination under cinnamic acid stress

DING Mei,DU Qin),GU Yuanqin,HONG Linlan,HU Jingwen,HUANG Jin,(ZHENG Jianyun — 2024/4/3 18:15:24

Thinking about the ex situ conservation of plants in China

Sun Weibang — 2024/4/2 8:52:02

With the intensification of human activities and global climate change, biological species loss has being rapidly accelerated. Ex situ conservation of plants is a crucial approach for preserving plant diversity and will play a central role in the establishment of the National Botanical Garden System of China. However, issues regarding the concept and range of plant ex situ conservation, and China’s rare and endangered plants, as well as the goals for ex situ conservation of plants in China, are still under discussions. Thus, the concept of ex situ plant conservation, the scope of the China’s rare and endangered plants, the differences between the threatened plants in China Red List of Biodiversity, the National Key Protected Wild Plants of China and the Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP), as well as the specific targets for China’s ex situ conservation of plants have been thoroughly discussed and clarified in this paper. In addition, three issues related to China’s ex situ conservation of plants are examined and also the specific suggestions are proposed, including the effectiveness of ex situ conservation of plants, the documentation of plant collection, introduction and conservation information, as well as the development and management of National Botanical Gardens of China. This review provides a theoretical basis for the ex situ conservation of plants in China.

Two newly recorded species of Peltula from China

2024/3/21 18:37:36

TTo explore the species diversity of the genus Peltula Nyl. in Helan Mountain of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the specimens of the genus Peltula Nyl. collected from Helan Mountain of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were classified by morph-anatomical, chemical and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS sequences, two new records for China, Peltula africana (Jatta) Swinscow & Krog and P. impressa (Vain.) Swinscow & Krog, were identified. P. africana is mainly characterized by squamules undulate, 0.3-3.0 mm across, lower cortex cell palisade. P. impressa is mainly recognised by the black new type of soralia on top of the squamules, the hymenium I +, burgundy and about 64 ascospores. The morphological and anatomical characters of these two species were described in detail, the differences with similar species were discussed, and the photos of morphological and anatomical structures of the two species were provided. The results enrich basic data for the genus Peltula Nyl. in China.

Two newly recorded species of Peltula from China

2024/3/21 18:36:58

Determination and characteristic analysis of aroma components of different varieties of rabbit-eye blueberries in Guizhou

NIE Fei,PENG Ge,WEN Guangqin*,ZHAO Liangqing — 2024/3/21 17:40:35

To investigate and clarify the aroma components and contents of different varieties of Guizhou rabbit-eye blueberries, this study used headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) methods to analyze the aroma component content of the main rabbit-eye blueberry grown in Guizhou, such as ‘Coastal’, ‘Britewell’, ‘Climax’, ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Powderblue’. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 46 aroma components in 7 categories were detected in the 5 varieties, including 8 types of alcohols, 13 types of terpens, 9 types of benzenes, 3 types of aldehydes, 5 types of esters, 4 types of alkanes, and 4 types of others. (2) ‘Climax’ has the most aroma components with 33, while ‘Powderblue’ has the least with only 24; among the aroma components of each variety, aldehydes account for the largest proportion, followed by benzenes, with ‘Britewell’ having the highest content of aldehydes (59.32%) and ‘Powderblue’ the highest content of benzenes (42.58%). (3) Among the five varieties, ‘Coastal’ has the highest total content of aroma components, at 172 872.20 ng?g-1, followed by ‘Britewell’ at 162 200.87 ng?g-1; ‘Coastal’ and ‘Powderblue’ have lower total aroma component contents, at 91 284.45 ng?g-1 and 97 511.10 ng?g-1, respectively. The significant differences in aroma components and contents among these five rabbit-eye blueberry varieties provide an important basis for the selection of blueberry varieties and the choice of raw materials.

Study on the Characteristics of Leaf Venation of Mussaenda and Its Relative Genera

DUAN Tingting,LI Jin,ZHANG Duo — 2024/3/21 17:25:30

The classification of Mussaenda L. has been controversial due to the complex interspecific variation and hybridization within the genus, by exploring the variation patterns and taxonomical significance of the leaf venation characteristics between Mussaenda L. and its relative genera (Schizomussaenda Li and Psudomussaenda Wernham.), it could be provide data for the identification and utilization when they were regarded as the medical and garden plant resources. The leaf venation characteristics of 22 species of this group were observed by using the cleaning method. The cluster analysis was carried out based on the characteristics of leaf venation, and a classification retrieval table of the species was compiled. The results were as follows: (1) The characteristics of the leaf venation of Mussaenda L. and its relative genera had consistency, which were mainly reflected on that the primary veins were all pinnate, the frequency of inter-secondary veins was less than one per areolation, the angle between the major secondary veins and the midvein was acute, the tertiary veins were mostly penetrating, and the arrangement of the areolation were all irregular. (2) The characteristics of the leaf venation with taxonomic value among genera or species within genera included the type of major secondary vein venation, the angle between the major secondary vein and the midvein, the spacing between the major secondary vein and the midvein, the connection between the major secondary vein and the midvein, the existence of inter-secondary veins and intramarginal secondary veins, the penetration of intercostal tertiary veins, the type of quaternary veins, the branching of freely ending veinlets, and the development of areolation. (3) According to the cluster analysis, the 22 species were clustered into 12 branches, and Schizomussaenda and Psudomussaenda were not clustered into one branch respectively, showing a relatively close genetic relationship. In conclusion, the leaf venation characteristics of Mussaenda and its related taxa can provide new information for the classification of the plants.

UHPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomic characterization and contrastive analysis in Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivated with three different substrates

huxiuyue,lantaoju,,wangcanqin,weijiaojun,weishiyan,wushenjin — 2024/3/21 11:13:16

Due to excellent characteristics, there is a vast planting area of eucalyptus in China. Its cultivation, production and processing process will produce a large number of eucalyptus bark and sawdust, of which surplus resources are rich. It has been reported to cultivate edible fungi using eucalyptus sawdust. To analyze the difference of metabolites and their pathways in Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivated with three different substrates among eucalyptus bark, eucalyptus sawdust and miscellaneous sawdust. Based on the Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) technique, An untargeted metabolomic study was performed on the differences metabolites of fruit bodies of Pleurotus pulmonarius under different cultivation Substrates by and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results were as follows: （1）The screening results based on Value Importance in Projection (VIP)>1 and T test P<0.05 showed that there are 45 differential metabolites and 8 differential metabolite pathways between treatment group B (eucalyptus sawdust) and control group A (miscellaneous sawdust), 53 differential metabolites and 15 differential metabolite pathways between treatment group C (eucalyptus bark) and control group A (miscellaneous sawdust), and 39 differential metabolites and 5 differential metabolite pathways between treatment group B (eucalyptus sawdust) and treatment group C (eucalyptus bark), respectively. （2）According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment metabolic pathway, four significant metabolic pathways are obtained between treatment group C and control group A, including arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and treatment group B and C obtained one significant metabolic pathway which is Histidine metabolism, while there is no significant metabolic pathway between treatment group B and control group A (P>0.05). Using the by-products of eucalyptus processing (eucalyptus bark and eucalyptus sawdust) as the main cultivation substrate of P. pulmonarius, especially eucalyptus sawdust, can realize resource recycling, reduce production costs and improve economic benefits. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of eucalyptus processing by-products in the cultivation of edible fungi.

UHPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomic characterization and contrastive analysis in Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivated with three different substrates

huxiuyue,lantaoju,,wangcanqin,weijiaojun,weishiyan,wushenjin — 2024/3/21 11:12:30

Effects of cadmium accumulation on the structure and co-occurrence network of endophytic bacterial communities in Blumea balsamifera

CHEN Jiaojiao,REN Jianguo,WANG Junli* — 2024/3/19 17:36:04

To probe into the impacts of organ cadmium accumulation on endophytic bacteria in Blumea balsamifera, the methods of high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region and molecular ecological network analysis were employed to study the effects of Cd accumulation in roots, stems and leaves of B. balsamifera on the community characteristics of endophytic bacteria under different exogenous cadmium treatments (0 and 2.0 mg·kg-1). The results were as follows: (1) In comparison with the control group without exogenous cadmium addition (0 mg·kg-1, Cd0), the treatment group with cadmium spiking in soils (2.0 mg·kg-1, Cd2) promoted plant growth and the cumulative Cd contents in root, stem and leaf, with the order of leaf (16.75 mg·kg-1) > stem (11.99 mg·kg-1) > root (3.96 mg·kg-1). (2) Alpha diversity analysis showed that the endophytic bacteria richness (Sobs, Ace and Chao indices) and diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) for organs were the highest in roots, followed by stems and leaves under Cd0 and Cd2 treatments. Additionally, the indices of richness and diversity of endophytic bacteria for each organ under Cd2 treatment were superior to those under Cd0. (3) At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes were the dominant bacterial phyla in all the organs for both treatments; At the genus level, Delftia was the main bacterial genus with the relative abundance ranged from 53.0% to 92.7% and 57.1% to 89.2% in the plant organs of Cd0 and Cd2, respectively; Certain similarities existed among the endophytic bacterial community structures of roots, stems and leaves of B. balsamifera, and Cd2 increased the proportion of mutual endophytic bacterial genera in roots, stems and leaves and that of unique endophytic ones in each organ (except the root). (4) LDA Effect Size analysis showed that there existed the differences on endophytic bacterial genera residing in different organs within a group and also the same organ between groups. (5) Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the contents of rhizosphere soil Cd and plant organ Cd were significantly correlated with the composition of endophytic bacterial community. (6) Co-occurrence network analysis clarified that cadmium accumulation in B. balsamifera complicated the interaction network of endophytic bacteria occurring in root and leaf, and enhanced the competition among endophytic bacterial species in root and stem, and the symbiosis in leaf. In summary, exogenous Cd treatment affected the community structure and interaction mode of endophytic bacteria in B. balsamifera organs.

Influences of polyamines on callus proliferation and somatic embryogenesis in Litchi chinensis

Li Fang,LI Huanling,LIU Yaoting,WANG Guo,WANG Jiabao,Wang Shujun — 2024/3/19 17:25:05

To explore the effect of exogenous polyamines (PAs) on embryogenic callus (EC) proliferation and somatic embryogenesis of litchi, the morphology, structure, endogenous PA content and related enzyme activities were systematically investigated using the ‘Feizixiao’ ECs as materials subcultured on the medium supplemented with various PAs. The results were as follows: (1) The exogenous putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) treatment significantly increased the EC proliferation rate and reduced the amount of induced somatic embryos and regenerated plantlets. The proliferated embryogenic cells after exogenous PA treatments were more consistent in size and stained deeply and evenly. Furthermore, multicellular proembryos in EC were reduced, and fully differentiated early cotyledon embryos could be seen. (2) All the exogenous PA treatments significantly increased the endogenous PA content in EC. Among them, Put treatment had the highest content of each endogenous PA component and total PA. When the EC proliferated on the medium containing exogenous PAs was transferred to the medium without exogenous PAs (M3) for proliferating, the Put content in the EC was still significantly higher than the control, however, the endogenous Spd and Spm were significantly decreased. (3) Exogenous Put treatment significantly increased the activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and diamine oxidase (DAO) in EC, while exogenous Spd and Spm treatments significantly reduced the activities of ADC and DAO in EC, and exogenous Spd significantly increased PAO activity. When transferred to the M3 medium, the ADC and DAO activities of newly proliferated EC were significantly lower than those of EC cultured with exogenous PAs, but there was no significant difference in ODC and PAO activities. In summary, the exogenous PAs can affect endogenous PA content by regulating the activity of enzymes related to polyamine metabolism, thereby affecting EC proliferation and somatic embryo induction in litchi. These results would provide a basis for further study on the mechanism of PAs regulating litchi regeneration in vitro.

Effect of shading on photosynthetic characteristics and negative tolerance evaluation of three ranunculaceae plants

HAN ruiting,WANG weiyi,ZHANG gexiang,ZHAO dandan — 2024/3/19 16:13:33

In order to investigate the response mechanism of Ranunculus japonicus, Thalictrum fortunei and Delphinium anthriscifolium var. savatieri in different light environments, five shade treatment levels (0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% shade degree) were set in this study, the photosynthetic indexes of the three plants were determined, and the effects of different shade treatments on their photosynthetic characteristics and shade-tolerance evaluation were studied.The results showed that with the increase of shading degree, (1) The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoid increased, while the contents of chlorophyll a/b decreased. (2) The AQE of the three plants increased first and then decreased;The Pnmax of R. japonicus and D. anthriscifolium var. savatieri showed a trend of first rising and then decreasing, while the Pnmax of T. fortunei showed a decreasing trend. The LSP, LCP and Rd of the three plants decreased gradually. (3) Fo decreased first and then increased, while Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo values increased first and then decreased; φDo and DIo/RC decreased first and then increased, while φEo, ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, PIabs and PItotal increased first and then decreased. (4) Through comprehensive analysis of 20 single indicators by using analysis methods such as principal component analysis and membership function method. The shade-tolerance of the three plants ranked as T. fortunei > D. anthriscifolium var. savatieri > R. japonicus. In conclusion, the three species of goldenseal have different adaptability to light, which provides a basis for the application of goldenseal in landscaping.

Effect of shading on photosynthetic characteristics and negative tolerance evaluation of three ranunculaceae plants

HAN ruiting,WANG weiyi,ZHANG gexiang,ZHAO dandan — 2024/3/19 16:09:19

Characterization of genetic difference and phylogenetic relationship between Schizocapsa guangxiensis and Tacca plantaginea

2024/3/19 10:02:04

The taxonomy of Tacca remains controversial. Schizocapsa guangxiensis is considered to be the same species as T. plantanginea, but some taxonomists classify them into different species based on their morphological differences. In order to clarify the genetic differences and phylogenetic relationship between S. guangxiensis and T. plantanginea, this study conducted high-throughput DNA sequencing of S. guangxiensis, assembled a complete chloroplast genome using bioinformatics software, and compared it with the published T. plantanginea chloroplast genome. The results showed that: (1) The chloroplast genome size of S. guangxiensis and T. plantanginea is 162 149 bp and 160 749 bp, respectively, and they have the same GC content (36.90%). Notably, the gene types and gene amount are exactly the same in these two species, including 89 protein-coding genes and 37 tRNA genes, and 6 rRNA genes. (2) Codon preference analysis shows that there are certain differences in the codon frequencies used by the two species, but they both prefer codons ending in A/T(U). (3) Compared with T. plantanginea, the SSC boundary of S. guangxiensis has obvious expansion, which is the main factor leading to the length variant in chloroplast genome between the two species. (4) There are some sequence divergences between S. guangxiensis and T. plantanginea in the LSC and SSC regions, especially the intergenic region, which can be exploited as species-specific molecular marker. (5) Phylogenetic results show that S. guangxiensis and T. plantanginea have a rather distant genetic relationship. Although S. guangxiensis is placed in Tacca, they belong to two different species. This study enriches the genetic information of the chloroplast genome of S. guangxiensis and provides a theoretical basis for species classification, genetic diversity analysis and species protection of S. guangxiensis.

Cloning and expression analysis of sugar transporter gene MeSWEET17b in cassava

AN Feifei,LUO Xiuqin,WEI Zhuowen,XUE Jingjing — 2024/3/14 9:10:20

SWEETs are a major transporter of plants that facilitates the flow of sugar between cells. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions. In order to clarify the function of SWEET family genes in cassava growth and development, this study used cassava KU50 as experimental material to clone the sugar transporter gene MeSWEET17b and conduct bioinformatics analysis. To study its subcellular localization, sugar transport capacity, expression in different organs and developmental stages, and the trend of its expression under abiotic stress. The results showed that MeSWEET17b gene was an instability protein with an open reading frame of 726 bp, encoding 242 amino acid residues, molecular weight of 26.32 kDa, theoretical isoelectric point of 7.72 and instability coefficient of 40.54. MeSWEET17b is a hydrophobic protein, which contains 7 transmembrane domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that MeSWEET17b belonged to CladeⅣ and was closely related to AtSWEET16 and AtSWEET17. MeSWEET17b located in the cell membrane and mainly transport fructose. The results of qRT-PCR showed that MeSWEET17b expression level was the highest in petiole. The KU50 seedlings were subjected to abiotic stress such as high salt (8g/L NaCl), drought (100 mmol/L mannitol), oxidation (10% H2O2) and low temperature (15℃ for 24 h, then dropped to 4℃ for 24 h). The expression of MeSWEET17b in different organs such as leaves, petioles, stems and roots changed to different degrees. It is speculated that MeSWEET17b plays an important role in cassava abiotic stress.

Bioinformatics and expression analysis of expansin genes GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7 in soybean

CHEN Jiongxin,LI Shanshan,MA Hongyu,MA Tianyi,ZHAI Ying,ZHANG Jun,ZHANG Yong — 2024/3/13 8:45:29

Expansin (EXP) plays an important role in plant response to environmental stress by regulating cell wall relaxation. To explore the role of EXP genes in soybean response to abiotic stress, two soybean EXP genes (GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7) and their protein sequences were analyzed by bioinformatics, and their expression levels were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The results were as follows: (1) The GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7 were located on chromosomes 10 and 12 of soybean, and encoded proteins containing 272 and 267 amino acids, respectively. The molecular weight of GmEXPB5 protein was 29.07 kD and the theoretical isoelectric point was 7.51. The molecular weight of GmEXPB7 protein was 29.09 kD and the theoretical isoelectric point was 8.66. Both GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7 were stable hydrophilic proteins localized in the cell wall. Both GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7 proteins contained a signal peptide sequence and a conserved DPBB_1 domain. (2) GmEXPB5 was closely related to CaEXPB15 of chickpea, and GmEXPB7 was closely related to EXPB3 of chickpea, red bean and cowpea. (3) GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7 were expressed in soybean roots, stems and leaves, and their expression levels in roots and leaves were significantly higher than those in stems. (4) GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7 could respond to salt, drought and cold stresses in soybean seedlings. (5) The promoter region of GmEXPB5 contained two types of stress-related cis-elements (ABRE and ARE). The promoter region of GmEXPB7 contained five types of stress-related cis-elements (ABRE、ARE、CGTCA-motif、TC-rich repeats and MBS). These results indicated that GmEXPB5 and GmEXPB7 could participate in the response of soybean to abiotic stress.

Spatiotemporal patterns of gross primary production of mangrove ecosystems in Hainan Island and their driving mechanisms

CHEN Quan,CUI Wei,SHI Xian,SUN Zhongyi,TAN Ke,WANG Wenmei,WU Lan,ZHENG Yinqi — 2024/3/12 16:52:52

Mangrove forests, characterized by high photosynthetic rates and low light compensation point, exhibit high Gross Primary Production (GPP), an important component of "blue carbon". Accurate estimation of regional GPP and quantification of its limiting factors are greatly significant for China to achieve its carbon neutrality goals. In this paper, we estimated the GPP of mangrove ecosystems in Hainan Island from 2016 to 2020 based on the Mangrove Vegetation Photosynthesis Light Use Efficiency (MVP-LUE) model using Sentinel-2 imagery and environmental data; and we also explored the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of GPP and its driving mechanism. The results were as follows: (1) During the study period, the annual GPP of mangrove ecosystems on Hainan Island showed an increasing trend, with higher GPP in the eastern than western regions and northern than southern regions. The mangroves distributed over a large area in northeastern Hainan Island dominate the temporal variation patterns at the whole island scale. However, distinct differences exist in the temporal dynamics across different regions of the mangrove ecosystem in Hainan Island. (2) In terms of the formation mechanism, the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of GPP of mangrove ecosystems on Hainan Island was driven by a combination of multiple meteorological factors. Seasonally within each year, during the transition from the dry season to rainy season, GPP was higher due to lower limitation from air temperature (Tair), and the promoting effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and sea surface temperature; in the middle of the dry season, low Tair imposed a serious limitation on GPP, but this Tair limitation was weakened with decreasing latitude. In the rainy season, higher cloud cover resulted in PAR becoming a limiting factor for GPP. At the end of the paper, we discussed the uncertainties and limitations of MVP-LUE, and the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of mangrove ecosystem GPP not only be constrained by environmental factors, but species composition and forest age structure can also be driving factors. The results of this study provide basic data to assess the contribution of regional mangrove forests to the global carbon cycle, and theoretical support to reveal the key environmental factors affecting mangrove ecosystem carbon dynamics.

Comparative analyses of chloroplast genomes and phylogenetic inference of Vitex

CHENG Yongqin,JIA Yun,XIU Zhiying,YANG Yanci,ZHAO Yanling — 2024/3/11 14:47:13

Vitex L. is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, mostly as woody trees or shrubs, and contains many plants with medicinal, ornamental and ecological values. To understand the characteristics of Vitex chloroplast genomes, the phylogenetic position and interspecific relationships of the genus, in this study, firstly the chloroplast genome sequence of V. agnus-castus was obtained by de novo assembly and annotation. Secondly, the genome structure, codon preference, high variation region and repeat sequence were analyzed with 11 published chloroplast genome sequences of Vitex. Finally, phylogenetic analysis was conducted. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of V. agnus-castus was a typically quadripartite structure with a total length of 154 444 bp, in which the length of the large single copy (LSC) region, the small single copy (SSC) region and the inverted repeat (IR) regions were 85 229 bp, 17 915 bp and 51 400 bp, respectively. The chloroplast genome encoded 133 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. (2) The 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex were highly conserved in terms of genome length, boundary position of IR region, number of encoded genes and GC content. (3) A total of 31 high frequency codons and 6 common optimal codons were detected in 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex. Further, the results of ENC-plot, PR2-plot and neutral plot analysis indicated that codon preference was mainly influenced by natural selection. (4) In addition, a total of 14 highly variable regions and 519 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in the 12 chloroplast genomes of Vitex. (5) The molecular phylogenetic inference in this study supported that Vitex belonged to the subfamily Viticoideae (Lamiaceae), not Verbenaceae. Moreover, phylogenetic inference also provided some understanding of the controversial relationships among V. trifolia, V. bicolor and V. rotundifolia, suggesting that V. rotundifolia was considered as a separate species. This study not only enriches the information of genetic resources of V. agnus-castus, increases the understanding of the chloroplast genomes of Vitex, provides candidate molecular markers for population genetics studies of Vitex, but also proves the effectiveness of chloroplast genome sequence in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Vitex.

Comparative analyses of chloroplast genomes and phylogenetic inference of Vitex

CHENG Yongqin,JIA Yun,XIU Zhiying,YANG Yanci,ZHAO Yanling — 2024/3/11 14:46:52

Comparative study and geographical distribution of key protected wild vascular plants in Jiangxi Province, China

PENG Yansong,WAN Pingping,王利松,WU Shaodong,XIE Minghua — 2024/3/8 11:05:55

Rare and endangered wild plants are important strategic resources and an essential component of biodiversity conservation. Grasping the diversity and geographic distribution of key protected plants in Jiangxi Province is a key step in developing scientific conservation and management at the provincial scale. Based on combined checklist of the National Key Protected Wild Plants (NKPWP, 2021) and the checklist of the Key Protected Wild Plants in Jiangxi Province (KPWP, 2005), and digitized herbarium specimens provided by the National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII), the diversity, geographic distribution, and conservation profile of these plants found in Jiangxi Province are analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) Total of 148 species of NKPWP (including intraspecies taxa), spanning 89 genera and 47 families, are found in Jiangxi province. (2) Total of 407 species, belonging to 85 families and 208 genera, are recognized as the key protected plants in Jiangxi province, including 16 species of lycopods and ferns (9 families and 10 genera); 26 species of gymnosperms (6 families and 17 genera), and 365 species of angiosperms (70 families and 181 genera). (3) Among of these species, 60.9% of them are protected within 32 national and provincial natural reserves; 70.5% of them are conserved ex situ in 67 Chinese botanic gardens. (4) The hotspots of the key protected wild plants are identified, including mountains and its adjacent areas of Lushan, Jiuling, Wugong, Jinggang, Dayuling, Jiulian, and Wuyi. The distribution pattern of hotspots is generally consistent with the ranges of five key protected areas of biodiversity conservation in Jiangxi Province. The issues of the species included in the checklist of the key protected wild plants of Jiangxi Province (2005) were discussed, and the 6E principles of the priority selection of key protected wild plants at province level and the related suggestions to strengthen the research on provincial protected plants were proposed.

Variation patterns of different vegetation types and soil nutrients in the water-land ecotone of the Li River

Li xiankun,Lu qianqian,Wang bin,王静 — 2024/3/5 10:31:52

To promote the restoration and reconstruction of ecosystem in the water-land ecotone, based on typical sample investigation, the variation patterns of vegetation species composition and diversity, and soil nutrients under different vegetation types were studied using Pearson correlation coefficient method and redundancy analysis method. The results showed that: (1) there were significant differences in plant community structure and species diversity of different vegetation types (gravel zone, grass zone, shrub-grass zone, trees zone). As the submersed duration decreased, the water-land ecotone gradually evolved from scattered herbaceous plant communities to grass, shrub, and tree plant communities, and the α diversity of vegetation species (Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Simpson index ) and vegetation coverage showed a gradually increasing trend, which were lowest value on the gravel zone and the highest on the trees zone. (2) There were significant differences in soil nutrient content among different vegetation types. With the decreased of submersed duration, soil organic matter content gradually increased, while soil water content, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, the maximum values of these nutrients mostly occurred in shrub-grass zone or trees zone, followed by grass zone, and gravel zone was the lowest. (3) Correlation and redundancy analysis showed that soil available nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus and organic matter were significantly positively correlated with various indicators of vegetation species α diversity, among which soil available nitrogen and available potassium had the strongest correlation with vegetation species diversity. In conclusion: different vegetation types in the Lijiang water-land ecotone have heterogeneous patterns of vegetation species composition and diversity as well as soil nutrients. Moderate submergence is beneficial for vegetation community aggregation and promoting soil nutrient accumulation. Herbaceous plants have stronger adaptability to moderate submergence environments. During the ecological restoration process of the Lijiang water-land ecotone, it is necessary to design restoration plans for different vegetation types and fully consider the relationship between vegetation species diversity and soil available nutrients.

Variation patterns of different vegetation types and soil nutrients in the water-land ecotone of the Li River

Li xiankun,Lu qianqian,Wang bin,王静 — 2024/3/5 10:31:00

Chloroplast genome features and intraspecific variation of Rosa praelucens Byhouwer

2024/3/5 10:21:09

Rosa praelucens Byhouwer is a critically endangered alpine wild flower endemic to Shangrila County of Yunnan Province. Rich in phenotypic diversity and with a high ploidy level of decaploid, R. praelucens is a very important rose germplasm resource. In order to clarify the genetic background of its phenotypic variation, the chloroplast genomes of 40 individual plants representing different phenotypes within the species were sequenced by using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, and then assembled, annotated and compared. The results were as follows: (1) Chloroplast genomes of R. praelucens were 157 173～157 261 bp in length, with a size difference of 88 bp among different individual plants. The genomes encoded 132 genes, mainly related with photosynthesis and self-replication. 27 155 codons, preferring using codon ending of A or U, were found in all the coding sequences. (2) Thirty six repeats and 73 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in the chloroplast genome of R. praelucens. Most of the cpSSRs were mononucleotide type and located in the intergenic region of LSC region. (3) The haplotype diversity (Hd) among the 40 chloroplast genomes was 0.928±0.027, and the nucleotide diversity (Pi）was 0.00012. The intergenic region of petN-trnD and psaA-ycf3, gene rps16 and ycf1 were relatively more divergent. No reverse or loss of large DNA fragments and genes were found among the cp genomes of different individuals. These results suggest that the chloroplast genomes are highly conserved in size, sequence and structure within R. praelucens. The rich intraspecific phenotypic diversity was not directly caused by the variation of chloroplast genomes among different individual plants.

Chloroplast genome features and intraspecific variation of Rosa praelucens Byhouwer

2024/3/5 10:20:18

Effects of conversion of Chinese fir forest to broad-leaved forests on phosphorus components and transformation in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils

2024/3/5 10:01:28

Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential elements for plant growth and is a key factor in maintaining the productivity of subtropical forest ecosystems. Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is mainly distributed in subtropical areas of China, and its soil acidification and phosphorus utilization efficiency are low. It is of great significance to study the effect of Chinese fir plantation transformation on soil P for the stability of ecosystem and sustainable forest management. In this study, the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil were collected from the replanted Chinese fir plantation, Castanopsis hystrix plantation, Mytilaria laosensis plantation and the mixed plantation of Castanopsis hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis on the cutting-blank of Chinese fir plantation in South Asia, and the effects of soil P component and transformation on the transformation of Chinese fir plantation into broadleaved forest were studied. The results showed that: (1) The content of microbial biomass phosphorus and the activity of acid phosphatase in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of the modified Castanopsis hystrix plantation, Mytilaria laosensis plantation and the mixed plantation of Castanopsis hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir plantation. Soil total phosphorus of Castanopsis hystrix plantation and the mixed plantation of Castanopsis hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis was more easily converted to quick available phosphorus than those of Chinese fir plantation and Mytilaria laosensis plantation. (2) The contents of calcium chloride extraction phosphorus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of Castanopsis hystrix plantation and the mixed plantation of Castanopsis hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir plantation and Mytilaria laosensis plantation, and the contents of enzyme extraction phosphorus, hydrochloric acid extraction phosphorus and citric acid extraction phosphorus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of Mytilaria laosensis plantation and Castanopsis hystrix/Mytilaria laosensis mixed plantation were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir plantation and Castanopsis hystrix plantation. (3) RDA results showed that soil water content and microbial biomass carbon were the key factors regulating P components in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, respectively. In summary, the transformation of Chinese fir plantation into broadleaved forest is conducive to the storage and supply of forest soil P, and this study provides an important scientific basis for tree species selection and management strategies to improve soil P availability in south subtropical plantations.

Effects of conversion of Chinese fir forest to broad-leaved forests on phosphorus components and transformation in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils

2024/3/5 10:00:54

Effects of foliar-sprayed of selenium on the distribution and accumulation of selenium in subcellular components of rice leaves

lixiaojun,lujiani,sunjianping,xuechenyang — 2024/3/5 9:47:40

Foliar selenium spraying is an effective agronomic fortification to increase the selenium content of crops. Exploring the distribution, accumulation characteristics and influencing factors of selenium in rice leaf fractions can provide support for improving the utilisation efficiency of foliar selenium application and reducing the ecological and environmental risks of selenium. This study compared the effects of different selenium forms, concentrations, treatment times and different surfactant carriers on the distribution and accumulation of selenium in the subcellular fractions of rice leaves using the leaf in vitro culture technique. The results showed that: (1) Selenium was mainly distributed in the cell wall of rice leaves, followed by chloroplast and mitochondrial fractions, with the least in the cytosol. (2) The uptake capacity of sodium selenite in leaves within a few hours of leaf application of selenium fertiliser was significantly higher than that of nano-selenium, selenomethionine and yeast selenium, by 1.25-fold, 1.32-fold and 5.43-fold, respectively, and the migration capacity was about 1.26-fold higher than that of the remaining three. (3) The rice per The optimal amount of selenium applied to each leaf was 0.008 mg, at which time the selenium content in chloroplasts and mitochondria reached the maximum value. (4) 3-7 h after leaf application of selenium was the critical time point for selenium uptake and translocation in leaves. (5) Meanwhile, compared with cyclodextrins and alkylglycosides, the addition of rhamnolipids to exogenous selenium at a concentration of 30 mg·L-1 promoted selenium uptake in rice leaves better, and the content of the absorbed content increased by 0.8-fold. The above results lay the foundation for the subsequent understanding of selenium transport mechanisms in leaves, and also provide support for the optimisation of selenium formulations, the establishment of scientific selenium application systems, and the reduction of selenium ecological and environmental risks in the future.

Effects of foliar-sprayed of selenium on the distribution and accumulation of selenium in subcellular components of rice leaves

lixiaojun,lujiani,sunjianping,xuechenyang — 2024/3/5 9:47:18

Population structure and dynamic characteristics of endangered plant Firmiana pulcherrima in Diaoluo Mountain of Hainan Province

FANG Fazhi＊,GUI Huiying,LI Zhaojia,MAI Youzhuan,ZHANG Xiaofeng — 2024/3/4 16:51:00

Firmiana pulcherrima is not only an endemic species in China but also a national grade second-level key protected?plant. It is naturally distributed in the tropical rainforest area of central Hainan. To explore the survival status, development trend and the main reasons for its endangerment of the population, this paper conducted a field investigation on the natural population of F. pulcherrima in Diaoluo Mountain. The age-class structure of the population was constructed by replacing time with space. The population structure characteristics and dynamic change rules were analyzed through methods such as static life table and dynamic quantitative analysis, and the future development potential of the population was predicted by time series model. The results were as follows: (1) The population of F. pulcherrima was a growing type. The number dynamic index of entire population structure when ignoring external interference Vpi is greater than the number dynamic index of entire population structure when considering external interference V′pi, and both are greater than 0. The maximum risk probability of population to completely random disturbance Pmax was 1.82%. The population has a complete age structure, weak anti-interference ability, poor growth and stability. (2)The life expectancy of the population reached the maximum at the second age class, and then decreased with the increase of age class. Mortality and vanish rates peaked at age I, VII and IX. The survival curve was Deevey-III type. (3)Survival analysis showed that the population decreased sharply in the early stage and tended to be stable in the mid-late stages. (4)After 3,6 and 9 age classes in the future, the number of individuals in the remaining age classes increased except for the IV and VIII age classes. The population has strong natural regeneration ability. Consequently, strong light environment screening and interspecific competition are the main reasons for the endangerment of F. pulcherrima. It is suggested to take measures such as moderately thinning and pruning, strengthening population and habitat protection, actively carrying out artificial breeding and returning population expansion to promote the growth and recovery of the population.

Response of Carex moorcroftii leaf anatomy to habitat aridification

CAI Huiwen,WANG Hongbing,ZHANG Dacai — 2024/3/4 16:28:34

Leaves are the largest and more sensitive vegetative organs exposed to external environmental conditions. In this paper, we aim to investigate the effects of arid habitat on the leaf anatomical structure of wetland plants, Carex moorcroftii leaf plots were set up along the gradient of arid habitat, and the response of leaf anatomical structure to arid habitat was investigated. The results were as follows: (1) The epidermal cells, vesicular cells and air cavity area on the distal surface of leaf tip and leaf bottom, leaf thickness and mechanical tissue thickness at leaf bottom were significantly positively correlated with soil volumetric moisture content (R2=0.06-0.34, P<0.01); The thickness of the cuticle, cell area, number of vascular bundles, and diameter of vascular bundles on the proximal axial surface of leaf apical, mesophyll, and basal regions were significantly negatively correlated with soil volumetric moisture content (R2=0.08-0.53, P<0.01). (2) The anatomical structure of leaf blade of C. moorcroftii had great plasticity (0.53-0.94) and variability (18%-63%), and vesicular cells, air cavities, and epidermal cells of the proximal axial surface had the greatest plasticity and variability, and the plasticity index and the coefficient of variation of the anatomical structure of the leaf bottom were significantly higher than that of the leaf tip and the middle part of the leaf (P<0.05). The plasticity of cuticle thickness and epidermal cell area on the proximal axial surface was significantly greater than that on the distal axial surface (P<0.05). When the habitat was aridified, C. moorcroftii leaves adapt to the arid habitat by thickening the cuticle on the proximal axial surface, increasing the epidermal cell area, decreasing the area of air cavities, and differentiating vesicular cells, and mainly adopted protective and frugal strategies to adapt to the arid habitat. The results of this study are helpful to reveal the response strategies of C. moorcroftii leaf anatomical structure to arid habitat, and provide theoretical reference for the protection and vegetation restoration of alpine meadow.

Identification and analysis of the ARF gene family based on full-length transcriptome in Huperzia serrata

Cao Yu,HUA Yangguang,LI Haibo,LI Junyi,SHI Jidong,Wang Dekai,ZHANG Kai — 2024/3/1 18:28:50

Auxin responsive factor (ARF) is a transcription factor family that mediates auxin signaling and regulates various biological processes. To investigate the ARF gene family members and their roles in response to high temperature and drought stress, the phylogenetic and expression patterns of the ARF gene family members in Huperzia serrata were analyzed using full-length transcriptome and RNA-seq data. Based on bioinformatics analysis, the physicochemical properties, domains, conserved motifs, phylogeny, tissue expression patterns, and expression patterns of the ARF gene family under high temperature and drought stress were analyzed. The results were as follows: 1) A total of 24 ARF family members were screened in the full-length transcriptome of H. serrata, all of which were acidic proteins and hydrophilic proteins. 2) Subcellular localization prediction revealed that all 24 HsARFs was localized to the nucleus. 3) Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HsARFs have a distant genetic relationship with angiosperms Arabidopsis and rice, and only share two common ARF ancestors with higher flowering plants. 4) Domain analysis revealed that, except for HsARF18/23/24, most HsARFs have B3 domains. Analysis of secondary structure found that the highest proportion of HsARFs protein is random curling, followed by elongated chains and α-helix. Three-dimensional (3D) protein structure prediction model used in the 24 HsARFs proteins is only four. 5) RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression levels of 7 HsARFs were high in all detected organs. The expression levels of 10 HsARFs in stems are higher than in roots and leaves. Otherwise, the expression levels of HsARF13 and HsARF14 in leaves are lower than in roots and stems. 6) The expression levels of HsARFs undergo significant changes under high temperature and drought stress, with 18 HsARFs being induced to varying degrees by high temperature stress, 7 HsARFs responded to drought stress, with 3 HsARFs induced by drought, while 4 HsARFs inhibited by drought. The results provide information for the functional study of ARF gene family in H. serrata.

Chloroplast genome features and phylogenetic analysis of Artemisia parviflora

CHEN Liling,LI Zhifang,LIU Tianmeng*,LUO Shujie — 2024/3/1 17:17:28

To explore the structural features of Artemisia parviflora chloroplast genome and its systematic position. We employed high-throughput sequencing technology for genome sequencing and analyzed by bioinformatics tools. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of A. parviflora was 151 047 bp, with a typical circular double-stranded tetrad structure, and the GC content was 37.5%. (2) Total 115 unique genes were annotated, including 81 protein-coding genes, four rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. (3) Sixty-eight simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 37 long repeat sequences were detected. (4) The codon usage bias was weak in the A. parviflora chloroplast genome, and natural selection mainly contributed to the codon usage bias. High-frequency codons tend to ended with A/U. (5) There was no obvious expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat (IR) regions. Five high variation regions (trnH–psbA, rpl16–rps3, ycf15–trnL-UAG, ndhA, and ycf1) were identified which could be used as potential molecular markers for identifying Subgen. Dracunculus species. (6) Phylogenetic analysis revealed the systematic position of A. parviflora within Subgen. Dracunculus and elucidated the phylogenetic relationships among the various subgenera of Artemisia. This study lays the foundation for future molecular marker development and phylogenetic research of Artemisia species.

Comparative study on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf microstructure of Vatica guangxiensis seedling and adult plants

Jiang Haidu,Pan Xinfeng,Tang Jianmin,Wei Xiao,Yang Yishan,Zou Rong* — 2024/3/1 17:04:46

Vatica guangxiensis is a national first-class protected wild plant and extremely small populations wild plant. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the photosynthetic physiological characteristics and structural features of Vatica guangxiensis seedlings and adult trees. The Li-6400 portable photosynthesis measurement system analyzer and vacuum electron scanning microscope were utilized to investigate the differences between the photosynthetic capacity and leaf structure of leaves at different stages of growth and development. The results were as follows: (1) The right-angled hyperbolic modified model was the best model to fit the light response of Vatica guangxiensis seedlings and adult plants. (2) The maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax), light saturation point (LSP) and dark respiration rate (Rd) of adult leaves were significantly higher than those of seedlings, the light compensation point (LCP) of adult plants was lower than that of seedlings(P<0.05). (3) Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoids in seedlings were significantly lower than in adult plants(P<0.05). (3) The stomatal long axis, stomatal organ area and stomatal density of adult plants were significantly higher than those of seedlings; the leaf area and specific leaf weight (SLW) of adult plants were significantly larger than seedling (P<0.05), and the specific leaf area (SLA) was smaller than seedling. In summary, Vatica guangxiensis exhibits photosynthetic characteristics of a shade-loving seedling and a sun-loving adult tree. The seedlings have weak light adaptation ability and light energy utilization, and are unable to photosynthesize sufficiently to meet their growth needs due to excessive shading by adult trees. This is a significant reason why seedlings are unable to grow into large trees. Therefore, for insitu conservation of Vatica guangxiensis, human interference can be used to artificially create ‘windows’ in the tree layer to provide sufficient light sources. This is conducive to the growth of Vatica guangxiensis seedlings into large trees and the renewal of the population. On the other hand, for the introductory cultivation of Vatica guangxiensis, the seedlings need to be appropriately shaded and transplanted to a certain degree of shade. During the initial cultivation process, it is important to provide appropriate shading for seedlings and transplant them to an environment with a suitable level of shade.

Study of the relationship between TSWV infection-induced chloroplast ultrastructural lesion and plastid pigment substance metabolism in the purple veins of tomato leaves

LI Yu,WANG Tiantian,WU Kuo,YANG Changkai,YANG Yukui,ZHANG Zhongkai — 2024/2/26 15:19:59

The virus infects plants and causes abnormal metabolism of pigments in leaves, flowers and fruits. Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) infection can cause purple veins in tomato leaves, but the mechanism of action is unclear. The purple-veined leaves of ‘strawberry tomato’ plants infected with TSWV of different disease severities were used as experimental materials. We analyzed lesions of chloroplast ultrastructure, and plastid pigment substance content and evaluated the correlation of these parameters on purple-veined tomato leaves. The results were as follows: (1) The degree of deformity of the chloroplast structure in TSWV-infected tomato purple-veined leaves were increased gradually, the number and volume of plastoglobule were increased, the number of starch granules was decreased, and the contents of chlorophyll a and b, and total chlorophyll were also decreased. (2) The total chlorophyll content was negatively correlated with the number of plastoglobule and positively correlated with the number of grana. (3) The expression levels of genes encoding enzymes related to the carotenoid synthesis pathway (ZEP, PDS, and LCYE) and the pigment transcription regulatory factors AP2a, MYB12 and PIF1a were significantly decreased. (4) The expression of TSWV N gene caused changes in the chloroplast ultrastructure and pigment anabolism in TSWV-infected tomato leaves. Above results provide a foundation for further research on the mechanism of symptom formation after TSWV infects host plants. This study was the first to reveal the relationship between chloroplast ultrastructural changes and pigment substances in tomato purple vein leaves caused by TSWV infection, regulatory factors involved in pigment metabolism may be new targets of TSWV pathogenesis, providing a new direction for the development of TSWV-resistant tomato cultivation through targeted gene editing.

A new species of the lichen genus Phaeophyscia (Physciaceae)

JIA Zefeng,JIANG Shuhao — 2024/2/22 9:38:23

Based on morphological, anatomical, chemical and molecular systematic methods, a taxonomic study was carried out on the lichen genus Phaeophyscia collected from Mount Tai. One species, Phaeophyscia taishanensis is reported as new to science. It is characterized by the following characters: white or hyaline cortical hairs sparsely on the upper surface of the marginal peripheral zones of the lobes; white medulla; black lower surface with sometimes white or pale brown ends; sparse cortical hairs occasionally on upper portion of thalline margin; and ascospores brown, Physcia-type, sized 18 – 20.5 × 9.0 – 10.0 μm. Based on phenotypical characteristics, the similarities and differences between the new species and similar species were discussed. the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with ITS sequence, and the sequence analysis was carried out. A detailed morphological description and pictures of the characteristics of this new species are provided. The discovery of this new species has accumulated basic data for the study of Physciaceae biodiversity.

Community characteristics and functional diversity of the rhizosphere microbiota and endophyte from Pinus dabeshanensis

RUAN Sirui,XIANG Xiaoyan,XU Weifang,ZHANG Ying,ZHAO Feifei — 2024/2/20 11:51:34

Pinus dabeshanensis is an endangered plant. In order to explore the community characteristics and functional diversity of plant-associated microbes, the compositions of rhizosphere microbiota and root endophyte from P. dabeshanensis were analyzed based on the high-throughput sequencing technology. Then the functions of bacterial and fungal communities were predicted by using PICRUSt and FUNGuild software, respectively. The results were as follows: (1) The rhizosphere soil samples exhibited higher operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and α-diversity indices relative to those of the root endosphere. (2) Rhizosphere microbiota were mainly composed of Firmicutes (genus: Listeria), Proteobacteria (genus: Acetobacter), Ascomycetes (genus: Fusarium and Chaetomium), while root endophyte were mainly composed of Firmicutes (genus: Lactobacillus and Bacillus), Ascomycetes (genus: Cladosporium), and Basidiomycetes (genus: Pleurotus and Chaetomium). (3) The functional annotation results showed that the rhizosphere microbiota community was prominent in cell mobility, environmental adaptability, and amino acid metabolism, etc., while the root endosphere bacterial community was prominent in enzyme family, digestive system, and energy metabolism, etc. Both rhizosphere fungal community and root endophytes contain symbiotic, saprophytic, pathophytic and cross-trophic fungal groups, and ectomycorrhiza are more abundant in root tissue. Collectively, there were differences in flora richness, community structure and functional diversity between rhizosphere microbiota and root endophyte of P. dabeshanensis. The study contributed to knowledge of the structure and function of rhizosphere microbiota and endophytes of P. dabeshanensis, and it provided a theoretical basis for the later development of potential microbial agents for use in promoting plant growth and controlling plant diseases.

A new combination and new synonym of Anna Pellegr. (Gesneriaceae)

baixinxiang,gujiangmiao,wenfang,xiongxiaokai — 2024/2/19 18:27:39

Since the establishment of Anna in 1930, the taxonomic revisions of this genus have been infrequent. Early publications and revisions of Anna were based on specimens collected by foreign missionaries, which led to problems such as brief or inaccurate descriptions of traits and unclear species identification. When researching publication history, comparing morphology and investigating type locality of Anna ophiorrhizoides (Hemsl.) B.L.Burtt & R.A.Davidson and Anna rubidiflora S.Z.He, F.Wen & Y.G.Wei, we found that Didymocarpus cavaleriei H.Lév. published by H. Léveillé in 1911 and Anna rubidiflora are actually the same species, and Didymocarpus cavaleriei was treated as a synonym of Anna ophiorrhizoides. After comparing the morphological characteristics of multiple populations of Anna ophiorrhizoides and Anna rubidiflora, it was found that the difference in their morphological characteristics lies in the corolla. It is not appropriate to use differences in corolla color as boundaries for the classificatory units of species. Taking into account the morphological characteristics and non overlapping geographical distribution, it is proposed to treat Anna rubidiflora as a variety of Anna ophiorrhizoides. According to the regulations and suggestions in the 2018 International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code), we propose a new combination and a name at new rank——Anna ophiorrhizoides (Hemsl.) B.L.Burtt & R.A.Davidson var. cavaleriei（H.Lév.）X.X.Bai & F.Wen, and treat Anna rubidiflora as the synonym of the new combination.

Isoëtes changxingensis (Isoëtaceae), a new tetraploid quillwort species from China

2024/2/19 18:27:04

Iso?tes changxingensis, a new species from Zhejiang province, China, is illustrated and described here. The new species morphologically resembles I. baodongii, but it differs from the latter by 44 chromosomes, megaspore 317–411 μm (mean=360 μm) (vs. 22, 390–510 μm (mean=450 μm)). It is also similar to I. longpingii in terms of megaspore size, with the difference that I. changxingensis rhizome corms 3-lobed, leaves 2–3 mm wide at middle, megaspore echinate-cristate (vs. 2-lobed, 1 mm, tuberculate-cristate). This species is distinguished from I. sinensis by its smaller megaspore, different surface ornamentation, and leaf blade 20–60 cm (vs. 340–450 μm (mean=409 μm), cristate, 15–30 cm). According to IUCN red list criteria, the conservation status of Iso?tes changxingensis should be regarded as endangered (EN).

Studies on the maintenance and variation of ploidy under tissue regeneration in Camellia plants

LI Jiyuan,LI Xinlei,LI Yaxuan,YIN Hengfu — 2024/2/7 15:19:41

The maintenance and changes of ploidy in plants are influenced by environmental factor; and the tissue culturing conditions can often cause changes of chromosome structure and ploidy levels. In this study, (1)we analyzed the ploidy levels of ten germplasms of Camellia spp. by flow cytometry under tissue-culturing conditions, six of them is diploid, two of them is tetraploid besides one hexaploid and one decaploid; we showed that the germplasm materials largely maintain stable ploidy levels during the tissue regeneration processes. (2)The optimum conditions for colchicine treatment were obtained as follows: callus was cultured in treatment medium containing colchicine at 20 mg?L-1 for 10 days, followed by regeneration in tissue-differentiation culture. (3)The ploidy analyses were carried out on the treated tissues in different differentiation states, and the results showed that most of the independent tissues (including 56 callus and shoots) were found to be aneuploids, 38 tissues had ploidy between 1.5 to 2.5 , and 11 tissues produced less than 1.5 . The present study provides a basis for an in-depth study of ploidy regulation and polyploid induction of Camellia.

Study advances of in vitro culture technology and its application in medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata

CHEN Dongliang,JIAN Shaofen,ZHONG Chu — 2024/2/6 15:18:28

Andrographis paniculata is one of the most important “Southern Medicines” in China. It is used for clearing heat and detoxifying, cooling blood and reducing swelling. Its main active ingredient, andrographolide, functions in anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-inflammation and liver protection. It is difficult to be synthesized artificially, mainly relying on extraction from cultivated plant materials. However, the quality of cultivated medicinal materials is affected by various factors such as soil, climate, water and fertilizer management. On the other hand, A. paniculata has a long growth cycle, occupying land resources. The technology of plant in vitro culture has significant advantages in rapid propagation of seedling and accumulation of active ingredients, which is one of the important ways to achieve production of active ingredients rapidly and efficiently in A. paniculata. The in vitro regeneration technology system of A. paniculata is becoming more and more perfect, and the in vitro regeneration technology from explants to complete plants is becoming more and more mature, it has been applied in seedling propagation and ploidy breeding. At the same time, during callus culture, cell suspension culture, adventitic root culture and hairy root culture of A. paniculata, the accumulation of andrographolide and other active ingredients in the culture things could be greatly increased by optimizing the culture conditions and using appropriate inducers. This paper comprehensively and systematically reviewed the research advances in the technology of in vitro culture of A. paniculata and production of andrographolide from the aspects of tissue culture, cell culture, adventitious root culture, and hairy root culture. This paper aimed to provide reference for promoting the development and application of in vitro culture technology of A. paniculata, as well as for the study of in vitro production of andrographolide. It also put forward three aspects that need be focused on in future research on in vitro culture technology of A. paniculata and the production of andrographolides by this technology: (1) to mature and improve the tissues in vitro regeneration technology system of A. paniculata, and establish a comprehensive and systematic evaluation system; (2) to further increase the yield of andrographolide and other important active ingredients by optimizing the culture conditions and its combination with efficient inducers; and (3) to carry out researches in bioreactor culture of the production of andrographolide by cell suspension culture technology.

Study advances of in vitro culture technology and its application in medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata

CHEN Dongliang,JIAN Shaofen,ZHONG Chu — 2024/2/6 12:01:14

Effects of mowing on plant stoichiometry in a degraded alpine meadow in northwestern Yunnan Province

2024/2/6 11:50:09

This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental disturbances on the stoichiometry characteristics of plants in degraded alpine meadows. To achieve this, a mowing experiment was conducted on an alpine meadow with three degradation levels (i.e., light degradation LD, moderate degradation MD, and severe degradation SD) in Shangri-La from 2018 to 2020. Subsequently, differences in plant carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) content, phosphorous (P) content, C:N:P ratio, and N-P power function relationship among different mowing durations (i.e., 0, 1 and 2 years, respectively) were analysed. The results were as follows: (1) Except for the P content of Cyperaceae, plant C, N and P of the entire community, Gramineae and forbs did not vary among degradation levels (P > 0.05) during the mowing experiment. Plant C, N and P tended to increase and then decrease with increasing mowing years, i.e., these indices were the highest after one year of mowing (P < 0.05). (2) At the community and functional group levels, there was no significant difference in plant C:N ratio and C:P ratio among degradation levels (P > 0.05). From LD to SD, the N:P ratio of the plant community, Cyperaceae and forbs tended to increase (P < 0.05), while the N:P ratio of Gramineae did not change significantly (P > 0.05). (3) The N:P ratio showed a parabolic trend, while the C:N ratio and C:P ratio showed an inverse trend with increasing mowing duration. Before mowing (i.e., mowing year 0), the C:P ratio and N:P ratio of Cyperaceae were higher than those of forbs (P < 0.05) but did not vary from those of the plant community and Gramineae (P > 0.05). After mowing (i.e., mowing year 1 or 2), the C:P ratio and N:P ratio of Cyperaceae were higher than those of the whole plant community, Gramineae, and forbs (P < 0.05). At each mowing duration, the C:N ratio of plants did not vary among plant communities and functional groups (P > 0.05). (4) Mowing caused a stronger N-P power function relationship and a stable power exponent both at the plant community and functional group levels. And the N-P power exponent of Cyperaceae was less than 0.1, while that of the plant community, Gramineae and forbs remained stable at 0.19-0.22. In conclusion, this study found that plant stoichiometry remained stable across degradation levels but changed significantly with the prolongation of the mowing duration. This implies that different degraded alpine meadows in Northwestern Yunnan Province may share common response mechanisms to mowing disturbance.

Effects of mowing on plant stoichiometry in a degraded alpine meadow in northwestern Yunnan Province

2024/2/6 11:49:32

Patterns of variation in hydraulic traits of Lannea coromandelica with different diameter at breast height in Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province

Ke Yan,,Wang Qin,Yang Da,Yang Shijian,Zhang Jiaolin — 2024/2/6 10:58:43

Investigating the variation patterns of hydraulic traits of trees with different diameter at breast height (DBH) grades has important physiological significance for understanding the water transport mechanism in plants. We focused a dominant tree species (Lannea coromandelica) in the dry and hot ecosystem of the Yuanjiang River, and measured the distribution patterns of hydraulic traits including shoot- (leaves and stems), leaf-, and stem hydraulic conductance, and morphological properties (diameter at breast height, leaf area/petiole length, leaf area/mass of petiole, mass of leaf/mass of petiole, average petiole length, bark density, wood density, Huber value and leaf mass per area) for 56 L. coromandelica individuals with different DBHs (0 < DBH ≤ 9 cm), and then discussed the variation patterns of these traits among these three DBH levels (0 < DBH ≤ 3, 3 < DBH ≤ 6 and 6 < DBH ≤ 9 cm). The results showed that: (1) the stem hydraulic conductance was significantly greater than leaf hydraulic conductance in three DBH grades, indicating that there was a hydraulic segmentation between the stem and leaves, whereas the degree of hydraulic segmentation had a similar pattern. (2) Among the three different diameter grades, there were significant differences in morphological traits such as average petiole length, bark density, wood density, Huber value and leaf mass per area, but there were no significant differences in the hydraulic conductance of the shoot, stem, and leaf. (3) Among the three diameter grades, the shoot hydraulic conductance was positively correlated with leaf and stem hydraulic conductance, indicating there was a coordination between leaf and stem hydraulic conductance. The shoot hydraulic conductance was negatively correlated with bark density and wood density, and leaf hydraulic conductance was significantly negatively correlated with the Huber value, indicating these leaf and stem morphological properties may impact shoot and leaf hydraulic conductance. Overall, this study suggests that there are similar hydraulic distribution patterns between leaves and the stem of L. coromandelica at different growth stages, although some morphological traits differ significantly among different diameter grades. These results improve our understanding for the intra-specific variation in leaf and stem hydraulic traits of valley savanna plants.

Patterns of variation in hydraulic traits of Lannea coromandelica with different diameter at breast height in Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province

Ke Yan,,Wang Qin,Yang Da,Yang Shijian,Zhang Jiaolin — 2024/2/6 10:58:17

Analysis of the chloroplast genome characteristics of three medicinal plants of Panax in the Qinba Mountains

CHEN Ying,LIU Yixin,MA Na,PENG Yidan,TAN Qiyi,YANG Xinjie,YE Yihan,ZHANG Yuqu — 2024/2/6 10:52:43

Based on three medicinal plants of Panax in the Qinba Mountain area, this study analyses the chloroplast genome characteristics and codon usage preferences by using bioinformatics techniques to clarify the phylogenetic relationship between the chloroplast genome characteristics of three medicinal plants, P. japonicus var. major，P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus，P. pseudoginseng var. elegantior, and to provide a basis for molecular identification of Rhizoma panacis majoris. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genomes of three species of Panax were typical tetrad structure, the genome size was between 156 071 to 156 104 bp, and the total GC-content was 38.10% with a high degree of genome size similarity; (2) 133 coding genes were annotated, including 88 protein coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes with a high degree of genome size similarity; (3) The chloroplast codon usage preferences of the three medicinal plants were comparable, with Codon 3 bases predominantly ending in A/U. Despite being affected by mutations, the codon usage patterns of the three medicinal plants were found to be mainly influenced by natural selection. (4) The phylogenetic results showed that the three Panax species are closely related, and P. pseudoginseng var. elegantior. is closely related to P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus. This study presents a significant relationship between P. pseudoginseng var. elegantior and two original pharmacopeial plants of Rhizoma panacis majoris. This finding has great importance for the development and utilization of resources from Rhizoma panacis majoris, and provides an important basis for further studies on the classification, phylogeny and evolutionary mechanisms of Panax species.

Analysis of the chloroplast genome characteristics of three medicinal plants of Panax in the Qinba Mountains

CHEN Ying,LIU Yixin,MA Na,PENG Yidan,TAN Qiyi,YANG Xinjie,YE Yihan,ZHANG Yuqu — 2024/2/6 10:52:07

Phenotypic Traits and SSR Molecular Identification of Hybrid Progenies of Camellia Chekiangoleosa × Camellia Semiserrata

HUANG Bin,LI Tian,TIAN Qianqian,WEN Qiang,周文才 — 2024/2/6 10:41:16

Camellia chekiangoleosa has high oil content and oleic acid content, while Camellia semiserrata has strong growth vigor and resistance. In order to take advantage of the advantages of C. chekiangoleosa and C. semiserrata and cultivate excellent germplasm materials, In this paper, the phenotypic traits of 45 F1 hybrid progenies of C. semiserrata and C. semiserrata were analyzed to grasp the phenotypic traits of the hybrids, in addition, SSR markers were used to identify hybrids, and SSR markers that could be used to identify the hybrids of oil tea were screened. The results were as follows：(1) The F1 hybrids of C. chekiangoleosa×C. semiserrata showed tall tree and rapid growth, and their leaf veins, sepals and stigmas were all tended to the traits of the male parent C. semiserrata, while flower and leaf morphology and other traits were similar to the female parent C. chekiangoleosa, and the characteristics of leaf color and size were between those of the parents. (2) From the 32 SSR markers, 8 fully complementary markers that can distinguish parents and determine the origin of offspring were screened out for identification of hybrids, among which the hybrid identification rate of 7 markers was as high as 100%, and the hybrid identification rate of 1 marker was 55.56%. 45 hybrids were all true hybrids identified by the complementarity of 8 markers. (3) The 8 SSR markers were used to verify the ability to identify the hybrids, indicating that it was feasible to use these SSR markers to identify the authenticity of the hybrids of oil tea. This study provide a reference for interspecies cross breeding of oil tea, and also provide a basis for the SSR marker identification of hybrids of oil tea.

Phenotypic Traits and SSR Molecular Identification of Hybrid Progenies of Camellia Chekiangoleosa × Camellia Semiserrata

HUANG Bin,LI Tian,TIAN Qianqian,WEN Qiang,周文才 — 2024/2/6 10:39:43

Correlation between abnormal leaf color phenomenon and endophytic bacteria of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

gaomin,houjiayi,huowenwen,liyanlin,xiawei,xulu,yuxiaoying — 2024/2/6 10:29:41

In this study, we sought to investigate the correlation between endophytic bacteria colonizing the leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and the seasonal abnormal leaf coloration characteristic of this plant. Hence, we performed plate isolation and culturing and subsequent 16S rDNA sequence analysis to isolate and identify endophytic bacteria from leaves with five abnormal colors and normal red-colored leaves of L. chinense var. rubrum; we also analyzed differences in bacterial diversity, community structure, and functional levels among differently colored leaves. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the normal red-colored leaves, we detected higher biomasses of endophytic bacteria in the five types of abnormally colored leaves. Among the isolated bacteria, 16S rDNA sequence alignment and phylo- genetic tree analysis revealed the presence of 906 bacterial strains classified into 26 genera and 40 species. (2) While the smaller leaves were colonized by the largest number of endophytic bacterial species with a relatively uniform community structure, the opposite was true for bacteria isolated from the red- and yellow-pigmented leaves. (3) Comparison of the bacterial community data for abnormally colored leaves and those with the normal red color revealed that not only were there significant differences with respect to the dominant genera and species but also an enrichment of numerous bacterial species in the genera Methylobacterium and Pseudomonas in the five types of abnormally colored leaves. Particularly, we detected significantly larger numbers of Pseudomonas oryzae. (4) We established that abnormally colored leaves (smaller, red spotted, and the red and yellow types) were characterized by an enrichment of bacteria with phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, IAA production, and salt tolerance functions, among which, four strains were found to have all four of these functions. Accordingly, we speculate that the abnormal leaf coloration of L. chinense var. rubrum is closely associated with the activities of these enriched functional bacteria. Our findings in this study indicate that the abnormal leaf coloration of L. chinense var. rubrum is closely associated with the enrichment of specific endophytic bacterial communities, which can thus provide clues for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the development of abnormal leaf pigmentation in this plant. Moreover, this may have important application value for the efficient cultivation of high-quality L. chinense var. rubrum.

Correlation between abnormal leaf color phenomenon and endophytic bacteria of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

gaomin,houjiayi,huowenwen,liyanlin,xiawei,xulu,yuxiaoying — 2024/2/6 10:28:59

Cloning, subcellular localization, and self-activation detection of two NAC transcription factors in response to drought for Camellia oleifera

caoruilan,liujuan,suwenjuan,xiehuiqing,zengjin,zhaonahong — 2024/1/31 15:09:16

Water deficiency was an important factor for the development, yield and quality of Camellia oleifera. NAC transcription factors are widely involved in drought and salt-stress induced signal transduction in plants. Exploreed the role of NAC transcription factors in the drought stress responsed of C. oleifera uses two-year oil tea seedlings as materialls. The CDS sequences of CoNAC5 and CoNAC79 were obtained from through TA cloning. Bioinformatics, subcellular localization and self-activation were performed. qRT-PCR was used to determine the tissue specificity of CoNAC5 and CoNAC79 gene expression and the expression PEG and ABA at different treatment times. The results were as follows: (1) Gene structure analysis showed that CoNAC5 and CoNAC79 were 1 044 bp and 990 bp in length, respectively, encoding 348 and 330 amino acids. Their theoretical Isoelectric points are 8.86 and 8.57, respectively. The instability coefficients of the proteins were 41.35 and 37.47, respectively. No transmembrane domain was found between the two genes, the highest homology with persimmon and lychee respectively. Subcellular localization showed that both CoNAC5 and CoNAC79 were located in the nucleus. (2) Yeast transcriptional activation activity analysis revealed that CoNAC5 and CoNAC79 did not have self-activation activity in the full-length proteins and N-terminal domain. However, the C-terminal domain exhibited self-activating activity. (3) The expression of CoNAC5 and CoNAC79 has significant tissue specificity and mainly expressed in roots and kernels; When PEG simulated drought and exogenous ABA treated C. oleifera seedlings, the expression levels of CoNAC5 and CoNAC79 were significantly higher than the control; Furthermore, the expression level of CoNAC79 decreased after 48 h under ABA treatment, but significantly higher than the control under PEG treatment. In summary, it is believed that there may be an inhibitory region at the N-terminus of CoNAC5 and CoNAC79, which hinders the transcription of the full-length sequence; indicating that the two NAC genes in C. oleifera may be probably involved in ABA-mediated drought stress response; CoNAC79 can also participate in the drought stress response through ABA-independent signaling pathway. This study provided a scientific basis for further exploring the role of NAC in the response of C. oleifera to drought stress.

Floral characteristics and butterfly wing pollination of Lycoris aurea

Liaorui,Lingxinyu,Wuyuanhui,Zhuxingfu — 2024/1/30 9:52:58

Lycoris aurea is a perennial herbaceous plant with important medicinal and ornamental value in the family Amaryllidaceae. The flower has a spider shape with highly exserted stigmas and anthers, which may represent a unique pollination type. In order to explore this type of pollination, we studied its floral characteristics, breeding system, and floral visitors and their behaviors. The results were as follows: (1) The single flower lasted (5.9±0.1) d and the pollen-ovule ratio reached 23 000. The flowers showed reverse herkogamy. On the beginning of flowering, the style and filaments were separated and the angle between them was about 30 degrees. The style gradually moved towards the filaments in later stages and were finally on the same line with the stigma 2~3 centimeters higher than the anthers. The stigmas were receptive throughout the flowering period. (2) The breeding system was self-compatible and bagged flowers cannot set fruit, indicating that pollinators are necessary for pollen transfer. Supplemental hand pollination significantly increased fruit production, indicating the existence of pollen limitation. (3) Four species of swallowtail butterfly were the effective pollinators. Due to the existence of herkogamy in L. aurea, on the beginning of flowering, their hindwings were likely to come into contact with the flattened anthers. Their hindwings might touch the stigma in the later stages and thus the process of pollen transfer was accomplished. In conclusion, this study shows that the flowers of L. aurea are adapted for butterfly wing pollination and also would lay a foundation for its conservation and sustainable utilization.

Spatial distribution of global Natural World Heritage sites and suggestions for screening potential areas

LIAO Mengyao,LIU Mao,LUO Ya,SHI Chunmao,XU Xue,YANG Shengtian,ZHAO Shuang — 2024/1/29 18:28:32

Natural World Heritage sites are essential for the conservation of biodiversity. However, the current contribution and gaps of Natural World Heritage sites to biodiversity conservation remain unclear. To this end, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of the changes in the number and area of Natural World Heritage sites, and identifies the current conservation gaps of Natural World Heritage sites in the globally important distribution areas of biodiversity, areas of biodiversity, aims toprovide a reference for future screening of potential areas for Natural WorldHeritage sites . The results were as follows: (1) As of July 2021, there are a total of 257 Natural World Heritage sites, 189 of which have been inscribed on the list with the primary purpose of conserving biodiversity, accounting for 73.54% of the total; (2) Of the 189 World Heritage sites whose mainpurpose is the conservation of biodiversit y, 80 are located in 16 super-rich biodiversity countries; 89 are located in 30 global biodiversity hotspots; 134 are located in global key biodiversity areas; and 170 are located in 12 vegetation biomes; (3) The differences in the spatial distribution of the number of Natural World Heritage sites are mainly influenced by the combination of factors such as the natural environment, the level of economic development and population distribution; (4) Natural World Heritage sites make an important contribution to biodiversity conservation but there are still gaps. In the future, the declaration of World Heritage sites can be considered in three directions: expanding the list of non-renewable geological sites and biodiversity World Heritage sites for inclusion in the categories, emphasizing and enhancing the effectiveness of the protection of unprotected priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and strengthening the distribution of under-represented sites in terms of geographic distribution. The results of the above research will be an important reference for guiding the search for areas of unique biodiversity value that have not yet been inscribed for World Natural Heritage protection.

Study on chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity from Ligularia virgaurea

LIANG Wenjuan,LUO Ricuo,WANG Hongling,ZHANG Xinyu — 2024/1/26 21:09:05

Ligularia virgaurea is one of the original plants of the Tibetan medicine Rixiao for the trearment of clearing heat and removing yellow water. In order to study the chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of L. virgaurea, the compounds were separated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel, ODS gel column chromatography and other column chromatography technologies. The structures of all isolates were identified by spectroscopic methods (NMR and HR-ESI-MS). Their inhibitory activity of the compounds on nitric oxide (NO) was determined by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell model. The results were as follows: (1) Twenty-one compounds were separated and identified from petroleum ether and n-butanol extracts of L. virgaurea, including spiroeuryolide (1), cacalol acetate (2), oplopenone (3), 8-ethyl-palmosalide A (4), 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-(pent-3-enyl)benzofuran (5), syringaresinol -O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), pinoresinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), isoeucommin A (8), eucommin A (9), 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (10), ferulic acid (11), ethyl caffeate (12), methyl caffeate (13), methyl ferulate (14), ethyl ferulate (15), caffeic acid (16), 2-[(2′E)-3′,7′ -dimethyl-2′,6′-octadienyl]-4-methoxy-6-methylphenol (17), 2,8-dimethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4′- methylpent-3′-enyl)-chromene (18), β-sitosterol (19), dodecyl(Z)-9-hexadecenoate (20) and hexacosanal (21). Compounds 1-4, 6, 11-16, 18, 20, 21 were isolated from the whole herbs of L. virgaurea for the first time. (2) The anti-inflammatory activity in vitro showed that compounds 1-3, 6, 11-16, 17, 19 could significantly inhibited releases of NO at concentration ranging from 1.56 to 50.00 μmol?L-1 (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), Compound 5 had no inhibitory release of NO at a concentration of 50.00 μmol?L-1, but it could inhibit releases of NO at concentration of 12.50 and 25.00 μmol?L-1 (P < 0.05). This finding enriches the chemical composition and biological activity research of L. virgaurea and provides a certain foundation for the future development and utilization of its anti-inflammatory activity.

Study on the anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of entering bloodstream components from Illicium difengpi

FU Yuxia,LI Lianchun,NING Desheng,PAN Zhenghong*,TAN Lanfang — 2024/1/24 15:01:43

To search the compounds that can relieve rheumatoid arthritis from Illicium difengpi, the components that can enter bloodstream were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and then their anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities were evaluated by testing their effects on symptoms, arthritis indexes, pathological changes of knee joints, and contents of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum of collagen-induced arthritis mice. The potential interactions between the anti-rheumatoid arthritis compounds and TLR4/NF-κB pathway were studied by molecular docking. The results were as follows: (1) After absorbance, isodunnianol and magnolol could enter bloodstream. (2) Isodunnianol could alleviate symptoms including limb congestion, redness and swelling, reduce arthritis index score of limbs, improve histopathology of knee joints, and decrease contents of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum of collagen-induced arthritis mice. (3) Isodunnianol could bind to key proteins of TLR4/NF-κB pathway, including TLR4, IκBα and NF-κB p65. In conclusion, isodunnianol could enter bloodstream after absorbance and alleviate the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis, possibly through regulating TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Therefore, isodunnianol is one of anti-rheumatoid arthritis active components of Illicium difengpi.

Effects of Bacterial Agent Application on Photosynthesis and Stress Resistance Physiological Characteristics of Dicranopteris pedata under high temperature stress

CHEN Zhiqiang,FENG Liujun,LUO Lijin,WANG Jian — 2024/1/24 11:24:36

To investigate study the influence of microbial agent Bacillus natto on the ability of Dicranopteris pedata to tolerate high temperature stress, this study determined the physiological indexes of photosynthesis and resistance to high temperature of annual D. pedata under different temperatures and fertilizers treatments. The results showed that: (1) both temperature and fertilizer could significantly affect the photosynthesis and high temperature resistance physiology of D. pedata (P＜0.05). (2) The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content of D. pedata leaves were significantly reduced (P＜0.05) when the temperature was increased to 45℃. The inhibition of photosynthetic physiology of D. pedata by high-temperature stress was a non-stomatal limiting. To defend the high temperature stress, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase activity, proline, malondialdehyde content, and relative conductivity of D. pedata were increased significantly (P＜0.05). (3) Compared with the control group and the organic fertilizer group, the fertilizer with microbial agent audition significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and the activities of peroxide dismutase and catalase in leaves of D. pedata, and decreased the intercellular CO2 concentration, malondialdehyde content and the relative electrical conductivity of D. pedata leaves (P < 0.05). (4) The evaluation method combining principal component analysis and membership function method was used to evaluate the high temperature resistance of D. pedata. It was found that the D. pedata scored higher in resistance to high temperature under fertilizer-added origin manure application. Overall, D. pedata has a certain degree of resistance to high temperature, and can selectively induce stress resistance physiology to adapt the high temperatures environment according to different stress environments. The Bacillus natto can alleviate the photosynthesis inhibition of D. pedata by high temperature stress, induce the increase of antioxidant enzyme activities to alleviate cell damage, reduce the pressure of osmoregulation, and effectively improved the resistance of D. pedata induced by high temperature stress. This study provide a reference for the ecological restoration and soil and water conservation in the southern red soil erosion area and similar areas.

Effects of Bacterial Agent Application on Photosynthesis and Stress Resistance Physiological Characteristics of Dicranopteris pedata under high temperature stress

CHEN Zhiqiang,FENG Liujun,LUO Lijin,WANG Jian — 2024/1/24 11:23:58

Pharmacognostical study of Sterculia nobilis Fruit

Lai Huili,LU Yaru,PENG Xiaoqi,WU Wenru,XING Bingnan,ZOU Heyuan — 2024/1/24 10:01:35

Sterculia nobilis fruit is the dried and mature seed of Sterculia nobilis Smith, which is belong to the family Sterculia. In China, this plant is a widely distributed arbor with a long planting history in Lingnan area. It is mainly cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and Taiwan; it is also distributed in India, Vietnam and Indonesia, mostly cultivated artificially. Sterculia nobilis fruit has many functions such as warming the stomach and killing parasitics, but its name and characteristics are easily confused with other plants of the family Sterculia. Moreover, the relevant research foundation is relatively weak. Pharmacognostical study can provide reference for its resource development and quality standard formulation. This study identifies the morphological and microscopic characteristics of Sterculia nobilis fruit, as well as the microscopic identification of seed cross-section and powder. The DNA barcode sequences ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL of Sterculia nobilis were obtained through bidirectional sequencing, Kimura 2-Parameter genetic distance was calculated, and the neighbor joining tree was established for clustering analysis. The results were as follows: (1) The morphological characteristics of Sterculia nobilis fruit include dark red fruit shell and reddish brown or dark chestnut surface. It is hard in texture, with two thick yellowish endosperms inside. (2) The micro-morphological characteristics is that the exotesta is reddish brown, extremely thin, and brittle in texture; The mesotesta is black brown, thick, and hard in texture; The endotesta coat is light yellow and soft in texture. (3) The microscopic characteristics include the structure and arrangement of the exotesta stone cell, the grid cell structure of the mesotesta, the bead thickening of the cell wall of the endotesta cells, and the calcium oxalate cluster crystals. (4) Based on the ITS2 sequence, Sterculia nobilis fruit can be effectively distinguished from other plants in Sterculia, while the matK sequence can effectively distinguish Sterculia lanceolata from other plants in Sterculia. This study obtained data on the morphological characteristics, micro-morphological characteristics and microscopic characteristics of Sterculia nobilis fruit. Combined with the ITS2 barcode sequence, Sterculia nobilis fruit can be effectively identified, providing a scientific basis for the development of its germplasm resources and the formulation of relevant quality standards.

Pharmacognostical study of Sterculia nobilis Fruit

Lai Huili,LU Yaru,PENG Xiaoqi,WU Wenru,XING Bingnan,ZOU Heyuan — 2024/1/24 10:00:59

Study on high temperature tolerance of Citrus maxima ''Mansailong'' seeds at different development stages

AN Xuejiao,CHEN Ligang,WEN Bin,YANG Lan — 2024/1/23 15:34:14

The seeds are invariably exposed to high temperature conditions since global warming frequently causes abnormally high temperatures. This study used intermediate Citrus maxima ‘Mansailong’ seeds as the research material, heated the seeds at different developmental stages, and simultaneously detected changes in seed morphology, contents of soluble and heat-stable proteins, and cellular ultrastructure in order to investigate the physiological basis of high-temperature tolerance in seeds. The results showed: (1) The seed moisture content dramatically dropped between 23 and 49 WAF (weeks after flowering), whereas the percentage of DW/FW and fresh weight increased significantly. All of these indicators began to change quickly from 31 WAF and stabilized around 41 WAF. (2) At 29 WAF, the seeds acquired full seedling formation ability and a preliminary tolerance to high temperatures; from there, the high-temperature tolerance gradually grew and improved quickly between 37 and 49 WAF. The improvement in high-temperature tolerance was accompanied by a steady increase in the contents of soluble and heat-stable protein in seeds, from 23 to 49 WAF. The results of the correlation analysis showed a substantial positive correlation between the accumulation of heat-stable and soluble proteins and the ability of seeds to tolerate high temperatures. (3) Ultrastructural observation showed that the number of mitochondria progressively dropped as the seed developed, the volume of the embryonic axis cells gradually decreased, and the number of lipid bodies in the cells gradually rose and their arrangement became more and more regular. In addition, the vacuoles enlarge at the same time, and at a later stage, they were packed with black floccules. In conclusion, the Citrus maxima ‘Mansailong’ seeds reached physiological maturity at 41 WAF without any noticeable maturation drying; the ability to withstand high temperatures was acquired during seed development and was further enhanced until a later stage; changes in cellural ultrastructure and an increase in soluble and heat-stable protein contents of the seeds were essential in helping the seeds develop their high-temperature tolerance.

Study on impacts of climatic factors on quality of Siraitia grosvenorii fruits pollinated in different seasons and its molecular regulation mechanism

Go wenfeng,LUO zuliang,MO Changming,PENG Huan,TANG Qi,XIAO Dong,XIE Lei — 2024/1/11 14:49:25

In order to investigate the impact of climatic factors on the quality of Siraitia grosvenorii fruits pollinated in different seasons and the underlying molecular mechanism involved, the differences in climate factors, quality traits, and gene expression between fruits of the main cultivar Siraitia grosvenorii “Qingpiguo” pollinated in summer and autumn were statistically analyzed by monitoring climate factors at different developmental stages, measuring morphological changes, detecting mogroside metabolism, and analyzing gene expression using qRT-PCR. The results were as follows: (1) compared to summer-pollinated fruits, the average temperature and effective accumulated temperature of autumn-pollinated fruits decreased significantly after 35 d. Additionally, the temperature difference between day and night increased significantly before 65 d. However, this difference was still less than that of the average temperature and effective accumulated temperature. The light intensity and air humidity remained similar. (2) The transverse diameters, longitudinal diameters, and single fruit weights of autumn-pollinated fruits increased compared to those of summer-pollinated fruits, however, these differences were not statistically significant. (3) Mogroside V and 11-O-mogroside V in autumn-pollinated fruits accumulated slowly from 55 d with a delay of about 10 days, moreover, the content of both compounds in ripe fruits decreased by 40.66 % and 46.07 %, respectively. (4) The number and extent of up-regulated mogroside V genes were relatively lower, and their co-expression consistency was poorer. Furthermore, the glucosyltransferase gene SgUGT94-289-3, responsible for the final step in mogroside V biosynthesis, exhibited down-regulation at all time points of 55 d. In summary, the shape and size of Siraitia grosvenorii fruits pollinated in different seasons were not significantly affected by climatic factors; however, the content of mogroside V was significantly influenced by the temperature, which potentially influences these variations in mogroside V by regulating both the co-expression consistency and expression level of mogroside V genes. The results of this study can provide theoretical basis for high-quality cultivation and genetic breeding of Siraitia grosvenorii.

Study on impacts of climatic factors on quality of Siraitia grosvenorii fruits pollinated in different seasons and its molecular regulation mechanism

Go wenfeng,LUO zuliang,MO Changming,PENG Huan,TANG Qi,XIAO Dong,XIE Lei — 2024/1/11 14:47:34

Didymophysa#$NBSBoiss., a newly recorded genus of Brassicaceae from Xinjiang, China

HUANG Ya-Hui,YANG Zong-Zong∗ — 2024/1/11 9:18:02

Wuqia is located in the western part of Xinjiang, with a special flora. Based on field investigations of the region, through specimen research and literature review, Didymophysa Boiss., a newly recorded genus of Brassicaceae from western Xinjiang, China is reported．Didymophysa have three species, the morphological description and the distinctive features to the species of Didymophysaare provided, and the detailed morphological description and photographs of D. fedtschenkoana Regel are provided．Lastly, the biogeographical significance of the discovery of newly recorded genus and species was discussed, as well as the plant diversity, specificity, and work recommendations in the western plateau region of Xinjiang.

Didymophysa#$NBSBoiss., a newly recorded genus of Brassicaceae from Xinjiang, China

HUANG Ya-Hui,YANG Zong-Zong∗ — 2024/1/11 9:17:11

Identification and analysis of the bHLH transcription factor family in red raspberry based on transcriptome sequencing

2024/1/2 16:11:02

bHLH transcription factors are a large family of transcription factors in plants, and play important roles in plant growth and development, secondary metabolism regulation, and hormone response. Red raspberry fruit is rich in raspberry ketones. To investigate the role of bHLH transcription factor in the growth and development of red raspberry and the synthesis of raspberry ketone. The study was based on transcriptome sequencing of two red raspberry fruits, "Polka" and "Orange Legend," to identify members of the red raspberry bHLH gene family and perform bioinformatics analysis of these genes. The results were as follows: (1) 95 bHLH transcription factor family members were identified in red raspberry fruits. (2) Most of the bHLH transcription factor family members were unstable hydrophobic proteins; and more than half of them were localized in the nucleus. (3) bHLH transcription factor N-terminal contains the conserved His5-Glu9-Arg13 sequence and C-terminal contained the conserved Leu sequence. (4) The phylogenetic tree divided the family members into 20 subfamilies, of which the R subfamily has the most members with 12. (5) The expression pattern map indicated that the bHLH transcription factor was expressed at a higher level during the green fruit stage and at a lower level during the ripe stage. The results provide a basis for screening bHLH transcription factors that are consistent with changes in raspberry ketone content and provide a reference for further exploration of the function of the red raspberry bHLH family.

Ecological adaptation of Syzygium hancei seedlings in Guangxi under different habitats

Moruoguo,Wangyanling,Zhaolijun,,Zhuliqiong — 2024/1/2 15:37:15

In order to understand the adaptation ability of Syzygium hancei seedlings to environmental factors in three different habitats under natural regeneration conditions. The present study collected the current year’s Syzygium hancei seedlings as experimental materials that regenerated in naturally coastal environments of Guangxi, and then antioxidant enzyme activities, soluble sugar content, malondialdehyde content and photosynthetic pigments in leaves and roots were analysed. The results were as follows：(1)Variance analysis (ANOVA) was conducted on multiple environmental factors, which indicated light intensity was highly significant differences, soil surface temperature and water content were not significant differences between the three sample plots. (2)Various light density resulted in the changes of leaves and roots physiological characteristics of seedlings in different habitats. With the light density increasing, leaves’ superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, soluble sugar (SS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and chlorophyll a/b contents, and roots’ peroxidase (POD) activity of seedlings were significantly higher in habitat B than in habitat A; while leaves’ POD activity, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, and roots’ SOD activity, SS and MDA contents were higher in habitat A than in habitat B. (3)With light intensity decreasing, seedlings that regenerated in habitat B represented significantly higher SOD activity and MDA content in leaves, and POD activity in roots than regenerated in habitat A; however, these seedlings that regenerated in habitat A represented significantly higher POD activity and SS content in leaves compare with regenerated inhabitat B; chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll,and SS contents, and roots’ MDA content were significantly higher in habitat A than in habitat B firstly, and then changed to Habitat B being significantly higher than Habitat A; chlorophyll a/b content and roots’ SOD activity were significantly higher in habitat A firstly and then changed to habitat A being significantly higher than Habitat B. (4)Comprehensive analyses show that：the physiological and biochemicalcharacteristics of all three habitats show different adaptation abilities, in the meanwhile, photoinhibition occurr in habitat B that is with the lowest canopy density, hence, some manual adjusting practices are need to create a moderate light environment, and provide a suitable condition for promoting the natural regeneration of seedlings.

Ecological adaptation of Syzygium hancei seedlings in Guangxi under different habitats

Moruoguo,Wangyanling,Zhaolijun,,Zhuliqiong — 2024/1/2 15:36:24

Interannual changes of carbon storage in mangrove forests in Futian based on WorldView-3 remote sensing images

2024/1/2 11:13:03

Mangroves are unique coastal blue carbon ecosystems in tropical and subtropical areas. However, the dynamic changes of their carbon storage are rarely reported. Here, based on ground sample points and WorldView-3 high-resolution remote sensing images obtained in 2017, we identified the canopy of dominant mangrove communities in Futian Mangrove utilizing Random Forest algorithm and object-oriented classification methods, and the area of each dominant community was inverted and calculated. We then calculated the carbon storage of each dominant community combining the field survey data from 2017, 2020 and 2023, and obtained the spatial distribution and interannual dynamic changes of carbon storage of mangrove communities. The results were as follows: (1) The overall accuracy of the Random Forest algorithm for canopy identification is 82.29%, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.77; Futian Mangrove spans an area of 93.84 hm2, with Kandelia obovata having the largest distribution area at 49.96 hm2, followed by Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, S. apetala, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, with respective areas of 26.23, 8.90, 6.52, and 0.50 hm2. (2) The total carbon storage of Kandelia obovata community was the highest, followed by Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, S. apetala, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. The carbon density in Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris community showed an increasing trend, and S. apetala community revealed the highest among the five dominant communities. The carbon density of Kandelia obovata community increased first and then decreased, while Avicennia marina community showed a downward trend consistently, and carbon density in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza community did not vary significantly. In summary, the carbon storage of mangrove dominant communities in Futian did not change much during the 6-year period. The carbon sequestration capacity of mangrove in Kandelia obovata, Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris communities was stronger. The carbon density of Avicennia marina community decreased year by year, and that of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza community was relatively stable. These results provide foundational data for evaluating the carbon sequestration capacities of different dominant communities in Futian Mangrove, in tandem with scientific support for subsequent mangrove restoration and management.

New records of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) from China

CHEN Xueda,LI Mengkai,WANG Wei,XING Zhen,YU Yingpeng — 2023/12/30 20:21:12

Dendrobium is the second largest genus of orchidaceae, distributed in southern and southwestern China. The number of Dendrobium is large, but some taxa have not been discovered. During the investigation of orchid resources in Xizang, two Dendrobium species were discovered, which were identified as Dendrobium macraei Lindl.and Dendrobium ritaeanum King & Pantl. The results were as follows: (1) Both were recorded for the first time in China. (2) D. macraei is similar to D.?plicatile, with the difference that the edge of the middle lobe of lip is entire, apex concave; (3) D. ritaeanum is similar to D.?angustifolium, the flowers of the former are very small, and sepals and petals do not have purple stripes, and the lip is triangular up to 1.4 cm in length. The detailed morphological characteristics and photographs of the two species are provided. The specimens are stored in the Herbarium of Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University. This discovery enriches the local data and the potential medicinal plant resource reserve of orchids in China, and is of great significance to the biodiversity study of orchids and the investigation of medicinal orchid resources.

Impacts of topographic factors on spatial variability of temperate closed forest understory biomass in the eastern part of Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park

MOU Pu,WANG Le,WANG Tianming — 2023/12/30 11:26:44

To investigate the impact of topography on the understory biomass, this study employed a nested design and conducted surveys in the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, involving a total of 138 plots within closed forests, comprising 1 685 plant quadrats. The analysis of the effect of topography on understory biomass was carried out using nested analysis of variance and an ordinal logistic regression model. The results showed: (1) Among different slope positions, the biomass of understory in valleys was higher than on upper slopes, and the footslopes where the understory biomass was the lowest (P < 0.01). The biomass of understory on shaded slopes was lower than on sunny slopes and flat terrain (P < 0.01), with no significant difference between the latter two. In terms of different slope gradients, the biomass of understory on steep slopes was higher than on moderate slopes, and moderate slopes had higher biomass than gentle slopes (P < 0.01). (2) There was a significant interaction between slope position and aspect. The biomass of understory was highest on flat terrain at the foot slope, flat terrain on upper slopes, sunny slopes, and in valleys among all slope positions. There was no significant difference in biomass among shaded slopes, sunny slopes, and shaded slopes on upper slopes. (3) Logistic regression analysis of the current state of the study area showed that the probability of high or low understory biomass varied across different combinations of elevation, slope position, and slope aspect. Slope position, aspect, and gradient had significant effects on the biomass of understory. Among the three slope positions, the biomass was highest in valley and lowest on foot slopes. Among the three slope gradients, steep slopes had the highest biomass, while gentle slopes had the lowest. Shaded slopes had the lowest biomass compared to other slope aspects. (4) Considering the realistic situation of human disturbance and forest grazing, steep slope areas in valleys had the highest probability of high understory biomass. This study can provide important references for accurately estimating the carrying capacity of understory for preys populations of tiger and leopard in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, thereby offering a scientific basis for the conservation and management of endangered tigers and leopards.

Chemical constituents and their biological activities of Ludisia discolor（Orchidaceae）

CHEN Huiqin,DAI Haofu,FENG Xueping,MEI Wenli,SHEN Ying,WU Fei,ZHONG Yunfang — 2023/12/24 16:50:50

In order to explore the chemical constituents and their biological activities of Ludisia discolor, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out to analysis of the chemical components of petroleum ether fraction of ethanol extract. Meanwhile, the compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction by using various column chromatography including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative HPLC. MS and NMR spectroscopic data were used to identify the structure of the compounds. And then the isolated compounds were tested for anti-inflammatory with RAW 264.7 cells, and antioxidant activities were carried out with DPPH and ABTS?＋ free radical scavenging ability.The results showed as follows: (1) A total of 17 compounds were identified from the petroleum ether fraction of L. discolor, in which, methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenic acid, and 2-monopalmitin had a relatively high content. (2) 15 compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction, their structures were identified as matairesinol (1), (＋)-pinoresinol (2), callyspongidipeptide A (3), cyclo-[(S)-Pro-(R)-Leu] (4), epi-boscialin (5), dibutyl terephthalate (6), methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate (7), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanone (8), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (9), p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (10), vanillin (11), 4-(methoxym-ethyl) phenol (12), β-sitosterol (13), tetradecanoic acid (14), and palmitic acid (15), respectively. Compounds 1-15 were isolated from L. discolor for the first time. (3) Phenylpropanoid compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition on NO production from RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS, with IC50 values of (37.76±2.68) μmol?L-1 and (53.14±1.63) μmol?L-1 (quercetin as the positive control, with IC50 value of (9.32±0.36) μmol?L-1), respectively. Antioxidant results showed that compounds 1 and 2 had moderate DPPH free radical scavenging ability, with IC50 values of (51.22±1.07) μg?mL-1 and (79.22±7.44) μg?mL-1 [vitamin C as the positive control, with IC50 value of (6.01±0.17) μg?mL-1], respectively. Meanwhile, they had stronger ABTS?＋ free radical scavenging ability than the positive control trolox [IC50 = (34.65±0.53) μg?mL-1], with IC50 values of (2.21±0.01) μg?mL-1 and (3.58±0.17) μg?mL-1, respectively. Overall, this study enriched the chemical composition of L. discolor, and it was further clarified that phenolic compounds are the active antioxidant components in L. Discolor, and phenylpropanoid compounds have certain anti-inflammatory activity, which provides a chemical structure basis for subsequent in-depth pharmacological research.

Characteristics of complete chloroplast genome and phylogenetic analysis of Diospyros sutchuensis with extremely small populations

WANG Ao,YANG Nan,ZHANG Zi-chen,ZHAO Liang-cheng — 2023/12/24 16:28:31

Diospyros sutchuensis is a national protected wild plant species with narrow distribution and extremely small population in southwestern China. At present, the genomic information of this species is lacking and its phylogenetic relationships among Diospyros remain unclear. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of D. sutchuensis was sequenced by Illumina platform, assembled and annotated by Getorganelle v1.7.3.4 and PGA, and analyzed by DnaSP 6.12.03 for sequence comparison, REPuter, Tandem Reapeats Finder, MISA for repetitive sequences, CodonW1.4 for codon usage bias, and EasyCodemL for selection pressure. Meanwhile, based on four different chloroplast genome sequence datasets, the phylogenetic relationships between D. sutchuensis and 11 Diospyros species were analyzed using IQtree. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of D. sutchuensis was 157 917 bp in length, including two inverted repeats (IRs) of 26 111 bp, which was separated by large single copy (LSC) and short single copy (SSC) of 87 303 bp and 18 392 bp, respectively. The GC content was 37.4%. (2) The genome contained 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. 49 long repeats, 27 tandem repeats, and 98 simple sequence repeats were identified. There were 31 high-frequency codons in protein-coding genes, most of them ended in A or U, and the most used codons were the ones encoding Leucine. The coding regions were more conserved than the non-coding ones, and 10 regions were identified as most divergent hotspots for potential molecular markers. There had been positive selection on ndhB、ndhG、ndhI、rbcL、rpoB、petB、petD and rps12 among protein-coding genes. (3) Phylogenetic analyses showed that D. sutchuensis was closely related to D. rhombifolia and D. cathayensis. Together with D. hainanensis, these four species formed a monophyletic group. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the complete chloroplast genomes had the highest support values, indicating that the complete chloroplast genomes with most variable and informative sites are more suitable for phylogenetic studies of Diospyros. The results provide useful chloroplast genomic resources for germplasm identification, genetic diversity conservation, repopulation, and phylogenetic analysis of D. sutchuensis as well as Diospyros.

Transcriptome Analysis and Development of EST-SSR Molecular Markers in Anemone shikokiana under Heterogeneous Habitats

AN Kang,BIAN Fuhua,SHAN Xiaohan,LI Lixia,PANG Yujuan,ZHANG Xin,ZHOU Chunxia — 2023/12/18 18:12:52

In this study, the ecological adaptation mechanisms of Anemone shikokiana in two distinct habitats, namely full-light hilltop scrub and shady mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest, were researched by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology for leaves collected during the flowering stage. Moreover, EST-SSR molecular markers were developed based on SSR locus distribution characteristics. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 53 536 Unigenes sequences were obtained, of which 27 448 were successfully annotated. (2) 5 635 DEGs were obtained after filtering the low abundance genes, 1 600 up-regulated and 4 035 down-regulated genes comparing A. shikokiana in full-light hilltop scrub and in shady mixed coniferous forest. GO classification results showed that 2 460 DEGs were annotated to 2 533 tertiary entries. In addition, 1 051 DEGs were involved in 113 KEGG pathways. (3) The comprehensive analysis of the photosynthesis-antennal proteins pathway related genes revealed that the expression of lhca5 was significantly higher, while the expression of lhca1, lhca2 and lhca3 was significantly lower. Meanwhile, the comprehensive analysis of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway related genes revealed that the expression of chs, c4h, f3’h, f3h, fls, ans, chi, ccoaomt and hct was significantly higher. (4) A total of 6 006 unigenes containing 7 146 SSRs were identified among 53 536 unigenes by using MISA software from the transcriptome data of A.shikokiana. In the identified SSRs, the dominant repeat motifs were single nucleotide repeats in 106 repetitive motif types. Among the 100 pairs of EST-SSR primers, a total of 68 pairs were effective and 11 pairs with polymorphism, and 24 polymorphic fragments were amplified. Overall, in this paper, the adaptation mechanisms of A.shikokiana in heterogeneous habitats were analyzed at the molecular level, and for the first time EST-SSR molecular markers were developed to fill the gap in this area, which would provide important molecular marker resource for the conservation and utilization of this species.

Transcriptome Analysis and Development of EST-SSR Molecular Markers in Anemone shikokiana under Heterogeneous Habitats

AN Kang,BIAN Fuhua,SHAN Xiaohan,LI Lixia,PANG Yujuan,ZHANG Xin,ZHOU Chunxia — 2023/12/18 18:12:30

Isolation and screening of IAA-producing bacteria from glutinous sorghum leaves and its growth-promoting function

王新叶,Zhao Liang — 2023/12/18 17:57:50

Glinous sorghum is an important raw material for the production of white wine. Its growth process requires a substantial amount of chemical fertilizers. In order to develop microbial agents that promote the growth of glutinous sorghum, this study isolated and screened microbial strains with the capability to produce the plant growth hormone IAA from glutinous sorghum leaves. The effects of these microbial strains on glutinous sorghum seed germination and seedling growth were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Four microbial strains capable of producing IAA were isolated and screened from glutinous sorghum leaves, designated as HY1-1, HY1-2, HY1-3, and HY1-4. Among them, HY1-1 exhibited the highest IAA production per unit concentration which was 2.552 μmol/mL. (2) Bayesian inference tree analysis based on the 16S rDNA sequences revealed that all four strains belonged to Bacillus subtilis. (3) HY1-1, HY1-2, HY1-3, and HY1-4 could promote the glutinous sorghum seed germination rates. Compared to the control groups, the germination rates of glutinous sorghum seeds soaked in bacterial suspension significantly increased by 40.04% to 165.52%. Among them, HY1-1 demonstrated the most prominent promotion effect, with a germination rate increase of 165.52%. (4) HY1-1 strain was selected for a pot experiment. After 30 days of inoculation on the roots of glutinous sorghum seedlings, the stem heights of the seedlings significantly increased by 29.17%, and total phosphorus content increased significantly by 5.12%. The rhizosphere substrate of glutinous sorghum exhibited a significant increase in available nitrogen content by 31.7% and available phosphorus content by 28.88%. B. subtilis HY1-1, an endophytic bacterium in glutinous sorghum leaves, can promote the growth of glutinous sorghum plants by secreting the plant growth hormone IAA and providing necessary nutrients. This study provides genetic resources for the further development of microbial agents targeting the growth promotion of glutinous sorghum.

Isolation and screening of IAA-producing bacteria from glutinous sorghum leaves and its growth-promoting function

王新叶,Zhao Liang — 2023/12/18 17:57:21

Research progress on chemical components and pharmacological effects of Artemisia lavandulaefolia

CHEN Ning,LIU Bing,LU Ruiyang,SUN Xiaoqing,WANG Zhenni,WANG Zilin,YANG Yi — 2023/12/16 15:10:35

Artemisia lavandulaefolia is a traditional Chinese medicine in China, belonging to the Compositae family. It is widely distributed in Northeast and North China, with enormous development potential and abundant resources. In recent years, many compounds with novel structures and significant pharmacological activities have been successfully isolated from Artemisia lavandulaefolia, and significant progress has been made in related research. This article comprehensively summarizes the main chemical components, extraction and separation methods, structural identification techniques, and pharmacological effects of Artemisia lavandulaefolia. The main chemical components of Artemisia lavandulaefolia include 79 terpenoids and volatile, 17 flavonoids, 6 lignans, and 2 caffeic acid compounds. In addition, it is also rich in trace elements, vitamins, and amino acids. The chemical components of Artemisia lavandulaefolia have significant pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, antibacterial, and insecticidal. However, the relevant mechanisms still need to be further elucidated. On this basis, the article focuses on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of Artemisia lavandulaefolia, in order to explore more clinically valuable components and mechanisms of action. In addition, the article also pointed out the shortcomings of Artemisia lavandulaefolia in terms of medicinal value and existing research, and it proposed future research directions and suggestions to promote the rational medicinal development and comprehensive utilization of Artemisia lavandulaefolia, providing reference and guidance for related research.

Study on the chemical constituents of the roots and rhizoma of Toricellia angulata var. intermedia

LI Xue,LI Yongjun,LI Yueting,LIU Chunhua,MA Xue,NIE Yushan,ZHU Banghui — 2023/12/15 8:41:03

Toricellia angulata var. Intermedia belongs to the family Toricellia. In China, this plant is mainly found in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuang. T. angulata var. intermedia has been prescribed for the treatment of various diseases in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Closed soft-tissue injuries. In order to study the chemical constituents of the roots and rhizoma of Toricellia angulata var. intermedia. This paper explored the chemical constituents of 45% ethanol extraction of T. angulata var. intermedia by D101 macroporous resin, silica gel, preparative high performance liquid chromatography and other methods. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis such as 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS and so on. The absolute configurations were determined by comparison of the experimental and theoretically calculated ECD. The results were as follows: Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified as (7S,8S)-8,9-dihydroxy-3,5,7-trimethox phenicol-4-O-β-D-glucoside (1), adenosine (2), (8E)-decaene-4,6-diyn-1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (4), palmiticacid (5), 2,2’-oxybis(1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene) (6), syringaldeyde-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), phytol (8), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (9), (8R)-deca-2-trans-2-ene-4,6-diyn-1,8-diol (10), nicotinamide (11), aralidioside (12), β-daucosterol (13), griselinoside (14), 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3- oxo-1-propanol (15). Among them, 1 wsa a new compound, 2-4, 6, 7, 9-12 and 15 were isolated from genus Toricellia for the first time.

Lignans from the leaves of Mallotus paxii

GAN Chunqiu,HOU Ping,HUANG Yan,LI Jun,PAN Liwei,PENG Liuting,REN Chenyang — 2023/12/15 8:33:01

Mallotus paxii is a Euphorbiacea plant belonging to the genus Mallotus Lour. This genus mainly distributes in tropical and subtropical Asia, and there are about 140 species in the world. There are 36 species in China, including 11 varieties, which mainly grow in the provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan. The plants of this genus have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-viral effects. To study the compounds of Mallotus paxii Pamp, twelve lignans were isolated from the leaves of Mallotus paxii Pamp by means of various column chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative RP-HPLC methods. The structures of the isolated lignans were determined on the basis of analyses of spectroscopic methods (1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), and comparison of their spectroscopic data with previously reported data. The lignans were identified as 7'',8''-threo-buddlenol D (1), buddlenol D (2), 7",8"-threo-buddlenol C (3), buddlenol C (4), (+)-syringaresinol (5), epipinoresinol (6), pinoresinol (7), 1-acetoxyl-2e,6e-dipiperonyl-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]-octane (8), ciwujiatone (9), lariciresinol-4''-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), rel-(2α,3β)-7-O-methylcedrusin (11), and dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl-alcohol 4''-O-β-D-glucoside (12). All compounds were isolated from Mallotus paxii Pamp for the first time.

Effects of intercropping patterns on rhizosphere soil nutrients and microecological environment of walnut in karst area

2023/12/14 21:56:42

To study the effects of intercropping walnut trees in karst regions on rhizosphere soil nutrients and microbial ecology, this research selected four different planting modes of walnut trees in the northwest Guangxi karst region as experimental subjects. The modes included intercropping walnut trees with mulberry trees (H-SS), intercropping walnut trees with Sophora flower (H-SD), intercropping walnut trees with corn (H-YM), and monoculture walnuts (H-D). The physicochemical properties and microbial characteristics of the walnut rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils under different planting modes were analyzed using laboratory chemical experiments and Illumina HiSeq PE300 high-throughput sequencing technology.The results showed that: (1) the walnut rhizosphere soils of different modes exhibited varying degrees of enrichment in TN, TP, TK, AP, SOC, and exchangeable calcium, while AN showed a deficiency. Among them, H-SS showed significant enrichment effects on TN, TP, and SOC, while H-YM demonstrated the best enrichment effects on AP, AK, and exchangeable calcium. (2) Sucrose enzyme activity, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and bacterial counts all exhibited significant rhizosphere effects, with H-YM showing the highest sucrose enzyme activity, phosphatase activity, and microbial biomass carbon. However, intercropping modes reduced the rhizosphere effects of microbial biomass nitrogen and bacteria. (3) Under the three intercropping modes, the Shannon index of rhizosphere soil bacteria was higher than that of monoculture walnuts. (4) This indicates that intercropping can enhance the diversity of rhizosphere soil bacteria. Moreover, the diversity of rhizosphere soil microorganisms was mainly influenced by nutrients, while non-rhizosphere soil was primarily affected by enzyme activities.In conclusion, intercropping can increase the enrichment rate of rhizosphere nutrients, enhance soil enzyme activities, and promote microbial proliferation. Among the four different planting modes, H-SS showed significant enrichment effects on TN, TP, and SOC in rhizosphere soil, and it also had the highest soil bacterial content. H-YM exhibited better enrichment effects on AP, AK, and exchangeable calcium in rhizosphere soil. Therefore, in practical production, intercropping with mulberry trees or corn can be chosen based on local farming practices to optimize land use and improve ecological benefits. This study is of great significance for the development of sustainable agriculture in the northwest Guangxi karst region and provides a scientific basis for agricultural production and ecological conservation in similar ecological environments. Additionally, this research offers new ideas and methods for promoting agricultural modernization and facilitating the rational utilization of land resources and improvements in the ecological environment in karst regions.

Distribution patterns of aluminum in Pinus massoniana under varying concentrations of aluminum treatments

FENG Wanyan,REN Heqin,SUN Xueguang,YUAN Guiyun — 2023/12/13 8:56:51

The distribution and subcellular localization of toxic metal ions in plant tissues are of great significance for plants to cope with metal stresses, which could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying plant metal tolerance. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth status, as well as the distribution and subcellular localization of aluminum (Al) in Pinus massoniana under four different Al concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol?L-1). The findings were as follows: (1) P. massoniana exhibited significant growth enhancement under 0.5 mmol?L-1 Al treatment, and the biomass, seedling height, root length, as well as the number of lateral roots were all significantly promoted. However, higher Al concentrations (≥1 mmol?L-1) led to diminished growth promotion effects and inhibited root growth and cell viability in P. massoniana root tips. (2) Translocation of Al from roots to shoots in P. massoniana was limited. The absorbed Al was mainly deposited in the roots (P<0.05), although the accumulation of Al in the shoots increased along with the Al concentration increased. (3) At the subcellular level, different levels of Al concentrations affected the proportions of absorbed Al deposited on cell wall versus in vacuoles. Under both 0.5 and 1.0 mmol?L-1Al treatments, the proportions of Al in both the cell wall and vacuoles of roots or shoots cells were all at higher levels compared with other cell components, and there was no significant difference between the Al contents of the cell wall and vacuoles. However, at high Al concentration (2.0 mmol?L-1), a majority of deposited Al was found on the cell wall, accounting for 55% and 70% in root and shoot cells, respectively. In contrast, the Al contents in the organelles and cytoplasm maintained low levels regardless of Al concentration treatments, which mitigated the adverse effects of Al on cellular functions. Overall, the presented results suggest that P. massoniana effectively adapted to Al stress through coordinated distribution and subcellular localization mechanisms for absorbed Al. This evokes the needs of further investigation of the adaptation mechanisms of P. massoniana to Al stress from both the cellular and molecular levels.

Pollen morphology and leaf epidermal micromorphology of ten species（Camellia, sect. Tuberculata)

LI Zhi,RAN Zhaohui,XIAO Xu,YAN Chao — 2023/12/12 11:33:11

To provide researh data for the phylogenetic evolution, classification and identification of plants in sect. Tuberculata of Camellia genus, 10 species of the section, leaf epidermal micromorphology and pollen morphology were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and based on pollen features and leaf epidermal features to clustered separately. The results were as follows: (1) 10 species have no significant difference in morphology and size, the pollen shape is prolate, subspheroidal or oblatesphere; the outline of pollen in polar view is trilete rounded or trilete regular teiangular; the outline in equatorial view is oblong, P/E rangs from 0.85 to 1.16; tricolporate aperature. The exine sculpture is different significantly, the featuee have coarsely warty, foveolate reticulate or rugulate with beadedmun and is important classification value for sect. Tuberculata. (2) The cluster analysis of the measurement index showed that when the euclidean distance is 4.5, the 10 species are divided into 4 groups, and some of the classification results are the same as the macroscopic morphological classification. (3) The leaf epidermal cells of 10 species are irregular or straight, with great morphological differences among species. There are epidermis of C. zengii, C. rhytidophylla and C. rubimuricata; cyclic type stomata are only distributed in the lower epidermis; three shape of anticlinal wall pattern shape have sinuolate, sinuous, repand and sinuate. In addition, the cell size and stomatal features (size and density) of leaf epidermis micromorphology were significantly different between species. This study shows that pollen morphology and leaf epidermal micromorphology are diverse in the sect. Tuberculata, which could be used as the basis for distinguishing some closely related species in the sect. Tuberculata.

Rhizocarpon sichuanense, a new species from Southwest China

HU Ling,WANG Weicheng,WANG Yuhua,ZHANG Yanmeng,ZHONG Chunjiao — 2023/12/7 11:37:27

In this paper, we study in Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC. species by the method of combining phenotypic characteristics (morphology, anatomy and chemistry) with genotypic characteristics (ITS sequence). The aims of this present paper are to clarify the status of some species and explore the relationship between phenotype and genotype in Rhizocarpon. During the study on Rhizocarpon species from southwest China, Rhizocarpon sichuanense Y.M. Zhang, L. Hu & W.C. Wang sp. nov. is described as a new species in this genus. The new species is morphologically similar to Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain and Rhizocarpon sinense Zahlbr., which also produces brown thallus, medulla I-, 8-spored ascus and brown ascospores with 1-septa. But it can be distinguished by the scattered, areolate to subsquamulose thallus, a distinct black prothallus, large ascospores [(27–)32–42.5 × 12.5–17.5(–20) μm] and the presence of barbatic acid in the thallus. In phylogenetic trees, it is also similar to Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng. ) Th. Fr. which can be distinguished by the more continuous thallus with diffractaic acid or without secondary products, and the smaller spores (23–36 × 13–16 μm) than this new species. The phylogenic results are as follows: (1) The new species R. sichuanense belongs to Badioatrum group which belongs to Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus ; (2) It is unsuitable to classify some groups only based on anatomical characteristics (spore size and separation type) in Rhizocarpon, the chemical characteristics should also be considered. In this paper, the achievement of ITS sequences provide the basic data for an establishment of a more reasonable and natural classification system. In addition, we provide high resolution pictures of morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics as well as detailed descriptions of the new species. The key to the species of R. subg. Phaeothallus with 1-septa brown spore (Badioatrum group) in the world is also provided, which will provide basic data for the further studys in this group.

Rhizocarpon sichuanense, a new species from Southwest China

HU Ling,WANG Weicheng,WANG Yuhua,ZHANG Yanmeng,ZHONG Chunjiao — 2023/12/7 11:21:44

Effects of simulated drought by PEG-6000 on the germination of Hopea chinensis seeds under different temperature conditions

2023/12/6 18:41:52

Hopea chinensis is distributed in China and its seeds are typical stubbornness. In order to investigate the germination adaptability of seeds to temperature and moisture, we carried out an experiment with three different constant temperature (15 ℃, 20 ℃ and 25 ℃) controlled by artificial climate incubators, and six polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) mass percentage concentrations (0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 35%) were used to simulate drought stress. The germination characteristics of these seeds were carefully examined. The results were as follows: (1) Temperature exerted a significant influence on seed germination. Regardless of the level of drought stress applied, higher temperatures positively affected the germination rate, germination energy, germination index, radicle length, seeding length and vitality index of seeds, higher temperatures led to shorter germination delay and increased fluctuations in the germination period. (2) Drought stress had a significant impact on seed germination. Under identical temperature conditions, increasing levels of drought stress resulted in reduced germination rate, germination energy, germination index, germination period, radicle length, seeding length and vitality index of seeds. Moreover, higher levels of drought stress led to longer in germination delay of seeds. (3) The interaction between temperature and drought stress had a significant influenced on seed germination. Under drought stress, seed germination exhibited different responses under different temperature conditions. Specifically, under conditions where a PEG-6000 concentration of 35% was applied as drought stress treatment, the germination rates at temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C were significantly higher than those observed at 15 °C (8.89% and 15.55% compared to lower rates at 15 °C). However, it was important to note that when subjected to both 35% PEG-6000 and a temperature of 15 °C, the seeds no longer germinate. In summary, our results indicate that the suitable temperatures for seed germination are identified as being around 20 °C and 25 °C. It is determined that the most favorable temperature for early seedling growth is 25 °C. As the drought stress intensifies, the inhibitory effect on seed germination become stronger. These findings suggest that temperature plays a positive role in promoting seed germination, while drought stress can significantly hinder this process. Additionally, moderate warming can help alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought stress on seed germination.

Effects of simulated drought by PEG-6000 on the germination of Hopea chinensis seeds under different temperature conditions

2023/12/6 18:40:11

Analysis of chloroplast genome features of the endangered and rare plant, Camellia minima

DENG YongBiao,LAN Lunli,ZHANG Jin,ZHAO Bo — 2023/12/6 18:36:14

Camellia minima Orel et Curry, a rare and endangered species of Sect. Chrysantha Chang, has not been previously explored in terms of its chloroplast genome. Utilizing the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, the chloroplast genome sequence of C. minima was sequenced, assembled, annotated, and analysed, The results showed that: (1) The chloroplast genome of C. minima was 156 961 bp in length, embodies a typical tetrad structure, and contains 136 annotated genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 41 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes; (2) The analysis identified 66 SSR loci and 39 repetitive sequences; (3) Codons prefer to use codons ending in A/U. Comprehensive ENC mapping, PR2-plot, and neutral analyses suggest natural selection as a primary factor shaping codon usage patterns; (4) Boundary analysis indicated variation in the length and position of the ycf1 gene among different species of yellow Camellia; (5) Phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genomes of published species of Sect. Chrysantha Chang revealed that C. minima was most closely related to C. micrantha. This study provides crucial insights for exploring species evolution and enhancing exogenous gene expression, establishing a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of species of Sect. Chrysantha Chang in the future.

Analysis of chloroplast genome features of the endangered and rare plant, Camellia minima

DENG YongBiao,LAN Lunli,ZHANG Jin,ZHAO Bo — 2023/12/6 18:35:45

Study on the mechanism of lipase inhibition and hypolipidemic effect of Panax japonicas leaves

2023/12/6 18:27:56

The leaves of Panax japonicas C. A. Mey. var. major (Burk.) C.Y. Wu et K. M. Feng ( Araliaceae ) are dry sessile leaves. In order to rationally develop and utilize the leaves of Panax japonicas, the HPLC method was used to analysis and identify the saponins from the leaves of Panax japonicas. The inhibitory activity and the inhibitory type of the saponins from the leaves of Panax japonicas on lipase was determined with enzyme kinetics. The inhibition mechanism of lipase was investigated with molecular docking. Finally, the effect of saponins from the leaves of Panax japonicas on the content of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum of mice was verified in hyperlipidemia mouse model. The results showed that: (1) Six compounds were identified from the saponins of Panax japonicas leaves, which were 20 (S) -Ginsenoside Rg2, 20 (R) -Ginsenoside Rg2, Ginsenoside Rb2, Ginsenoside Rb3, Ginsenoside Rd and Ginsenoside Rh2. (2) The results of lipase inhibitory activity showed that 20 (R) -Ginsenoside Rg2 had strong inhibitory effect on lipase with IC50 of 0.14 and 2.30 μmol/L respectively; (3) The kinetic results exerted that the lipase activity of Panax japonicas leaf saponins, 20 (R) -Ginsenoside Rg2 and Ginsenoside Rb3 were all reversible inhibition, and the inhibition type was non-competitive inhibition. (4) Molecular docking studies showed that the binding of ligands to ARG337B, ASP331B and ILE248B residues may help to improve the lipase inhibitory activity of ligands. (5) the results of animal experiments suggested that total saponins of Panax japonicas leaves could significantly reduce the content of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum of hyperlipidemia mice. This study laid a foundation for the further development and utilization of Panax japonicas leaves.

Study on the mechanism of lipase inhibition and hypolipidemic effect of Panax japonicas leaves

2023/12/6 18:27:08

Study on the stand structure and soil physicochemical properties of artificial mixed forests of Pinus elliottii and Liriodendron chinense in the rocky desertification area of Western Hunan

2023/12/6 14:22:04

To study the current stand status and soil physicochemical properties of the Pinus elliottii - Liriodendron chinense plantation mixed needle-broad forest after 43 years of afforestation in the stone desertification area of western Hunan, and to provide a theoretical basis for vegetation restoration, plantation structure optimization, and soil improvement in the area. Plant community analysis and field sampling were used to analyze species composition, diameter class, tree height, and soil physical and chemical properties, and the software Winklemass 1.0 was used to calculate stand spatial structure parameters and analyze the spatial distribution pattern of dominant species using three-dimensional discrete random variables of stand spatial structure parameters. The results were as follows: (1) there were 897 trees/hm2 with DBH≧2 cm in the stand, belonging to 15 families and 16 genera. The main forest layer was Pinus elliottii with an average diameter at breast height of 32.3 cm and an importance value of 44.2%; the secondary forest layer was broad-leaved trees, mostly young and middle-aged trees, among which Cinnamomum camphora and Liriodendron chinense were the dominant species with importance values of 17.1% and 13.2%, respectively, and there were also more exotic regeneration species in inferior ecological status. (2) The horizontal distribution pattern of the stands favored random distribution (=0.503); the stands as a whole tended to have a moderate to inferior transition (=0.505); the degree of interspecific isolation was high (=0.689), and the stands were well mixed. The ternary distribution of spatial structure parameters showed that 87.3% of Pinus elliottii was dominant and subdominant, 41.7% of Liriodendron chinense was subdominant and 26.9% was moderate, and 23.5% of Cinnamomum camphora was moderate and 56.8% was inferior . (3) The stand soil is close to being neutral; compared with the fallow land, the soil capacity, water holding capacity, porosity, organic carbon, soil total potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and other factors of the forest stand show a significant trend of improvement, but overall, the soil fertility of the forest stand is still relatively poor, and locally the soil is compact and has poor water retention capacity. In summary, it shows that after years of growth, the stand as a whole tends to evolve into a heterogeneous and intense mixed forest. The number of young and middle-aged broad-leaved trees in the stand is relatively large, and there is a break in the near-mature forest, while Pinus elliottii is mostly in the mature to over-mature forest stage, and old conifers occupy the dominant ecological zone, so it is necessary to extract needles to replenish broad trees, inter-needle broad trees and selectively cut the subordinate trees to promote the stand structure alternation to a stand where masculine broad-leaved trees are dominant and mesic and shade-tolerant broad-leaved trees are secondary. From the viewpoint of ecological management of stone desertification, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, and Liriodendron chinense are suitable as pioneer species to be planted in stone desertification areas in western Hunan Province and then improve the soil quality.

Effects of close-to-nature forest management on content of soil organic phosphorus fractions in soil aggregates of Pinus massoniana plantations

2023/12/6 13:32:54

Organic phosphorus (Po) is an important part of soil phosphorus reservoir. In order to investigate the effects of the soil Po fraction distribution properties in Pinus massoniana plantations after close-to-nature silviculture, we investigated the pure P. massoniana plantations (PP) and P. massoniana-broad-leaved mixed plantations (CP) after close-to-nature silviculture in southern subtropical China. After collecting 0~10 cm soil sample, it was screened into >2 mm, 0.25~2 mm and <0.25 mm particle size fractions using the dry-sieving method. We measured the Po fraction, microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the bulk soil and aggregates to understand the distribution of the Po fraction and its drivers. The results were as follows: (1) Soil Po fractions changed in CP compared to PP, with highly recalcitrant organophosphorus (HRO-P) and moderately labile organophosphorus (MLO-P) markedly greater in the bulk soil and soil aggregates than in PP (P＜0.05), while labile organophosphorus (LO-P) and moderately recalcitrant organophosphorus (MRO-P) were not significantly different in CP and PP. In addition, there was no consistent pattern of change in the Po fractions in the bulk soil and soil aggregates between PP and CP. (2) The size of the proportion of each form of Po in PP was HRO-P>MRO-P>MLO-P>LO-P, while CP was HRO-P>MLO-P>MRO-P>LO-P. (3) The MBP and ACP activity in CP was markedly greater than that of PP in the bulk soil and the soil aggregates, and there was a tendency for the ACP activity to increase with the decrease in the size of the aggregates. (4) Redundancy analysis revealed that soil available phosphorus (AP), mean weight diameter (MWD), MBP and total nitrogen (TN) were the main drivers of the soil Po fraction. In conclusion, the close-to-natural forest management model is beneficial to the accumulation and transformation of soil phosphorus in P. massoniana plantation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of soil quality and productivity in P. massoniana plantations.

Construction of a mutant library associated with aroma genes in tobacco using CRISPR/Cas9

2023/12/6 10:25:23

To explore the feasibility of constructing a tobacco mutant library using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, the study designed sgRNAs of 100 aroma related genes in tobacco, constructed a plasmid library composed of 100 corresponding CRISPR/Cas9 editing vectors, and analyzed the co-transformation rate, target editing efficiency, and off-target editing rate of transgenic offspring. The results were as follows: (1) After co-transformation of 100 sgRNAs mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 77 of them were detected in 172 positive transformation strains, with a co-transformation efficiency of 77%; (2) Among 77 transgenic offspring carrying sgRNA, 69 sgRNAs edited the target genes, with an editing efficiency of 89.6%; (3) Sequencing detection revealed that only one sgRNA produced off-target editing at a non-target site, indicating a very low probability of off-target editing of CRISPR/Cas9 in tobacco. In summary, it is feasible to construct a mutant library by the co-transformation of a CRISPR/Cas9 vector library to edit a large number of candidate target genes in tobacco. This method has the characteristics of the high co-transformation efficiency, the high editing efficiency, and the low probability of off target editing.

Comparative chloroplast genomics of two rare Pecteilis species（Orchidaceae）

LI Jian,LUO Yan,MA Changle,SHAO Shicheng,TANG Lu,WANG Yu — 2023/11/30 21:18:24

Pecteilis susannae and P. hawkesiana are rare and endangered species with important medicine and ornament value. However, little is known about the genetic information of these two species. In order to understand the basic characteristics of the complete chloroplast genome of these two Pecteilis species, and to develop molecular markers for species identification, conservation genetic and phylogenetic analysis, the genome skimming approach using next-generation sequencing methods was used to generate chloroplast DNA sequences in this study. The complete chloroplast genomes were assembled and annotated by bioinformatics analysis. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and insertions and deletions (InDels) were identified. Furthermore, comparative chloroplast genomic and phylogenetic analyses were conducted with closely related species. The results were as follows: (1) The newly sequenced chloroplast genomes of P. susannae and P. hawkesiana were 154 407 and 153 891 bp in size. They comprised a pair of 26 550 and 26 523 bp inverted repeats (IR) that separated a large 84 204 and 83 756 bp single copy region（LSC) and a small 17 103 and 17 089 bp single copy region (SSC), respectively. Both chloroplast genomes contained 111 unique genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA, and 4 rRNA genes. (2) Ninety-four simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the P. susannae chloroplast genome and 92 in that of P. hawkesiana. (3) Comparisons of the two chloroplast genomes revealed that there were nucleotide variations including 706 single-nucleotide polymorphism sites and 152 InDels between the two Pecteilis species, of which several markers (cpInDel 067) could discriminate the two Pecteilis species. (4) The one most divergent gene (accD) and the nine most divergent intergenic regions (rps19-psbA、matK-trnQ-UUG、psbM-psbD、trnT-UGU-ndhJ、accD-psaⅠ、ycf4-cemA、clpP-psbB、ndhF-trnL-UAG、rps15-ycf1) among genomes were detected. (5) The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome sequences revealed that P. susannae, P. hawkesiana, and Habenaria dentata are closely related. The molecular markers (SSRs, InDels, and hotspots) developed from the chloroplast genomes of two species of Pecteilis in the present study can be used to identify related species and provide valuable genetic resources in utilizing and conserving natural resources.

Analysis of the expression regulation of AP2 gene by pre-miR172 and miR172 in rapeseed

CHEN Zhongyuan,HAO Xiaohua,HE Hao,LIU Fang — 2023/11/30 21:08:32

The appropriate flowering time is of great significance for crop yield. In the cropping pattern of “rice-rice-oil” in southern region, researching on the flowering period of Brassica napus can provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of early maturing rapeseed varieties. The AP2 family transcription factors in rapeseed are widely involved in the growth and development and play an important role during flower development. However, there are few studies exploring the regulation of AP2 at the microRNA level. So we start with miRNA to study. In order to investigate the regulatory functions of the miR172 precursor (pre-miR72) and mature body (miR172) on AP2 gene in rapeseed, the regulatory elements of miR172 and AP2 promoters were predicted based on bioinformatics, then the evolutionary relationship of six rapeseed AP2 genes and the targeting relationship between miR172 and AP2 were analyzed, and the expression patterns of AP2, miR172 and pre-miR172 in different tissues of early and late maturing rapeseed were detected by qRT PCR. Finally, the correlation between miR172 abundance and AP2 expression level was studied, as well as the correlation between pre-miR172 and miR172. The results were as follows: (1) Both miR172 and AP2 promoter regions have cis elements that regulate flower development. (2) The six AP2 sequences hold the strong purification selection, and they are the target genes of miR172 base on theirbinding sites for miR172. (3) miR172 family can promote the flowering of early maturing rapeseed by increasing AP2 expression levels, except miR172d. In late maturing rapeseed, miR172a and miR172c perform weakly in flowering, while miR172b and miR172d work together to reduce the expression level of AP2 to inhibit flowering. (4) The pre-miR172 family has a promoting effect on the expression level of miR172 family in early maturing rapeseed. In late maturing rapeseed, pre-miR172a and pre-miR172b exert positive regulation on the formation of their mature body, while pre-miR172c and pre-miR172d exert the opposite effects. After overexpression of pre-miR172, the expression patterns of miR172 and AP2 remained consistent with the above results, confirming the regulatory function of pre-miR172 on miR172 and AP2. The discoveries in this study enrich the functional regulation pathway of rapeseed AP2 gene, and provide new ideas for the study of gene regulatory function.

Plastid capture history of subsect. Campylolepides and section Ilex (Fagaceae: Quercus)

LI Zhimin,MA Xiangguang,SUN Wenguang,YU Shuliang — 2023/11/29 12:00:37

The Quercus subsect. Campylolepides contains three species: Q. acutissima Carruth., Q. variabilis Blume and Q. chenii Nakai, which is the East Asian clade of Quercus section Cerris. Species formation and phylogeography of whole subsection or species within the subsection have been studied in detail. It was also found that the Q. section Cerris had an ancient gene introgression with the Q. section Ilex, which led to the plastid capture. However, the specific evolutionary history of plastids in Q. subsect. Campylolepides and Q. section Ilex remains unclear. Our study performed low-coverage whole genome sequencing on 15 samples from Q. section Ilex and integrated previously published data from Q. subsect. Campylolepides and its relatives, resulting in a total of 325 resequencing data, of which 276 individuals were from three Q. subsect. Campylolepides species and 19 populations. We assembled 325 plastids to perform phylogeographic analysis. The results were as follows: (1) There are shared haplotypes among three species of Q. subsect. Campylolepides, but the plastid haplotypes of the entire Q. Subsect. Campylolepides form a monophyletic branch nested within the Q. section Ilex species which are distributed from central China to Liangshan, Sichuan. (2) A relict haplotype of Q. subsection. Campylolepides from the Liaodong Peninsula clustered with Q. pseudosetulosa Q.S.Li & T.Y.Tu, a specie of the Q. section Ilex. (3) Both plastid capture events occurred in the middle Miocene, after which no plastid capture occurred between Quercus Subsect. Campylolepides and Quercus section Ilex. It is hypothesized that Q. subsect. Campylolepides and Q. section Ilex have formed almost complete reproductive isolation.

Three new records of lichen genus Malmidea from China

WANG Lei,WANG Xinyu,XUE Junxia,ZHANG Lulu — 2023/11/29 11:38:18

The purpose of this study is to investigate the species diversity of Malmidea in China and further identify its species composition and distribution. Three new records of Malmidea are reported from China, M. indica (D. D. Awasthi & M. R. Agarwal) Hafellner & T. Sprib, M. reunionis Kalb and M. hechicerae Kalb. The specimens were collected from Yunnan Province. Detailed descriptions and illustrations were provided for each species. A key to all known Chinese Malmidea species was also provided. This study enrich the diversity of Malmidea in China, and has some significance for the conservation and study of lichen diversity of China.

Ecological stoichiometry of two Asteraceae invasive plants at different invasion degree and its influencing factors

CHEN Wen,CUI Xianliang,HUANG Longjun,,LI Jiawei,Peng Yujiao,WANG Juhong — 2023/11/27 21:02:51

Alien invasive plants are commonly stated to pose a threat to populations of native plants, especially of endangered species. Although resource allocation and nutrient strategies are important mechanism of invasion for alien plants, surprisingly few studies have investigated whether this is the case. In order to investigate the distribution pattern, uptake and utilization strategies of invasive plants and their invasive, the carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) and biomass of the modules of invasive plant Praxelis clematidea and Synedrella nodiflora at different invasion degree from eastern Guangdong were measured, and further the ecological stoichiometry, allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with soil factors were measured. The results were as follows: (1)The content of N element (0.70-2.7 g·kg-1) in soil of invasive habitat for P.clematidea is greater than that of S. nodiflora (0.19-0.33 g·kg-1), and while that the mean content of C, P, available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus(AP)for P.clematide is less than that S. nodiflora. Available nitrogen (AN) content in soil declined with increasing of invasion gradient for P.clematide, and the N, P, AN content in soil declined with increasing of the invasion gradient for S. nodiflora. (2) For two plants with different invasion degree, the N element distribution for leaves is more than stems, and than roots. The P element for P.clematide is distributed more to the stems, and for S. nodiflora to the stems and leaves. The root and stems of P.clematide, and leaves of S. nodiflora with mild invasion has low C:P and N:P values than that other invasion degrees, indicating two plants with mild invasion may have fast relative growth rate, and strong expansion potential. The C:P and N:P values in root and stems for two plants is greater than leaves, implicating that root and stems may have fast relative growth rate to increase the competitiveness of underground and above-ground. (3) The C:P and N:P values in root and stems of P.clematide at different invasion gradients is less than that of S. nodiflora, and while the C:P and N:P values in leaves of S. nodiflora is less than that of P.clematide, showing that although the root and stems of P.clematide may have faster relative growth rate, S. nodiflora has faster relative growth rate and stronger invasion potential than P.clematide. (4) The allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus, and relative growth rate of alien plant P.clematide are mainly affected by AN, AP contents in soil, that relative growth rate of organs increased with increasing of AN, AP contents in soil. The allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus, and relative growth rate of alien plant S. nodiflora are mainly affected by N and P contents in soil, that relative growth rate of organs increased with increasing of N and P contents in soil. We found some evidence that the root and stems of two Asteraceae alien species have fast relative growth rate, and further to increase the competitiveness of underground and above-ground, but their possible effect on N:P stoichiometry requires further study.

Comparative study on the leaf anatomical structures and photosynthetic characteristics of three species of Geodorum

CHAI Shengfeng,JIANG Haidu,LUO Yajin,PU Qiankun,WEI Xiao,WEI Yujing,XU Aizhu — 2023/11/27 17:11:19

The anatomical structure of leaves, daily photosynthetic changes, light response curve, CO2 response curve, chlorophyll content and other indexes of the narrowly endangered Geodorum eulophioides and widely spread G. densiflorum and G. attenuatum were measured to provide a reference basis for the analysis of the causes of the endangerment of G. eulophioides and the conservation of the germplasm resources of the three species of Geodorum. The results were as follows: (1) The three species of Geodorum do not have spongy and fenestrated tissue differentiation in their chloroplasts, and stomata were distributed only in the lower epidermis. Compared with G. densiflorum and G. eulophioides, G. attenuatum has a greater leaf thickness and smaller stomatal density, exhibiting structural characteristics that are more adaptable to low light environments. (2) The daily changes of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the three species of Geodorum showed a "bimodal" curve, and the photosynthetic "lunch break" was mainly caused by non-stomatal limitation. The daily mean values of Pn and water use efficiency (WUE) showed that G. attenuatum > G. densiflorum > G. eulophioides, which indicate that G. eulophioides have a weaker ability of accumulating photosynthesis products, and its adaptive capacity to the arid environment is probably poorer. (3) The three species of Geodorum are all shade plants. G. densiflorum has the smallest LCP and the largest LSP, and has a wider range of adaptation to light intensity; G. attenuatum has a high maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and apparent quantum efficiency (AQY), and its photosynthetic capacity is stronger; G. eulophioides has the smallest Pmax and the potential maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), and its photosynthetic capacity and CO2 utilization capacity are weaker. (4) The chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and total chlorophyll (Chl) contents of G. densiflorum and G. attenuatum were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of G. eulophioide. (5) There is a significant (P<0.05) correlation between the leaf thickness, mesophyll thickness, chlorophyll content, and Pmax of three species of Geodorum. It was concluded that the photosynthetic capacity and adaptability of G. eulophioides were poorer compared with G. densiflorum and G. attenuatum, which might be greatly related to its endangerment; appropriate shading and increased CO2 concentration favored photosynthesis in the three species of Geodorum.

Physiological and biochemical responses of grape dormancy breaking with cyanamide and expression analysis of related genes

LI Xiaoqin,LIU Zhao,QIAO Zuqin,TAO Xingmei,WANG Kai,ZHANG Yongfu* — 2023/11/27 16:57:37

To explore the responses of physiological and biochemical and mechanism of molecular regulatory for grape dormancy breaking with cyanamide, Vitis vinifera×V. labrusca ‘Shuijing’ was used as experimental materials in this study to determine the changes in SOD, POD, CAT activity, MDA and H2O2 content, and oxygen free radical production rate, and RT-PCR technology was used to clone the full-length cDNA sequences of two FT (Flowering location T) genes (VvFT1 and VvFT2) and one CBF (C-repeat binding factor) gene (VvCBF) from its buds, then their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic evolution, conserved motifs and domains, and differences expression levels in grape buds after cyanamide treatment were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The analysis of physiological and biochemical indicators results showed that SOD, POD and CAT activities, MDA and H2O2 contents, and the rate of oxygen free radical production in grape buds were significantly increased after treated with cyanamide. (2) The full-lengths cDNA sequences of VvFT1 and VvFT2 genes were 525 bp from Vitis vinifera×V. labrusca ‘Shuijing’, encoding 174 aa, and the full-lengths cDNA sequences of VvCBF gene was 714 bp, encoding 237 aa. (3) The homology analysis results showed that VvFT1 of Vitis vinifera×V. labrusca ‘Shuijing’ had the highest amino acid homology with Litchi chinensis (LcFT: AEU08960.1) and Dimocarpus longan (DlFT2: ALA55998.1), VvFT2 had the highest amino acid homology with LcFT (AEU08961.1) and DlFT2 (AHF27444.1). The phylogenetic analysis result showed that VvFT1, VvFT2, LcFT (AEU08960.1; AEU08961.1) and DlFT2 (ALA55998.1; AHF27444.1) clustered into a branch, with the most closes genetic relationship; VvCBF had the highest amino acid homology with Prunus ledebouriana (PlCBF: AEB69782.1), and the phylogenetic analysis showed that VvCBF and PlCBF clustered into a branch, with the most closest genetic relationship. (4) qRT-PCR analysis showed that VvFT1 and VvFT2 expression levels were significantly increased in buds after treated with cyanamide, while VvCBF expression levels was significantly decreased. In summary, this study comprehensively analyzed the phylogenetic evolution of VvFT1, VvFT2, and VvCBF genes, as well as the expression patterns of these genes and physiological and biochemical indicators in grape buds after treated with cyanamide, laying a theoretical foundation for the molecular and physiological mechanisms of grape dormancy breaking with cyanamide.

Cloning and expression analysis of PwDREB2s genes from Primulina wentsaii

FU Chuanming,HE Jinxiang,HUANG Ningzhen,LIU Baojun,SU Jiang,XIAN Kanghua — 2023/11/27 16:46:47

Dehydration responsive element binding protein 2 (DREB2) is a transcription factor, which plays a regulatory role to drought, high salinity and high temperature responding in model plants. However, it is still unclear for the function of DREB2 genes in Primulina wentsaii, which is adapted to limestone karst habitats with drought-high temperature environment. DREB2 homologous genes responding to dual stresses of drought and high temperature, were screened in P. wentsaii. It could provide a new gene pool for the creation of resistant germplasm in Gesneriaceae. In this study, specific primers were designed based on transcriptome sequences of P. wentsaii firstly, gDNA and cDNA were used as templates to isolate PwDREB2 genes. Then, amino acid sequences, phylogenetic relationships and consensus motifs were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. As well, the expression patterns of PwDREB2s genes were analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (sqRT-PCR) with single stress, such as low temperature, heat shock, simulated drought (osmosis), high salinity, exogenous ABA and oxidation, respectively. Finally, the transcript levels of designated members, which could respond to simulated drought and heat shock, were detected with different drought-heat shock patterns by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results were as follows: (1) Eight intron-lacking PwDREB2s genes were isolated, they could encode 198-386 amino acids, which contained several typical characteristic regions such as AP2/ERF domain, nuclear localization signal or transcriptional activation domain, respectively; (2) Transcription factors, such as PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2, PwDREB2D/2DL and PwDREB2F were classified into subtype 1, subtype 2 and subtype 3 of A-2 subgroup, respectively. While PwDREB2EL1/2EL2 were classified into A-6 subgroup; (3) Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript levels of PwDREB2s genes were induced by a series of single abiotic stresses, among which PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2/2D genes could simultaneously respond to simulated drought and heat shock; (4) QRT-PCR results revealed that the PwDREB2D gene, which was responding to drought and heat shock, was tissue-specific, it could only be strongly induced in rhizomes with liquid medium. Compared with mock group, the transcriptional responses of PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2 genes were significantly enhanced under natural drought-heat shock combined stresses with soil matrix, except for PwDREB2D gene. However, when it was compared with the single stress of natural drought and heat shock, the expression levels of PwDREB2AL1/2AL2 genes were significantly higher in natural drought-heat shock combined stresses. In conclusion, PwDREB2AL1/2AL2 genes may play the important regulatory role in response to dual stresses of natural drought and high temperature in P. wentsaii.

Analysis of vegetation ecological quality change and its driving forces in Guangxi from 2000 to 2020

Chen Yanli,Mo Jianfei,Mo Weihua,Zhou Xiyuan — 2023/11/27 15:44:47

In order to grasp the spatial temporal variation characteristics and driving mechanism of vegetation ecological quality in Guangxi, based on multi-source data such as meteorology, terrain, soil and remote sensing, and using the ecological quality index (EQI) as an evaluation indicator, linear trend analysis, correlation analysis and geographical detector method were used to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and driving mechanisms from 2000 to 2020. The results were as follows: (1) Since 2000, the vegetation ecological quality index of Guangxi has significantly increased, and the regional vegetation ecology has improved significantly.The development of vegetation ecological quality has experienced stages of slow growth, rapid growth and significant improvement. In terms of space, the vegetation ecological quality index in Guangxi shows a characteristic of high in four directions and low in the middle, with the high-value areas gradually expanding from the east to the west and north.(2) The influencing factors of spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation ecological quality in Guangxi were significantly different.The overall change of vegetation ecological quality at different altitudes showed a trend of ‘increase-decrease-stability-fluctuation’. The vegetation ecological quality in different soil types is high in loam soil and low in sandy soil. The ecological quality of forest and shrub-grass is high, and the ecological quality of farmland vegetation is low. There is a significant positive correlation between vegetation ecological quality and climate driving factors, which is affected by both temperature and precipitation.The area mainly driven by temperature (T) is the widest, followed by the area mainly driven by precipitation (P). The areas driven strongly ([T+P]+) and weakly ([T+P]-) by temperature and precipitation are smaller.(3) The driving force of changes in vegetation ecological quality change of Guangxi was affected by terrain, soil, vegetation, climate, natural disasters and human activities. The order of explanatory power of natural influencing factors was vegetation > terrain > soil > climate, in which the vegetation net primary productivity and vegetation coverage were the most important factors affecting the spatiotemporal differentiation of vegetation ecological quality. The effects of natural factors on vegetation ecological quality in Guangxi was interactive, showing a nonlinear enhancement and two-factor enhancement relationship, and the interaction between terrain and vegetation, soil and vegetation, and climate and vegetation were the most obvious. Natural disasters and human activities aggravated the impact of vegetation ecological quality change. Among them, meteorological disasters such as drought and low temperature damage inhibited the improvement of vegetation ecological quality, while human activities such as forestry ecological engineering promoted the improvement of vegetation ecological quality. The research results provided scientific theoretical basis and technical support for making reasonable measures of vegetation ecological protection and restoration in Guangxi.

Mechanism of alkaloid synthesis in Isatis indigotica Fort. infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae

liguodong,liujiajia,shijianlian,zhaomingzhi,zhaoshuli — 2023/11/24 17:36:22

Abstract: In order to explore the effects of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin stress on the expression of alkaloid and key enzyme genes of Isatis indigotica. The disease morphology, histological observation, physiological and biochemical indexes, transcriptomics and metabolomic analysis of I. indigotica were analyzed at 0 d, 7 d, 14 d and 21 d after Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. The results showed that: (1) The roots of I. indigotica developed disease classification standard of 0, 1, 3, and 5 on day 7, day 14 and day 21 after inoculation, and the critical time point of cortical invasion was day 7. (2) After inoculation for 14 d, the contents of soluble protein and malondialdehyde, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase in I. indigotica leaves were significantly increased compared to those in control group. And it showed an increasing trend with the extension of inoculation time. (3) A total of 161 alkaloids were detected in metabolomics, among which the indoles were the most. There were 16, 17 and 39 different metabolites in I. indigotica on 7 d, 14 d and 21 d, respectively, and the different metabolites were mainly enriched in alkaloid and amino acid metabolic pathways. (4) Transcriptome sequencing results showed that: there were 2 439, 256 and 6 437 differentially expressed genes of I. indigotica at 7 d, 14 d and 21 d after infection with P. brassicae, and the three groups were enriched to 11 alkaloid related metabolic pathways. Compared with those without inoculation, the expression of 9 genes (encoding 4 enzymes THS, TAT, YUCCA and ALDH) increased on day 7, day 14 and day 21 after inoculation. These results reveal the interaction mechanism between P. brassica and I. indigotica, explore the influence of P. brassica on the synthesis of indole alkaloids and key enzyme genes, and lay a foundation for the later study of the resistance genes and alkaloid secondary metabolic pathways of I. indigotica.

Chloroplast genome capture history and genetic diversity of C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’

2023/11/21 9:41:59

Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ is the main raw material for making Liupao tea. To explore the genetic background of C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’, especially its phylogenetic position and evolutionary history, 27 and five individuals of C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ and C. costata were sampled for genome skimming and transcriptomic sequencing. The phylogenetic relationship between C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ and other Camellia was reconstructed, the divergence time of the chloroplast genome sequences of C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ was estimated, and the genetic diversity was investigated. The results were as follows: (1) On the chloroplast tree, 27 samples of C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ were divided into two distantly-related groups, one was nested within a clade mainly consisting of C. sinensis, being interspersed among other cultivated C. sinensis, while the other group formed as a well supported lineage that was most closely-related to and nested within C. costata; On the nuclear gene tree, however, all the 27 samples formed a clade with other C. sinensis as well as some other Camellia species with generally unresolved relationships among them. Despite the lack of resolution in this clade, it was definitely far separated from C. costata; The cytonuclear phylogenetic conflict suggested once ancient introgression hybridization of C. costata with the ancestor of some C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ individuals so that the latter captured the chloroplast genome of the former. (2) The time estimate indicated that the introgression hybridization event occurred in the Quaternary period, ca. 1.55 million years ago, long before the history of tea cultivation and production by humans; (3) In addition, both the chloroplast genomes and nuclear genes revealed that the C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ had high haplotype diversity, possessing high evolutionary potential. This study could provide important references for the germplasm protection, breeding, and utilization of high-quality C. sinensis var. sinensis cv. ‘Liupao’ strains.

Dynamic characteristics of DOC release from the mixed leaf litter decomposition of coniferous and broad-leaved tree spieces

LI Xun,SONG Simeng,ZHANG Jian,ZHANG Yan,ZHOU Yang — 2023/11/17 9:47:07

In order to adjust the structure of inefficient Pinus massoniana forest and explore the dynamic changes for DOC during the mixed decomposition process of P. massoniana and native broad-leaved tree species. Our research focuses on the leaf litter of P. massoniana, Cinnamomum camphora and Toona sinensi, and combine them into the 15 treatments (3 single tree treatments + 12 mixed treatments) according to different tree species combinations and mass ratios, and then conducted field decomposition experiments to further explore the optimal combination for DOC release. The results showed that: (1) DOC content of Pinus massoniana and most of mixed treatments (except for PT64) significantly increased during the early stages of decomposition (0-6 months), leading to carbon enrichment. The DOC content of leaf litter decreased with the extension of decomposition time, and also exhibit carbon enrichment in small degree during the middle to late stages of decomposition (12-18 months) or the late stages of decomposition (18-24 months). Mixed leaf litter showed that the higher the proportion of broad leaves, the lower the DOC content in the later stage. (2) The antagonistic effect of DOC release rate in the early stage of decomposition (0-6 months) was strong (58.33%), and its synergistic effect gradually strengthened (91.67%) after 6-18 months. But the synergistic effect of leaf litter weakened (66.67%) during the late stage of decomposition (18-24 months). Among all mixed treatments, PT64 exhibited synergistic effects throughout the entire decomposition period, followed by PT73, PCT622 and PCT613(3/4). (3) Partial Least-Squares Regression (PLS) showed that N content, P content, lignin content, condensed tannin content, C/N, C/N, lignin/N, and lignin/P were important factors affecting the release of DOC from litter in this study area. Overall, the DOC release from mixed P. massoniana and broad-leaved litter was affected by tree species, mixing ratio and decomposition time. Among all of the mixtures, PT64, PT73, PCT622 and PCT613 showed strong synergistic effects for DOC release.

The dynamics of forest arbor layer along an elevational gradient in the southern Gaoligong Mountains from 2004-2013

2023/11/10 10:31:28

A better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of species composition and biodiversity provides significant insights into the distribution patterns of biodiversity and the prediction of biodiversity fate in a global change context. However, how species and phylogenetic diversity change along elevational gradient with temporal scale in mountain ecosystems is largely unknown. In this study, we used census data (2004, 2008 and 2013) of an elevational transect (elevational range 960-2 878 m) covering eastern and western slopes of Gaoligong Mountains, SW China, to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of forest arbor layer (DBH≥5 cm) species diversity and phylogenetic diversity. The results were as follows: (1) Species diversity was hump-shaped along the elevational gradient, while the phylogenetic diversity increased with increasing elevation. Clustering phylogenetic structure was observed at low elevations, and overdispersed or random structure was detected at high elevations. (2) Overall, temporal species and phylogenetic beta diversity analysis showed no significant difference among these three investigation time points. However, we found a higher clustering of phylogenetic structure along the temporal scale. (3) Spatial beta diversity showed that there was a significant loss of species at low elevations (960-1 381 m) on the eastern slope, where the vegetation has been disturbed or completely converted into farmland. The main lost species including Terminalia chebula, Quercus acutissima, Pistacia weinmanniifolia, Hovenia acerba and Ilex wattii. In contrast, the change in the western slope is mild at low elevations, only observing species abundance increasing, which include Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, Symplocos chinensis, and Taiwania cryptomerioides. Therefore, we speculate that the change in species and phylogenetic diversity of the arbor layer of subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest may be related to succession process and climatic change in middle and high elevations, while the communities at low elevations were seriously impacted by human activities in the Gaoligong Mountains. The results will deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of plant community dynamics in the Gaoligong Mountains and provide new insights to guide precise conservation strategies in the region.

Molecular bioinformatics and expression analysis of the COBRA gene family in Huperzia serrata

HUANG Yumei,LIANG Liuguan,TENG Jianbei,TU Dongping* — 2023/11/3 15:33:56

The paper clarifies the molecular bioinformatics characteristics and tissue expression patterns of the COBRA gene family members of Huperzia serrata, to provide a basis for further research on COBRA genes. Based on the full-length transcriptome data of the Huperzia serrata, the physicochemical properties, domains, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, and genes expression of the family members ( HsCOBRAs ) were analyzed by bioinformatics techniques. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 24 HsCOBRAs family members were screened in the full-length transcriptome of Huperzia serrata, including 9 acidic proteins, 11 stabilizing proteins, 5 hydrophobic proteins, 7 proteins with transmembrane structures, and 3 proteins with signal peptides. (2) Subcellular localization was found in the cell wall, chloroplast, nucleus, and cell membrane. (3) Structural analysis revealed that HsCOBRAs have 7 domains and 6 conserved motifs, and partial members have a highly conserved CCVS structure. (4) HsCOBRAs have 46 cis-acting elements such as CAAT-box and TATA-box. (5) HsCOBRA2 had the highest expressionin in leaves, spores, stems and gemma. The molecular bioinformatics and expression characterization of the COBRA gene family of Huperzia serrata can provide theoretical basis for further research and biological function verification of HsCOBRAs.

Chemical constituents of n-butanol extract of Astragalus rigidulus

JIANG Wei,LI Wenyan,REN Gang,WU Haofen,ZHONG Guoyue,ZHOU Jialin — 2023/11/2 10:25:39

To study the chemical constituents of n-butanol extract from Astragalus rigidulus Benth. ex Bunge, HP-20 macroporous adsorption resin, Sephadex LH-20 gel, ODS gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used to separate the chemical constituents. The structures of all isolates were identified by spectroscopic methods, including NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The results showed that twenty compounds including nineteen flavonoid derivatives and one sesquiterpene glycoside were isolated and purified from the n-butanol extract of A. rigidulus. Their structures were identified as 7-O-methylorobol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), mildiside A (2), naringenin (3), purine 4′-O-β-D-glucoside (4), orobot (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6′-acetyl)-glucopyranoside (6), 5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone-2′-O-β-D-glucopyranosid (7), amarantholidoside IV (8), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), kaempferol (10), quercetin (11), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), (S)-mucronulatol (13), calycosin (14), quercetin (15), pratensein-7-O-β-D-glucoside (16), 2′-hydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucose (17), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (18), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavonol-3-O-rutinoside (19), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (20). It is the first report for the compounds 1~9 found in the genus Astragalus. The rest compounds are isolated from the title plant for the first time.

Primulina pingguoensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China

LU Zhaocen,MA Husheng,PAN Bo*,XU Weibin — 2023/10/23 18:15:34

Primulina pingguoensis H.S. Ma & B. Pan, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, is illustrated and described here. The new species morphologically resembles Primulina carinata Y.G. Wei, F. Wen & H.Z. Lü, but it differs from the latter by lobes narrowly lanceolate-linear，length-width ratio >2 (rounded-ovate，length-width ratio <1.5), 8–10 purple stripes from corolla throat to the bottom of corolla tube, without honey guides (vs. brown stripes, 2 yellow honey guides inside, leaf blade elliptic to broadly?ovate, 6.5–9.5 × 4.5–6.5 cm (vs. broadly elliptic to ovate, 4.0–5.0 × 3.0–4.0 cm), leaf blade base slightly cuneate (vs. rounded), corolla tube tubular, ventrally carinate, (vs. narrowly funnelform, strongly carinate, forming a clear keel), etc. The conservation status of P. pingguoensis is considered as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR) according to the IUCN red list categories and criteria.

The MYTH cDNA library from cambium with JA-induced laticifer differentiation and screening of HbHDA6 interacting proteins in Hevea brasiliensis

2023/10/23 18:05:23

The secondary laticifer is the position for synthesis and storage of natural rubber (NR), which is differentiated from the vascular cambium of bark in stem of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). The quantity of secondary laticifer is depend on the frequency of the secondary laticifer differentiation from cambia, which is the main index of yield breeding of rubber tree. In previous studies, we found trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDA), can also induce laticifer differentiation, and the histone deacetylase gene (HbHDA6) is a participator in laticifer differentiation. Because of the molecular mechanism of secondary laticifer differentiation regulated by histone acetylation has not been clarified. So, we construct a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library used the vascular cambium tissues treatment by coronatine (COR), and screening the yeast two-hybrid library by HbHDA6 gene as the bait, for determining the proteins interacting with HbHDA6. The results were as follows: (1) The homogenized yeast two-hybrid cDNA library of vascular cambium is successful and constructed by the technology of gateway. The capacity of the primary library is 6.3 × 106, the total number of clones is 1.2 × 107, and the capacity of secondary library is 7.7 × 106, the total number of clones is 1.5 × 107, the recombination rate of the libraries is 100%. (2) The average length of inserted fragments is 1.1 kb and 1.2 kb in primary and secondary library, respectively. The bait vector of pGBKT7-HbHDA6 is constructed and confirmed no self-activation activity. (3) The cDNA library is screened with the pGBKT7-HbHDA6 bait vector, found 22 proteins interacting with HbHDA6, including CLP1, ERF3, ERF4, HSP82, LARP6a, APT5, PP2A, APT5, FBA6, etc. The results provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the molecular regulatory network of the secondary laticifer differentiation of rubber tree, and provide candidate genes for the rubber production potential of genetically modified and a new clue for the genetic improvement and breeding of high-performance NR.

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on physiology and chlorogenic acid synthesis and accumulation of Pyrrosia petiolosa

2023/10/19 10:14:38

To explore the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the physiology of Pyrrosia petiolosa as well as the synthesis and accumulation of chlorogenic acid, tissue culture seedlings of P. petiolosa were used as materials, and three concentration gradients of low nutrient ( no fertilization : N0, P0, K0 ), normal fertilization ( N : 0.2 g / kg, P : 0.15 g / kg, K : 0.15 g / kg ) and high nutrient ( N1 : 0.4 g / kg, P1 : 0.3 g / kg, K1 : 0.3 g / kg ) were set up. There were seven treatments set up : 1 ) NPK, 2 ) N0PK, 3 ) N1PK, 4 ) NP0K, 5 ) NP1K, 6 ) NPK0 and 7 ) NPK1, and the resistance physiological indexes, chlorogenic acid content and key enzyme activities of P. petiolosa under different treatments were determined. The results revealed that : (1) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers had a significant effect on the resistance physiology of P. petiolosa. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) increased significantly under high nitrogen and low potassium treatments, but catalase (CAT) activity rose significantly under low and high treatments of the three nutrients. (2) The content of chlorogenic acid in P. petiolosa was significantly affected by different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The chlorogenic acid level in normal fertilization was the highest, reaching 12.92 mg/g, while the chlorogenic acid content in high potassium fertilization was the lowest, 7.79 mg/g. Potassium fertilizer had the most significant effect on chlorogenic acid content. The content of chlorogenic acid was positively correlated with the activities of hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and coumaroyl coenzyme ligase (4CL), and negatively correlated with the activity of quinic acid hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT). HQT, 4CL and HCT were the key factors leading to the difference of chlorogenic acid content. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the artificial cultivation of P. petiolosa.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on the quality of pitaya planted in calcareous soil in karst area

CHEN Ting,LI Dongxing,LI Jianxing,LU Fang,LU Shuhua*,TAN Yanfang — 2023/10/18 17:14:14

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates on fruit quality of pitaya under the condition of calcareous soil in karst area were discussed in order to promote the growth, development and quality improvement of pitaya. The ‘Taiwan Dahong’ pitaya in 3-year-old were used as the experiment material. Based on 0.216 kg of phosphorus (P) and 0.324kg of potassium (K), four nitrogen application levels (CK, T1, T2, T3) were setted. 21 fruit quality indexes were determined, and the quality differences of pitaya with different nitrogen application levels (CK,T1,T2,T3) were compared. At the same time, 11 appearance quality indexes were comprehensicely analyzed by principal component analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the control, nitrogen application could increase the soluble sugar content and soluble solids of fruit content, reduce the protein content and dietary fiber content, and the high nitrogen treatment (T3) was significantly different from other treatments. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the titratable acid content and vitamin C content of fruit increased first and then decreased, while the solid-acid ratio decreased first and then increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and the high nitrogen treatment(T3) was significantly higher than other treatments. High nitrogen level significantly increased the fruit vertical and horizontal diameter, fruit shape index and single fruit weight. (2) Compared with the control, nitrogen application treatment reduced the N content of pitaya fruit and increased the P content, and the N and P contents of each treatment were significantly different. The K content of fruit increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and T3 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Nitrogen application increased fruit B content and decreased fruit Cu content. The contents of Mn, Fe, Ca and Mg in different treatments were ranked as T3 > T1 > CK > T2. The content of Zn decreased first and then increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. (3) The principal component comprehensive evaluation score of the high nitrogen level treatment was the highest, indicating that when selecting brown calcareous soil in Guilin karst area to grow pitaya, supplemented by a certain amount of P and K fertilizer, high nitrogen treatment was more conducive to improving the quality of pitaya. In actual production, it is necessary to make appropriate adjustments according to the soil fertility status of the plantation.

Triterpenoids from Potentilla kleiniana and their cytotoxicity

CHEN Tingting,JIN Qianqian,LI Li,LI Yongjun,LI Yue,LIU Jia,SUN Xu,ZHANG Bao — 2023/10/18 15:17:24

Potentilla kleiniana belongs to the family Rosaceae, which distributes in Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In China, this plant is mainly found in east, south and southwest provinces. P. kleiniana has been prescribed for the treatment of various diseases in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, such as cough, fever, tuberculosis, mastitis, rheumatoid arthritis. Our previous study found that P. kleiniana had a certain cytotoxicity on tumor cells, and 28 compounds were isolated and identified from P. kleiniana, some of which were cytotoxic to tumor cells. In order to further study the chemical constituents of Potentilla kleiniana and their cytotoxicity, the 60% ethanol extract of P. kleiniana were isolated by D-101 macroporous adsorptive resins, silica gel, ODS, Toyopearl HW-40, Sephadex LH-20 and other methods. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data. Meanwhile, all these compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against human cervical cancer cell line Hela. The results were as follows: (1) Fifteen triterpenoids were isolated and identified as ursolic acid (1), 3β-O-acetyl pomolic acid (2), 2-oxopomolic acid (3), pomolic acid (4), fupenzic acid (5), euscaphic acid (6), tormentic acid (7), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (8), rosamultin (9), asiaticoside A (10), hederagenin (11), maslinic acid (12), arjunic acid (13), glycyrrhetinic acid (14), glycyrrhizic acid (15). Among them, compounds 10, 11, 13-15 were isolated from genus Potentilla for the first time, and compounds 2-5, 9 and 12 were isolated from P. kleiniana for the first time. (2) Cytotoxic activity studies showed that compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 display certain inhibitory activities against Hela cells with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 34.14, 86.43, 14.05, 34.45, 28.76 μmol·L-1, respectively. Thus, the study enriches the chemical constituents of P. kleiniana, and provides experimental basis for the development of anti-cervical cancer drugs.

Studies on chemical constituents of the anti-liver cancer active site of Scutellaria barbata

Cao Xiaoqin,Chen Zhongqiang,FANG Zhengfeng,Fang Hui — 2023/10/18 15:07:24

In previous study, the ethanol extract of Scutellaria barbata was partitioned with petroleum ether and EtOAc, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract site was subjected to column chromatography over macroporous adsorption resin eluting with gradient ethanol. The 70% ethanol elution fraction exhibited good anti-liver cancer activity. To clarify the active ingredients, the active site was separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, preparative TLC, and semi preparative liquid chromatography, etc. Multiple spectroscopic analysis methods were used to identify the structure of the monomer compounds, and the CCK-8 method was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of all compounds on the proliferation of human liver cancer HepG2 cells in vitro. At the same time, molecular docking technology was used to investigate the binding of the most active compounds with target proteins VEGF-2 and FGFR-1, which were obtained from targeted drug for liver cancer. The results were as follows: (1) 14 compounds were isolated from the active site, including 12 neo-clerodane diterpenoids and 2 flavonoids, which were identified as follows: Scuefolide C (1), 6-O-acetyl-7-O-nicotinoylscutebarbatine G (2), Scutestrigillosin D (3), Scutehenanine D (4), Scutebarbatine A (5), Scutebarbatine B (6), 7-O-Nicotinoylscutebarbatine H (7), Scutebarbatine N (8), Scutebarbatine Y (9), Barbatin A (10), Barbatin B (11), Barbatin D (12), 5, 7, 6′- trihydroxy-2′-methoxyflavonol (13) and 5, 8- dihydroxy- 6, 7- dimethoxyflavone (14). Compounds 1-3 and 13-14 were isolated from this plant for the first time. (2) The results of cell proliferation inhibition test showed that compounds 4, 7, 10-12 exhibited weaker tumor cell proliferation inhibitory activity, and compound 6 exhibited similar cell proliferation inhibitory activity to the positive control (cisplatin), while compound 5 exhibited stronger tumor cell proliferation inhibitory activity than cisplatin. (3) The molecular docking results showed that compounds 5 and 6 have good binding affinity with target protein VEGF-2, which bind to residues such as GLY-841, LEU-840, ASN-923, ARG-1032 in VEGF-2 protein through hydrogen bonding. At the same time, compounds 5 and 6 exhibit poor binding affinity with target protein FGFR-1. The findings of molecular docking provide a reference for further in-depth research on the anti-liver cancer mechanism of compounds 5 and 6.

Studies on the chemical constituents and cytotoxic activity of Ludwigia octovalvis

li bing,Li Jinling,li min,Liao Guangfeng,lu rumei,zeng yuxian,zhu xiaoyong — 2023/10/17 21:01:33

To study the chemical constituents of Ludwigia octovalvis. The 80% ethanol extract from L.octovalvis was isolated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Flash C18 and semi-preparative liquid chromatography, and the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds were determined by MTS method. The results were as follow: Twenty compounds were isolated from L. octovalvis, their structures were identified as (-)-lyoniresinol (1), 8,8′-bisdihydrosiringenin (2), 5-methoxy-(-)-isolariciresinol (3), (-)-isolariciresinol (4), 3,4""-di-O-methylellagic acid (5), 3,3"",4""-tri-O-methylellagic acid (6),1,3,6-tri- O-galloyl-β-glucospyranose (7), corilagin (8), methyl gallate (9), ethyl gallate (10), terminaliate A (11), syringic acid (12), 3-hydroxy-l-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone (13), luteolin (14), kaempferol (15), 5,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (16), tangeretin (17), nobiletin (18), α-tocopherolquinone (19), 5-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl quinic acid ethyl ester (20). Compounds 1~5, 7~8, 11, 13, 16~20 were isolated from Ludwigia for the first time. Compounds 6, 9, 10, 12, 15 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 19 showed inhibitory activity against the leukemia HL-60 with the IC50 values of 10.31 μM. Compounds 6-8, 19 showed inhibitory activity against the lung cancer cells A549 with the IC50 values of 25.82 μM, 42.05 μM, 36.94 μM, 17.54 μM , respectively. Compounds 6, 7, 11, 14, 19 showed inhibitory activity against the liver cancer SMMC-7721 with the IC50 values of 24.24 μM, 26.35 μM, 26.51 μM, 33.34 μM and 20.44 μM, respectively. Compounds 6 and 19 showed inhibitory activity against the breast cancer MDA-MB-231 with the IC50 values of 34.91 μM, 21.13 μM, respectively. Compounds 6, 7, 19 showed inhibitory activity against the colon cancer SW480 with the IC50 values of 36.03 μM, 39.97 μM, 5.52 μM, respectively.The study enrichs the chemical constituent of Ludwigia octovalvis and provide a basis for the development of anti-tumor activity.

Stoichiometric characteristics of understory plant leaves and soil of three forest types in Maoershan

DENG Lili,LÜ Shihong,QIN Huizhen,SHI Yancai,WEI Xiao — 2023/10/17 15:20:58

Exploring the stoichiometric characteristics of understory plants’ leaves and soil in different forest types in Maoershan can reveal the adaptation strategies of understory plants in Maoershan, and provide data support for forest management. In this paper, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (ZK), evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest (CLC) and evergreen broad-leaved forest (CL) in Maoershan were selected as three forest types, the leaf stoichiometry of main plants in herb layer and shrub layer, and the soil stoichiometry under three forest types were measured and analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) There was no significant difference in leaf C and N contents between herb layer and shrub layer, but P and K contents in herb layer were extremely significantly higher than that in shrub layer, and N∶P was significantly lower than that in shrub layer. Plants in herb layer was more likely to be restricted by N, plants in shrub layer was more likely to be restricted by P and the utilization efficiency of N and P were higher. There was no significant difference in leaf stoichiometry of plants in shrub layer among different forest types, but there were significant differences in leaf N content, C∶N, C∶P of plants in herb layer among different forest types. Plants in herb layer of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest had higher nutrient use efficiency. (2) The soil C and N contents of the three forest types showed that CL > CLC > ZK, and there were extremely significant differences among the three forest types. The soil P content of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was the highest, while that of C∶P and N∶P was the lowest. (3) Soil in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest significantly affected some leaf stoichiometry of plants in herb layer and shrub layer, while the other two forest types had no significant effect on underforest plants. To sum up, there are significant or extremely significant differences in soil stoichiometry among different forest types in Maoershan. The nutrient requirements and environmental adaptation strategies of plants in herb layer and shrub layer are different. The soil of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest has a strong influence on the leaf stoichiometry of understory plants, and the soil with low decomposition efficiency of organic matter in this forest type, and the soil is limited by N due to the low decomposition efficiency of organic matter, so the management of N in the mixed forest should be strengthened.

Floral morphology and anther development in diandrous orchid Paphiopedilum purpuratum with their taxonomic implications

HUANG Jialin,LI Lu,TAO Kaifeng,WANG Yuecheng,ZHANG Jin,ZHU Yong — 2023/9/19 17:28:48

The taxonomy of Paphiopedilum Pfitz. has been disputed and needed more data for clarification. Floral morphology and anther development in P. purpuratum were observed using microscope and paraffin section to provide a better understanding of the systematics of Paphiopedilum, as well as those of Cypripedioideae. The results were as follows: (1) It was supported that P. purpuratum should be placed in Paph. subgenus Paphiopedilum Sect. Barbata by some floral features, including a single flower, sepal white with veins, petal spotted with blackish-maroon, pouch of a lip auriculate on both sides, and a staminode lunate. (2) At the early stage, anther primordium developed into a pair of laterally juxtaposed thecae. An incomplete sterile septa was differentiated in the center of each theca, giving rise to two arc-shaped microsporangia. When anther split, the sterile septum was discomposed and degenerated resulting in a mass of sticky pollens from two pollen sacs were fused into a unit. (3) The developed anther wall consisted of an epidermis, an endothecium, a middle layer, and a tapetum, conforming to the monocotyledonous type. Both tapetum and inner tapetum cells contained 2 nuclei. (4) Microspore mother cells underwent a simultaneous cytokinesis resulting in microspore tetrads with varied arrangements of tetrahedral, isobilateral, and decussate types. (5) Microspores produced 2-celled pollens via mitosis, which could be retained in pollen tetrads or released as monad. Based on the data available, some key features were selected for taxonomy and conservation biology of Paphiopedilum in Cypripedioideae, including the differentiation of sterile septum, the monocotyledonous type of anther wall, the binucleated tapetum, simultaneous cytokinsis, the sticky pollens and so on in Orchidaceae.

Effects of thinning and pruning on the native mangrove plants in the understory of Laguncularia racemosa forest

CHEN Chunlian,LIU Qiang,YANG Shan,ZHOU Jiayi — 2023/9/19 9:59:15

In order to investigate a new way to replace the exotic mangrove Laguncularia racemosa plantations gradually with native mangrove forests through thinning and pruning without drastic habitat disturbance in the reserve, this study took the exotic mangrove L. racemosa forests introduced in Hainan Dongzhai Harbor National Nature Reserve as the study area, and L. racemosa forests were thinning and pruning relying on the reserve. The purpose was to study the ecological effects of the thinning and pruning of L. racemosa forests on the restoration of native mangrove communities. The results show that: (1) Asexual reproduction of L. racemosa stump sprouting after thinning and pruning weakened the treatment effect, and there was no significant difference in the effect of L. racemosa stump sprouting between one intervention (50% intensity of thinning and pruning) and two interventions (50% intensity of thinning and pruning followed by an additional pruning). (2) Both intervention methods enriched native mangrove species and promoted their growth in the understory shrub layer, and the two interventions had a more significant promotion effect than the one intervention. However, there is no significant effect on the natural regeneration of mangrove seedlings in the herbaceous layer. (3) In the experiment of planting native mangrove seedlings in the three plots of non-thinning, thinning, and forest margin, the survival rates of Rhizophora stylosa and Kandelia obovata seedlings were promoted by the thinning and pruning measures. The effect of thinning and pruning treatment on the growth of R. stylosa seedlings was close to the forest margin conditions, but the effect was limited. Therefore, we suggest increasing the thinning intensity or pruning frequency based on 50% intensity thinning and pruning, carrying out artificial planting of native mangrove plants in the understory appropriately, and removing the sprouting branches from the stumps of L. racemosa, which is more conducive to the conversion of L. racemosa plantation to native mangrove community.

Identification and inhibiting effect of pathogens that caused tuber rot of Bletilla striata

仇硕,MA Xiaoya,WU Qiaofen,XIA Ke,YANG Yanni,ZHAO Zhiguo,ZHENG Wenjun — 2023/9/14 20:24:39

In order to identify the pathogens that caused tuber rot in Bletilla striata and study the inhibiting effects of herbal extracts on pathogens, the pathogens that caused tuber rot of Bletilla striata were isolated using usual tissue isolation. Morphological and molecular biological techniques were used to identify the strains. And seven herbal extracts were used to study the inhibiting effects on the pathogen. The results were as follows:（1） A total of 14 fungi and 4 bacteria were isolated from diseased leaves, leaf sheaths and tubers. But only strain GF-1 caused disease, whose symptoms consistent with those in the field. The incidences of GF-1 disease reinoculated in the field and laboratory were 100％, respectively. （2）GF-1 was identified as a memmber of Epicoccum, and its colonial morphology is a circular form, with white mycelium, prostrate on the medium, aerial, diaphragms and branches. There are conidia and chlamydospores. （3）At last, the sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of GF-1 were analyzed, the length was 522 bp. The sequence was compared with other species in the GenBank and reached 99.62% similarity to E. sorghinum (MN493119.1) isolated form Sorghum, which was closer than others, including E. sorghinum (MF948994.1) isolated form leaves of B. striata. （4）GF-1 could be fully inhibited when the medium contained 0.1~ 0.2 g·mL-1 extracts that extracted from 7 Chinese herbal. And it also could be fully inhibited by 0.05 g·mL-1 of C. cassia or Syringa oblate. In summary, the pathogen that caused tuber rot in Bletilla striata was identified as E. sorghinum. And GF-1 could be fully inhibited cultivated on the medium which contained 0.1~ 0.2 g·mL-1 herbal extracts, e.g.: C. cassia, S. oblate, Cyclocarya paliurus, B. striata, Houpoea officinalis, Illicium verum or Cnidium monnieri.

Identification and inhibiting effect of pathogens that caused tuber rot of Bletilla striata

仇硕,MA Xiaoya,WU Qiaofen,XIA Ke,YANG Yanni,ZHAO Zhiguo,ZHENG Wenjun — 2023/9/14 20:24:21

Plastid phylogenomics resolving phylogeny and evolution of Semiliquidambar cathayensis

Wei Yanyan,Zhou Yun — 2023/9/14 20:07:55

Semiliquidambar cathayensis is treated as a grade-two protected plant in China. However, its phylogenetic relationships with species from Hamamelidaceae and Altingiaceae remain unclear. In order to analyze the phylogenetic relationships and adaptive evolution of chloroplast genomes between S. cathayensis and its closely related taxa including species from Hamamelidaceae and Altingiaceae, we reconstructed the Maximum Likelihood tree and the Bayesian tree to discover the phylogenetic relationships between S. cathayensis and its closely related taxa from 24 sequences that representing 22 species, and further detected the correlation between adaptive sites and selective pressure of protein coding genes under varying models including site model, clade model and branch model. Altingiaceae clade was chosen as the foreground clade. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 133 genes were annotated, including 88 protein-coding genes (11 genes with intron), 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. (2) Eight chloroplast genomes representing eight species from S. cathayensis and Altingia, Liquidambar were relatively conservative in sequence length, gene number and composition, GC content, and there was not obvious diversity in the four boundaries. Relatively high variation interspecific were also detected in LSC and SSC regions among these eight chloroplast genomes, while the IR regions were high conservatism. (3) Phylogenetic trees showed that S. cathayensis and sampled species of Altingiaceae clustered a group, which further divided into three clades, namely clade I, clade II and clade III. The phylogenetic relationships among these clades remain unclear due to hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) according to the results of test of ILS. (4) The chloroplast genes such as ndhA, ndhG and rps12 were subjected to selection pressure under the clade model and branch model. Furthermore, 28 sites of ten genes were detected under positive selection with p-value greater than 0.99 based on the site model, which may be related to the adaptive evolution of Altingiaceae. In this study, the results of plastid phylogenomics supports that S. cathayensis belongs to Altingiaceae. Several coding genes among these species of Altingiaceae may have adaptive evolution. These results will provide data for the further resource protection of homonym drugs and pharmacognostic researches of ethnodrug.

Plastid phylogenomics resolving phylogeny and evolution of Semiliquidambar cathayensis

Wei Yanyan,Zhou Yun — 2023/9/14 20:07:27

Supplements to Checklist of Vascular Plants of Guangxi, China(Ⅷ)

HUANG Xuekui,HUANG Xueyu,HUANG Yusong,NONG Suyun — 2023/9/14 19:54:43

Seventeen newly recorded species from Guangxi, China are reported, including Yinshania henryi (Oliv.) Y. H. Zhang, Lepidium didymum L., Rumex acetosella L., Impatiens chekiangensis Y. L. Chen, Pittosporum kweichowense Gowda, Reevesia orbicularis Tardieu, Itea ilicifolia Oliv., Eriobotrya henryi Nakai, Myrsine verruculosa (C. Chen) Pipoly & C. Chen, Mycetia hirta Hutch., Spermacoce exilis (L. O. Williams) C. D. Adams, Picris divaricata Vaniot, Mazus gracilis Hemsl. ex Forbes et Hemsl., Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl., Caryopteris nepetifolia (Benth.) Maxim., Salvia nanchuanensis var. pteridifolia Sun, and Smilax elegantissima Gagnep.. These newly recorded species are of great value to the study of floristic geography, the innovative utilization of plant resources and the protection of plant diversity in Guangxi. The invasiveness of Lepidium didymum L. and Spermacoce exilis (L. O. Williams) C. D. Adams, which are alien species, was evaluated. The medicinal efficacy of Yinshania henryi (Oliver) Y. H. Zhang, Lepidium didymum L., Rumex acetosella L., Picris divaricata Vaniot, Mazus gracilis Hemsl. ex Forbes et Hemsl., Schnabelia nepetifolia (Benth.) P. D. Cantino, Salvia nanchuanensis var. pteridifolia Sun, Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl., Itea ilicifolia Oliv., which are new records of medicinal plants in Guangxi, was briefly summarized. The voucher specimens, geographical distribution and plant photographs are also provided for each species.

Supplements to Checklist of Vascular Plants of Guangxi, China(Ⅷ)

HUANG Xuekui,HUANG Xueyu,HUANG Yusong,NONG Suyun — 2023/9/14 19:54:23

Stamen development and formation of dehiscence Porein Rhododendron pulchrum

DING Kaiyu,MA Haiying,YANG Liu,YANG Rui — 2023/9/14 16:14:13

Some groups in Angiosperms have unique anther dehiscence pattern through dehiscence pore, but the formation of the dehiscence pore and the mechanism of pollen shedding are largely unknown. Flowers of Rhododendron have porate anthers. The purpose of this research was to study the anther development of Rh. pulchrum Sweet to find out how the dehiscence pore develops and what tissues are involved in its development. The results showed that the dehiscence pore and the main body of the anther diverged from very beginning of the stamen development, with different tissue sources and developmental processes. The dehiscent zone is composed of parenchyma, which is derived from the apical meristem of the stamen, and the dehiscence pore is formed through breaking down of the parenchyma cells. The remainder of the anther, also the main body of the anther, comes from the sporogenous cells originated below the apical meristem and they eventually develop into pollen sacs with regular anther walls. The anther wall at its full development comprises 6-7 layers: one layer of epidermis, 2-3 layers of endothecia, 1-2 layers of middle layers and one layer of tapetum. The tapetum is glandular. Unlike those in longitudinal dehiscent anthers, the endothecia of Rh. pulchrum are not fibrous when pollens are mature. Instead, they are thickened through accumulation of polysaccharide granules before pollen shedding, therefore the anther wall is strengthened and becomes somewhat elastic. The pollens are shed as tetrads with viscous threads among them, which could stick pollen tetrads together. We assumed that the thickened multi-layer endothecia could reduce the inner room of the pollen sac so that the pollens at the top are “squeezed out” from the dehiscence pore, and the viscous threads allow the pollen tetrads to be pulled out in clumps by pollinators. .

Stamen development and formation of dehiscence Porein Rhododendron pulchrum

DING Kaiyu,MA Haiying,YANG Liu,YANG Rui — 2023/9/14 16:09:48

Relationship between the HrANR Gene and Flavonoid Accumulation in Sea Buckthorn( Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Rousi ) and Drought Resistance

LIU Rui,MA Yuhua,YE Guisheng,ZHAO Lang — 2023/9/14 15:29:56

Anthocyanidin reductase is one of the key enzyme involved in the synthesis of flavonoids. In order to explore the structure of ANR gene, ANR enzyme expression pattern and flavonoid content under drought stress and its correlation, a HrANR gene identified from RNA-seq data of sea buckthorn was screened and analyzed by bioinformatics soft, the expression pattern of HrANR gene in different tissues and the content of flavonoid in leaves was performed. The results were as follows: (1) The ORF of HrANR gene is 1017 bp, which encodes 338 amino acids. It is a stable hydrophilic protein, and the homologous protein has significant family and genus characteristics. (2) HrANR gene was expressed in roots, stems and leaves of sea buckthorn under drought stress, but the expression trends were different, with an increase followed by a decrease and then an increase in roots, a continuous decrease in stems, and an increase followed by a continuous decrease in leaves. (3) The content of flavonoids in the leaves of sea buckthorn under different levels of stress showed a trend that first increased continuously, then decreased slightly and rose to the highest point after rehydration. The above results indicate that the expression of HrANR gene and the changes in flavonoid content are closely related to the drought resistance of sea buckthorn. The flavonoid content in leaves was positively correlated with drought stress at the beginning of drought stress and negatively correlated with drought stress under severe stress. (4) Leaf expression, stem expression and flavonoid content of HrANR gene were negatively correlated (Pleaf= -0.75143, Pstem= -0.934) and root expression was positively correlated with flavonoid content (Proot= 0.444). The above results indicate that the expression of HrANR genes and changes of flavonoid content in sea buckthorn are closely related to drought resistance, and it can provide a basis for elucidating the drought resistance mechanism of sea buckthorn.

Qualitative analysis of chemical constituents of Aloe made from Aloe barbadensis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

2023/9/14 15:24:03

To clarify the chemical constituents of the traditional Chinese medicine Aloe made from Aloe barbadensis, i.e., the concentrated dry matter of the juice of the leaves of Aloe barbadensis, a systematic qualitative analysis of them was conducted using the technique of HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn in conjunction with the comparison of reference compounds and literature search. The gradient elution was performed with water (A)-acetonitrile (B) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL ? min-1. The mass spectrometry data were acquired under alternate negative ion and positive ion detection mode using an ESI ion source. The structure elucidation of the chemical constituents was mainly based on negative ion mass spectrometry data. The results were as follows: (1) For the first time, the fragmentation pathways of anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, physcion, and emodin 8-O-β-D-glucoside), anthrones (aloin A and aloinoside A), chromones (aloeresin D, 7-O-methylaloeresin A, altechromone A, aloesin, aloeresin G, and aloeresin C), and α-pyranones (aloenin A and aloenin B) in Aloe made from Aloe barbadensis were clarified. The fragmentation pathway of anthraquinones was dominated by loss of CO2 and CO, and that of anthraquinones was dominated by cleavage of hexosides and loss of CO. The fragmentation pathways of chromones was dominated by cleavage of hexosides and hydrolysis of the ester group, and that of α-pyrones was dominated by cleavage of hexosides and loss of CO2 and H2O; (2) A total of 168 chemical constituents of Aloe made from Aloe barbadensis were detected in this study, and 78 of them were tentatively identified on the basis of reference compound comparison, literature retrieval, and chemical database (such as SciFinder) searching. The 78 compounds included three anthraquinones, 29 anthraquinones, 35 chromones, seven α-pyranones and four other constituents. Twenty-three of 78 compounds were discovered in the leaves of Aloe barbadensis for the first time. Fourteen of 23 newly discovered compounds, including aloinoside D, isoeleutherin, and ethylidene-aloenin, possessed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, or free radical scavenging activities. The results of this study further enrich the information on the chemical constituents of the traditional Chinese medicine Aloe made from Aloe barbadensis, and lay a foundation for the study of the therapeutic material basis and quality control methods of Aloe.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium additions on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in Podocarpus macrophyllus

Xiangling Huang,Ting Lin,Guoyu Wei,Lijun Zhao,Liqiong Zhu — 2023/9/13 14:58:01

The purpose of this study was to characterize the changes in soil microbial abundance and diversity and carbon utilization of P. macrophyllus (Podocarpus macrophyllus) by adding different levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K), to reveal the response of P. macrophyllus soil microorganisms to different nutrient levels of N, P andK and to provide theoretical basis for fertilization and management of P. macrophyllus from the perspective of microorganisms. In this study, two-year old P. macrophyllus seedlings were used as the test species, and the gradient of soil nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was controlled by potting method. The dilution plate coating method and Biolog-ECO microplate method were used to explore the effects of different soil nutrient levels on the amount and community diversity of P. macrophyllus soil microorganisms and their utilization characteristics of six carbon sources. The results were as follows: (1) The number of soil bacteria( P < 0.05) and actinomycetes( P < 0.001) decreased and the number of fungi( P < 0.001) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria( P < 0.01) increased significantly with the increase of N addition. The Pielou index( P < 0.001) of soil microbial community decreased and Simpson index( P < 0.05) and McIntosh index( P < 0.001) increased, thus reducing the intensity of utilization of six carbon sources by soil microorganisms, especially the intensity of utilization of difficult carbon sources, amines( P < 0.001), carboxylic acids( P < 0.001), polymers( P < 0.001) and other compounds( P < 0.001), significantly. (2) P addition significantly reduced the Shannon index( P < 0.05) of the soil microbial community, (3) K addition significantly reduced the Shannon index( P < 0.05) and Pielou index( P < 0.05) of the soil microbial community and the intensity of utilization of the two easily available carbon sources, carbohydrates( P < 0.001) and amino acids( P < 0.01), by the microbial community. In conclusion, N addition and K addition are the main factors affecting the functional diversity of soil microbial communities in P. macrophyllus. Care should be taken to apply fertilizer in small amounts and multiple times, reduce the addition of N and K, and increase the addition of P appropriately to promote the growth of P. macrophyllus and its sustainable cultivation.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium additions on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in Podocarpus macrophyllus

Xiangling Huang,Ting Lin,Guoyu Wei,Lijun Zhao,Liqiong Zhu — 2023/9/13 14:56:58

Advances on Taxonomy and Breeding of Saxifraga L.

CAI Wenqi,CHENG Qianru,TANG Shimei,TIAN Daike,ZHANG Xia — 2023/9/13 14:36:33

Saxifraga L. is rich in species diversity with about 440–500 species and broad distribution. The taxonomical issues of this genus have been continuously concerned by the botanists.?Saxifraga has important ornamental and medicinal values. Some of European countries have made great efforts on the exploitation and utilization of its ornamental resources.?China is one of the diversity centers of Saxifraga, but it has been lagged far behind Europe, USA and even Japan in exploitation and utilization on ornamental value of this genus.?The world breeding work in Saxifraga started 150 years ago. By the end of 2022, the 1 692 names of cultivars had been on-line listed by The Saxifrage Society, but only one came from China.?In this paper, the germplasm resources of Saxifraga, and progress on its classification and breeding were reviewed, and also the utilization of its ornamental resources was briefly introduced, which will provide an important reference for taxonomical research, breeding and horticultural application of this genus in China. The results were as follows: (1) Saxifraga is rich in germplasms, but many scientific issues remain in the evolutionary relationships of its subordinate systems, which require a systematic and in-depth investigation by integrating morphological and molecular biology methods; (2) The cultivars of this genus are mainly raised through cross-breeding and mutant selection, and the majority of cultivars produced from the UK, Czech Republic, Germany, and the Netherlands; (3) The breeding of Saxifraga started very late in China, with few cultivars from single breeding method.

Advances on Taxonomy and Breeding of Saxifraga L.

CAI Wenqi,CHENG Qianru,TANG Shimei,TIAN Daike,ZHANG Xia — 2023/9/13 11:55:04

Determination of 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol in Taxus yunnanensis by MSPD-HPLC

Zhao Qianqian,Zhu Jingbo — 2023/9/13 11:18:26

This research aimed to establish an accurate analytical methods for the quantification of 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB Ⅲ) and taxol in Taxus yunnanensis. The method utilized matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the respective quantification of 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol. The influence of various parameters was investigated , including the types of solid-phase dispersants (silica gel, florisil, acid alumina, neutral alumina, alkaline alumina, C18, C18-ME, C18-G1, C18-HC, Diol, Xamide, Xion), the mass of the dispersants, and the type, concentration, and volume of the eluent on the analysis of the two components. After optimization of these conditions, the methodology was validated. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted with the conventional ultrasonic extraction and hot reflux extraction pretreatment methods to ascertain their effectiveness of our novel method. (1) Results indicated that among the 12 solid-phase dispersants examined, alkaline alumina yielded a superior extraction detection rate for 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol when used in a 3∶1 ratio with the sample mass and 6 mL of methanol as the eluent. (2) The developed method demonstrated excellent linearity (r ≥ 0.999 9) with detection and quantification limits for 10-DAB III and Taxol ranging from 0.023 9 to 0.030 1 μg·mL-1 and 0.142 to 0.178 μg·mL-1, respectively. The average recoveries of the target analytes varied between 93.6% and 109.0%. (3) A comparative analysis revealed negligible differences in extraction detection of the two taxanes between the three methods. However, the MSPD method stood out due to its lower solvent consumption, simple operation, short analysis time and high purification efficiency, making it more suitable for the rapid analysis of Taxus yunnanensis raw materials. Therefore, this study presents a rapid and efficient analytical method for the extraction and analysis of 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol in Taxus yunnanensis, using alkaline alumina as a dispersant, providing a significant contribution to the quantitative analysis of taxanes in this species.

Determination of 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol in Taxus yunnanensis by MSPD-HPLC

Zhao Qianqian,Zhu Jingbo — 2023/9/13 11:17:59

Supplementary description on Indocalamus semifalcatus (H. R. Zhao et Y. L. Yang) T. P. Yi (Bambusoideae)

CUI Ling,GAO Liqin,LI Yonglong,YANG Guangyao,ZHANG Wengen[] — 2023/8/30 9:48:24

In the protologue of Indocalamus semifalcatus (H. R. Zhao et Y. L. Yang) T. P. Yi, there were only parts of vegetative organs reported. Based on field investigation, stereoscopic anatomy and scanning electron microscope (SEM), its reproductive organs, complete vegetative organs and micromorphological features of the abaxial leaf epidermis, were described and illustrated herein, and its geographical distribution was also updated. The results were as follows: (1) Reproductive organs: panicle, spikelet and spike densely white pubescent, glume, the first and the second lemma both smooth and glabrous, stamens 3, anthers purple, stigmas 2, white, feathery; (2) Vegetative features: culms up to 4.5 m tall, up to 2 cm in diameter, culm sheath erect close to culm, culm sheath auricle semifalcate or weak, foliage auricle weak or absent, ligule margin with densely ciliate, both sides of leaf blade homochromatic and glabrous; (3) Micromorphology of the abaxial leaf: stomatal apparatus invisible, eight to ten elongated papillae covered the stomatal apparatus, silica bodies saddle-shaped, micro-hairs and macro-hairs both absent; (4) The new distribution area was Guanyin Mountain of Guiyang in Guizhou. The species is similar to Indocalamus longiauritus Hand.-Mazz., differed by culm sheath and foliage sheath with auricles semifalcate or rare, culm up to 4-5 m tall and 2 cm in diameter.

Study on spatial structure dynamics of karst evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest In MuLun Nature Reserve

2023/8/25 17:35:31

In this study, 2 hectares of karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest in Mulun National Nature Reserve was taken as the research object, and the data of three surveys in 2007, 2012 and 2017 were used to analyze the dynamic changes of community spatial structure characteristics by using the angular scale (Wi), mixing degree (Mi) and size ratio (Ui) of spatial structure parameters. The results show that: (1) the stand gradually presents a slight cluster distribution with the increase of stand age; The degree of mixing is at the level of intensive mixing, and it is evolving towards extreme intensive mixing. Judging from the ratio of size to size, the stand is in a moderate state, and with the growth of the stand, it changes to the direction of sub-dominance.(2) The angle scale, size ratio and mixing degree of 1-15cm diameter trees gradually increased with the growth of the stand; In each survey, with the increase of diameter class, the value of size ratio gradually decreased, and the mixing degree gradually increased. (3) During the decade from 2007 to 2017, the five dominant tree species groups all showed slight agglomeration distribution; The ratio of size to size shows a sub-dominance, which tends to moderate distribution, and the mixing level is at the level of intensive mixing, gradually evolving to the direction of extremely intensive mixing. Spatial structure parameters can be used to describe the information of forest spatial structure in detail, and at the same time, multiple distribution can also realize the complementary advantages among different spatial levels. The forest information can be obtained through digital images, which can be combined with stand spatial structure analysis theory, so as to realize the sustainable management of forest at a lower cost and effectively.

Study on spatial structure dynamics of karst evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest In MuLun Nature Reserve

2023/8/25 17:34:43

Molecular cloning, subcellular location and promoter analysis of NDH dehydrogenase gene from Santalum album

2023/8/25 17:18:36

In order to investigate the function and regulation mechanism of NDH dehydrogenase gene in Santalum album, the technique of RACE was used to amplify the full-length sequence of SaNDH6 with heartwood as material. The technique of quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed to analyze its expression in the different tissues and after hormone induction. The subcellular location was determined by Arabidopsis thaliana protoplast transient expression. 2 kb cis-acting element upstream of start codon ATG was analyzed by PlantCARE online service, and the transcription factors which could bind the cis-acting elements was predicted by PlantRegMap software. The results were as follows: (1) SaNDH6 encodes 303 amino acids. It was a hydrophobin and located in chloroplast. (2) The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that SaNDH6 had a more closely evolutionary relationship with NDH6 from woody plants. (3) In the 2 kb promoter sequence of SaNDH6, it contains a large number of light responsive cis-acting elements such as ACE, AE-box, Box 4, G-Box and GT1-motif. It also contains abscisic acid (ABA) responsive element ABRE, jasmonic acid methyl ester (MeJA) responsive elements CGTCA-motif and TGACG-motif, gibberellin (GA) responsive elements P-box, ARE cis-acting regulatory element essential for the anaerobic induction, and TC-rich repeats element involved in defense and stress responsiveness. (4) There were 76 transcription factors that could bind to the SaNDH6 promoter, and among of which, ERF transcription factor was the most (up to 40 TFs). (5) SaNDH6 can be expressed in the tissues of roots, stems, calluses and leaves, but had the most abundance mRNA accumulation level in the tissue of leaves. Under 110-4 mol·L-1 MeJA and GA3 treatments, the expression level of SaNDH6 were significantly elevated after 3 h when compared with 0 h, respectively. In conclusion, SaNDH6 was a nucleus gene encoding protein, and its expression was induced by light and some hormones. SaNDH6 might be involved in against some defense and stress processes in S. album.

Identification and expression analyses of O-acyltransferase WSD genes in Rehmannia glutinosa

DUAN Hongying,,LI Huimin,,,YUAN Ping,ZHOU Yanqing* — 2023/8/25 17:05:12

Wax ester synthase catalyzes the synthesis of wax esters from long-chain alcohols and fatty acids, and has very important roles in plant wax synthesis and some resistances to drought, pathogenic bacteria and ultraviolet radiation, cold and insect invasion and other environmental stresses; Cadmium (Cd) is one of the toxic heavy metals with the highest content in the environment, and seriously threatens plant growth, development, quality, yield, and plant food safety. In order to explore the Cd stress expressions of wax ester synthase genes in Rehmannia glutinosa, we identified its wax ester synthase genes from its full-length transcriptome sequencing data, analyzed both physiochemical properties, system evolution and conserved domains with bioinformatics methods, and tissue expression and Cd stress expression using qRT-PCR. The results were as followed: (1) Two wax ester synthase genes, named as RgOATWSD1 and RgOATWSD2, were identified, whose coding proteins were unstable hydrophobic proteins with amino acid length from 463 aa to 473 aa, isoelectric point from 8.86 to 9.34 and a molecular weight from 51.31 kD to 52.49 kD. (2) Both proteins contained a conserved acyl_WS_DGAT domain and DUF1289 superfamily，in which the former was from 92.65% to 94.50%. (3) Both proteins were located in the endoplasmic reticulum and both secondary structures were mainly random coil and α-helix；RgOATWSD2 was not transmembrane protein but RgOATWSD1. (4) Both were differentially expressed in the root, stem and leaf of Rehmannia glutinosa plants. (5) Both expressions were highly responsive to Cd treatment, but both expression change trends were different under Cd stress. This study identifies two wax ester synthase genes in response to cadmium stress, and will lay a foundation for further research on Cd stress expression and other functions of RgOATWSD.

Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Phyllostachys pubescens seeds during formation process

JIADONGDONG,XUZHENGUO — 2023/8/25 11:14:16

To reveal the changes of embryo， endosperm， cortex and starch grains during the development of Phyllostachys pubescens seeds， and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the reproductive biology of Phyllostachys pubescens and understanding the development of embryo and endosperm of bamboo plants. Taking flowering Phyllostachys pubescens in Haiyang Mountain of Guilin as materials， the seeds of flowering Phyllostachys pubescens in different periods were collected and fixed. The structure changes of embryo， endosperm and cortex were observed by paraffin sectioning. The dynamic distribution of seed starch grains was analyzed by periodate Schiff reaction. Give the result as follows： (1) The zygote is formed after fertilization 1 day after flowering of Phyllostachys pubescens， and the duration of zygote dormancy is about 5 days. After pear shaped embryo stage， coleoptile stage， young embryo growth stage and mature embryo stage， the embryo is basically mature 40 days after flowering， and its development type is gramineous. (2) The development of endosperm is earlier than that of embryo. Its development type is nuclear endosperm， which goes through four stages: free nucleus， cellularization， cell differentiation and growth maturity. At the cell differentiation stage， endosperm cells differentiate into starch endosperm cells and aleurone layer cells. Starch endosperm cells mainly accumulate starch granules， and aleurone layer cells mainly accumulate mineral elements， lipids and proteins. (3) The pericarp cells and integument cells were regular in shape， rich in inclusions and complete in structure on the 1st day after anthesis. 10~20 days after anthesis， the number of layers of endocarp， exocarp and integument cells decreased， the shape changed， and starch grains began to appear in mesocarp cells. 20~60 days after anthesis， with the accumulation of nutrients and the increase of the volume of endosperm cells， mechanical pressure was generated outward， leading to the gradual digestion of mesocarp cells and the remaining cell wall; The exocarp cells are long and the cell wall is thickened， forming a protective structure with the residual mesocarp cell wall.The endosperm development of Phyllostachys pubescens is earlier than the embryo development. The embryo development goes through five stages， and the development type belongs to the gramineous type. The endosperm development goes through four stages， and the development type belongs to nuclear endosperm. The cortex mainly plays the role of synthesizing and transporting nutrients and protecting the development of embryo and endosperm during seed development. Starch grains were mainly distributed in mesocarp cells， starch endosperm cells and embryo cells.

Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Phyllostachys pubescens seeds during formation process

JIADONGDONG,XUZHENGUO — 2023/8/25 11:13:07

Floral structure and embryological features of anther development in Renanthera imschootiana

Li Lu,Luo Yan,Tao Kaifeng,Wang Yuecheng,Zhang Jin,Zhu Yong — 2023/8/25 11:05:58

There are few data on the rare and endangered orchids of Renanthera Lour. Floral morphology and embryological features of anther development in R. imschootiana were investigated to provide new evidence for taxonomy and conservation of Renanthera. It was revealed that: (1) Flowers were characterized by such distinct features as tri-lobed labium with an unconspicous spur, cylindrical column, purple anther cap with yellow stripes and a pair of deeply cleft pollinia connected by a well-developed stipe and a viscidium. (2) Anther primordium was differentiated into two lateral thecae containing two densely dyed microsporangia, and then, a sterile septum was formed longitudinally and unequally which divided each microsporangium into two jointly sub-microsporangium. The septum became absorbed during microsporogenesis and collapsed when anther ripened, resulting in a pair of deeply cleft pollinia. (3) The developed anther wall comprised 5-6 layers, including an epidermis, 2-3 endothecium, a middle layer, and a tapetum, which conformed to the massive type. Tapetal cell was uni-nucleated and glandular. (4) Microspore mother cells underwent a simultaneous cytokinesis during meiosis resulting in the tetrahedral or isobilateral microspore tetrads. Finally, each microspore retained in tetrads and produced 2-celled pollen via mitosis. Pollen tetrads were compactly arranged, leading to a hard cleft pollinium in each thecae. No pollen abortion was observed during anther development. Some key floral and embryological features were discussed for taxonomy and conservation of Renanthera based on a comparative analysis with those of other orchids available.

Floral structure and embryological features of anther development in Renanthera imschootiana

Li Lu,Luo Yan,Tao Kaifeng,Wang Yuecheng,Zhang Jin,Zhu Yong — 2023/8/25 10:48:55

Genome-Wide identification and abiotic stress response analysis of TCP transcription factor gene family in Tartary buckwheat（Fagopyrum tataricum）

FANG Zhengwu,LI Minghui,LUO Yirou,YANG Lanfeng,ZHOU Binhan,ZHU Xudong — 2023/8/24 16:59:10

TCP transcription factors are a plant-specific group of transcription factors that play crucial roles in plant growth and development. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identified the complete genome of the Tartary buckwheat TCP gene family, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to investigate the expression characteristics of TCP genes under drought and salt stress. These finding provides a foundation for the functional exploration and utilization of the Tartary buckwheat TCP gene family. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 28 TCP genes were identified in the Tartary buckwheat genome, unevenly distributed across its eight chromosomes. (2) Most buckwheat TCP genes contained 1-5 exons. (3) Phylogenetic analysis classified the buckwheat TCP gene family into five clades, with intraspecific TCP proteins mainly clustering together. (4) Collinearity analysis indicated that, the five Tartary buckwheat TCP genes originated from genome-wide replication events. (5) Cis-element analysis revealed that the promoter regions of Tartary buckwheat TCP genes predominantly contained two types of cis-response elements: stress response elements and hormone response elements. (6) Transcriptomic data analysis demonstrated that all Tartary buckwheat TCP genes were expressed in the examined tissues. (7) qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of FtTCP3, FtTCP6, FtTCP12, and FtTCP13 changed under drought and salt stress conditions, with FtTCP3 peaking at 6 hours of drought and salt treatments, suggesting that it play a positive regulatory role in Tartary buckwheat's response to drought and salt stress. This study provides new insights into the evolution and function of the TCP gene family.

Genome-Wide identification and abiotic stress response analysis of TCP transcription factor gene family in Tartary buckwheat（Fagopyrum tataricum）

FANG Zhengwu,LI Minghui,LUO Yirou,YANG Lanfeng,ZHOU Binhan,ZHU Xudong — 2023/8/24 16:58:14

Relationship between plant diversity and environmental factors of typical subtropical karst forests in China

LIANG Shichu,LIN Haili,YUAN Ke wei — 2023/8/24 16:50:17

In order to gain insight into the species diversity and functional diversity of forest vegetation in karst hills and their relationship with environmental factors. The study analyzed the species diversity and functional diversity of deciduous broad-leaved forest, mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest, and evergreen broad-leaved forest in karst hills of Guilin through community investigation, determination of functional traits and environmental factors. And in combination with statistical methods such as one way analysis of variance, multiple comparisons, and redundancy analysis to investigate the impact mechanisms of environmental factors on the species diversity and functional diversity of different vegetation types. The results showed that: (1) the Patrick richness index was significantly higher in evergreen broad-leaved forest than in deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The Pielou evenness index of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest was the highest, followed by deciduous broad-leaved forest and lowest in evergreen broad-leaved forest. (2) The functional richness index of evergreen broad-leaved forest was significantly higher than that of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest; the functional evenness index was the highest in mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest, the second in deciduous broad-leaved forest, and the lowest in evergreen broad-leaved forest. (3) Redundancy analysis combined with Monte Carlo random replacement test results indicated that species diversity of deciduous broad-leaved forest was mainly affected by canopy openness and soil water-soluble calcium. Functional diversity was affected by soil water-soluble calcium and rock exposure rate. Rock exposure rate and soil thickness were main restricting factors that affect species diversity and functional diversity of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest. In addition, species diversity was significantly affected by soil available nitrogen. The influencing factors of species diversity and functional diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest were consistent, and they were all significantly affected by rock exposure rate, soil water content and soil thickness. The results of this study reveal the effects of species diversity and functional diversity of different forest vegetation on non-biological environmental changes, expand the understanding of species diversity and functional diversity of karst hills, and provide further reference basis for biodiversity protection of karst hills.

Relationship between plant diversity and environmental factors of typical subtropical karst forests in China

LIANG Shichu,LIN Haili,YUAN Ke wei — 2023/8/24 16:49:11

Analysis of differentially expressed metabolites in Drynaria roosii rhizome in response to calcium stress

LI Hui,LI Weizhong,MA Hongna,TAN Longyan,WU Yilin — 2023/8/24 16:13:53

Drynaria roosii is a typical epiphytic pteridophyte in Karst area, which lives on the surface or crevices of rocks mainly through its rhizome. At the same time, the dried rhizome of the D. roosii is used as medicine and has important medicinal value. In order to study the changes of metabolites in D. roosii rhizome under Ca2+ stress, the D. roosii rhizome under different concentrations (0, 600, 1 200 mmol·L-1) of Ca2+ stress was analyzed by using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). The results were as follows: (1) a total of 64 differentially expressed metabolites were identified. (2) 48 differentially expressed metabolites were identified between the 0 and 600 mmol·L-1 comparison group, 45 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in the 0 and 1 200 mmol·L-1 comparison group, and 44 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in the 600 and 1 200 mmol·L-1 comparison group. (3) The identified differentially expressed metabolites are classified into five categories according to their chemical classification information. These results indicate that Ca2+ stress affected the amino acid metabolism, flavonoids biosynthesis, lignin biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism and the other pathways of the D. roosii rhizome. Through non-targeted metabolomics analysis, the key metabolites that response to Ca2+ stress in D. roosii rhizome were revealed. These results laid a foundation for further study of the regulatory mechanism of D. roosii adaptation to Ca2+ stress, and also provided a new idea for the quality improvement of medicinal materials of D. roosii rhizome medicine.

Ten species of liverworts and hornworts new to Guangxi, China

HO Boon-Chuan,HUANG Ping,TANG Qiming,WANG Shunli,WEI Yumei,XIANG Youliang — 2023/8/24 16:01:34

Based on the examination of specimens collected from Baise, Guilin, Hechi and Nanning regions from 2019 to 2022, ten species of liverworts and hornworts, including Riccia cavernosa Hoffm., R. nipponica S. Hatt., Metacalypogeia alternifolia (Nees) Grolle, Bazzania angustistipula N.Kitag., Cheilolejeunea kitagawae W. Ye & R.L. Zhu, Cololejeunea magnistyla (Horik.) Mizut., Colura calyptrifolia (Hook.) Dumort., Lejeunea convexiloba M.L. So & R.L. Zhu, Anthoceros angustus Steph., and A. subtilis Steph., are reported new to the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Among them, Colura calyptrifolia represents the first record in mainland China, and Metacalypogeia is a new genus record for Guangxi province. The diagnostic characters, voucher specimens, distribution, microscopic illustrations and taxonomic are also documented for each species. This study shall provide useful knowledge to better understand the bryophytes biodiversity in Guangxi, as well as in China.

Research advances on plant lectin receptor-like kinases in abiotic stress response

LI Xiaoshi,LUO Suwei,PENG Xiaoqun*,WANG Menglong — 2023/8/24 15:34:18

Plants are exposed to various stress during their growth and development, and abiotic stress is one of the most significant factors. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are widely present in plants that can quickly and effectively respond to stress, ultimately leading to a series of biological effects. Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) belongs to a subfamily of RLKs, which consisting of three structural domains: the extracellular lectin domain, transmembrane domain, and the intracellular kinase domain. Based on the different types of extracellular lectin domains, LecRLKs can be classified into three subclasses: L, G and C types. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that plant lectin receptor-like kinases play a vital role in responses to abiotic stress. By recognizing abiotic stress-related signal molecules, LecRLKs can activate downstream signaling pathways, such as the MAPK pathway, the ROS pathway, the calcium signaling pathway, as well as to regulate gene expression and protein translation to enhance plant stress resistance. In this review, we summarize the structural characteristics and classification of LecRLKs. Meanwhile, the functions and mechanisms of LecRLKs in response to abiotic stress such as salt stress, low temperature stress, drought stress, mechanical damage and plant hormones are systematic reviewed. Furthermore, prospects are made for the future research directions of LecRLKs. This review not only provides new insights into the functions and mechanisms of LecRLKs in abiotic stress responses, but also provides a theoretical basis for using LecRLKs to improve crop resistance breeding.

Analysis of differentially expressed metabolites in Drynaria roosii rhizome in response to calcium stress

LI Hui,LI Weizhong,MA Hongna,TAN Longyan,WU Yilin — 2023/8/24 11:22:18

Effects of biochar addition on soil phosphorus composition and transformation in Eucalyptus plantation

GAO Guannv,HUANG Xueman,YE Xiaomin,YOU Yeming,ZHANG Wen — 2023/8/24 11:21:42

In order to improve the Phosphorus (P) deficiency in the soil of Eucalyptus plantations in subtropical China. We used biochar (BC) as a soil amendment, investigating the soil of Eucalyptus plantations (15 years old). Meanwhile, we added the different proportions [0(CK), 2%, 5%, 10% and 20%] of BC through the laboratory culture experiment to evaluate the effects of different amounts of BC on P components and transformation in soil and its relationship with soil physicochemical properties. The results were as follows: (1) Compared to CK, the nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total phosphorus (TP), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and pH values were significantly increased at 20% BC addition, respectively (P<0.05), the MBP and pH values were significantly increased at 2%, 5%, and 10% BC addition, respectively (P<0.05), while no marked difference was found in other soil physicochemical properties. (2) compared to CK, the labile P (LP) was significantly increased at 2% of BC addition (P<0.05), the available P (AP) and LP were significantly increased at 5% and 10% of BC addition, respectively (P<0.05). Moreover, the AP, LP and oclude P (OP) were significantly increased at 20% BC addition (P<0.05), whereas the moderately available P (MP) had no significant change under the four BC supplemental levels. (3) The total activity of hydrolytic enzymes involved in C metabolism (β-glucosidase, BG), N metabolism (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, NAG and L-leucine aminopeptidase, LAP), and P metabolism (acid phosphatase, ACP) increased significantly at 10% and 20% of BC addition than those in CK (P<0.05). (4) Correlation analysis showed that ln (BG) and ln (NAG+LAP) were positively correlated with ln (ACP), respectively (P<0.05). In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that pH, TN and TP appeared to be the primary drivers of variations in soil P components of Eucalyptus plantations. Furthermore, structural equation model (SEM) revealed that the pH, C:P and N:P of soil were the most critical factors driving P transformation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that different amounts of BC improve the enzyme activities related to C, N cyclings by affecting soil physicochemical properties and improving the P supply potential of soil in Eucalyptus plantations. Notably, 20% BC addition had the optimum effect. This study provides critical theoretical guidance for gaining knowledge on soil nutrient management in Eucalyptus plantations and facilitating the sustainable development of forests in subtropical China.

Effects of biochar addition on soil phosphorus composition and transformation in Eucalyptus plantation

GAO Guannv,HUANG Xueman,YE Xiaomin,YOU Yeming,ZHANG Wen — 2023/8/24 11:20:15

Study on Germination Effect of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Seed on Low Temperature Storage and Its Mechanism of Dormancy

caofuliang,chenyin,chengle,huyuchen,judingshun,wuqinxia — 2023/8/22 17:12:53

To study the seed dormancy and germination mechanism of Xanthoceras sorbifolia, the seeds of four cultivars ('Putong' (PT), 'Qihong' (QH), 'Wofeng '(WF) and 'Woshi ' (WS)) were stored at -20℃ for different periods (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days). The seed germination index and seedling growth index were determined in each treatment, and the changes of reserve substance and hormone contents were also studied in three stages including ahead of storage, under -20℃ cold or room for 60 days and during germination. The results were showed: (1) cold storage could significantly promote the germination rate and germination potential of small seeds (PT, QH). The best storage stage was cold storage for 60 days, and increased by 48.3% and 58.3% compared to control, respectively. The effect of WF and WS varieties under cold storage was lower than that of the former, and the germination rate of WS varieties was only 38.7% after 150 days. (2) The cold storage was also beneficial to the seedlings growth of the four cultivars, and the growth of WS seedlings was higher and stronger than others. (3) The oil content, seed shell thickness (SST) in four cultivar seeds all decreased significantly from ahead of storage to the end of cold storage, until to germination for seven days. The small grain seeds such as QH and PT cultivars decreased rapidly, while those of WS cultivar decreased slowly in these indexes. Water content in seeds increased rapidly within 1-3 days of germination and then slowly increased to the peak value on the 7th day. The contents of starch and soluble sugar in seeds of the four cultivars increased significantly at 3th or 4th day of germination. The GA3/ABA in QH cultivar at the end of cold storage was significantly increased by 23.5% compared with that at the ahead of storage stage, and the ratio of (IAA+GA3+ZR+iPA)/ABA of PT and QH cultivars at 7th day of germination were at a high level. (4) The large grain seeds such as WF and WS cultivars, especially WS had high oil content, SST before storing, and these indexes and ABA content were still high at end of cold storage. During germination, the oil content, SST and the level of GA3/ABA and (IAA+GA3+ZR+iPA)/ABA all did not decrease significantly. In conclusion, cold storage at -20℃ for 60 days could improve the germination rate of PT,QH and WF cultivar seeds, while the WS cultivar need prolonging to 150 days. The method using -20℃ storage with wet sand germination might reduce the physical damage to seeds by decreasing the rapid imbibition effect at the initial water absorption stage. This study provided a reference for the promotion of superior varieties and the research on the seed breaking dormancy mechanism in X. sorbifolia.

Study on Germination Effect of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Seed on Low Temperature Storage and Its Mechanism of Dormancy

caofuliang,chenyin,chengle,huyuchen,judingshun,wuqinxia — 2023/8/22 17:11:05

Phenotypic variation of Quercus phillyreoides populations on castle peak of southern Fujian, China

CHEN Shipin,FU Houhua,LIN Yizhe,MA Liang,ZHU Yiyao — 2023/8/22 16:40:31

Castle peak is a mountain that resembles the appearance of a castle and protrudes above its surroundings. The phenotypes of Quercus phillyreoides (Fagaceae) populations located on castle peak in the Wushan Scenic Spot of southern Fujian, China, are variegated. It differs significantly from the original form in the presence of persistent yellow-brown stellate hairs on the leaves abaxial surface. To explain this phenomenon, the distribution of Q. phillyreoides populations at the summit of castle peak was investigated, where variant, original, and intermediate forms, as well as typical original populations at the foot of castle peak, another allopatric area, were studied. Differences in micromorphological traits were counted using ANOVA based on leaf epidermal anatomy. Ecological factors were linked with a view to discovering the causes of variation and possible pathways of evolution. The results show that the variant form forms an evergreen broad-leaved scrub community with it as the dominant species on the west side of the summit, and the small patch of scrub on the east side is dominated by the original form, with a few intermediate form individuals within the latter. The density of single trichome base (STB) and compound trichome base (CTB) in the leaf adaxial epidermis of various populations is very low or even <1 mm-2, and the macroscopic expression is glabrous. The mean values of STB density of original, intermediate, and variant forms are increasing in the leaf abaxial epidermis. The mean density of CTB or typical stellate trichome (Tst) on the leaf abaxial epidermis varied from 0.481~1.122 mm-2 to 57.2 mm-2 in the variant form population compared with the original form populations, which macroscopically shows the formation of dense hairs. The stomatal length vs. width ratio increases from original (1.187~1.205) to variant (1.258) form. ANOVA results show that variant form leaf abaxial epidermal STB, CTB density and stomatal length vs. width ratio are significantly increased (larger) than the original form (P≤0.01), but stomatal density and size do not show regularity and variability among populations (P>0.05). Poor soil and poor water and heat conditions at the summit of the Wushan castle peak. The variation in the variant Q. phillyreoides leaf abaxial trichomes and stomatal aspect ratio are resistant to drought or temperature extremes. Since pollen flow has not been interrupted, the adaptive evolution of Q. phillyreoides due to specific habitats should be the main reason for this variation compared to geographical isolation. The microscopic traits absence significant differences (P > 0.05) between the original form population on the top of castle peak and the rest original form populations, which confirms the variation has been fixed by long-term selection and the short-term environmental influences have had a limited role in shaping the variant traits. This case provides direct evidence that subtropical exceptional granitic landforms promote population differentiation and species formation.

Phenotypic variation of Quercus phillyreoides populations on castle peak of southern Fujian, China

CHEN Shipin,FU Houhua,LIN Yizhe,MA Liang,ZHU Yiyao — 2023/8/22 16:38:56

Isolation and purification the polysaccharides and its antioxidant activity of ‘Zijia 1’ novel variety of Acanthopanax senticosus

LIU Liangyan,RUN Liuyang,ZENG Qianchun,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Yun,ZHOU Jinyan — 2023/8/22 16:30:48

‘Zijia 1’ is a new variety of Acanthopanax senticosus bred by our team, its tender stems and leaves characterized with gray-purple color and sweet taste. This study is aim to isolate and purify the polysaccharides from the tender stems and leaves of ‘Zijia 1’, and determine the monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of different fractions obtained after separation, and the antioxidant activity of each fraction was evaluated. The crude Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides (ASPS) were obtained from the tender stems and leaves of ‘Zijia 1’ by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, which were then separated and purified by DEAE-Cellulose 52 ion column and Sephadex G-100 gel column to obtain a uniform component. The ion chromatography and gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multi-angle laser light scattering method was exploited to determine the monosaccharide compositions and molecular weight of the polysaccharides fractions. The hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide radical (O2-·) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging ability were determined to evaluate the antioxidant of each fraction in vitro. Four polysaccharides ASPA-1-1, ASPA-2-1, ASPA-3-1 and ASPN-1 were isolated and purified from ASPS, with molecular weight of 8.10, 26.15, 0.91 and 0.89kDa, respectively, mainly composed of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, ribose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in different proportions. The ASPA-1-1、ASPA-2-1、ASPA-3-1 and ASPN-1 from ‘Zijia 1’ demonstrated significant scavenging activities on ·OH, O2-· and DPPH free radical, the ability of ASPA-2-1 to scavenge ·OH and DPPH is higher than ASPA-1-1, ASPA-3-1 and ASPN-1; ASPA-3-1 has the strongest ability to scavenge O2-·. Therefore, the purified polysaccharides from 'Zijia 1' has obvious antioxidant activity, which provides a scientific theoretical basis for its further utilization.

Isolation and purification the polysaccharides and its antioxidant activity of ‘Zijia 1’ novel variety of Acanthopanax senticosus

LIU Liangyan,RUN Liuyang,ZENG Qianchun,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Yun,ZHOU Jinyan — 2023/8/22 16:29:28

Cloning and Expression Analysis of BjGSTF12 in Brassica juncea

CHEN Fengmei,FENG Huimin,HU Fang,LI Haibo,LI Zhixian,WANG Bin,ZHU Yunna — 2023/8/22 16:25:11

To explore the role of glutathione S-transferase gene (GST) in the anthocyanin accumulation of Brassica juncea, one GST gene related to the anthocyanin accumulation was cloned from near-isogenic lines of purple stalk mustard and green stalk mustard, and named it as BjGSTF12. In this study, the bioinformatics characteristics of BjGSTF12 encoding protein and promoter were analyzed, the expression level and the relationship correlation with total anthocyanin content were analyzed in purple stalk mustard and green stalk mustardthe different stalk color of B. juncea lines. The results were as that: (1) The length of BjGSTF12 in genome and cDNA was 808 bp and 651 bp, encoding 216 amino acids. The BjGSTF12 had the typical domains of GST protein (i.e., GST_N and GST_C). (2) BjGSTF12 was closely related to AtGSTF12 in Arabidopsis, belonging to the Phi subfamily. (3) There were 4 base mutations/insertions between the two BjGSTF12 promoter sequences cloned from two mustard strains, however, the types and numbers of cis-acting elements had no obvious difference, including The promoter sequence of BjGSTF12 contained a total of 9 MYB transcription factor binding sites, 1 hormone response element, and 3 abiotic corresponding elements. (4) The total anthocyanin content in purple stalk mustard was significantly higher than that in green stalk mustard, and theThe expression level of BjGSTF12 in purple stalk mustard was higher than that of green stalk mustard, being correlated positively two mustard lines was similar to with the total anthocyanin content. (5) The interactional network showed that BjGSTF12 may interact with the key enzymes of anthocyanin biosynthesis, glycosylation modification, and transporter proteins. It is speculated that BjGSTF12 may influence the accumulation of anthocyanin by regulating the biosynthesis, modification, and transportation of anthocyanin through these interacting proteins. In sum, this study will provide a theoretical basis for further study the function of GST and the mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in B. juncea.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of BjGSTF12 in Brassica juncea

CHEN Fengmei,FENG Huimin,HU Fang,LI Haibo,LI Zhixian,WANG Bin,ZHU Yunna — 2023/8/22 16:23:58

Effects of different light quality and photoperiod on the growth, leaf pigmentation and color of Aglaonema commutatum

LI Wenyang,LI Yuefeng,LIANG Xiangpeng,YIN Juan,ZHANG Guanghui — 2023/8/21 18:09:40

In order to improve the leaf color and optimize the facility of cultivation system of Aglaonema commutatum, its hydroponic seedlings were used as the test material in this study, six light qualities (white light, R∶B = 1∶1, R∶B = 1∶2, R∶B = 2∶1, R∶B = 1∶3, R∶B = 3∶1, in which R and B represent red light and blue light respectively) and two photoperiods (8 h?d-1, 12 h?d-1) were cross cultured to determine the morphological indexes, biomass, SPAD value, anthocyanin content and leaf color parameters and to investigate its response to red and blue light quality and photoperiodic interactions（hue value a*, hue value b*, luminosity L* and hue angle h*）. The results were as follows: (1) The dry weight and fresh weight of A. commutatum seedlings treated with LP11 (R∶B=1∶3×12 h?d-1) were the highest, which was most conducive to plant growth and biomass accumulation followed by LP5 (R∶B=1∶3×8 h?d-1) treatment. (2) At the end of the experiment, under the same light quality conditions, the SPAD value of 8 h?d-1 photoperiod was higher than that of 12 h?d-1 photoperiod, the anthocyanin content of 12 h?d-1 photoperiod was higher than that of 8 h?d-1 photoperiod, the SPAD value of LP11treatment was the lowest and the anthocyanin content was the highest. The leaf color parameters a* and b* of A. commutatum cultured in 12 h?d-1 photoperiod were higher than those in 8 h?d-1 photoperiod, and the value of h* was lower than that in 8 h?d-1 photoperiod. (3) The comprehensive evaluation of the membership function showed that the LP11 treatment was the most effective in promoting the growth and leaf color improvement of A. commutatum. In a word, 12 h?d-1 photoperiod is more conducive to the growth and leaf color change of A. commutatum, and LP11treatment is the best combination of light quality and photoperiod.

Species abundance distribution of forest communities and its relationship with elevation in Longwangshan, Zhejiang

2023/8/21 18:02:26

Species abundance distribution (SAD) combines species richness with species abundance in a community and is an important indicator of community structure. Although many studies have applied mathematical models to fit the SADs of plant communities, there are still few studies on the changes in the shape of SAD (i.e., the skewness of the SAD curves) along the environmental gradient. Especially for forest communities, we are still unclear whether the model fitting and shape change of SADs are consistent in different vegetation types. Here, we set up 28 20 m × 20 m plots in the Hynobius amjiensis National Nature Reserve according to the main forest vegetation types in this region. The species composition and abundance of each species were surveyed in each plot. The logseries model and the lognormal model were fitted to the SAD in each plot, and then the best-fit model was selected based on the AICc. The α value in the Gambin model and the η value in the Weibull model were calculated to reflect the shape of SAD in each plot. The λ value in the Weibull model was calculated to reflect the scale of SAD (i.e., the range observed in abundance). The relationship between altitude and the shape and the scale of SAD was analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The logseries model fitted the SAD better than the lognormal model; (2) When all plots were included, there was no significant correlation between the SAD shape (α and η) and altitude, but there was a significant positive correlation between the λ value and altitude; (3) There was a negative correlation between altitude and α and η value in the deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved forests, and there was a significant positive correlation between the α value and altitude in the deciduous broad-leaved forests. The results indicate that the model fitting and shape change of SADs along the environmental gradient are related to the vegetation types of the forest community. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the vegetation types when analyzing the changes in SAD shape in plant communities.

Species abundance distribution of forest communities and its relationship with elevation in Longwangshan, Zhejiang

2023/8/21 18:01:09

中图分类号:Q948??????? 文献标识码:A

HUANG LIUJING,JIANG YANDONG,QIN ZIBO,YANG GUIMEI,YANG YUHUA,ZHOU YOUXIU — 2023/8/21 16:35:37

Abstract: Leaf and root are the most sensitive organs to environmental changes,and their functional traits can reflect the adaptive strategies taken by plants to cope with environmental changes for a long time.In order to explore the adaptive strategies of coastal plants, the sandy coastal herbaceous plants in Pingtan Island were taken as the research object. Three distance gradients were set up from sea and land. Six leaf function traits,leaf thickness, individual leaf area, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area, leaf tissue density, leaf phosphorus content, and five fine root function traits, root average diameter, root tissue density, specific root length, specific root area, root phosphorus content, were measured to analyze the function traits of coastal plants and their responses to soil factors. The results were as follows: (1) The variation coefficient amplitude of root and leaf function traits in intertidal zone was the smallest, and it was the largest on the gradient 30~60m away from the high tide line.The individual leaf area, leaf phosphorus concentration, root average diameter, root tissue density, and root phosphorus content increased with the distance from sea to land; The leaf dry matter content, leaf tissue density, specific root length and specific root area decreased. (2) Plants balanced resource allocation between growth and defense through traits combination, which showed that there were different degrees of correlation among leaf traits, root traits and root-leaf traits. Among the above ground and underground corresponding traits, leaf thickness-root average diameter, leaf-root phosphorus concentration was significantly positively correlated. Specific leaf area with specific root length, specific root area, leaf tissue density-root tissue density had no significant correlation. (3) The interpretation degree of soil factors to the changes of coastal plant functional properties was 52.05%, of which the soil salt content had the greatest impact, followed by soil water content, soil electrical conductivity and soil pH value. In conclusion, under the harsh coastal environment,the soil salt content, soil electrical conductivity, soil water content and soil pH value from sea to land and the overall environment is low in phosphorus and high in salinity. the plants showed different survival strategies: plants closer to the sea adopted the strategy of leaf resource conservation type and root resource acquisition type; The farther away from the sea, the strategy of leaf resource acquisition type and root resource conservation type is adopted. The results of this study can provide a certain reference value for understanding the response mechanism and adaptability of coastal herbs to environmental gradient changes, which is conducive to the analysis of soil and other environmental characteristics to screen and plant suitable species according to gradient, and promote the restoration and protection of coastal plants.

中图分类号:Q948??????? 文献标识码:A

HUANG LIUJING,JIANG YANDONG,QIN ZIBO,YANG GUIMEI,YANG YUHUA,ZHOU YOUXIU — 2023/8/21 16:34:43

Progress in the study of the diversity of stamen development in Orchidaceae

LI Lu — 2023/8/10 14:35:55

Orchidaceae is the most diverse family of angiosperms, and the stamen number and pollen dispersal unit (PDU) were varied at the levels of subfamily, tribe, and genus, which plays a key role in taxonomy and system, as well as in adaptive pollination biology adaptation. Based on the existing research data, this paper summarized the diversity and taxonomic significance of loose powder unit types of Orchidaceae, which supported the obvious parallel evolution trend between the increase of pollen healing degree and the decrease of fertile stamen number in the Orchidaceae phylogenetic tree. Based onthe existing research results, the authors further classified the pollen unit types of Orchidaceae into five subfamilies, which appeared in five subfamilies, including triandrous with loose pollens in Apostasioideae, diandrous with pasty pollens in Cypripedioideae; monoandrous with pasty pollens in Vanilloideae; monoandrous with sectile pollinia in Orchidoideae；monoandrous with pollinia in Epidendroideae. three stamen-pollen grains of Pseudoorchidinae, two stamen-sticky pollen grains of Cypripedinae, single stamen-sticky pollen grains of Vanilinae, single stamen-pollen grains of Orchidinae, and single stamen-pollen pellets of Orchidinae. At the same time, according to the morphogenesis of different loose powder unit types, the author sorted out the anther development process of different loose powder unit types, and summarized the morphogenesis characteristics of four types of loose powder unit types, including single pollen grains, sticky pollen grains, pollen pellets and pollen clusters from the perspective of tissue section level, histochemical staining and scanning electron microscopy. However, there are relatively few research data on the formation mechanism of fertile stamen number and pollen development of different types in Orchidaceae, so it is not possible to systematically reveal the phylogenetic significance of the embryological characteristics of anther development of different pollen unit types in Orchidaceae at the taxonomic level of subfamily, family, subfamily and genus.

Chmical constituents from Chloranthus henryi and thier antitumor activities in vitro

LIANG Wei,Yan Chen,Zhang Weiqing,Zhu Chengguang — 2023/8/7 17:48:11

In order to study the chemical constituents from Chloranthus henryi and their anti-tumor activity in vitro. The chemical constituents of ethyl acetate fraction, extracted with 95% ethanol from C. henryi were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, reversed phase column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparation liquid chromatography, and their structures were identified by the physicochemical properties, spectral data combined with relevant literatures. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated by MTT method. The results showed as follows: Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as pipercyclobutanamide C (1), chololactone A (2), sarcanolide B (3), oxacol A (4), chloramultiol D (5), chlorasessilifol B (6), chlorajaponol (7), tianmushanol (8), spicachlorantins B (9), spicachlorantin A (10), serrachlorin A (11), chloramultiols A (12). Among of them, compound 1 was identified as a new compound, and except for compound 8, all other compounds were isolated from the C. henryi for the first time. The cytotoxic activity test results showed that only compounds 2 and 7 had good inhibitory effects on HeLa cells in vitro, while the other compounds showed no inhibition. The IC50 of the two compounds were (4.50 ± 0.27) μmol·L-1 and (4.25 ± 0.08) μmol·L-1 respectively. Thus, the study enriches the chemical constituents of C. henryi, and layed a foundation for the further exploration and utilization of this Chloranthus herb.

Study on lignans from Potentilla kleiniana and their cytotoxicity

CHEN Tingting,JIN Qianqian,KUANG Weimi,LI Yue,LI Yongjun,YANG Hong,ZHANG Bao — 2023/8/7 17:46:45

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the chemical constituents of Potentilla kleiniana and their cytotoxic activities to tumor cells. The 60% ethanol extract of P. kleiniana were isolated by D-101 macroporous adsorptive resins, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40F, semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography and other methods, and their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties, NMR and HR-ESI-MS analysis. Meanwhile, all these compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against human cervical cancer cell line Hela. The results were as follows: (1) Thirteen lignans were isolated and identified as (+)-pionresinol (1), (+)-8-hydroxypinoresinol (2), (+)-syringaresinol (3), (+)-medioresinol (4), (+)-pionresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (+)-8'-hydroxypinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), (+)-8'-hydroxypinoresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), (+)-pinoresinol-8'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), schilinan F (9), (+)-pionresinol-4, 4'-O-bisglucopyranoside (10), (+)-lariciresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), neoolivil-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), 3,3'-bis [3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran] (13). Among them, compounds 1-4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 were isolated from genus Potentilla for the first time, and compounds 5, 6, 9, 11 were isolated from P. kleiniana for the first time. (2) Cytotoxic activity studies showed that compounds 1, 3 and 4 display certain inhibitory activities against Hela cells with IC50 values of 69.94 ± 1.89, 66.25 ± 2.11, 59.81 ± 1.73 μmol·L-1, respectively. Thus, the study enriches the chemical constituents of P. kleiniana, and provides a material basis for the development of anti-cervical cancer drugs.

Study on adsorption of chromium by endophytic bacteria Bacillus cereus J01 isolated from Leersia hexandra Swartz

CHEN Xin-Yi,LI Hai-Yun,LI Zi-Yuan,WANG Li-Qi,WANG Shao-Yang,ZHANG Ze-Yu — 2023/8/7 17:41:41

In order to investigate the adsorption performance of Cr3+ by endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus J01 from Leersiahexandra Swartz, the effects of pH, temperature, initial concentration of Cr3+, dosage of adsorbent, time and other factors on the adsorption capacity of Cr3+ were investigated by single factor test method using inactivated Bacillus cereus J01 strain as biological adsorbent. The isothermal adsorption process, kinetic process and thermodynamic process were also analyzed. The adsorption mechanism of Cr3+ was preliminarily analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that: (1) In a adsorption system of 50 mL, inactivated Bacillus cereus J01 strain had the best adsorption performance on Cr3+ with the conditions as follows: initial pH of 6, temperature of 40℃, initial Cr3+concentration of 150 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g and adsorption time of 12 h. The equilibrium adsorption capacity and Cr3+ removal rate were 34.30 mg/g and 91.60%, respectively. (2) Analysis of isothermal adsorption process Langmuir adsorption isothermal model could better simulate the adsorption of Cr3+ by Bacillus cereus J01 inactivated bacteria, and its adsorption process was more inclined to monolayer adsorption. (3) Adsorption kinetics analysis showed that the adsorption of Cr3+ by Bacillus cereus J01 inactivated was more consistent with the quasi-second-order kinetic rate equation. (4) The thermodynamic analysis of adsorption shows that at 40 ℃, the △G, △H and △S of the adsorption process are -2.609 kJ/mol, 61.792 kJ/mol and 206.11 J/mol, respectively. The adsorption process is spontaneous at this temperature. (5) Infrared spectrum analysis showed that Bacillus cereus J01 inactivated Bacillus could adsorb Cr3+ through amino, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the cell components.

Analysis of the effectiveness of the National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII) in supporting scientific research on biodiversity

JIN Dongmei,LUO Maofang,MA Keping,XIAO Cui,XU Zheping,YANG Ling — 2023/8/2 16:11:30

With the rapid development of biodiversity informatics, more and more open biological data can be used by researchers. Taking an open data platform as an example, analyzing the research hotspots and development trends in the field of biodiversity in China will help biodiversity researchers and policy-makers keep abreast of the current status and trends of biological research, and provide decision support for the construction of biodiversity in China. We searched the full text of the literature on CNKI and Google Scholar from 2013 to 2023 with the relevant search terms of "National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII)", and retrieved a total of 1,070 NSII-supported literature, including journal articles (822), dissertations (233), popular science articles (5), conference articles (6) and reports (4).Through the means and methods of bibliometrics, the 822 journal articles supported by NSII are explored from the aspects of publication status, research topics and hot spots, research institutions, etc., to explore the current status, hot spots and trends of biodiversity research supported by NSII. According to the results obtained from the keyword co-occurrence network map, the research hotspots of biodiversity focus on the analysis and modeling of species distribution, climate change, taxonomy, biodiversity research, and platform construction. Biodiversity informatics is developing rapidly in China, in the future, it is still necessary to improve data source construction, resource integration, sharing capabilities, business capability enhancement, and international cooperation to promote the development of biodiversity scientific research continuously.

Study on species composition and diversity characteristics of Solidago canadensis community in Nanjing

Huang Xi,Li Weijie,Tang Shijie,Zhu Xunzhi — 2023/8/1 10:05:46

In order to investigate the relationship between the invasion of the exotic plant Solidago canadensis and diversity of native plants in Nanjing, the species composition and diversity of its community were studied by using the tracking and quadrat methods. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 200 vascular plant species, including varieties and subspecies classification, were found in the invasive community, belonging to 156 genera in 62 families, including 195 angiosperms, one gymnosperm, and four ferns. The species-richest families were Asteraceae and Poaceae, with 25 and 24 species respectively. In terms of their life forms, herbaceous plants account for the majority, with 133 species (66.50%). In addition, there are 29 other alien plant species in the community. The most important species in the community was Solidago canadensis, with a high ecological important value of 40.00%, followed by Vicia sativa (7.00%). (2) There were 4 floristic types of flora families in non-invasive communities, and only 3 types in invasive communities. Pantropic type, cosmopolitan type and north temperate type exist in both regions, while East Asia and North America disjuncted type only in non-invasive regions. In the non-invasive communities, the floristic types were mainly cosmopolitan, with 13 families, accounting for 39.39% of all families. Pantropic was the dominant species in the invasive communities, with 16 families, accounting for 45.71% of the total. There were 10 floristic types of flora genera in non-invasive areas and 12 in invasive areas, with similar floristic composition, but the old-world temperate type and tropical Asia to tropical Australasia type only appeared in invasive areas. The north temperate and cosmopolitan type are both the most important components of the two areas. The R/T values of invasive and non-invasive communities of genera are 0.58 and 0.38, and the species differentiation are 3.29 and 3.11, respectively. (3) The Margalef index (E) of heavily invasive communities was significantly lower than that of non-invasive and lightly invasive communities. In addition, the Simpson index (D), Shannon Weiner index (H'), and Pielou index(J) of heavily invasive communities were significantly reduced compared to non-invasive, lightly invasive, and moderately invasive communities. (4) There were no significant differences in E, D, H', and J between different habitats. This study can provide basic data for the management, prevention and control, and ecological restoration of the invaded area of S. canadensis in Nanjing, as well as further scientific research.

Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere bacterial characteristics of young 'Zhongshan Shanshan 118' in Huaihe plain, northern Anhui

CHEN Hong,CHENG Yan-li,HAN Yong-you,XU Chen,YANG Xi,ZHANG Yuan-bing — 2023/7/25 9:04:17

In order to explore the effects of ecological landscape greening tree species 'Zhongshan Shanshan 118' on soil ecosystem in Huaihe Plain, north Anhui Province, the differences of soil nutrients, microbial groups and their influencing factors between rhizosphere (R) and non-rhizosphere (NR) were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The R enrichment ability of macroelements was weak. The available nitrogen and available phosphorus were deficient; the total nitrogen was equal to the NR soil; and the total phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium had a low degree of enrichment. The R enrichment ability of microelement (iron, copper, manganese) was strong. And the available manganese content in R was significantly higher than that in NR. Both R and NR soils of 'Zhongshan Shanshan 118' are alkaline. pH of R is slightly lower than that of NR, and electrical conductivity of R is also higher than that of NR. The R has a certain degree of enrichment in available sodium, available magnesium and available calcium, as well as a certain degree of enrichment in organic carbon and organic matter. (2) Based on the significant difference test of community structure between groups by Anosim, the R value was 0.224 (P=0.022), which was significantly greater than 0, indicating that there was a significant difference between the R and NR bacterial communities of 'Zhongshan Shanshan 118'. The total OTUs of R and NR were 5283. There were 1307 unique OTUs in R and 1265 OTUs in NR. The bacterial diversity of R was slightly less than that of the NR, and the dominant species were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Myxococcota, Actinobacteria, and Crenarchaeota in R and NR, among which only Acidobacteriota was significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus. The contents of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in R were 17.94% and 5.21%, higher than 1.84% and 3.90% in NR, and they had no significant correlation with environmental factors. The abundance of Clostridia, Bacteroidia and Bacilli in the R was 14.05%, 1.32% and 2.06% higher than that than that in the NR, respectively. (3) UPGMA clustering tree showed that R4 were isolated. NR4, NR5 were clustered and isolated from the NR1, NR2, NR3, R1, R2, R3 and R5. The species diversity and abundance of R4 were significantly lower than other samples, and the distribution was not uniform. The results showed that although the R effect of 'Zhongshan Shanshan 118' was weak, it was the main factor for the enrichment of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the R. In the cultivation process, more microelement should be used, and a moderate amount of elements should be added.

Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere bacterial characteristics of young 'Zhongshan Shanshan 118' in Huaihe plain, northern Anhui

CHEN Hong,CHENG Yan-li,HAN Yong-you,XU Chen,YANG Xi,ZHANG Yuan-bing — 2023/7/25 9:03:55

The first herbarium in China’s mainland: Lingnan University Herbarium

HU Zonggang — 2023/7/24 15:42:21

In 1916, Lingnan University established the agricultural department under the auspices of Prof. G. W. Groff, and planned to form an herbarium, then sent students to study the collection and preparation of plant specimens under the direction of Prof. F. D. Merrill, the botanist of Philippine Bureau of Science. Not long after, Merrill was invited to Guangzhou to organize the herbarium. This is the earliest herbarium in China, which played an active role in the spread of modern botany in China. However, this period of history is not widely studied within the academic community. This article based on historical sources, strives to unravel and present this overlooked narrative.

Metabolomics analysis of flower color substances in three Rose rugosa cultivars

BAO Xinguang,HE Hailin,LI Qingqing,WEI Liqin,CHONG Peifang* — 2023/7/24 11:23:40

Rosa rugosa is a deciduous shrub belonging to Rosa L. in the Rosaceae family. It has high ornamental value and commercial value, but its single color limits the development and utilization of rose and its application in landscape architecture. In order to explore the coloring substances of three different varieties of roses, ‘Rosa rugosa × Rosa sertata ’, ‘Rosa Crimson Glory’ and ‘Rosa alba’, this study used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-four-pole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) to detect thetypes and contents of flavonoids in petals. The KEGG database was used to enrich the differential metabolites, screen out the key metabolites, and analyze thecorrelation with the phenotypic value of flower color. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 58 metabolites were detected in petals of different rose varieties, of which only one anthocyanin was cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, accounting for 30.45%. (2) K-means clustering analysis showed that a total of 12 key metabolites were annotated to the KEGGmetabolic pathway. Among them, pinocembrin and myricetin were the main substances that determined the red color of ‘Rosa rugosa × Rosa sertata’ and ‘Rosa Crimson Glory’, and eriodictyol, luteolin and kaempferol were the main substances that determined the white color of ‘Rosa alba’. In conclusion, this study can provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of roses with specific colors and promote the application of roses in landscaping.

Determination of phenolic compounds in Hawk Tea with different maturity and study on their antioxidant activity

Chenrongxiang,Fangcancan,Liwenyang,Liying,lizhirong,Shaoqiju,Wuqimei,Xiaoshiji — 2023/7/21 15:46:58

In order to studay the differences in chemical components and antioxidant activities, the identification and quality evaluation of Hawk tea with different maturity. A total of 15 phenolic compounds in Hawk tea were determined by LC-MS/MS, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging ability，ABTS+ radical scavenging ability, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Then, the relationship between antioxidant activity and the compounds were studied through statistical analysis. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in 9 active components (catechin, p-coumaric acid, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, nicotiflorin astragalin, kaempferol, naringetol, afzelin ) between the tender leaf and the mature leaf (P＜0.05). The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) could well distinguish the two kinds of Hawk tea. (2)The variance analysis of the antioxidant activities showed that there were significant differences in DPPH radical scavenging ability, ABTS+ radical scavenging ability and FRAP between the two kinds of Hawk tea. (3) The relationship between the 15 compounds and antioxidant activity were analyzed by partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis. Results indicated that the compounds have the greatest contribution to the antioxidant activities were isoquercitrin, catechin, astragaline, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, p-coumaric acid, and kaempferol. This study can provide a basis for the identification, quality control and application of Hawk tea.

Village fengshui forests contribute to the biodiversity conservation in mountainous villages: a case study of Pseudolarix amabilis

CHEN Yuan,JIN Cheng,LONG Yuxiao,YANG Yongchuan*,ZHOU Lihua — 2023/7/21 15:20:38

Pseudolarix amabilis is one of the most internationally influential ancient relict plants in China, and it faces a multitude of threats, including habitat fragmentation, population isolation, and declining numbers. Fortunately, the Village Fengshui Forest, sacred forests protected by Fengshui culture, has emerged as a potential refuge for the natural population of P. amabilis. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms by which the Village Fengshui Forest safeguards the natural population of P. amabilis warrant in-depth exploration. To address this research gap, this study employed rigorous field investigations and community interviews to comprehensively assess the recruitment status, conservation behaviors, and extent of disturbances for the natural population of P. amabilis. Moreover, we selected the P. amabilis population in Linjiatang as a representative case study to elucidate the protective and management paradigm of P. amabilis Village Fengshui Forests. The results were as follows：(1) The diameter at breast height (DBH) structure of P. amabilis in the Village Fengshui Forest exhibited continuity, and the seedling density was higher compared to other habitat types. (2) The Village Fengshui Forest's effectiveness in protecting the natural population of P. amabilis can be attributed to the Fengshui and taboo culture associated with Shuikou forest (Village Fengshui Forest near water sources), cemetery forest, and Yangji Tree (heritage tree near residential houses). (3) The development of rural tourism has further contributed to the preservation of P. amabilis Village Fengshui Forests. In conclusion, the protection and management approach based on Fengshui and taboo cultures in Village Fengshui Forests presents an effective paradigm for safeguarding the natural population of P. amabilis.

Bryum atrovirens Brid. complex (Bryaceae, Bryophyta) of China, including a new species record

HO Boon-Chuan,LIU Yongying,NIU Junying,TANG Qiming,WEI Yumei — 2023/7/21 14:53:21

The Bryum atrovirens Brid. complex in China was critically revised based on morphological evidence, with a focus on the tubers. The aim of the study is to clarify the morphological delimitation, and geographical distribution for each recognized species of this complex in China. The results show that: (1) nine species are recognized for the complex in China, namely B. apiculatum Schw?gr., B. atrovirens Brid., B.?bornholmense Wink. & R. Ruthe, B. clavatum (Schimp.) Müll. Hal., B. radiculosum Brid., B.?rubens?Mitt., B. sauteri Bruch & Schimp., B. stellituber Arts and B. tuberosum Mohamed & Damanhuri. B. stellituber represents a new record for China, whereas sporophytes are for the first time recorded in two populations of the new record, and the rhizoidal tubers of B.?atrovirens and B.?rubens are first documented from Chinese material. (2) Species of the B. atrovirens Brid. complex are ‘ephemeral’ colonists adapted to the exploitation of short-lived habitat gaps. Asexual reproduction by means of tubers was observed to be common and numerous. Identification of species within the complex relies heavily on the tuber characteristics, including its distribution (along short or long rhizoids, clustered or not), color, shape, size, cell wall thickness, presence of surface protuberance, and degree of protuberance when present. (3) The distribution at global and Chinese provincial levels for each species is summarized. An identification key to species of the B. atrovirens Brid. complex in China is presented. In conclusion, the species identification of the B. atrovirens Brid. complex can be rapidly accomplished based on the morphological characteristics exhibited by the tuber. The species newly record adds data for the moss in China.

Identification and expression analysis of bHLH transcription factors family in Rhododendron delavayi

FAN Xinyue,FAN Yu,KE Ke,OU Jing,WANG Hongfei,WANG Xiaojing,ZHOU Yumei — 2023/7/20 18:13:20

Water deficit is a key factor limiting the development and application of Rhododendron delavayi and other alpine rhododendron gardens. bHLH transcription factor plays an important role in plant growth and stress response. In this study, based on the genome files of Rhododendron delavayi and the transcription and expression data under drought stress, the members, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogeny, protein physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, cis-acting elements, protein interaction network and expression pattern of bHLH family genes in Rhododendron delavayi were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics methods. the result showed that 116 bHLH gene were identified and 17 subfamilies were identified by phylogenetic analysis; most bHLH genes contain two motifs, Motif1 and Motif 2, which together constitute the conserved domain of bHLH; the bHLH family members of Rhododendron delavayi belong to weakly acidic hydrophilic proteins; the gene mainly functions in the nucleus; the promoter region contains abundant elements related to plant growth and development (4.58%), hormone response (33.54%), light response (43.39%) and stress response (18.49); many physiological processes and metabolic pathways, such as photosynthetic regulation, active oxygen scavenging, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and stomatal development, are involved in drought stress response; the bHLH transcription factors DUH030431, DUH030504 and DUH003369 may play an important role in plant drought resistance. These results provide information reference for further study of biological function of Rhododendron delavayi bHLHs, and also provide targeted gene resources for breeding excellent horticultural varieties of Rhododendron delavayi.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of wild Pinellia ternate (Araceae) in China

PAN Feng,SHI Tian,WU Min,WU Shiqi,ZHAO Cai * — 2023/7/20 17:44:48

Due to global climate change (especially the repeated fluctuation of the Quaternary climate) and environmental isolation have a profound impact on the genetic diversity, genetic structure, geographical distribution pattern and population historical dynamics of modern plants. We used the research method of molecular pedigree geography to analyze the three non-coding chloroplast fragments psbK-psbI, atpF-atpH and trnL-F of 212 individuals from 19 populations in China of Pinellia ternata, a Araceae Pinellia perennial herb with?high?value?of?medicin, to explore the genetic diversity, genetic structure, geographical distribution pattern and its causes, and also explore the historical dynamics of its population. The results were as follows: (1) The total haplotype diversity of P. ternata (Hd) was 0.882 and the total nucleotide diversity π was 1.23 × 10-3, which means high genetic diversity at the species level. (2) The results of molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variation of P. ternata occurred mainly in 89.27% of populations, with significant genetic differentiation (FST=0.909, P<0.001) and lower within population genetic diversity (HS=0.134). The coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations was 0.855 and 0.913 respectively, NST > GST (0.01

Cloning of HDR gene in Pinus massoniana and its response to drought and salt stress

JI Kongshu*,LIU Kexin,SU Huan,WANG Jiawen,YAO Sheng,ZHU Peihuang — 2023/7/20 17:24:24

Drought and land salinization are inhibiting factors for the sustainable development of forestry, and the plants will release volatile substances such as terpenoids during life or non-biological stress. In order to investigate whether HDR gene of Pinus massoniana is involved in stress response under drought and salt stress, the open reading frame of PmHDR gene was cloned, and bioinformation, tissue specific expression and preliminary function were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The coding region of PmHDR gene is 1 458 bp, encoding 485 amino acids, and its encoded protein contains the core sequence of LytB/IspH gene superfamily and PLN02821 multifunctional structural domain, which belongs to the 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-pyrophosphate reductase family. (2) The PmHDR codon use preference was weak, with a preference for codons ending in A/U. Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were more suitable as its heterologous expression receptors. (3) qRT-PCR showed that the PmHDR gene was most highly expressed in old needles of Pinus massoniana, followed by young needles, young stems and old stems and least expressed in roots. (4) The gene expression vector pBI121-PmHDR was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The transgenic A. thaliana showed greater resistance to drought and salt stress. These results indicate that PmHDR is involved in plant response and regulation to drought and salt stress, and these results can provide some theoretical support for Pinus massoniana stress-resistance breeding.

Dynamics of tissue nutrient content in relation to declining seedling growth in Malania oleifera

CHEN Qiuping,LI Airong,LI Yue,LI Yunju,XUE Ruijuan — 2023/7/18 9:47:43

The decline in seedling growth of Malania oleifera as the age increases is often observed in the absence of host plants. A better knowledge of nutrient dynamics in terms of concentration and distribution patterns in different parts of the declining seedlings can provide valuable information for evaluating seedling growth vigor and offer scientific guidance for rational fertilization in M. oleifera nurseries. In this study, the concentrations of N, P, and K were comparatively analyzed in various organs of unattached M. oleifera seedlings grown for half a year, two years, and three years. Additionally, the starch content and distribution patterns in the roots and stems of seedlings with different vigor levels were qualitatively assessed by staining cross-sections. The results demonstrated that as the growth vigor of M. oleifera seedling declined, the concentrations of N, P, and K in most organs decreased, except for a significant increase in K concentration in lateral roots. The leaf N/P ratios of the declining seedlings became increasingly imbalanced, indicating different nutrient deficiency types among the seedlings with varying decline degrees. Unattached M. oleifera seedlings grown for half a year were primarily limited by insufficient N supply (with an average N/P ratio of 11.33) and subsequently by P limitation after two years (average N/P ratio 17.81). The leaf N/P ratio of unattached M. oleifera seedlings grown for three years was remarkably imbalanced (with an average value of 52.46). As the growth vigor of unattached three-year seedlings is considerably low, they are deemed unsuitable for afforestation. Moreover, a decrease in starch content was observed in decling seedlings, as evidenced by the reduced staining intensity of cross-sections. After three years, the starch content of unattached M. oleifera seedlings was found to have decreased to an extremely low level. Significant differences in starch content were observed at various locations, including the junction of the stem and root, the swelling top of the root, the main root, and lateral roots, among seedlings with different degrees of decline. These findings suggest that starch content levels can serve as crucial criteria for evaluating the growth vigor of seedlings. Specifically, lateral roots were identified as optimal sampling materials for assessing seedling growth vigor through a minimally invasive method.

Floral syndrome and breeding system of the spring flowering plant Iris scariosas (Iridaceae)

and Jannathan MAMUT,LI Qi,MA Hanze — 2023/7/18 9:35:39

Iris scariosas is a perennial spring flowering Iridaceae species with important ornamental value. To explore the floral syndrome and breeding system and promote the utilization of this germplasm, flowering phenology, floral syndrome, breeding system and pollination traits of this species were studied in field and controlled experiments. The results were as follows: (1) I. scariosas began to flower in early-May, peak flowering period was at mid-May, and final flowering period was at late-May, the duration of flowering was 16 d; (2) Its blue-purple flowers had scent and a small amount of nectar, and individual flower duration was 2.5–3.0 days; (3) Results of pollination experiments suggested that the breeding system of I. scariosas is obligate xenogamy, without apomixes and the ability of spontaneous self-pollination; (4) Iris scariosas has a generalist pollination system, with Apis mellifera, A. cerana and Halictus sp. being pollinators. These insects initiated pollination while foraging for pollen, and their visitation frequencies were 0.57 ± 0.05, 0.42 ± 0.04 and 0.19 ± 0.03 per flower per hour, respectively. Floral traits of this species, such as bright flower colors, large flower display, the peak of insect visitation overlapping with the period of highest pollen viability and the optimal stigma receptivity of pollen, yellow beard appendage on the outer tepals, etc., ensure the completion of the pollination process and enhance the successful outcrossing. This study provides an important theoretical information for the resource utilization and germplasm innovation of I. scariosa.

Complete genome sequencing and BGLU gene family analysis of Angelica dahurica

BIAN Jinhui,GAO Jihai*,WANG Yalan,ZHANG Lingyu,ZHANG Jing,ZHOU Luojing — 2023/7/17 16:55:33

Angelica dahurica is a common kind of medicine and food homology, which is not only a common clinical traditional Chinese medicine, but also a spice, with a wide range of uses. In order to obtain the whole genome sequence information of A. dahurica, this study used A. dahurica var. formosana leaf DNA as material, and the Nanopore sequencing technology was used to establish its nucleotide sequences database, then genome assembly, function annotation and evolution analysis were carried out by bioinformatic methods. The results were as follows:(1) 662 Gb the third-generation data were obtained after the original sequencing data, with the Read N50 about 32 932 bp. The assembled A. dahurica genome size was 5.6 Gb, contig N50 being about 806 638 bp. (2) 66.47% of the genes from the assembled sequence got gene annotation after being compared with functional databases such as NR, KOG and KEGG. The result of KOG gene annotation was that the protein function of A. dahurica concentrated in the general functional prediction only, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones signal transduction mechanisms. GO functional classification indicated that the genes of A. dahurica concentrated on cell biological processes and components. KEGG analysis found that the A. dahurica genes mostly involved in metabolic pathways. (3) 45 genes of BGLU family were identified in A. dahurica. In this study, the whole genome of A. dahurica is resolved by the third-generation sequencing technology for the first time, which lay a foundation for the systematic biological study of A. dahurica, and is conducive to the further development and utilization. At the same time, the BGLU family genes were preliminarily analyzed, it also provides an important theoretical basis for the further study of the function of BGLU in the growth and development of A. dahurica.

Core Targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Framework and recommendations for conservation action in China

LUO Maofang,MA Keping,YANG Ming — 2023/7/17 16:05:14

Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted 62 decisions, in particular the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies’ relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework - the 30*30 target for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information on genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China: (1) Strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF. (2) Further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation. (3) Develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets. (4) Continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole. (5) Vigorously promote international cooperation to explore and promote nature-based solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

The RAD-seq revealed the endangered mechanism of Hydrocera triflora (Balsaminaceae)

HE Song,WANG Meng,WU Xinyi,YAN Yuehong,ZHANG Rui,ZHENG Xilong — 2023/7/11 11:58:22

The genetic diversity of species was a key factor in their adaptability and survival capabilities. Habitat fragmentation was recognized as one of the key factors leading to biodiversity loss, and it had significant impacts on the genetic diversity of plant populations. Hydrocera triflora was in a regional extinction state, and the status of its genetic diversity and endangered mechanisms had not been reported. In this study, 34 samples of H. triflora from 7 populations were used to obtain single nucleotide variation sites by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). We discussed the mechanisms of endangerment of H. triflora by analyzing population genetic diversity and structure. Additionally, we combined these findings with historical population dynamics analysis and predictions of potential species distribution in different climate scenarios. The results were as follows: (1) H. triflora had low genetic diversity (Ho=0.1569, He=0.1654, Pi=0.1865) and low genetic differentiation; AMOVA analysis showed that genetic variation mainly occurred within populations; (2) The Mantel test indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between environmental distance and genetic distance, as well as geographical distance, with respective p-values of 0.0447 and 0.0082; (3) The effective population size of H. triflora had been continuously declining since the mid-Holocene. The eruption of the Qiongbei volcanic group and human activities played a significant role; (4) Compared to the modern climate, the total potential distribution area of H. triflora changed little in the future. However, in scenarios of high CO2 emissions, the highly suitable area decreased significantly, especially in the Malay Islands where the suitable habitat virtually disappeared. The results indicated that habitat fragmentation led to a continuous decline in the genetic diversity and effective population size of the H. triflora. Therefore, the low self-renewal capacity, as well as detrimental environmental conditions such as human disturbance and urbanization, were the primary factors contributing to its endangered status. On the one hand, it was recommended to strengthen the in-situ protection of the H. triflora, employing techniques such as artificial pollination to enhance gene flow among populations and thereby increase genetic diversity. On the other hand, we should focus on protecting wetlands from destruction.

Research progress of Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning Experiment China Platform (BEF-China)

LI Shan,LIU Xiaojuan,MA Keping — 2023/7/11 11:45:56

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) and the underlying mechanisms have always been a hot issue in ecological research. Whereas many BEF studies have focused on grassland ecosystems, relatively few have been addressed in forest ecosystems which account for a large proportion of primary production in the terrestrial ecosystem. Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning Experiment China Platform (BEF-China) contains the most tree species with the highest level of diversity in the subtropics. In this review, we first summarize research progress in BEF-China, and then give suggestions for future BEF research. The research based on BEF-China mainly focused on the impact of biodiversity on multi-ecosystem functionings, e.g. productivity, nutrient cycling and multi-trophic interaction. We suggest that future studies in BEF-China should strengthen the application of new techniques such as high-throughout sequencing and remote sensing, and continue research on multi-dimensions, mult-components, multi-ecosystem functions, and multi-scales in BEF study. The research progress of BEF-China can help in better understanding the BEF relationships in forest ecosystem, and provide a scientific support for biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration.

Plant culture construction and plant diversity protection and management in the China national botanical garden

Cui Xia,Li Feifei,Long Chun Lin,Luo Binsheng — 2023/7/11 11:37:00

Biological culture is of great significance to the conservation of biodiversity. The formation and development of botanical gardens have reflected the plant culture which formed by human beings due to material and spiritual needs in history. Modern botanical gardens have made outstanding achievements in plant ex-situ protection, while the plant culture construction is still little insufficient. In the process of global biodiversity conservation, the important roles of traditional culture in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources have been increasingly valued. At this background, this study emphasized the close connection and co-evolution relationship between biocultural diversity and biodiversity, and reviewed the implication of plant culture in early botanical gardens and Chinese classical gardens. And through the analysis of the main functions of 3 085 modern botanical gardens around the world, we found that only 7.36% of botanical gardens have carried out ethnobotanical research, while 11.18% have carried out conservation biology research, and 17.18% have a plant conservation programme 17.18%, revealed the improvement of the protection function and the weakening of the cultural function of modern botanical gardens. Based on the demand for the construction of plant culture in the effective protection of plant diversity in the current botanical garden, this study further analyzed the deficiencies of plant culture construction in botanical gardens in China, including: (1) Insufficient plant culture information data in plant species diversity information. (2) Lack of consideration of benefit-sharing of traditional knowledge in biodiversity conservation. (3) Lack of theme parks that display plant diversity with culture. Focused on the goal of plant diversity conservation and management in the China national botanical garden, we put forward suggestions on plant culture construction in the China national botanical garden system from three aspects, in order to provide a reference for the construction of a national botanical garden system with the characteristics of Chinese ecological civilization: (1) Plant diversity protection and utilization. To strengthen the consideration of plant culture in the construction of plant diversity information and germplasm resource bank, encourage ethnobotanical research. (2) Benefit-sharing. To establish access and benefit-sharing (ABS) standard procedures covering traditional knowledge to ensure fair and equitable benefit-sharing. (3) Public participation. To consider display the regionality and uniqueness in China national botanical garden, and add ethnic plant culture theme parks or exhibition halls.

Discussion on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources

LI Yingshuo,SUN Minghao,ZHAO Fuwei — 2023/7/11 11:26:34

Digital sequence information on genetic resources (hereinafter called DSI) refers to data generated through sequencing technologies. It consists of a broad range of genetic sequence data, which includes the digitalized details of an organism’s DNA and RNA, and chemical structure information of natural products. Considering its significance, DSI has become a hot-button issue of discussions around international treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework for the Sharing of Influenza Viruses and Access to Vaccines and Other Benefits, with particular focus on its access, use, and benefit-sharing process. Since 2016, fruitful discussions have been made among stakeholders about DSI’s access and use, albeit disagreements remain in some areas, examples of which are the connotation and denotation of the placeholder term, DSI’s relevance to genetic resources, the definition of open access, the monitoring of DSI use. Through analytical research of DSI itself and controversies arising from it, we come to the following observations: a) science advice alone is not enough to mitigate the differences originating from the conflict of interests between stakeholders; b) DSI’s placeholder status has made the fulfillment of the benefit-sharing obligation to it more complex; c) the large variety of domestic regulations around DSI that exist in parties implies that the setup of a feasible, multilateral international system is no easy task; d) an approach that coordinates different framework conventions is urgently needed to tackle the ongoing challenges facing DSI. To effectively cope with the challenges and opportunities brought by DSI’s access and use, China, as a major provider and user of DSI in the world, should intensify efforts made in the following four areas: a) Fundamental researches on DSI; to this end, we should encourage the adoption of interdisciplinary approaches in DSI research and introduce pilot demonstration projects on access to and benefit-sharing of DSI; b) The timely establishment of biological data administration system; we should construct a comprehensive system of biological resource data made up of crucial components including classification, convergence, sharing, research, utilization, cross-border transmission, and benefit-sharing; c) Infrastructure development that increase the openness, safety, sharing, and reciprocity of the production and storage of global biological resource data; we should strengthen international cooperation in this regard; d) Better use of the cross-departmental coordination mechanism that involves organizations represented by the China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC); we should continue to increase the synergy effects originated from China’s greater participation in international fora on DSI.

Plant introduction and ex-situ conservation in South China National Botanical Garden

Liao Jingping,Ning Zulin,Ren Hai,XIE Dan,Zhang Yiqi — 2023/7/11 11:17:07

Base on the plant introduction and survival records, this paper reports the status of introduction, survival, and ex-situ conservation of plant species in South China National Botanical Garden (SCNBG). The results shows that: (1) a total of 19,154 species, 99 subspecies and 136 varieties of vascular plants belonging to 325 families 3,952 genera have been introduced since 1956, and 11,581 species, 52 subspecies and 80 varieties belonging to 290 families 2,777 genera, survive currently; (2) A total of 565 species of National Key Protected Wild Plants are introduced, covering 95% (36/38) of the first-class National Key Protected Wild Plants (29 species survived) in southern China, 76.4%(269/352)of the second-class National Key Protected Wild Plants (269 species survived), and 54.3%(547/1,008)threatened species (414 species survived); (3) Guangdong Province (7,193, 2,523 species) is the largest source of introduced species, followed by Hainan Province (3,658, 1,593 species), Guangxi Province (4,744, 1,559 species) and other surrounding provinces and regions, reflecting the priority characteristics of ex-situ conservation focusing on plants in tropical and subtropical regions of China; (4) The SCNBG has introduced and exchanged species with 61 countries around the world, obtaining some precious plant resources from the same latitude regions around the world; (5) The 14 taxonomic living collections and gardens are generally at a high level in terms of introduction quantity, survival quantity, and survival rate. Historical review shows that plant protection practices support the mission, objectives, planning and construction of the SCNBG, and there is a strong correlation between the survival number of species and the frequency of introduction (r = 0.85***). Looking forward to the future, the SCNBG needs to strengthen ex-situ conservation of plants in terms of quantity and quality, with special attention being paid to (1) Strengthen the introduction and collection of rare and endangered plants, native plants, and economic plants in tropical and subtropical regions, increase the research collection of key groups, give priority to strengthening the protective collection of threatened plants, take into account the collection of core germplasm, and further improve the quantity and quality of ex-situ conservation; (2) Go out of the SCNBG, establish an ex-situ protection network system for plants in South China, and establish ex-situ and in-situ protection integrating systems with national parks and nature reserves to effectively protect plant diversity in the region; (3) Focusing on the collection of key taxa, conducting research on relevant ecological biological characteristics, mechanism of plant diversity formation and maintenance, population and ecosystem restoration, etc., in order to carry out technological breakthroughs in the sustainable utilization of plant resources, provide source resources and key technologies such as new varieties for high-quality development, implement reintroduction and continuous monitoring, and promote the popularization of high-end information such as introduction, conservation, scientific research, public education and utilization; (4) Further improve the infrastructure and information management system of ex-situ conservation, and improve the efficiency of ex-situ conservation; (5) Strengthen international scientific research cooperation and species exchange.

Study on the microbial diversity in rhizosphere soil of Anemone altaica

2023/7/11 10:50:59

Abstract: In order to understand the difference of microbial diversity between wild and cultivated Anemone altaica rhizosphere soil, the rhizosphere microbial diversity and soil physicochemical properties during the growth of Anemone altaica were studied. In this study, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the microbial communities composition and diversity in rhizosphere soils of wild and cultivated Anemone altaica. The results showed that: (1) The diversity of fungi in the rhizosphere of wild Anemone altaica was significantly higher than that of cultivated Anemone altaica (P < 0.05), while the difference of bacterial diversity was not significant(P > 0.05),, which indicated that fungi communities were greater affected by soil physical and chemical properties than bacterial communities. (2) The bacteria phylum Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and the fungi phylum Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota were the dominant phylas in the rhizosphere soil of wild and cultivated plants, their relative abundance was different in different growth patterns; (3) The results of RDA analysis showed that organic matter was the main factor affecting soil bacterial community, and soil pH, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main factors affecting fungi communities, indicating that soil physical and chemical properties were closely related to rhizosphere soil microbial diversity. In summary, our results showed that composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities were significantly different in wild and cultivated Anemone altaica, and provided insights into resolving the limiting bottleneck on the sustainable development of Anemone altaica crops, which can provide reference value for imitating wild cultivation Anemone altaica.

A global perspective on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on forest areas in biodiversity hotspots

ZHOU Shuai — 2023/7/11 10:49:17

Forests play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, and their loss is often associated with regional biodiversity decline or loss. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global biodiversity by analyzing data on forest loss area, biodiversity integrity data, annual COVID-19 infection data (in 2020 and 2021), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in global biodiversity hotspots, using correlation analysis, linear mixed-effects model construction, and regression prediction. The results revealed although a significant negative correlation between the number of COVID-19 infections per million population and forest loss area, namely, the pandemic reduced forest loss due to large-scale urban and agricultural expansion, the total forest loss in global biodiversity hotspots continued to rise during the pandemic years (2020 and 2021), largely due to the indirect acceleration of logging activities in natural and artificial forests. The regression model predicted that the forest loss area in global biodiversity hotspots increased by 5.83% and 21.78% in 2020 and 2021, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, notwithstanding the COVID-19 pandemic's restraining effect on forest loss in biodiversity hotspots, the forest loss area still exhibits an upward trend.

Analysis on the implementation path of biodiversity mainstreaming in China under the guidance of ‘Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework’

2023/7/10 19:19:36

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework sets out key actions for biodiversity conservation worldwide in the coming period, including integrating biodiversity and its multiple values into economic and social activities. As one of States Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, China has made many unflagging efforts and achieved outstanding results in promoting biodiversity mainstreaming. By discussing and analyzing the conceptual connotation of the biodiversity mainstreaming, the practice progress and stage results of the biodiversity mainstreaming in our country were summarized, and the mainstreaming targets determined by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework were set up around different actors of government, enterprises and the public. The article puts forward the implementation methods for promoting biodiversity mainstreaming in the new period, including: 1) import a consistent framework for action; 2) give play to the leading role of government governance; 3) support enterprises to take joint actions; 4) raise public awareness to promote broad participation in biodiversity conservation, in order to integrate biodiversity into the policy mechanism of government departments at all levels and the extensive activities of production and living practice, and provide reference for biodiversity decision-making.

Biocultural Profiles of Qinghai Regong Thangka

CHENG Zhuo,LIN Chen,LONG Chun-Lin — 2023/7/5 16:29:06

The loss of biodiversity not only means the loss of genes, species and ecosystems, but also threatens the cultural diversity. Thangka is known as the ‘encyclopaedia’ of traditional Tibetan culture, covering social, historical, cultural, religious and medicinal aspects. Qinghai Regong Thangka is one of the most important sects of Thangka, which have vivid and delicate depiction of images, and the numerous depictions of natural landscapes. By combining the methods of literature analysis, work analysis and ethnobiological fieldwork, the biocultural aspects of Regong Thangka are studied in terms of the traditional knowledge related to biodiversity in the painting techniques of Regong Thangka and the analysis of the connotation of biological images. This study: (1) revealed the biological origins and production processes of the traditional painting tools and 12 natural plant-derived pigments for Regong Thangka; (2) Explored the origins and functions of the biological images often found in the Thangka works. (3) Explained the ecological concepts conveyed from Regong Thangka. In general, Regong Thangkas are not only resulted from nature, but also provide feedbacks to nature in their content. In the future, we should pay attention to the protection and inheritance of the traditional skills and biodiversity related traditional knowledge of Regong Thangka, and further explore its functions of traditional knowledge dissemination and nature education.

Ancient trees characteristics in ethnic minority areas during the process of urbanization:a case study of Chuxiong

DENG Zhongjian,Gu Xu,LIU Zhuozhi,ZHENG Mengfei — 2023/7/5 16:19:50

The urbanization will have a significant impact on minority cultures and the natural environment in which culture is born. Ancient trees, known as green cultural relics, are the resources retained by human culture, and are important bases for studying regional vegetation and national culture. In this study, we surveyed the ancient trees of seven towns with different urbanization rates in Chuxiong City, the main habitation area of Yi nationality in Yunnan Province, to explore the influence of urbanization development on minority culture in the characteristics of ancient treeswhether the impact of urbanization development on ethnic minority cultures can be reflected in the characteristics of regional ancient trees. A total of 301 ancient trees were recorded, belonging to 26 species, 22 genera, and 16 families. Pistacia chinensis, Platycladus orientalis and Camellia reticulata were dominant species, accounting for more than 75% of the number of ancient tree individuals. The towns with the highest or lowest urbanization rate both had a high level of ancient tree diversity, and the ancient trees were aggregatedly distributed in temples, parks and schools. The species composition and distribution of ancient trees in towns with the highest urbanization rate reflected the foreign culture influence, while the one with the lowest rate had more native species from the "God forests" of Yi nationality. Towns with a high proportion of Yi nationality have neither higher diversity of ancient trees nor more "God forests " species. In the process of urbanization, the conservation of ancient trees and the inheritance of minority cultures will play a complementary role in alleviating the crisis of gradual loss of minority cultures.

Notes on Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) of Guangxi

LIU Yan,MENG Shiyong,XU Weibing,ZOU Chunyu — 2023/7/5 16:05:22

Based on literature research, specimens identification and field investigation, we systematically cleared up the early researches of Sedum and conducted an overview for the species diversity of Sedum in Guangxi. There are 17 species was confirmed, among which six species are newly recorded. At first, the research brief histories of Sedum taxonomy in Guangxi were summarized. The following is the revised information for S. polytrichoides Hemsl. Six newly recorded species of Sedum are reported here, which are S. leblancae Hamet., S. lipingense R. B. Zhang, D. Tan & R. X. Wei, S. lungtsuanense S. H. Fu, S. makinoi Maxim., S. subtile Miq., S. tosaense Makino. The morphological feature diagnosis and photographs for these newly recorded species were provided. Finally we also discussed the species diversity and the potential utilization of Sedum in Guangxi. It is hoped to provide background information for the subsequent research and utilization of this genus.

Quality control method for Yao medicine Achyranthes longifolia

CHEN Song,HUANG Ruisong,LEI Peilin,LI Yunrong,QU Xincheng — 2023/7/5 15:51:05

Yao medicine Hongniuxi is the root and rhizome of Achyranthes longifolia, which was a commonly used medicinal herb in Yao ethnic areas. Currently, only a few provinces have recorded the method for quality control of A. longifolia . Microscopic method and thin layer chromatography were qualitatively identified on the roots and rhizomes of 14 batches of Yao Medicine A. longifolia collected in Guangxi region in the standy. The content of β-ecdysterone was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The Phenomenex column (250mm×4.6 mm, 5μm) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (15:85) , the column temperature was 25 ℃, the flow rate was 1.0 mL?min-1, and the detection wavelength was at 243 nm. The results were as follows: (1) The characteristics and microscopic identification methods of A. longifolia were obvious. Microscopic identification showed the inner layer of thrombus, vascular bundle, abnormal vascular bundle, duct, ray cell, calcium oxalate sand crystal or square crystal, etc. (2) The identification spots of β-ecdysterone and ginsenoside RO thin layer chromatography are clear, and the separation effect was good. (3) The β-ecdysterone showed a good linear relationship within the range of 5.606-224.224 μg (r＝0.999 9), whose average recovery (n=6) was 97.68%, with the RSD of 1.37%. (4) Among 14 batches of samples, the content of β-ecdysterone range from 0.005% to 0.158%, with an average content of 0.098%. This study established a complete method for microscopic identification, thin-layer identification, and content determination, providing a scientific basis for rational evaluation of the quality of A. longifolia. and clinical rational drug use.

The study of Bombax ceiba Linnaeus tree structure and leaf traits response to habitat elements

CHENG Xiping,GAO Manjuan,MAO Kaize,WU Rui,ZHANG Yueping — 2023/6/29 11:15:55

The plant’s morphology and structure results from the joint action of itself and the external environment. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between the tree structure and leaf traits of Bombax ceiba Linnaeus, and explored the influence of topographic, soil, and meteorological elements on the growth of B. ceiba. It is of great significance to reveal the growth strategy and adaptation mechanism of B. ceiba. Therefore, we researched 230 B. ceiba trees in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province and measured six tree structure indexes, eight leaf traits indexes, and habitat elements of regional topographic, meteorology, and soil. The effects and explantation of habitat elements on the tree structure and leaf traits of B. ceiba were analyzed by structural equation model and variation decomposition. The results showed that: (1) There were correlations among the indices of tree structure and among the indices of leaf traits (P < 0.05). (2) The observed indices of habitat factors had a strong influence on the growth indices of B. ceiba leaves. The mean annual precipitation, slope and average temperature had a higher interpretation rate on the growth indices of B. ceiba leaves, and were the dominant habitat indices affecting the growth of B. ceiba. (3) According to the standardized path coefficient, the three habitat factors had the same effect on the tree structure and leaf traits of B. ceiba, and all of them were in the order of topographic elements＞meteorological elements＞soil elements. (4) The superposition of the three habitat elements explained that tree structure and leaf traits were 43.5% and 12.3%, respectively, indicating that the response of tree structure to the habitat environment was greater than that of leaf traits to the environment. The results of this study preliminarily explores the adaptation strategies of different growth indexes to environmental factors of B. ceiba, which could provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the cultivation and propagation of B. ceiba in heterogeneous habitats and efficient management of Bombax ceiba Linnaeus plantation.

Diversity analysis of endophytic fungi and preliminary screening of antibacterial activity in Camellia luteoflora Li ex H.T.Chang

HE Jing,RONG Sutian,WANG Li*,YANG Xi,YI Hang — 2023/6/27 11:59:41

In order to explore the species and population distribution of endophytic fungi in Camellia luteoflora Li ex H.T.Chang, as well as their inhibitory effects on plant pathogenic fungi, this study used tissue separation method to isolate and purify endophytic fungi in C. luteoflora. These fungi were identified based on morphology and molecular biology, and their diversity was evaluated through statistical analysis. The strains with antibacterial activity were screened out by the plate confrontation method. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 261 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from 324 C. luteoflora tissue samples, belonging to 1 phylum, 5 classes, 9 orders, and 22 genera. The dominant genera were Colletotrichum, Diaporthe and Pestalotiopsis with isolation frequencies of 21.84%, 16.86% and 10.34%, respectively. (2) The distribution of endophytic fungi in C. luteoflora varied in different seasons. The highest number of strains was isolated in winter (72 strains, accounting for 27.59%), which belonged to 16 genera; 62 strains were isolated in spring, belonging to 13 genera; 59 strains were isolated in summer, belonging to 15 genera; and 68 strains were isolated in autumn, belonging to 13 genera. The Shannon-Wiener index (H′), Simpson index (D), evenness index (E), and richness index (M) were highest in winter. The similarity of endophytic fungal species between spring and winter was higher, and the similarity between summer and autumn was higher. (3) The distribution of endophytic fungi also varied in different parts of C. luteoflora. The stem had the most abundant endophytic fungi, with 102 strains (accounting for 39.08%) belonging to 15 genera; 61 strains were isolated from the roots, belonging to 10 genera; and 98 strains were isolated from the leaves, belonging to 15 genera. The Shannon-Wiener index (H′), Simpson index (D), evenness index (E), and richness index (M) were highest in the stems, and the endophytic fungal species in the leaves were most similar to those in the stems. (4) The plate confrontation results showed that among the 35 tested endophytic fungi, 26 endophytic fungi had inhibitory effects on at least one plant pathogen fungus, accounting for 74.29%, among which CJ-II-2, XY-V-3, QY-II-4, QJ-III-2 and DJ-I-2 had inhibitory effects on 8 plant pathogen fungi to varying degrees. XY-V-3 had the best inhibitory effect on 8 plant pathogenic fungi, and the inhibitory rate was higher than 50%. XY-V-3 and QJ-II-2 have higher inhibitory rate than 50% on 2 strains of pathogenic fungi in C. luteoflora, which had the potential to control disease of C. luteoflora. The diversity of endophytic fungi in C. luteoflora is rich, and Some of the strains have higher effect of inhibiting plant pathogenic fungi, which lay a foundation for the research and development of biological control products and the control of the disease of C. luteoflora.

Flower bud differentiation and leaf endogenous hormone changes of Camellia perpetua

Chai Shengfeng,JiangHaidu,Qin Huizhen,Sun Feifei,TangJian min,WeiXiao — 2023/6/26 18:50:17

Camellia perpetua is the only rare and endangered plant in the genus Camellia that blooms almost all year round. It provides reference for people to know the flower bud differentiation process and the changes of endogenous hormones in leaves at different flower development period and annual growth cycles, as well as clarify the continuous flowering mechanism of this species. In this study, the process of C. perpetua bud differentiation was observed by paraffin sections. The contents of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3) and zeatin nucleoside (ZR) in leaves at different flower development period and in leaves with flower bud and leaves without flower bud in annual growth cycle were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were as follows: (1) The flower bud differentiation sequence of C. perpetua was from the outside to the inside, and it was divided into 6 period, which lasted 35 days in total, from the bud differentiation to flowering about 2 months. (2)The contents of ABA and GA3 and the ratios of GA3/ABA and (IAA + GA3) /ZR were higher in flower bud morphological differentiation period, while the content of IAA and ZR and the ratios of IAA/ABA and ZR/ABA were lower. (3)The contents of ABA, IAA and ZR in the leaves with flower bud were higher than those in the leaves without flower bud. The IAA/ZR and (IAA + GA3) /ZR ratios were lower than those of the leaves without flower bud. In conclusion, the flower bud differentiation to flowering time of C. perpetua is shorter. High levels of ABA and GA3 and low levels of IAA and ZR are beneficial to flower bud differentiation. Higher levels of ABA, IAA and ZR are beneficial to flower bud development.

Flower bud differentiation and leaf endogenous hormone changes of Camellia perpetua

Chai Shengfeng,JiangHaidu,Qin Huizhen,Sun Feifei,TangJian min,WeiXiao — 2023/6/26 18:49:34

A new attempt to conserve biodiversity in Guangxi ——A case study in Qu-nan Community of Fusui County

DONG Yifei,HU Renchuan,LUO Binsheng,ZHOU Ying — 2023/6/26 16:27:43

Biodiversity is the material basis for human survival. At present, the conservation of biodiversity is mainly carried out through nature reserves. As an essential supplement to the existing nature reserve systems in China, the mini reserve is an essential means to connect fragmented habitats for animals and plants and maintain the integrity of ecosystems. This study systematically collates and analyzes the organizational structure, system construction, daily work, and preliminary results of the community-based Qu-nan mini reserve through a literature review and field investigations. The results show that the construction of the Qu-nan mini reserve is based on the mindset of "self-construction, self-financing, self-management, and self-benefit." It is managed mainly by "equal discussion and democratic consultation," which has been recognized and supported by local community residents, the local government, and the outside world. The establishment, construction, and development of the mini reserve have not only enhanced the protection awareness of community residents and increased the number and diversity of surrounding animal and plant populations. It also improved the living environment of the Qu-nan community and enriched the spiritual culture of residents, significantly contributing to the protection of local biodiversity and traditional culture. In addition, this paper also discusses the hidden dangers in the construction of conservation communities. Some feasible suggestions were proposed to provide a reference for developing biodiversity conservation and other mini reserves in China.

The sequence characteristics of chloroplast genomes and phylogenic analysis of genus Aucuba

FAN Zhichao,LI Juan,TONG Jiayun,TONG Yi — 2023/6/26 15:06:41

To determine the genetic structure and sequence differences of the chloroplast genome of genus Aucuba and to reveal their interspecies relationship, the chloroplast genomes of six Aucuba species including A. chinensis and A. japonica var. variegata as well as Garrya buxifolia were sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. The chloroplast genomes were assembled and annotated using Bioinformatics software. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted combined with the published chloroplast genomes of A. japonica. The results were as follows: (1) Six Aucuba plants chloroplast genomes exhibited typical quadripartite circular structure (i.e., LSC, SSC, IRB and IRA) and were between 157 891-158 325 bp in length; (2) A total of 114 genes were annotated (except the duplicate genes on IRs), including 80 protein-coding genes (CDS), 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes; (3) 270 interspersed repeats, 133 tandem repeats and 412 SSR loci were detected in the six Aucuba chloroplast genomes; (4) A total of 29 high frequency codons prefer ending in A/U. 100 optimal codons were filtered out in total, 12 of which were shared by six Aucuba species; (5) Comparative analysis of six Aucuba species reveals a highly conserved chloroplast genome sequence; (6) Ten highly divergent regions were identified based on nucleotide diversity analysis; (7) The phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) showing a similar topology. The results support that genus Aucuba was monophyletic, as a sister to genus Garrya. We first sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes of these five Aucuba species and one Garrya species. The results reveal the interspecies relationships and the taxonomic status of genus Aucuba, providing genetic resources for the classification, identification and phylogeny of the genus Aucuba.

Cytomorphology, physiological and biochemical characterization of male sterile plant in Parakmeria omeiensis cheng

CHEN Xuling,LI Cehong,LI Xiaojie,XIE Kongping,YU Daoping — 2023/6/25 15:36:13

Parakmeria omeiensis an evergreen tree belonged to Parakmeria of Magnoliaceae, is listed as a critically endangered plant under the first-grade State protection. Aimed to clarify the abortion period of male sterility in bisexual flowers of P. omeiensis and its physiological and biochemical characteristics, sterile stamens and fertile stamens were test materials, the anther development was observed by paraffin section, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline were determined, and catalase ( CAT) and peroxidase ( POD) activity were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1)Significant difference were detected in meiosis stage in anther development between sterile stamens and fertile stamens, the tapetum layer of sterile stamens was dense and undeveloped, the microspore mother cells didn’t develop into the tetrad and subsequently disintegrated, so the pollen sac was empty. The tapetum layer and the microspore mother cells of fertile stamens developed normally, most pollen sac were broken and pollen grain were export. (2)The contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline of sterile stamens were significantly lower than fertile stamens during the stage of meiosis, microspore monuclear and pollen mature. (3) POD activity of sterile stamens increased overall and was significantly higher than fertile stamens. CAT activity of sterile stamenst decreased as a whole and was significantly lower than fertile stamens. We conclude that the microspore abortion occurs at the stage of meiosis, the decrease in metabolism of material and energy causes the abortion of male in bisexual flowers, the tapetum layer don’t develop further and it doesn’t provide nutrients to the microspore mother cells. CAT and POD activity are abnormalwhich results in the failure of timely scavenging free radicals in cells, and meiosis of microspore mother cells is blocked, so tetrads fail to be formed.

Chemical constituents of Pteris ensiformis Burm from Guizhou

2023/6/21 11:06:46

To study the chemical constituents of Pteris ensiformis. In this paper, silica gel, gel, MCI, C18 and other column chromatography for separation and purification, and their structures were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and IR spectra; the anti-tumor and anti-coagulation activities of some monomers were screened by MTS, APTT, PT and TT. The results were as follows：(1)15 compounds were isolated from the P. ensiformis, the compounds were 2-hydroxyl-acetyl pyrrole (1), N-(3- carboxypropyl)-2-acetyl pyrrole (2), 3-hydroxyl-2-methylpyridine (3), N-methyl hydroxylamine (4), pterosin S 13-O-glucoside (5), obtupterosin C (6), ent-11α- hydroxy-15-oxokauran-19-oic acid (7), ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (8), β-sitosterol (9), ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-O-glucopy ranoside (10), 5, 5''-dibutoxy-2, 2''-bifuran (11), 5, 5''-di(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-2, 2''-bifuran (12), (-)-loliolide (13), succinic acid (14), fumaric acid (15). Compound 1 is a new natural product of pyrrole alkaloids. Compounds 1-7, 10-15 were isolated from P. ensiformis for the first time, and compounds 1, 3, 4 were isolated from Pteris for the first time; (2) The results of activity testshowed that compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10 inhibited the growth of tumor cells HL-60, A549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231 and SW480 in vitro at a concentration of 40 μmol/L, At the concentration of 2.0 mmol/L, compounds 1, 2, 3 and 6 shortened APTT and compounds 1, 5 and 6 prolonged PT. The study enrichs the chemical constituent of Guizhou P. ensiformis and provide a material basis for the development of anti-tumor drugs.

Floral structure and column ultrastructural characteristics of two Habenaria species with its taxonomic implications

LI Lu,TAO Kaifeng,WANG Yuecheng,ZHANG Yingduo,ZHU Yong — 2023/6/21 9:49:14

The genus Habenaria exhibits a highly diversity in floral morphology and has complex taxonomy problems. In order to identify key taxonomic features of this genus, floral structure and column ultrastructure of Habenaria dentata and Habenaria glaucifolia were investigated using the stereo microscope and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The results were as follows: (1) The two Habenaria species exhibited significant differences in floral structures, specifically in terms of the presence or absence of lateral petal lobes, the morphology of the 3-lobed lip, and the ratio of the length between the spur and the ovary. (2) The column ultramicro characteristics of two Habenaria species were significantly varied, containing morphology of staminode, anther chamber exine cell, “anther-canal” exine cell, elongated stigma and papilla at the junction with style. (3) Exine sculptures of massula were distinguished in two species, the reticulate type in Habenaria dentata, and the baculate → reticulate type in Habenaria glaucifolia. This study investigates the taxonomic implications of floral features and column ultrastructure in Habenaria species, with a specific focus on the examination of Habenaria glaucifolia. Through the analysis of available data, certain selected features were identified as potentially valuable for species delimitation, including the presence or absence of lateral petal lobes, variations in spur morphology, the length ratio of the spur to the ovary, and the types of pollen exine sculpture. Additionally, the floral structure and column ultrastructure of Habenaria glaucifolia were supplemented and thoroughly analyzed based on reported data. Notably, it was not confirmed that Habenaria glaucifolia should not be treated as an independent genus separate from Habenaria. The results of this study provide novel insights and serve as a valuable reference for the classification of Habenaria species distributed in Asia.

The spread dynamics and driving factors of alien invasive plant Solidago canadensis L. in Hubei Province

jiaoxinyu,li jia yi,liu zhi xiong,long mei,yang qing yu,zeng ling tian — 2023/6/21 9:48:15

Abstract：Solidago canadensis originated from North America, has become a notorious alien invasive plant widely distributed in China, which cause huge agricultural economic losses and serious ecological environment problems. Understanding the invasive process and driving factors of Solidago canadensis L. in Hubei Province can help to make a scientific decision for invasion monitoring and early warning. Combining with investigation, previous studies, news and media reports to collect the distribution sites of S. canadensis, the historical distribution dynamics of S. canadensis was simulated and reconstructed by the ArcGIS in Hubei Province. Moreover, the spread dynamics and its driving factors were analyzed by MaxEnt model. The results were as follows: (1) S. canadensis show discontinuous aggregation distribution in Hubei Province. The early "jumping" invasion has gradually transformed into the "gradual" spread from east to northwest Hubei in recent years. The Wuhan, Xianning and the central area of Yichang displayed the most serious invasion. (2) Human activities are the main factors promoting the spread of S. canadensis. It can move far away through transport along the road and railway. In addition, the invasive distribution sites of S. canadensis were positively correlated with human activities intensity and road network density in Hubei Province. (3) The precipitation of driest quarter (Bio_17), temperature seasonality (Bio_4), mean temperature of wettest quarter (Bio_8), the t_pH value of the soil and the elevation are key ecological factors affecting the propagation of S. canadensis. S. canadensis invades easily with the t_pH 4~7.5, the t_oc 0.6~1.12%, the Bio_4 value 880~920 and the Bio_8 more than 24 ℃. Moreover, the potential distribution areas suitable for medium and high adaptive growth of S. canadensis could reach up to 75 200 km2. Combined with historical spread dynamics and affecting factors of S. canadensis invasion, the adaptive areas and invasive distribution sites have tended to reduce from east to west in Hubei Province, and the human activities is a major factor resulted in its invasion and distribution. Moreover, natural factors directly limit its population size and potential distribution areas at the invasion site in Hubei Province. This research provides theoretical support for risk assessment, monitoring and early warning, and prevention and control technologies of S. canadensis.

Evaluation and analysis of resin composition of Pinus elliottii clones

DING Wei,FU Yuxin,LI Huogeng,YANG Chunxia,ZHANG Wenjuan,ZHANG Zhihong,ZHOU Guang — 2023/6/21 8:55:36

In order to select superior clones with strong resin-producing capacity and high resin-quality from the existing fast-growing timber?clones in seed orchard of Pinus elliottii, and to make high use of crop?germplasm?resource,36 clones in the first generation of slash pine seed orchard were used as materials to determine their resin yield, resin mass flow rate and DBH growth, and to analyze their resin composition by GC-MS. Based on the above indicators, correlation analysis and cluster analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the production and quality of resin among 36 clones. The results were as follows: (1) There are a total of 21 pine resin components, including 8 monoterpenes and 13 diterpenes; (2) Correlation analysis shows that the resin mass flow rate (RMR) has significant?and?positive correlation with the total content of monoterpene, weakly negatively correlates to abietic-type resin acid, and not significantly correlates to pimaric-type resin acid. (3) Based on the cluster analysis results integrating four types of indicators as the total monoterpene content, resin mass flow rate, abietic-type resin acid and pimaric-type resin acid, 36 clones can be divided into three categories and the difference between each type is significant. The performance of class 1 is much better than that of the other two categories. (4) There are 17 high-resin yield pine clones (ERM≥15.15) among 36 clones, and on the basis of this, four clones (6-44, 4-11-1, 1-38 and 3-64) display higher monoterpenes content, while four clones (4-11-1, 3-64, 2-0420, 3-468) show higher contents of pimaric-type resin acid. And the content of abietic-type resin acid of clone 2-173 is the highest. In summary, a total of 21 pine resin components of P. elliottii were identified, and 36 clones were evaluated based on four indicators: the total monoterpene content, resin mass flow rate, abietic-type resin acid and pimaric-type resin acid. Therefore, we not only analyzed qualitatively the resin composition but also evaluated quantitatively the resin-producing capacity of 36 clones in slash pine seed orchard. Our findings could provide the scientific references for the targeted breeding of pine resin components and lay a foundation for subsequent heredity breeding and gene improvement of P. elliottii.

Evaluation and analysis of resin composition of Pinus elliottii clones

DING Wei,FU Yuxin,LI Huogeng,YANG Chunxia,ZHANG Wenjuan,ZHANG Zhihong,ZHOU Guang — 2023/6/21 8:54:47

Research Progress on Seed Development Regulated by ABA

Chen Hai Bo,Fei Si Tian,Lei Hua Ping,Song Song Quan,Tang Cui Fang — 2023/6/20 10:01:29

Seed development is a complex biological process that is controlled by various genetic and external factors, and significantly affects the seed vigor, yield and quality of crops, especially cereal plant crops. Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the most important phytohormones that regulate seed development and germination, and plays a key role in regulation of seed development through its activity level, signaling, and LAFL network, including embryogenesis and maturation process. In recent years, important progresses have been acquired in the research of seed development regulated by ABA. In the present paper, we have mainly reviewed the research achievements in this field, including the regulation of ABA metabolism and signaling on seed development, the action between ABA and transcription factors of seed maturation (AFL-B3, FUS3, ABI3, LEC2, etc.), and the action mechanism of ABA in seed development. In addition, we also propose some scientific issues that need to be further investigated in this field to provide some information for understanding deeply the molecular mechanism of seed development, and thus improving seed vigor and increasing yield and quality.

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on the growth, physiology and plant color of Thuidium kanedae

CHEN Hong-mei,SHI Bing-yang,WANG Xiu-rong,YANG Shuo-yuan — 2023/6/19 19:08:02

Thuidium kanedae is a kind of moss with wide distribution and high landscape value. However, we lack information about cultivation of Thuidium kanedae. To investigate an appropriate scheme of fertilization for the growth and development of Thuidium kanedae, pot culture experiments were conducted with no fertilization (CK) as control, using urea (N fertilizer), calcium superphosphate (P fertilizer) and potassium sulfate (K fertilizer) combination treatment, set three levels (1-3) fertilization schemes. We investigated the growth length, coverage and color ratio of Thuidium kanedae in various treatments, and we confirmed the fertilization scheme conducive to its growth. At the same time, the changes of related physiological indexes of plants in the optimal fertilization scheme were measured to explore the effects of fertilizer on the growth and physiological characteristics of Thuidium kanedae. The results were as follows: (1) The coverage of Thuidium kanedae under N1 and N2P2K2 treatments were the highest and significantly higher than that of CK. The plant length under N1 and N2K2 treatments was the highest and larger than CK. N3P3K3 and N2P2K2 treated plants had the best green degree maintenance. (2) N fertilizer and combined application of NK and NPK had the best promotion effect on the growth of Thuidium kanedae. Overall, the content of chlorophyll, carotenoid and soluble sugar in these treatments was higher than that of CK, while the content of soluble protein was lower than that of CK. (3) The correlation analysis showed that the green proportion was highly significantly and positively correlated with the coverage, the growth length was highly significantly and negatively correlated with the chlorophyll content of the plant. The results of this study illustrated that different treatments of fertilizer have different effects on the growth and color of Thuidium kanedae. N fertilizer should be the main fertilizer for Thuidium kanedae, and P and K combined application should be supplemented. N2P2K2 (N, P, K fertilization rates were 26, 14, 28 kg?hm-2?a-1) treatment had the best effect on the growth status and green degree of Thuidium kanedae.

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on the growth, physiology and plant color of Thuidium kanedae

CHEN Hong-mei,SHI Bing-yang,WANG Xiu-rong,YANG Shuo-yuan — 2023/6/19 19:07:42

Effects of different diameters punch needles and calibration methods on leaf force to punch mechanical strength

LI Hongyan,LI Jiawei,OU Meijing,ZHAO Qiuju — 2023/6/19 17:44:02

The leaf force to punch strength is one of the important indexes to reflect the mechanical resistance of the leaf, but the final result is affected by the needle diameter and calibration method. To analyze the influence of different punch needle diameters and calibration methods on force to punch measurement, the difference of leaf force to punch of 30 plants with parallel vein monocots and dicots with reticulate veins under different diameter needles and their calibrations with functional traits from the campus of Guangxi University were measured. The results were as follows: (1) The force to punch was calibrated based on the needle circumference, cross-section area and leaf thickness. The measured force to punch varied with needle diameter and calibration method. (2) The differences among the leaf force to punch of the three diameters punch needle were different under different calibration methods. Among them, there was no significant difference in the force to punch in different thickness punch needles when calibrated by punch needles circumference and needles circumference combining the leaf thickness; When only using leaf thickness for calibration, the thicker the punch needles, the force to punch increased with needle diameters, but it decreased when only using the needle cross-section area or combining the cross-section area with the leaf thickness for calibration. In addition, the leaf force to punch of monocots was significantly higher than that of dicots. (3) As the variation range of force to punch across needle diameter was calculated for each species, the correlation between this variation range and leaf traits differed with calibration methods. Leaf vein type, leaf density, leaf mass per area, cuticle thickness and vein density significantly influenced this range. Overall, needle diameters and calibration methods significantly affected the accuracy of leaf force to punch measurements across plant groups with different venation types. We advise carefully selecting perforation needles and calibration methods for force to punch measurements based on the research questions and studied plant groups. It is suggested that the punch needle with a diameter of 0.5 mm should be applied to the blade with large vein density and small leaf mass per area, but not to the hard leaves; the needle with a diameter of 2 mm should not be applied to the blade with large vein density or small leaf mass per area. It is more reasonable to choose the needle with a diameter of 1 mm and use its circumference for calibration in three diameters.

Pathogenic fungi isolation, identification from rot tissue of Amorphophallus konjac corm

2023/6/19 17:29:56

The soft rot is a severe disease in the production of konjac and it is also the main factor restricting the development of the konjac industry. It has been reported that the soft rot of konjac is mainly caused by bacteria, and rarely reports on pathogenic fungi that cause konjac soft rot. In order to clarify the pathogenic types and infection characteristics of the soft rot in Qujing City, Yunnan province, the slimy corms were collected for fungal isolation. According to morphological and molecular biological identification, three Fusarium spp. (Fusarium concentricum, F. oxysporum and F. ambrosium), one Mucor sp., one Rhizopus sp., one Penicillium sp. and one Clonostachys sp. were identified. Statistics analysis found that F. concentricum had the highest abundance (45.45%). Koch postulates tests detected that F. concentricum is pathogenic. In addition, mixed P. aroidearum and F. concentricum together inoculation promoted the disease development, and the weight of the rotten tissue was significantly higher than that of single inoculation using F. concentricum or P. aroidearum. Overall, these results indicate that konjac soft rot may be caused by fungus and bacterium complex infection. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the management of konjac soft rot.

Population structure and dynamic characteristics of rare and endangered plant Ormosia hosiei in Sichuan and Guizhou Province, China

WANG Man,WANG Mingbin,WEI Xiaoli,WEI Yi,YU Dalong,YUAN Gangyi — 2023/6/19 16:55:11

Ormosia hosiei is a rare and endangered plant that is narrowly distributed in South China, with important economic and humanistic values. In order to find out its survival status and the reasons that restrict its development, we investigated the natural populations of O. hosiei in four regions of Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, according to the distributive characteristics of different populations, we set up two 20 m ? 20 m for each population by using the method of plot investigation and conducted a community survey in each plot. The structural characteristics of O. hosiei populations were analyzed by establishing static life tables and drawing populations survival curves. Four survival functions, number dynamic index, and time series analysis were used to describe survival status. The results were as follows：（1）The age-class structure of O. hosiei populations were in the shape of“J”at Hezhu Village and Ganerpan Village, in the shape of“Dumbbell”at Chenjiawan Village and Rongchun Village, the populations has strong natural renewal ability, but middle-aged individuals are easily missing;（2）The populations belonged to the increasing type, the survival curves of 4 populations are close to Deevey-Ⅱtype, the disappearance rate and mortality rate of O. hosiei populations showed a "Multimodal" pattern in Hezhu Village, Chenjiawan Village and Rongchun Village, indicating that the populations are susceptible to external disturbances in the early and middle period;（3）All O. hosiei populations in different regions appeared to decrease in the early stage and keep dynamically stable in the medium-late stage, and the formation reasons were related to the topographic characteristics of mountainous areas and the seed dispersal characteristics of O. hosiei;（4）RDA analysis showed that altitude and slope were the dominant factors affecting the populations structure of young individuals, and interference intensity was the main factor affecting the number structure of older individuals. As a result, the structural characteristics of O. hosiei populations in different regions are restricted by the topographic characteristics, the reproductive characteristics and the environmental pressure. By controlling the density of young individuals and managing the growth space of middle-aged individuals, we can increase the survival rate of the seedlings and promote the healthy growth of middle-aged individuals, to maintain the stability of the natural populations of O. hosiei.

Pollination biology of two Chinese endemic and sympatric Impatiens ( Balsaminaceae ) species

LI Lu,LI Qingqing,TAO Lei,WANG Yuecheng,ZHANG Yingduo,ZHU Yong — 2023/6/19 16:47:14

The genus Impatiens exhibits a diversity in floral morphology with dichogamous flora features. Its pollination biology plays a key role in species differentiation formation and adaptive evolution. China is one of the centers of species diversity in the genus Impatiens, harboring a large number of endemic and sympatric distributions, but pollination biology is poorly studied. In order to reveal the differentiation of pollination syndromes and the allocation of pollinating insect resources of the sympatric and closely related species, this paper takes Impatiens corchorifolia and I. polyceras, which are endemic to China, as the objects of research, and completes the study of their pollination biology through field investigation and experiments. We compared and analyzed the similarities and differences in flowering phenology, flower morphology, pollinating insect species and their flower-visiting behavior, as well as artificial pollination experiments of the two plants. The results were as follows: (1) Spur characteristics of both plants are different, and the length of the spur was proportional to the amount of nectar, but not to the sugar content of the nectar. Spur morphology essentially determined nectar accessibility. Impatiens?corchorifolia with short floral spacing had a nectar content of (4.57 ± 1.43) μL and nectar sugar content of (45.48 ± 2.28) %, and were pollinated by Apis cerana and Vespa. I.?polyceras with long spur floral spacing had a nectar content of (10.15 ± 3.28) μL and sugar nectar of (46.12 ± 1.48) %, in addition to Apis cerana and Vespa, the long-beaked Macroglossum and Bombus were also pollinated. (2) Although both Impatiens?species partially shared the three bee species, they showed obvious staggered flower visits, and the differences in pollination behavior and differential flower channel dictated that pollinators carried pollen at inconsistent sites. (3) Breeding system experiments showed that both plants showed obvious hybridization barriers and obvious cross-pollination preferences. Thus, significant differences in spur morphology lead to distinct pollination syndrome differentiation and different pollinator behavior; both plants required pollinating insects for pollination, and both were unable to self-pollinate, showing heterogeneous pollination; and reproductive isolation could be maintained by partial pollinators, differences in floral morphology, and heterozygous discordance. The results provided new information for understanding the pollination syndrome of the genus Impatiens and the distribution of pollinator resources of symmetric species.

Effects of fertilization on growth and physiological characteristics of Toona ciliata var. pubescens

2023/6/19 10:51:48

Abstract : In order to explore the response of the precious tree species Toona ciliate var. pubescens to different amounts of different fertilizers. In this paper, the young forest of T. ciliate var. pubescens was taken as the research object. A random block design was used to analyze the effects of fertilization on the growth, leaf nutrients and physiology of young forest of T. ciliate var. pubescens, and three fertilization levels (high, medium and low) were set, including nitrogen fertilizer (N), phosphorus fertilizer (P), compound fertilizer (CF) and slow release fertilizer (SRF).The results show that: (1) fertilization could promote the height and DBH growth, and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and compound fertilizer was more obvious.The average tree height, average DBH and average volume of 4-year old with nitrogen fertilizer increased by 15.0%, 21.9% and 67.5% compared with CK, respectively, and the annual average growth of DBH under low nitrogen (N1) treatment was the highest (2.99 cm).Compared with CK, the average tree height, average DBH and average volume of compound fertilizer were increased by 16.7%, 19.2% and 54.3%, respectively.High slow-release fertilizer (SRF3) and low phosphorus (P1) had the largest annual increases in tree height and DBH (1.96m and 2.33 cm) in the 4th year, respectively. (2) Fertilization significantly increased chlorophyll content and non-structural carbohydrate content in leaves of T. ciliate var. pubescens, nitrogen fertilizer significantly promoted the synthesis of soluble sugar and phosphate fertilizer significantly promoted the synthesis of starch. (3) Low nitrogen (N1) and phosphate fertilizer promote the content of N and P, respectively, and P fertilizer, compound fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased K content in leaves.The principal component analysis showed that the effect of fertilizer to promote growth was nitrogen fertilizer > compound fertilizer > phosphorus fertilizer > slow-release fertilizer > control. Among them, low nitrogen (N1), i.e. 100 g·plant-1·year-1, had the highest comprehensive evaluation value.Comprehensive fertilization cost and benefit, nitrogen fertilizer or compound fertilizer can effectively promote the growth and development of T. ciliate var. pubescens young forest. It is recommended to apply 100 g nitrogen fertilizer per plant per year in young forest stage.The results can provide a reference for the forest nutrient management in the early stage of afforestation.

Analysis of Pollen Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationship among 14 Species of Oxalis

CHEN Shengyu,HAN Ru,TANG Xiaoyun,WU Shasha,XIAO Yun,ZHAI Junwen — 2023/6/19 9:21:17

Most Oxalis are highly ornamentally valuable, but their taxonomy is difficult, which greatly limits the landscape application of this genus. The pollen morphology and exine ornamentation of 14 species of the Oxalis were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and their pollen morphology was clustered and analyzed to explore their interspecific relationship based on the results of palynological clustering. The results were as follows: (1) The pollens of the 14 species observed were subspheroidal or oblatesphere, and in polar view they were all 3-colpate, of which 96.3% were medium-sized and 3.7% were small, with different style types showing the largest grains are produced in stamens with long filaments and the smallest ones in stamens with short filaments; most pollen grains were 3-colpate, sparsely 2-colpate and 4-colpate, O. stellata and O. pes-caprae, respectively; exine ornamentation can be divided into two categories: supra-areolate and reticulate. (2) For the first time, three species with aberrant pollen grains were observed, namely O. glabra, O. simplex and O. pes-caprae. The aberrant pollens exhibit as abnormal number and arrangement of the colpi, but normal exine structure. There were 2-zonocolpate grains in O. glabra, spiralaperturate grains in O. simplex, and 4-zonocolpate grains and spiralaperturate grains in O. pes-caprae. (3) The 14 species can be divided into two categories according to the exine ornamentation, one includes O. massonorum and O. nidulans with supra-areolate pollen. The other category includes 12 species with reticulate pollen. Species in the latter category can be further divided into four types: O. glabra, O. versicolor, and O. tenuifolia are more closely related; O. compressa, O. pes-caprae, O. namaquana, and O. fabaefolia are more closely related; O. bowiei, O. stellata, and O. perdicaria are more closely related; O. zeekoevleyensis and O. simplex are relatively distantly related to other Oxalis. The pollen morphology is a valuable criteria to clarify their phylogenetic relationship, and facilitate selection of parents in Oxalis cross breeding.

Study on the process of removing tannins from Rosa roxburghii juice using ginger protein

LIN Jian,LIU Zhinian,TIAN Yifu,WANG Xinying,WU Yuping,YU Deshun — 2023/6/15 16:31:21

With the aim of effectively eliminating tannin from Rosa Roxburghii juice (RRTJ), reducing astringency, and enhancing its taste. This study applied chemical precipitation, and utilized ginger protein as the tannin remover. Besides, tannin removal rate and VC retention rates were adopted as the key analytical parameters. In addition, single-factor and orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal tannin removal process for ginger protein. The key findings are as follows: (1) The optimal conditions for removing tannin from RRTJ with ginger protein were a liquid-solid ratio of 30:1.2 (mL:g), juice pH of 3.0, a stirring temperature of 5℃, and a stirring time of 30 min; (2) According to orthogonal experimental analysis, the degree of influence of various factors on the removal of tannin from RRTJ was as follows: liquid-solid ratio > stirring temperature > pH of RRTJ > stirring time. (3) Under the optimal process conditions, the tannin removal rate and VC retention rate were (47.451 ± 0.608)% and (75.904 ± 1.244)% respectively; (4) Under the optimal process conditions, juice transmittance rate increased from (8.44 ± 0.662)% to (92.47 ± 0.297)%, the astringency of RRTJ was significantly reduced, and its flavor improved. In summary, this study provides a novel approach and a new technological route for solving common key technical problems faced by the deep processing industry of RRTJ and also lays a certain technical foundation for exploiting ginger resources comprehensively.

Chemical constituents and their anti-inflammatory activities from the roots of Ardisia crenata var. bicolor

LI Jiaxin,LIAO Zhangrong,WEI Xin,YE Hongbo,YIN Xin,ZHOU Ying*,ZHOU Yongqiang — 2023/6/14 9:57:50

Abstract: Ardisia crenata var. bicolor is a common medicine used by Miao minority in Guizhou, which has the effects of clearing throat and benefiting pharynx, reducing swelling and relieving pain, dispelling wind and dehumidifying. In order to study the chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of A. crenata var. bicolor roots, the 70 % ethanol extact were separated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, ODS reverse column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of the compounds were identified by spectral data of NMR, MS and published literatures. Using LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cell line models in vitro, compounds 1-4 were evaluated for the inhibition against NO production. The results were showed as follows: Ten compounds were isolated and identified as 11-O-galloyl bergenin (1), 11-O-(4-O-methylgalloyl) bergenin (2), 11-O-vanilloylbergenin (3), 6-O-(4-hydroxy benzoyl) bergenin (4), 11-syringyl bergenin (5), 11-O-(3'',4''-dimethylgalloyl)-bergenin (6), demethoxybergenin (7), micractinin A (8), monomethyl olivetol (9), and dibutyl phthalate (10). Among them, compounds 4, 8 and 9 were obtained from this genus for the first time. In vitro anti-inflammatory results showed that compounds 1-4 could significantly inhibit NO release in RAW 264.7 cells (p < 0.01), and the inhibition rates of compounds at a concentration of 20 μmol·mL-1 were 67.09 %、66.50 %、59.83 %、36.47 %, respectively. This study enriches the chemical constituents of this plant, clarify the material basis of its anti-inflammatory, and provide a theoretical basis for the rational development and utilization of the medicinal resources.

Intraspecific genetic variation within chloroplast genome of a rare and endangered species Paphiopedilum parishii(Orchidaceae)

GAO Xinzhen,LUO Yan,SHAO Shicheng,TANG Lu,WANG Yu — 2023/6/13 17:24:03

Paphiopedilum parishii is a rare and endangered species with few localities and fragmented populations found in China, Myanmar, Thailand and Lao. Environmental changes and over-harvesting have led to a decrease in its wild populations. It is important to protect endangered species'' genetic diversity since it provides the species with the ability to adapt and survive. However, little is known about the genetic information of this species. This study aims to detect intraspecific variation and develop polymorphic genetic markers of P. parishii. The complete chloroplast genome of four individuals of wild P. parishii was obtained by sequencing, assembling and annotating, then compared with the existing genomic data of two individuals available from GenBank to detect the intraspecific variation. Further, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and insertions and deletions (InDels) were identified. The results were as follows: (1) The four new sequencing chloroplast genomes were quadripartite, with a length between 154 403 bp and 154 809 bp, with 129 genes (78 protein coding genes, 39 tRNAs, 8rRNAs and 4 pseudogenes). (2) As a result of comparison of six individuals, 103~107 SSR loci were identified in the chloroplast genome of six individuals of P. parishii, and 21SSRs were polymorphic. And 60 long repeats were found, including 17~21 forward repeats, 18~29 reverse repeats, 9~16 palindromic repeats, and 4~9 complement repeats. (3) In addition, a total of 10 SNPs and 60 InDels were uncovered across the plastome. Three of the non-synonymous mutations caused amino acid changes in functional domains. 19 InDels might be selected for possible chloroplast DNA markers to determine intraspecific variation. (4) The value of nucleotide diversity (Pi) was calculated ranging from 0~0.006 32 suggesting sequences with low variation. Hyper-polymorphic regions, e.g. intergenic spacers rps3 - rpl22, trnL-UAC - rpl32, rpoB - trnC-GCA and ycf4 gene were identified as potential barcoding regions. (5) The phylogenetic analyses based on the complete chloroplast genome supported three lineages in Paphiopedilum, and 6 individuals of P. parishii form a monophyletic group. SSRs, long repeats, InDels, SNPs and nucleotide sequences showed sufficient intraspecific genetic variation in P. parishii. The molecular markers developed here will contribute to further evolutionary studies and conservation of P. parishii.

Different communities’ characteristics and maturity levels analysis in E’ huangzhang tropical monsoon forests, Guangdong.

2023/6/13 9:45:23

Analyzing the community characteristics of tropical monsoon forests with different maturity levels in the context of high rainfall in China, is aiming to provide scientific data support for dissecting their community construction mechanisms, forest structure optimization, vegetation restoration, and functional traits. In this study, we investigated four different plant communities named ABCD respectively in a typical monsoon forest of E’ huangzhang in Yangchun, Guangdong Province, in attempt to analyze their community structures, determine their maturity differences, analyze community characteristics, predict succession directions, and make suggestions for optimization. The result were as follows: (1)All four communities were currently in the pre- to mid-term succession stages, characterized by a single forest layer and a large space for development of tree height and diameter; (2)Their Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 2.87 to 4.03, the Simpson index from 0.91 to 0.98, and the Pielou index from 0.70 to 0.88, which meant that the diversity characteristics of each community differed significantly; (3)The degree of individual size differentiation within the community was all moderate, all showed a slight aggregated distribution, and the tree species were moderately, strongly or very strongly mingling; (4)The analysis of community basic characteristics, diversity characteristics and spatial structural characteristics led to the maturity levels ranking of community D > community A > community C > community B.The study indicates that all four communities will develop on the premise that intolerant tree species are the first and main dominant species, and people can promote positive community succession by adjusting the community spatial structure or increasing species diversity.At present, E’ huangzhang tropical monsoon forests has a great development potential in biodiversity, and the area should be more regulated and protected in the future, while the ecology of vegetation and biodiversity conservation in the area should be widely monitored and studied in depth.

Effect of Cerium oxide nanoparticles seed priming on the seed germination and seedling growth of pepper under salt stress

LI Yingzhi,LIANG Lamei,LIN Xinqi,秦中维,WEI Qianya — 2023/6/1 10:16:08

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPS) have been shown to improve the salt tolerance of plant due to the potential to eliminate free radicals and the anti-oxidation properties. However, the effects and mechanisms of seed priming with CeO2NPS on pepper plant are unclear. To reveal impacts of CeO2NPS seed priming on the germination and seedling growth of peeper plants under salt stress, using the Maoshu 360 variety of pepper（Capsicum annuum）as material, a total of 7 concentrations of treatments (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mmol?L-1) and a control of un-treatment were carried out to investigate effects of CeO2NPS seed priming on seed germination rate, biomass, and selected physiological and biochemical indexes under salt stress. The results were as follows: (1) In the seeds primed with 0.5 mmol?L-1 cerium oxide nanoparticles, reduced levels of the superoxide anion (O2??), increased activity of protein synthesis, elevated level of proline as well as increased activity of catalase (CAT), elevated content of ascorbic acid (AsA) and ratio of AsA/DHA were observed. (2)There was no loss of viability for the seeds primed with cerium oxide nanoparticles. Indeed their germination rate and germination potential were enhanced under salt stress, and their germination index, and vigor index were improved under salt stress. (3) Under salt stress, seedlings from seeds primed with 0.4 mmol?L-1 cerium oxide nanoparticles shown the highest fresh weight, dry weight, and root length; additionally, soluble protein content, ascorbic acid (AsA) content and AsA/DHA ratio were also improved. In conclusion, seed priming with CeO2NPS could enhance seed germination under salt stress by decreasing seed water potential, accelerating storage substances metabolism and improving antioxidant capacity; also, seed priming with CeO2NPS could promote seedling growth through boosting protein synthesis and ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH).

Effect of Cerium oxide nanoparticles seed priming on the seed germination and seedling growth of pepper under salt stress

LI Yingzhi,LIANG Lamei,LIN Xinqi,秦中维,WEI Qianya — 2023/6/1 10:15:11

Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Solanum tuberosum L. in three regions of Yunnan

LIU He,LIU Liangyan,TIAN Jiajia,WANG Yi,Yang Jiting — 2023/6/1 10:01:21

To study the diversity of endophytic fungi of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Yunnan, the endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from potato roots, stems and tubers using the method of tissue block isolation and tip mycelium selection, and then the endophytic fungi were identified by morphological identification methods and ITS sequence analysis. The colonization rate, isolation rate and diversity index of the endophytic fungi were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that: (1) 98 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated in this study, including 40 strains from samples from Mangshi, Dehong, 27 strains from Xizhou, Dali and 31 strains from Shuangjiang, Lincang. (2) The endophytic fungi of potato were identified as covering 10 orders, 10 families and 13 genera, mostly of subphylum Cysticercus and subphylum Hemiptera, with Fusarium and Penicillium as the dominant fungi. Five kinds of fungi such as Emericella rugulosa were isolated from potato plants for the first time. (3) The colonization rate of endophytic fungi in potato tubers was the highest, and the colonization rate of endophytic fungi in roots was the lowest; and the isolation rate of endophytic fungi was the highest in potato roots and the lowest in stems. The trend of diversity index of endophytic fungi in different tissues was root > tuber > stem. The above findings provide a basis for later investigation of the antagonistic effect of endophytic fungi on pathogenic fungi in potato.

Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Solanum tuberosum L. in three regions of Yunnan

LIU He,LIU Liangyan,TIAN Jiajia,WANG Yi,Yang Jiting — 2023/6/1 10:00:43

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia on nitrogen assimilation of white clover

Jiang Dao ju,Liu Rui cheng,Wu Hui hui,Xie Miao miao,Zou Ying ning — 2023/6/1 9:52:22

Symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia both promote host plant N acquisition, but whether and how the combination affects host plant nitrogen (N) assimilation remains unclear. To clarify the role of AMF and rhizobia on N assimilation in white clover (Trifolium repens), the effect of single or combined inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Paraglomus occultum and a rhizobium Rhizobium trifolii on plant growth, photosynthesis, leaf N and amino acid contents, and N assimilation-related enzyme activities were analyzed in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) under potted conditions. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The plant height, stolon length, leaf number, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll b and total chlorothyll content, steady-state light quantum efficiency, and leaf N content of white clover were significantly increased by single inoculation with P. occultum, single R. trifolii, and combined inoculations of P. occultum and R. trifolii, along with the order of combined inoculations of P. occultum and R. trifolii > single P. occultum > single R. trifolii > non-inoculation control. (2) Combined inoculations of R. trifolii and R. trifolii significantly increased the contents of various amino acids including alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamic acid and histidine in leaves of white clover, and distinctly improved the activities of nitroreductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, asparagine synthetase, and aspartate aminotransferase. In addition, the introduction of R. trifolii significantly promoted the colonization of P. occultum to roots of white clover, suggesting the partnership between the two. Therefore, it is concluded that combined inoculations of AMF and rhizobia promote N assimilation, generate more amino acids, and further promote the growth of white clover by activating the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes. It is further demonstrated that AMF and rhizobia have synergistic effects on promoting N assimilation of white clover.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia on nitrogen assimilation of white clover

Jiang Dao ju,Liu Rui cheng,Wu Hui hui,Xie Miao miao,Zou Ying ning — 2023/6/1 9:51:11

Plastic responses of native and exotic herbaceous species to temporal heterogeneity in water conditions

CHEN Jiaxing,WANG Shu — 2023/6/1 9:48:46

In recent years, many studies have shown that extreme climate events occur more frequently. The extreme climate led to frequent drought and inundation events, which affected the growth of both exotic and native plants. In order to discuss the strategies of exotic and native plants in adapting to temporal heterogeneity in water conditions by investigating their responses to the sequence of drought and inundation events, four native and four exotic perennial herbaceous species in western Montana, USA were used as study objects. All plants were treated with moderate water (CK), initial inundation before drought (I-D) and initial drought before inundation (D-I) conditions, and variations in a series of morphological and biomass traits were measured. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with CK, both D-I and I-D treatments significantly reduced the total biomass of exotic species (P < 0.05). (2) D-I treatment significantly reduced the total biomass at the early stage, and late belowground biomass and root: shoot ratio of native species, but significantly improved their later relative growth (P < 0.05). (3) D-I treatment significantly reduced the scaling exponent of the allometric relationship between belowground and aboveground biomass for all plants, with a higher allometric exponent for exotic species than native species (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the sequence of extreme events (inundation and drought) could alter the allocation of biomass between exotic and native plants. Early drought was more likely to reduce the accumulation of plant biomass than late drought, but it could promote the growth of native species in late period. The total biomass of native species was not reduced under environmental stress, indicating that native species had a strong ability to maintain phenotypic stability. Distribution patterns of aboveground and belowground biomass relationships were different between native and exotic species under D-I treatment.

Plastic responses of native and exotic herbaceous species to temporal heterogeneity in water conditions

CHEN Jiaxing,WANG Shu — 2023/6/1 9:47:04

Landscape pattern changes of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park from 2015 to 2020

CHEN Jie,CHEN Shengtian,DU Yanjun,FU Guang,FU Hui — 2023/6/1 9:33:49

The Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is located in the middle mountainous region of Hainan Province, and it has a diverse landscape with 95.56% forest coverage. Studying the evolutionary aspects of the landscape pattern in time and space in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is extremely important for preserving and enhancing Hainan Province's ecological security barrier. The landscape pattern index, landscape single-motion attitude, and transfer matrix were used to examine the geographical and temporal evolution features of the landscape pattern of ten types of land cover types in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park between 2015 and 2020. The paper used ground cover data from the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park between 2015 and 2020 to develop a landscape pattern distribution system based on actual ecological situations. Other elements that affected the evolution of the landscape pattern in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park included policies, climate, and other natural and human factors. The results were as follows: (1) The overall landscape fragmentation of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park reduced between 2015 and 2020, increasing spatial agglomeration of the landscape, decreasing integrated dynamic attitude, and generally steady development of landscape types.(2) The area of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the tropical rainforest has increased in five years, with an increase of 531.38 km2, a decrease in fragmentation, and a positive growth trend, and the landscape tends to be concentrated in patches; on the other hand, the area of needle-leaved forest and shrubwood has been significantly reduced, with losses of 189.53 km2 and 294.74 km2 respectively; there was also a partial transformation of water. The area of the water landscape has been somewhat reduced, and the patches tend to be concentrated and spread; the remainder of the landscape types account for a relatively modest amount, and develop and change in the direction of natural succession. (3) The landscape pattern evolution of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park was primarily based on natural succession of the rainforest, followed by a comprehensive impact of policy, climate, and other factors, which reduced human factors on the tropical rainforest landscape interference and was conducive to improving the rainforest ecosystem's self-healing capacity. To summarize, the landscape pattern of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has been stable since the commencement of the pilot project, and policy direction has played an essential constructive role. The targeted conservation and restoration of the tropical rain forest environment will help to the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park's long-term growth.

Landscape pattern changes of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park from 2015 to 2020

CHEN Jie,CHEN Shengtian,DU Yanjun,FU Guang,FU Hui — 2023/6/1 9:32:57

Predicting the future distribution patterns and dominant climatic factors of Cymbidium in China using MaxEnt model

CHEN Jian−bing,CHEN Li−jun,HUANG Zhi−cong,WANG Meng,YAN Yue−hong,ZHENG Fang — 2023/6/1 9:10:50

Except Cymbidium lancifolium, all the Cymbidium species have been listed as national key protected wild plants, and the research of its future distribution patterns under the future climate would provide a reference and basis to protect this genus effectively. This paper gathered the distribution information of Cymbidium and 19 climatic factors, and used the Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) and Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) to predict the future distribution patterns of the Cymbidium in China and its 20 species. The future distribution patterns were predicted under nine different climate scenarios, including the current climate and eight future climate scenarios. We also analyzed the dominant climate factors affecting the distribution. The result shows that: (1) The precipitation of the driest quarter (Bio17), annual precipitation(Bio12) and temperature seasonality (Bio04) are the dominant climate factors affecting the future distribution of Cymbidium. (2) The analysis of species-level shows that the suitable areas of different Cymbidium species have different change trends in the future scenario, and the dominant climate factors affecting them are also different. The suitable habitat area of eight Cymbidium species such as C. dayanum trends gradually increases, while the suitable habitat area of 12 Cymbidium species such as C. tracyanum decreases. In conclusion, This study can provide an important reference for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of Cymbidium, and has positive significance to the protection of Cymbidium and other endangered wild plants.

Predicting the future distribution patterns and dominant climatic factors of Cymbidium in China using MaxEnt model

CHEN Jian−bing,CHEN Li−jun,HUANG Zhi−cong,WANG Meng,YAN Yue−hong,ZHENG Fang — 2023/6/1 9:09:13

Use of Δ15N value to estimate the relationship between nitrogen supply and nitrogen demand for Morus alba seedlings under different nitrate nitrogen concentrations

WU Yanyou,ZHANG Furong,ZHANG Kaiyan — 2023/5/30 14:35:48

Nitrate is predominant in the karst soils. However, the temporal and spatial heterogeneity was observed for the nitrate content in the soils. Hence, the Morus alba (M alba) seedlings grown in karst regions may suffer from low nitrogen stress. In order to provide a scientific management of inorganic nitrogen for M alba seedlings grown in karst regions, the M alba seedlings were used as the experimental materials in this study. The M alba seedlings were grown hydroponically with a modified Hoagland solution. NaNO3, with a δ15N of 22.35‰, was employed as the sole nitrogen source at three concentrations (0.5, 2, and 8 mM) in this study. The photosynthetic characteristics, dry weight, carbon content, nitrogen content and δ15N values of the leaves, stems and roots of the M alba seedlings were measured in this study. The physiological response to different nitrogen supply levels was analyzed for M alba seedlings. The relationship between internal nitrogen demand and external nitrogen supply of M alba seedlings was estimated based on the stable nitrogen isotope fractionation values at the whole-plant scale. The carbon-nitrogen coupling relationship was studied based on the nitrogen accumulation amount and carbon accumulation amount in the whole plant. The results were as follows：(1) When the nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 2 mmol·L-1, increasing nitrate concentrations significantly increased the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of the M alba seedlings, which in turn significantly promoted the biomass accumulation. However, when the nitrate concentration exceeded 2 mmol·L-1, more nitrate supply (8 mmol·L-1) did not lead to a significant increase in the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and biomass; (2) Increasing the nitrate supply could promote the nitrogen assimilation in M alba seedlings. The nitrogen accumulation amount in M alba seedlings gradually increased with increasing nitrate supply. However, the carbon accumulation amount in M alba seedlings did not change significantly at nitrate concentrations of 2 mmol·L-1 and 8 mmol·L-1; (3) The stable nitrogen isotope fractionation values of the nitrate assimilates in the whole M alba seedlings reached the minimum value at 2 mmol·L-1 nitrate. Therefore, the inorganic nitrogen supply at the nitrate concentration of 2 mmol·L-1 is close to the internal nitrogen demand of M alba seedlings, and the close balance between external nitrogen supply and internal nitrogen demand of the plants means an effective coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plants, thus achieving a simultaneous increase in carbon and nitrogen assimilates.

Species composition and structural characteristics of mountain evergreen broad–leaved forest community in Shiwandashan, Guangxi

HE Qiaoping,JIANG Dongdong,LIN Jianyong,LING Yaming,LUO Yinghua,QIN Lin — 2023/5/29 9:38:31

Shiwandashan is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in Guangxi, and its main vegetation type is the mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest. In order to understand the current community status and the development status of dominant species population structure of mountainous evergreen broad-leaved forests in the region; This study was conducted in a fixed monitoring sample plot of 1 hm2 established within the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in the Shiwandashan. Woody plants with a diameter at breast height ≥ 1 cm in the sample plot community were used as the research object to analyze their species composition, diameter class structure, tree height structure, and the spatial distribution pattern of dominant species using the g(r) function. The results indicate that: (1) There are 153 species of woody plants with a diameter at breast height ≥ 1 cm in the community, belonging to 52 families and 108 genera. The individual density of the sample plot community is 7 517 plants/hm2; The dominant species in the community are Clethra delavayi, Schima argentea, Hartia villosa, Castanopsis hystrix, Engelhardtia roxburghiana, Ardisia quinquegona, Itea chinensis, Symplocos adenophylla, Eurya subintegra, Ilex pubescens; But the dominant position of dominant species is not obvious. (2) The overall average diameter at breast height of the community is 5.51 cm, and the distribution of diameter class and tree height is approximately an inverted "J" shape. The diameter class distribution of dominant species is mostly an inverted "J" or "L" shape, and the community has a large number of small and medium-sized diameter class standing trees, indicating a strong self-renewal ability of the community. (3) Dominant species coexist stably in the community; The dominant species exhibit aggregated distribution in the sample plot, but there are differences in the location of aggregated distribution among dominant species. Overall, the community is currently in a good state of renewal, with the existence of dominant species in the top level community. However, the community has certain secondary characteristics and has not yet reached a stable top level community state. The dominant species can coexist stably and have the potential to inherit towards a stable top level community. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to strengthen management and promote the renewal and survival of the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in the Shiwandashan areas.

Chemical Constituents from Rubus chingii var. suavissimus and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity

HE Rui Jie,HUANG Yong Lin,WANG Ya Feng,YAN Xiao Jie,YANG Bing yuan — 2023/5/25 16:22:38

Rubus suavissimus is mainly distributed in Guilin, Liuzhou, Wuzhou and other regions in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, so it is called as “Guangxi tiancha” in Chinese. R. suavissimus, together with Siraitia grosvenorii and Stevia rebaudianastevia are praised as three famous sweet plants in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhuang and Yao people use the leaves of R. suavissimus as a tea to treat diabetes, and it is known as the “divine tea” of Yao medicine. Therefore, R. suavissimus is a combination of sugar, tea and medicine, which has great potential for the development of food and medicine. In order to investigate the secondary metabolites with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from R. suavissimus, herein, the extraction, separation and purification of secondary metabolites were performed on the leaves of R. suavissimus. The structures of purified compounds were determined based on the data of mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR). In addition, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the purified compounds were evaluated by pharmacological methods simultaneously. The results were as follows: (1) Ten compounds were purified and their structures were elucidated as rubusoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside (2), gallic acid (3), dehydroconiferyl alcohol (4), 5-methoxydehydroconiferyl alcohol (5), brevifolincarboxylic acid (6), steviolmonoside (7), steviol (8), 16α, 17-dihydroxykaurane (9), and quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (10). (2) Among them, compounds 2, 4, 5 and 9 were isolated from R. suavissimus for the first time. Compounds 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10 showed strong inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase. The IC50 values of compounds 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10 were (0.14 ± 0.03) mg ? mL-1, (0.36 ± 0.02) mg ? mL-1, (0.44 ± 0.01) mg ? mL-1, (0.53 ± 0.04) mg ? mL-1 and (0.14 ± 0.03) mg ? mL-1 respectively, which were stronger than the positive control acarbose with the IC50 values as (0.69 ± 0.02) mg ? mL-1. Thus, compounds 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10, which were isolated from the leaves of R. suavissimus, could be a potential α-glucosidase inhibitors base on their bioactivity results. Compounds with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from R. suavissimus will provide the basis for development of hypoglycemic related products.

Effects of different light substrates and fertilization treatments on growth and physiology of potted Prunus mume ''Gulihong'' seedlings

LI Qingwei*,REN Anqi,WEI Linxin,ZHANG Ruoxi,ZHANG Yuhan — 2023/5/23 16:41:10

To optimize the growth of Prunus mume ''Gulihong'' seedlings through informed fertilization strategies, a comprehensive three-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment was designed, utilizing one-year-old ''Gulihong'' cuttings as the test material. The study specifically investigated the impact of light substrate ratios (volume ratios), single fertilization amount, and fertilization frequencies on the growth and physiological characteristics of ''Gulihong'' seedlings. The Quality Index (QI) for each treatment was calculated utilizing a seedling quality index formula. Principal component analysis was subsequently performed on individual index, and weight coefficients were computed to elucidate the relationships between variables. The fertilization effect D value was ascertained using a membership function model, providing a robust foundation for the scientific fertilization of ''Gulihong'' seedlings. The results were as follows: (1) The overall growth of ''Gulihong'' seedlings was optimal with a pine needle soil∶grass charcoal∶perlite (volume ratio) of 1∶2∶2, outperforming the other two substrate ratios in terms of growth outcomes. (2) In fertilization treatments, the contents of the soluble sugar, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and photosynthetic parameters of ''Gulihong'' seedlings increased with higher fertilizer application rates. However, some indices plateaued or marginally decreased when the application rate was excessive, underscoring the necessity of balanced fertilization. (3) The nutrient content in ''Gulihong'' leaves consistently increased with higher fertilizer application rates, highlighting the direct relationship between fertilization and nutrient uptake. (4) A fertilization frequency of 20 days and a single fertilization amount of 200 mL were conducive to biomass accumulation in ''Gulihong'' seedlings, promoting overall growth. Considering plant growth index, physiological index, nutrient content, QI, membership model, and principal component analysis results, the recommended light substrate fertilization program for one-year-old ''Gulihong'' seedlings comprises a nutrient solution with N=420 mg·L-1, P=217 mg·L-1, K=273 mg·L-1, pine needle soil∶grass charcoal∶perlite (volume ratios) =1∶2∶2, a single fertilization amount of 150 mL, and a fertilization frequency of 15 days. This conclusion provides vital technical support for the light substrate cultivation of ''Gulihong'', indispensable theoretical support for further exploration of general formulas suitable for various Prunus mume varieties, and holds significant implications for the scientific fertilization and export of Prunus mume, ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of the industry.

Effects of GABA seed priming on alleviating salt stress and physiological and biochemical changes in Capsicum annuum

LI Yingzhi,LIANG Lamei,LIN Xinqi,QIN Zhongwei,WEI Qianya — 2023/5/23 16:40:02

Seed priming is proved to be an efficient way to improve crop salt tolerance, which is a measure of pre-treating seed with various agents while obtaining enhancement to crop performance at growing stage. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid involved in various metabolic processes, and partially protects plants from environmental stress. Enhancing effects of GABA priming on germination characteristics and abiotic stress have been established in several crops. However, effects and its mechanisms of GABA seed priming on salt tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum) are still unknown. In this study, using a hybrid pepper variety of “Maoshu 360” Chaotian Pepper as materials, influences of seed priming with various concentrations of GABA (0 μM, 1.0 μM, 2.0 μM, 4.0 μM, 6.0 μM, 8.0 μM) on plant biomass, leaf osmotic regulating substance, leaf antioxidant capacity, leaf photosynthesis system, potassium and sodium uptake and distribution between leaf and shoot of pepper plants under 100 mM NaCl stress applied at 4-6 leaf stage were investigated. Results showed that, (1) from the point of plant growth under salt stress, the best concentration of GABA for seed priming of pepper was 6.0 μM, which greatly boosted the biomass of pepper plants under salt stress; (2) The mechanisms of GABA seed priming promoting salt tolerance of pepper were further analyzed. Seed priming increased the leaf contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, chlorophyll and proline, decreased the leaf contents of ·O2- and malondialdehyde (MDA), and enhanced the leaf activities of antioxidant enzymes, including super oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), raised several chlorophyll fluorescence metrics, including Fv′/Fm′, qP_Lss, QY_Lss, NPQ_Lss and Rfd, reduced the K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio in roots and stems. (3) For a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of GABA seed priming promoting salt tolerance of pepper, a grey correlation analysis were carried out. Based on results of grey correlation analysis, seed priming with GABA significantly alleviated salt stress to pepper plants by boosting the activities of the antioxidant enzymes POD and CAT as well as increasing the levels of osmotic regulators. In conclusion, seed priming with 6.0 μM GABA significantly increased salt tolerance of pepper seedlings, probably by improving antioxidant and osmotic regulating capacities of pepper plants.

Effect of water content on sugar metabolism of Malus × robusta seeds cryopreservation

LI Xing,LIU Yan,PENG Ying,PI Xiaofei,QIAO Qian,ZHANG Yue,ZHU Mengting — 2023/5/23 16:28:06

Water content is a key factor influencing the seed cryopreservation, but its effecting mechanism is not fully understood. In order to provide theoretical basis for further improving the seeds viability after cryopreservation, the effect and way of water content on the viability of seed cryopreservation were explored. Malus × robusta seeds with different water contents were obtained by silica gel. The seed viability, sugar content and related enzyme indexes before and after cryopreservation were measured and correlation analysis were done. The results were as follows: (1) After 15 days of cryopreservation, the viability of seeds with different water contents was different, and the viability of seeds showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing as the water content of seeds decreased, and the seeds with 9.02 % water content had the highest germination rate, at 53.33 %. But after 120 days of cryopreservation, the viability of seeds increased as the water content decreased, and the seeds with 6.40 %water content got the highest germination rate, at 27.78 %. This indicates that the water content of Malus × robusta seeds has a significant effect on the viability after cryopreservation. It is affected by the storage time in liquid nitrogen, and the optimum water content decreases as the storage time extended in liquid nitrogen. (2) Correlation analysis showed that water content was significantly negatively correlated with viability, both water content and viability were correlated with sucrose and fructose content, acid invertase was correlated with water content, viability, sucrose and fructose, and fructokinase was correlated with viability, suggesting that water content affects the content of sucrose and fructose through effecting the activity of acid converting enzymes, which in turn affects sucrose metabolism to respond to low temperature and dehydration stress, ultimately leading to differences in viability. The seed viability is also affected by fructose metabolism through fructose kinase. Besides, alginate is one of the important regulatory substances of Malus × robusta seeds in response to water and low temperature stresses. In summary, water content has a significant effect on the viability of Malus × robusta seeds cryopreservation through the combined effect of sucrose and fructose metabolism. This study provides a theoretical reference to further explore the cryopreservation mechanism of seed.

Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on morphology and physiology of pitaya seedlings under low temperature stress

GUO Bing,LI Xue,WANG Caisheng,WU Yangjingwen,XU Xin,YU Chao,ZHOU Hui — 2023/5/23 15:36:54

To explore the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on the morphology structure and physiology of pitaya seedlings under low temperature, the leaves of "Zihonglong" seedlings were sprayed with SA at four concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mmol·L-1). 48 h after spraying, seedlings were incubated at 4°C. The change in the morphology and leaf tissue structure of pitaya seedlings were observed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 days. Physiological indexes such as relative electrical conductivity, content of malondialdehyde, content of osmotic regulators (soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) activity in leaves were measured. The results were as follows: (1) Under low temperature stress, pitaya seedlings showed chilling injury of grade 0, gradeⅠand gradeⅡ. The percentages of gradeⅠand gradeⅡchilling injury of pitaya seedlings treated with SA were significantly reduced. (2) Compared with the low temperature control, SA treatment could reduce the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content of pitaya leaves, and increase the content of osmotic regulators and antioxidant enzyme activities.(3) After comparing with different SA treatments, SA at 0.3 mmol·L-1 had the best effect on relieving cold injury symptoms, reducing the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content, increasing the soluble sugar and proline content, and increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase. The optimal SA concentrations for increasing soluble protein content, peroxidase activity and catalase activity were 0.7, 0.1 and 0.5 mmol·L-1, respectively. In summary, exogenous SA could alleviate chilling injury of pitaya seedlings under 4°C, and had a positive physiological effect on improving chilling resistance of seedlings. Exogenous SA at 0.3 mmol·L-1 was more suitable.

Analysis of the embolism vulnerability of petals and leaves in three species of shrub Rhododendrons

LI Jieting,TANG Jing,TANG Ming,XIA Ying,ZHANG Ximin — 2023/5/23 11:49:04

Climate change has been observed to increase the frequency and intensity of drought, which can adversely affect plant growth and development. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify plant xylem resistance to embolism, particularly in the context of global climate change, to study the process of plant response to drought. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the drought tolerance of Rhododendron cultivars and select those with strong drought resistance by using three species of shrub rhododendrons, namely Rhododendron × pulchrum ‘zihe’, Rhododendron × hybridum ‘yangmeihong’ and Rhododendron simsii, as the materials. Optical techniques were used to construct embolism vulnerability curves in petal and leaf tissues and petal and leaf anatomical structural traits were also measured. The correlation between xylem hydraulic function and anatomical structural traits were also analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The P12, P50 and P88 values (water potential values corresponding to the occurrence of 12%, 50% and 88% embolism) of petals in Rhododendron × pulchrum ‘zihe’, Rhododendron × hybridum ‘yangmeihong’ and Rhododendron simsii were higher than those of leaves. (2) The embolism vulnerability of petal and leaf tissues varied among the three species, and the speed of petal and leaf embolism occurrence did not coincide, which may be an important characteristic of hybridized horticultural flowering plants. (3)The correlation analysis between P50 values and their morphological characteristics showed that the P50 values of leaves were negatively correlated with leaf palisade tissue thickness, and the P50 values of petals were positively correlated with petal thickness. In conclusion, the study suggests that the petal embolism vulnerability of the three shrubs of Rhododendron is higher than that of the leaves, and the plants preferentially sacrifice the petals to protect the leaves under drought stress. Furthermore, the embolism vulnerability may be related to the leaf palisade tissue thickness and petal thickness. Our findings provide a scientific basis for selecting and configuring tree species of Rhododendron plants in arid areas, and lay the foundation for screening and cultivating drought-resistant Rhododendron varieties.

Study on the plasticity of Phoebe bournei seedlings adapting to low light environment

AN Jing,JIN Nianqing,WANG Xiao,WEI Xiaoli,WU Gaoyin,YAO Yao — 2023/5/23 11:13:39

The purpose of this study is to explore the survival strategy of Phoebe bournei seedlings in natural communities under extremely low light environment. 2-year-old seedlings of P. bournei were used as experimental materials to study the effects of different treatments were measured by simulating different light environments (100%, 35% and 10% light transmittance) on leaf morphology, anatomical structure and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of P. bournei seedlings, and to explore the internal relationship between seedling morphology, physiological plasticity and light adaptation. The results showed that: (1) The leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and specific leaf area (SLA) of seedlings increased with the decrease of light intensity; The leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, Thickness ratio of palisade tissue to sponge tissue of 10% light transmittance were the minimum; (2) The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), light utilization efficiency (LUE), photochemical quenching coefficient (qp), non photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), effective photosynthetic quantum yield (Fv''/Fm'') and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo) of 35% light transmittance were significantly higher than those of 100% and 10% light transmittance; (3) Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Carotenoids, total chlorophyll and Fv/Fm all increased with the decrease of light intensity, but chlorophyll a/b decreased with the decrease of light intensity; (4) The plasticity index of seedling structure and physiology showed that photosynthetic pigment content characteristics>morphological characteristics>photosynthetic characteristics>anatomical structure characteristics>chlorophyll fluorescence parameter characteristics, among which, the plasticity index of leaf area, SLA, Pn, Gs, LUE and photosynthetic pigment content ranged from 0.455 to 0.755. To sum up, P. bournei seedlings are not suitable to grow under full light, and perform well under about 35% light transmittance; under extremely low light with 10% light transmittance, P. bournei leaves can improve light energy capture by increasing leaf area, SLA, Pn and photosynthetic pigment content; the seedlings of P. bournei mainly adapt to the low light environment by adjusting the plasticity of photosynthetic pigment content and morphology, ccoordinating with the changes of anatomical structure, photosynthetic physiology and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter plasticity. This study can provide theoretical basis, management and selection of light environment of P. bournei for the future cultivation.

The changes of heavy metal in fresh and litter leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba and Schefflera arboricola under sludge application

Bao lian,Dong xiaoquan,Lai mingli,Wu daoming,Wu jiaxi,Zeng shucai,Zhu huijun — 2023/5/23 11:05:48

This study conducted a large root box experiment with Schefflera arboricola monoculture, Neolamarckia cadamba monoculture, and co-planting of S. arboricola and N. cadamba. The dynamic changes in Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg content in fresh and litter leaves of S. arboricola and N. cadamba and their litter production were analyzed for three months (September, October, and November 2020 ) after the surface application of 2% (W/W) SS. The relationship between the HM content of fresh leaf and that of litter leaf and the changes in the HM return amount in leaf litter were further analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) N. cadamba had significantly higher Cu content in fresh and litter leaves than that of S. arboricola, while had significantly lower Zn and Cd contents than those of S. arboricola. (2) The fresh leaf of S. arboricola had the lowest Zn content and the highest Hg content in November. (3) The fresh leaf of N. cadamba had the highest Zn, Cd, and Hg contents in November. (4) The Hg content in the litter leaf of co-planting of N. cadamba increased significantly with the time of SS application, while that of Cu, Zn, and Cd contents showed no significance. (5) The Cd content in fresh leaves was significantly and positively correlated with the Hg and Cd contents of leaf litter in S. arboricola in both September and November. (6) The highest yield of leaf litter and the highest return amount of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg in S. arboricola occurred one month after SS application (September), while those in N. cadamba occurred two months after SS application (October). In summary, the application time of SS showed a greater effect on the HM contents in fresh leaves of N. cadamba and S. arboricola than those in litter leaves. There was a positive correlation between the Cd content in the fresh leaf and the Cd and Hg contents in the litter leaf of S. arboricola. The HM pollution risk of the litter leaves of S. arboricola and N. cadamba was easy to occur in one month (September) and two months after SS application (October), respectively. This study will provide a reference for safe SS utilization and reasonable litter disposal in the landscape.

Pollination biology of the rare and endangered submerged plant, Ottelia cordata

LIANG Huiting,SHEN Yichun,TAN Ke,WANG Luanfeng,XIANG Wenqian,ZHANG Tongtong — 2023/5/22 16:35:54

Ottelia cordata is a rare and endangered submerged plant in Hainan freshwater wetland, which has a beautiful shape and great ornamental value. Currently, in China, it is only distributed on northern Hainan Island from Haikou to Wenchang. With the intensification of human activities, the distribution range of O. cordata sharply reduced, fragmented, and endangered. Here, we studied the breeding systems and pollination processes at the Changwangxi conservation area, Hainan Province, to explore the biological characteristics of pollination of O. cordata. The results showed that: (1) the morphology of male and female flowers was similar, but the female flower slightly larger than the male. (2) O. cordata has high pollen activity and stigma receptivity at budding and blooming phases. (3) The main pollinator was Apis cerana, which visits male flowers more frequently than females. (4) The distance between the color loci of these two organs was significantly higher than the threshold of the bee’s discrimination. (5) The fruit setting percentage under natural pollination is similar to under artificial pollination, and there is no apomixis and low pollen limitation in the natural population of O. cordata. In conclusion, the deceptive pollination of cauliflower simulated by both sexes is not perfect. Pollinators can visually distinguish female and male flowers. However, due to the large number of male flowers of O. cordata, the low probability of “mistake” pollination is enough for the reproductive needs of female flowers. Therefore, future ex-situ conservation and artificial population restoration should be paid more attention to population size, sex ratio, and the number of local pollinators.

Prediction of potential suitable area of Phoebe zhennan in Guizhou Province based on MaxEnt model_¹

AN Mingtai,CHEN Cuiyu,LIU Feng,TIAN Li,YANG Shanyun,ZHANG Yang — 2023/5/18 17:27:08

In order to reveal the potential distribution characteristics of Phoebe zhennan in Guizhou Province and its response mode to environmental factors, this study used MaxEnt and ArcGIS methods to predict the potential habitat of P. zhennan in Guizhou Province based on the geographical distribution points of P. zhennan in Guizhou Province, combined with 30 environmental factors such as climate, soil and topography, and analyzed the main environmental factors affecting the growth of P. zhennan. The results show that: (1) The AUC of MaxEnt model has an average value of 0.843, which well predicts the geographical distribution of P. zhennan in Guizhou Province. The potential habitat of P. zhennan shows a trend of decreasing habitat rank from north to south and from east to west, with the northeast of Guizhou Province as the key area. And the high-suitable area is mainly in northeastern Guizhou Tongren and mid-eastern Zunyi which is in northern Guizhou. (2) The potential distribution area of P. zhennan in Guizhou Province is 80013.47 km2, accounting for 45.4% of the province's land area, and the share of high-suitable area is 17.4%. (3) Environmental factors such as isothermality (bio3), precipitation of warmest quarte (bio18), precipitation of wettest month (bio13), precipitation of driest month (bio14), and min temperature of coldest month (bio6) and temperature seasonality (bio4)are the main environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of P. zhennan in Guizhou Province. The results elucidate the geographical distribution of P. zhennan in Guizhou and the main environmental factors affecting its distribution, and provide a scientific basis for P. zhennan resource conservation zoning, seedling expansion, afforestation promotion and development and utilization in Guizhou Province.

Karyotype analysis of eight populations of six Salvia species in the Hengduan Mountains

HUANG Yuanru,JIN Hongyan,LI Wensheng,LI Zhimin,SUN Wengaung — 2023/5/18 11:09:14

The Salvia is the largest genus of the Lamiaceae. Several species of Salvia are used as traditional Chinese medicine, as well as ornamental species. To explore the evolution pattern of species in Hengduan Mountains at the cytological level and to discuss the taxonomic relationship between morphological taxonomy and molecular systematics, this study is based on extensive collection of chromosome literature and the karyotypes of 6 species(8 populations) of Salvia collected from Hengduan Mountains were analyzed by using conventional plant pressing method, and the chloroplast phylogenetic trees of Salvia distributed in China were constructed. The statistical results were as follows: (1) About 23% of the chromosome data of Salvia have been reported all over the world, in which the chromosome reporting rate of Salvia in China is 32.10%. The reporting rate of Salvia in Hengduan Mountains is 40.54%. (2) The chromosome basic number of Salvia are mainly x = 8 and x = 11, and the chromosome cardinal numbers of Salvia plants distributed in China are x = 8. The experimental results were as follows: (1) The karyotype data of S. wardii is reported for the first time. (2) The diploid population of S. evansiana is found for the first time in Deqen, Yunnan. The chromosome evolutionary association analysis was carried out by combining cytological data with chloroplast evolution tree, and it was demonstrated that polyploidy may not be the main mechanism of Salvia adapting to high altitude environment. It shows that polyploid is not the main evolutionary pathway of Salvia plants species formation, but mainly at the level of diploid. So we speculated that the doubling of genome may be one of the reasons for the inconsistency between species morphology taxology and molecular phylogeny taxology. This study enriches the chromosome karyotype data of Salvia in Hengduan Mountains, discusses the evolutionary relationship of chromosome characteristics combined with regional molecular phylogenetic tree, it has made exploration for further study of the karyotype evolution of Salvia plants in the future. And it complements the basic data for the deduction and analysis of the chromosome cardinal number of ancestral species.

Comparison of soil fungal community diversity and functional groups between native tree species and Eucalyptus plantations in south subtropical China

HE Jiang,MING Angang,QIN Lin,TAN Ling,XI Shouhong — 2023/5/17 16:43:28

Planting native tree species plantations and Eucalyptus plantations is a common model of forest management in south subtropical China, but the response characteristics and mechanisms of soil fungal community diversity and functions to native tree species and Eucalyptus plantations are still unclear. Based on the 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing data of soil (0-20cm) in each stand and FUNGuild database, this study took 4 native tree species plantations(Pinus massoniana, Michelia macclurei, Mytilaria laosensis, Castanopsis hystrix) and exotic tree species Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis(EUG) plantations in the south subtropical China as the research object, and compared and analyzed the diversity and functional groups of soil fungal communities between native tree species and EUG plantations, as well as the dominant soil environmental factors affecting them. The results were as follows: (1)The dominant phyla of soil fungi in the five stands were both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, but there were differences in the dominant orders of soil fungi between different native tree species and EUG plantations. (2)The α diversity of soil fungal communities in EUG plantation was higher than that in native tree plantations, and the community composition was significantly different from the native tree plantations(P<0.05). (3)The relative abundance of saprotroph in the native tree plantations was higher than that of EUG plantation, and the relative abundance of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Michelia macclurei and Mytilaria laosensis plantations was markedly higher than that of EUG plantation. The relative abundance of soil symbiotroph, ectomycorrhizal fungi and wood saprotroph in EUG plantation was remarkably higher than that in the native tree plantations. (4)pH was the crucial soil environmental factor regulating the difference of soil fungal community diversity and functional group between EUG and native tree plantations. In general, there were significant differences in the structure and function of soil fungal community between native tree plantations and EUG plantations, which indicated that different stand types had great effects on soil fungal community and function. In conclusion, it is concluded that the soil nutrient level can be improved by converting the EUG plantation into native tree species plantations in the south subtropical China, and the soil ecological function could be improved by choosing Michelia macclurei or Mytilaria laosensis plantation as native tree species plantation.

Comparison of soil fungal community diversity and functional groups between native tree species and Eucalyptus plantations in south subtropical China

HE Jiang,MING Angang,QIN Lin,TAN Ling,XI Shouhong — 2023/5/17 16:42:01

Effects of sodium nitroprusside on aluminum stress resistance of four Eucalyptus seedlings treated with exogenous NO

GUO Rongkun,JIANG Fengjing,LIU Bing,LUO Yishan,SHI Maoxin,TENG Weichao — 2023/5/16 16:13:59

To investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on aluminum tolerance of eucalyptus seedlings under aluminum stress. In this study, sodium nitroproside (SNP) was used as exogenous NO donor in four kinds of eucalyptus seedlings Eucalyptus grandis、Eucalyptus urophylla、Eucalyptus tereticornis、Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis). The effects of different concentrations of NO (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800μmol·L-1) on the physiological indices of ROS, antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of organic osmotic regulatory substances of Eucalyptus seedlings under 120 mg·L-1 aluminum stress were studied, and the differences of aluminum resistance of four eucalyptus species under NO treatment were compared. The results show that: (1) The addition of exogenous NO (50 μmol·L-1≤NO≤200μmol·L-1) under aluminum stress can promote the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX), the removal of ROS in the body, the reduction of MDA accumulation, and the improvement of aluminum resistance. However, under high concentration of NO(≥ 800μmol·L-1), the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmotic regulatory substances decreased in eucalyptus seedlings, showing stress response. (2) Nitric oxide significantly improved the aluminum tolerance of sensitive eucalypts, but not significantly improved the aluminum tolerance of tolerant eucalypts. Finally, the aluminum resistance of the four eucalypts tended to be consistent under the action of NO. (3) SOD, MDA, CAT, O2-, soluble protein and soluble sugar can be used as key indicators to evaluate the aluminum tolerance of eucalyptus. This study provided a scientific reference for the selection of aluminum tolerance germplasm resources of eucalyptus, and laid a foundation for further understanding of the mechanism of NO regulating the difference of aluminum tolerance between Eucalyptus species.

Effects of sodium nitroprusside on aluminum stress resistance of four Eucalyptus seedlings treated with exogenous NO

GUO Rongkun,JIANG Fengjing,LIU Bing,LUO Yishan,SHI Maoxin,TENG Weichao — 2023/5/16 16:13:37

Exploration on the Outstanding universal values of Hainan potential World Natural Heritage Site

DU Yanjun,HUANG Jiaxin,LI Donghai,LONG Wenxing,TANG Yanfei,WANG Jichao — 2023/5/16 15:16:10

World Natural Heritage sites are some of the most important and valuable protected areas in the world, and their designation aims to give recognition to the uniqueness and protect the integrity of the sites, which are of significant global value. Understanding the global uniqueness and value of natural heritage will help to better manage and protect them, support the functioning of ecosystems, and promote sustainable development. A systematic review was conducted to determine the potential for the Hainan Tropical Rainforest to become a World Natural Heritage site. This study investigated the presence and diversity of primitive animals and the vegetation community and examined other biological processes. The results of this assessment are as follows: (1) The potential Hainan World Natural Heritage Site has 3,653 vascular plant species. There are 540 species of terrestrial vertebrates, which account for 10-30% of the wild animal species in the country. This indicates that biodiversity in this area is extremely high. (2) The flora found in the Hainan Tropical Rainforest is unique. Vegetation on Hainan Island can be categorized in the Indo-Malay rainforest group, and within the Malay region, and vegetation is tropical in nature and has a common origin with the South China mainland. This is indicative of the transition between the South China flora into the Asian rainforest. (3) There are seven endemic genera in the flora, and about one out of every 10 species is endemic to the island, although some show some characteristics of continental origin. The flora on the island are an irreplaceable element of biodiversity and make up a valuable ecosystem. This study clarifies the outstanding universal values of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest and makes the case using empirical scientific evidence for nominating this area as a World Natural Heritage site.

Exploring the sustainable development of wild edible fungus industry in Yunnan Province under the background of biodiversity conservation

徐爽 — 2023/5/11 19:27:29

The "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework" requires adherence to the principles of biodiversity conservation and sustainable maintenance mechanisms, exploring the path to realizing the beautiful vision of "coexisting harmoniously with nature." Yunnan has extremely rich wild edible fungus resources, forming a unique "edible fungus culture." In order to improve people's ecological conservation awareness, promote the survival and development of wild edible fungus resources, and further promote the development of Yunnan's wild edible fungus industry, this article uses the literature review method and questionnaire survey method to investigate the current status of protection and utilization of Yunnan's wild edible fungus resources based on the sorting of relevant laws and regulations and policy documents from national to local levels.This study found that: With the increasing popularity of natural mushroom products, the production and output value of wild edible fungus have increased significantly, but the number of wild edible fungus has sharply reduced, and some wild edible fungus populations are in a state of endangered and vulnerable. Weak ecological conservation awareness, disorderly collection, and other factors all endanger the survival and development of wild edible fungus resources. Meanwhile, the lack of relevant industry standards also greatly hinders the development of Yunnan's wild edible fungus industry. In view of the above problems, the paper proposes the following suggestions: (1) Accelerate the special legislation for protection and development of wild edible fungus resources, not staying in the current fragmented or confused legislative state, and not only satisfying local policy protection; (2) Construct a standard system for wild edible fungus collection, sales (including international trade), processing, transportation, etc., accurately protecting wild edible fungus, especially for the collection of nationally protected populations, a collection license system should be gradually established; (3) Strengthen the technical support for the whole industry chain and promote the construction of science and technology systems such as wild edible fungus germplasm preservation, artificial cultivation, and advanced processing. Through this paper, the following achievements are obtained. (1) Further supplement and improve the standards for wild mushroom collection, processing and circulation. (2) The protection and utilization of resources can be traced back to policies. (3) Support and guarantee the protection, utilization and sustainable development of wild mushroom industry.

Cytotoxic effect and signal regulation of volatiles matter from Eucalyptus robusta on Vicia faba

MA Danwei,MENG Qiaoqiao,REN Yumin,WANG Yu — 2023/5/11 15:57:13

Volatile oil from Eucalyptus robusta and its main components α- Pinene and eucalyptus were used as donors to explored the cytological mechanism of allelopathy of Eucalyptus robusta by targeting root cells and leaf guard cells of Vicia faba. The results showed that the volatiles of E. robusta inhibited the growth of Vicia faba young roots in a time-dose dependent way. The allelopathic effects were volatile oil, α -pinene and cineole in ascending order; Under the action of volatiles from E. robusta, the activity of root border cells and the mitotic index of meristematic zone cells decreased, and the micronucleus rate increased, and most cells were blocked in prophase of division; The increase of NADPH oxidase activity in guard cells leads to the outbreak of ROS, increasing nuclear aberration rate. In addition, the guard cell activity decreased in a dose-time-dependent manner. During this process, the up-regulation of intracellular ROS and NO levels causes an increase Ca²⁺ levels; Moreover, ROS-induced aggregation of guard cell filaments results in reduced stomatal aperture. These results suggested that E. robusta volatiles had cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, which weaken the protective function of receptor and induced genetic aberrations in root apical cells, and altered signal regulation pathways of leaf guard cells and stomatal movement. These results affected the receptor"s photosynthesis, absorption and other physiological processes, and ultimately inhibited receptor growth.

Utilizing nature-based solutions to promote biodiversity conservation

2023/5/6 10:45:34

Biodiversity loss is one of the major crises facing humanity today, and with none of the biodiversity targets represented by the Aichi Biodiversity Targets being met, there is an urgent need to promote transformative change to halt and reverse the trend of biodiversity loss. Nature-based solutions (NbS) have emerged as an important tool to address the global crisis due to its inherent principles involving holistic and systemic approach, diversity, stability, sustainability, trade-offs, and compatibility. The relationship between biodiversity and NbS is analyzed from a mechanistic and functional perspective, and the pathway of NbS as a proxy for biodiversity conservation is revealed by restoring of ecosystem complexity and trophic levels to put nature on the path. We here summarize the dual intensions of promoting NbS for biodiversity conservation, as 1) the goal aimed at enhancing diversity, stability, and sustainability of ecosystem, and 2) the tool involves use natural processes. Based on the above understanding of the link between NbS and biodiversity, this paper further compares the conceptual connotation of NbS with the consistency of biodiversity conservation, as well as the NbS methods for biodiversity conservation including natural, agricultural and urban area. Practical cases of NbS for biodiversity conservation or synergy of NbS for biodiversity are summarized in align with differentiated typical ecosystems. The multiple benefits of NbS for biodiversity conservation, climate change and sustainable development are discussed. The vision of integrating NbS into strategic planning for biodiversity conservation is presented to provide a reference for promoting the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the mainstreaming of NbS in biodiversity conservation.

Enzyme activities of plant root exudates affected the rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and nutrients in karst areas

DOU Li,Li Zhen,LIANG Yueming,PAN Fujing,QIN Menger,WANG Jing,ZHANG Wei — 2023/4/28 10:53:45

In order to explore the effect of the activities of enzymes from plant root exudates affected rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and nutrients in karst areas, the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (βG), β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and acidic phosphatase (ACP) of fine root exudates and rhizosphere soils in four vegetation restoration stages, which are shrub-grassland, shrubland, shrub-arbor forest and arbor forest, were measured. And, their relationships were also analyzed. The results showed that the four enzyme activities of rhizosphere soils and root exudates were significantly higher in the late stage of vegetation restoration than in the early stage of vegetation restoration. The enzyme activities C:P to N:P ratios of root exudates in arbor forest were significantly higher than those of other three stages, while the two parameters of rhizosphere soils were opposite. Correlation analysis showed that the enzyme activities of root exudates were positively correlated with the corresponding soil enzyme activity. Compared with the enzyme activities of root exudates, the correlation between soil enzyme activity and related nutrients had become significantly stronger. In addition, the activities of βG, NAG and LAP in rhizosphere soils and root exudates were positively correlated with organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in rhizosphere soil, while the activity of ACP in rhizosphere soils and root exudates were positively correlated with available phosphorus (AP) in rhizosphere soil. The above results indicated that vegetation restoration had a positive effect on increasing activities of root exudates and soils. The enzymes of root exudates were the indispensable supplement for soils, and it played an important role in promoting carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient cycling. It will be that the regulation of root exudates and its enzyme activities may provide a new perspective for vegetation restoration in karst ecosystem.

Studies on the absorption and distribution of different forms of nitrogen in two legumes and organs

LI Jin,Yilifan aikebaierjiang,ZHUANG Wei Wei — 2023/4/28 10:48:07

Abstract: Legumes are abundant in the nitrogen deficient desert ecosystems, which is the center of supplying available nitrogen and the important pioneer species in this region. However, the studies on nitrogen uptake and utilization by leguminous in desert ecosystems have rarely been reported so far. In this study Astragalus flexus and Astragalus arpilobus, which are widely distributed in the Gurbantunggut desert, were selected as the research object. Three different nitrogen forms (15N-NH4+、15N-NO3-、15N-Glycine) were added to 0 ~ 5 and 5 ~ 15 cm soil layers, respectively, to study the absorption and distribution strategies of different forms of nitrogen in two plants and their organs. The results showed that: (1) In different soil layers, both plants preferred to absorb nitrate nitrogen, and the maximum absorption rates of Astragalus flexus and Astragalus arpilobus were 3.26、2.59 μg · g–1 · h–1, respectively. (2) In different soil layers, there were significant differences in the uptake and allocation of different nitrogen sources among plant organs (P < 0.05). The uptake of 15N in root of Astragalus flexus was higher than that of Astragalus arpilobus, and the three different nitrogen forms were mainly allocated to leaves. (3) In different soil layers, the contribution rates of different nitrogen sources to both plants were was 15N-NO3- > 15N-Glycine > 15N-NH4+, and the contribution rates of nitrate nitrogen to nitrogen absorption of Astragalus flexus were ranged from 37% to 41%, while the maximum contribution rate to the nitrogen absorption of Astragalus arpilobus was 45%. (4) There were significant differences in recovery rates of different nitrogen forms between different organs of plants (P < 0.05). In the 0 ~ 5 cm soil layer, the recovery rate of nitrate nitrogen was leaf > stem > root, while in the 5 ~ 15 cm soil layer, the rate was leaf > root > stem. In general, in the Gurbantunggut desert ecosystem, different life forms legumes had both consistency and difference in nitrogen uptake and allocation capacity, and were affected by different soil depths and nitrogen forms. The results provided theoretical basis for nitrogen uptake, utilization and allocation of legumes in arid and semi-arid regions of Xinjiang.

Seasonal variation and influencing factors of fine root C∶N∶P ratios in two forests of a karst ecosystem

Dou Li,Liang Yueming,Pan Fujing,Qin Menger,Zhang Wei — 2023/4/28 10:39:41

The ecological stoichiometry of fine root carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) is considered to reflect the strategies whereby plants adapt to the soil environment In order to gain an understanding of the seasonal changes in fine root C∶N∶P ratios in different forest types of a karst ecosystem, we measured the C, N, and P contents and ratios of living and dead fine roots in shrubbery and arbor forest vegetation, as well as the influence of abiotic and biotic factors. The results were as follows: (1) That C, N, and P contents in the fine roots of arbor forest vegetation were higher than those of shrubbbery vegetation, thereby indicating that the fine roots of arbor forest trees may by characterized by a stronger absorption and storage of nutrients than those of shrubbbery vegetation. In addition, we established that the contents of C in living fine roots were significantly higher than those in dead fine roots (P < 0.05), whereas in contrast, N and P contents in living fine roots were lower than those in dead fine roots. (2) It was found that the contents of C in the living/dead fine roots of the two forest types were lower during the rainy season than during the dry season. Contrastingly, in shrubbery vegetation, whereas the N and P contents of living fine roots were higher during the rainy season than those in dry season, the opposite pattern was observed for the living fine roots of arbor forest vegetation. During the rainy season, the C∶N, C∶P, and N∶P ratios of living fine roots in shrubbery vegetation were lower than the values obtained during the dry season. Conversely, the C∶N and C∶P ratios of the living/dead fine roots of arbor forest vegetation were higher during the rainy season than in the dry season, whereas the values for the N∶P ratio were lower during the rainy season than during the dry season. The lower rainy season N∶P ratios tend to indicate that plants in shrubbery and arbor forest may be less P restricted during this season. (3) We also found that for both the living and dead fine roots of the two forest types, C contents were higher in plants growing on the upper slopes than in those growing on the middle and lower slopes, whereas the contents of N and P were higher in shrubs and forest trees growing on the lower slopes. Furthermore, the C∶N, C∶P, and N∶P ratios of living and dead fine roots were found to be relatively higher in shrubs growing on the upper slopes. In the case of arbor forest, the C∶N ratios of living and dead fine roots in trees growing on the lower slopes and the C∶P and N∶P ratios in trees growing on the upper slopes were higher than those of trees growing at other elevations, indicating that plants under these two forest types are strongly influenced by P limitation in the upper slopes, but only weakly affected on the middle and lower slopes. (4) Redundancy analysis revealed that forest type, available phosphorus, and season were the main factors influencing the contents and ratios of C, N, and P nutrients in fine roots, and could explain 18.8%, 6.6%, and 6.5% of the observed variation, respectively. These findings indicate that the effects of changes in the N∶P ratio associated with differences in forest type, season, and slope elevation should be taken into consideration when vegetation restoration is promoted, which would contribute to accelerating the restoration of karst ecosystems.

Effects of Different Chromium Containing Wastewater on the Decomposition of Residual Roots and Chromium Chemical Forms in Coix lachryma-jobi L Constructed Wetland

CHENG Xiran,FANG Zirui,LI Shuai,LI Zhigang,PENG Zi,WANG Qianyun,WANG Xueli — 2023/4/27 18:12:07

To investigate the effects of two different water sources, domestic sewage and nutrient solution, on the decomposition of residual roots and the transformation of chromium chemical forms in Cr6+ contaminated constructed wetlands, a micro Coix lachryma-jobi L constructed wetland was constructed to treat chromium containing wastewater [ using domestic sewage (DWS) and 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution (HNS) as simulated solutions containing 0, 20, and 40mg· L-1Cr (VI), respectively]. By using the buried root decomposition method, we studied the decomposition dynamics of residual roots and the transformation pattern of chromium chemical forms.The results were as follows : (1) Under 20 and 40 mg· L-1 (Ⅵ) stress, the growth of Coix lacryma-jobi L was inhibited. The plant height and stem diameter of HNS treatment were greater than those of DWS treatment, but the plant height and stem diameter of HNS treatment were more inhibited by Cr (Ⅵ) than those of DWS treatment; (2) The decomposition rate of Coix lacryma-jobi L residual roots decreased with the increase of Cr (Ⅵ) concentration, and the decomposition rate of HNS treatment was higher than that of DWS treatment. After 60 days of decomposition, under DWS treatment, the residual root chromium content of 20 and 40 mg· L-1Cr (Ⅵ) treatment decreased by 11.7% and 8.09% respectively compared with that at the initial stage of root burial, while under HNS treatment, the residual root chromium content decreased by 15.8% and 18.42% respectively. The percentage of residual chromium in Coix lacryma-jobi L root residues at 20 and 40 mg· L-1 treatments decreased with the extension of root burial time, while the percentage of ethanol-extracted chromium and deionized water extracted chromium increased, and the percentage of acetic acid bound chromium increased significantly; (3) In the early stage of residual root decomposition, the COD, TN, NH4-N, and total chromium content in the effluent treated with HNS and DWS increased, and then decreased. The trend of change is consistent with the residual root decomposition process. HNS treated constructed wetlands are more efficient in removing chromium from wastewater. The research results indicate that after harvesting plants in constructed wetlands, root decomposition can quickly increase the chromium content in the effluent, and appropriately improve the nutritional status in wastewater, which can promote residual root decomposition and removal of chromium by wetlands.

Diterpenoids with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity from Pieris japonica

HUA Yan,LI Hui-Juan,LUO Ee,QIN Xu-Jie,QUAN Wei — 2023/4/27 9:39:04

In order to investigate the diterpenoid components from the leaves of Pieris japonica and their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, with the aid of thin-layer chromatography color characteristics, silica gel, MCI and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography technology, the target constituents were isolated and purified. The structures of the obtained compounds were identified by analyses of their spectral data (NMR and MS) and comparison of their data with those of reported in the literature. Meanwhile, the human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) inhibitory effects of obtained diterpenoids were evaluated for the first time by a ellman method. The results showed that eight diterpenoid compounds were isolated and identified from the leaves of Pieris japonica, namely pieriformoside F (1), 3-epi-grayanotoxin XVIII (2), 3-epi-grayanotoxin B (3), asebotoxin-X (4), pieriformosin B (5), gayanotoxine-V (6), rhodojaponin III (7), and pieriformosin C (8). Among them, compound 1 was isolated from this plant for the first time, and compound 8 showed AChE inhibitory activity. In conclusion, Pieris japonicat is rich in diterpenoids and bioactive components, which provides a certain theoretical basis for its further development and utilization.

Succession theory and vegetation restoration

任海 — 2023/4/20 15:56:26

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework proposes to protect 30% and restore 30% of the land with high quality and maximize the goal of conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. Succession theory and vegetation restoration can serve the targets of 30% protection and restoration. Succession theory is the core theory in vegetation ecology. Succession refers to the process that the structure or composition of a group of different species in a site change with time. Vegetation restoration is the process of restoring or recovering plant communities, mainly based on plant planting. Vegetation restoration is the process of changing the structure and function of ecosystem from simple to complex, from low to high level, and the ultimate goal is to establish healthy and stable plant communities. Succession is the foundation of vegetation restoration, vegetation restoration can be seen as the manipulation of the succession process to achieve the goal of restoring damaged vegetation. Succession theory can guide vegetation restoration. Vegetation restoration is also beneficial to the development of succession theory. Succession theory and vegetation restoration differ in scale, theme, and paradigms. Succession often emphasizes disturbances related to nature, while vegetation restoration focuses on disturbances related to humans. The succession can be divided into primary succession and secondary succession according to the nature of bare land. The restoration process can be regarded as the tertiary succession, which will help to understand the management options for promoting the success of vegetation restoration through human intervention, especially by emphasizing the management options which may improve success, especially by addressing environmental and biological legacies. Artificial intervention based on succession theory can accelerate vegetation restoration, avoid early positive promotion of degraded vegetation ecosystems to pre degraded levels in poor habitats, and also avoid resource waste caused by disordered competition and low efficiency among communities. This paper also puts forward the scientific and technical issues on the theory of vegetation restoration and succession in the future.

Succession theory and vegetation restoration

任海 — 2023/4/20 15:55:09

Genetic diversity and structure of wild Rosa roxburghii Tratt in Southwestern China

panfeng,wushiqi,zhaocai — 2023/4/11 16:52:25

In order to study genetic diversity and the origin of wild Rosa roxburghii Tratt in Southwest China and provide some bases for its utilization and protection. A survey was based on the splicing sequences of two single-copy nuclear genes (GAPDH and ncpGS) and three chloroplast genes (atpF-trnH、trnL-trnF and trnG-trnS). The individuals of 320 wild Rosa roxburghii from 27 cities in China were amplified, sequenced by PCR. After that, the sequencing results were analyzed with relevant software. The results were as follows: (1) Low genetic diversity levels are found in Rosa roxburghii of single-copy nuclear gene (Hd=0.4692, π=0.00049) and chloroplast gene (Hd=0.6534, π=0.00065). But there are significant differences among different populations. (2) Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) shows that the genetic variation almost occurs within populations, which indicates that population variation is the main source of genetic variation in wild Rosa roxburghii Tratt. It exists obvious genetic differentiation among populations (cpDNA: Fst =0.33647, GST= 0.273, NST= 0.308; scnDNA: Fst =0.09487, NST=0.076, GST=0.056). The distribution of Rosa roxburghii doesn’t have obvious phylogeographical structure (P > 0.05). (3) Tajima's D value of neutral test is insignificantly negative value, indicating Rosa roxburghii populations conformed to neutral evolution model. Fu's Fs value is significantly negative, combining the result of mismatch analysis curve, deducing that Rosa roxburghii populations had an expansion within a small range before. But generally, they remain stable. (4) According to the haplotype network, the populations of the Bijie region not only presents higher genetic diversity, but also has a lot of haplotypes. Therefore, the Bijie region is speculated to be one of the refuges of ice age. So that they are supposed to be carried out the strategy of local protection. The populations with special traits and unique haplotypes shall be protected to move to another place. The survey is expected to provide a reference for wild Rosa roxburghii of the resource protection and genetic breeding.

Genetic diversity and structure of wild Rosa roxburghii Tratt in Southwestern China

panfeng,wushiqi,zhaocai — 2023/4/11 16:52:00

Analysis of chloroplast genomic characteristics and phylogenetic in Syzygium grijsii

DU Chaojin,HAN Peichen,YANG Xiuyao,YIN Tuo,ZHANG Hanyao,ZHANG Mengjie — 2023/4/11 16:27:52

Syzygium grijsii, an evergreen shrub of Myrtaceae and Syzygium, has good prospects for exploitation, but its chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships have not been reported. To fill the gap in the genomics of S. grijsii, a systematic study of the chloroplast genome of S. grijsii was conducted in this paper. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to perform complete assembly in the GetOrganelle platform, and the assembled data were also used to analyze the structural features and phylogenetic relationships of the S. grijsii chloroplast genome, including: the structure, function and characteristics of the S. grijsii chloroplast genome, codon preference analysis, comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic analyses. The results were as follows: (1) the chloroplast genome of S. grijsii was 158 591 bp in size; it contained 129 genes. Among them, 8 were rRNA genes, 37 were tRNA genes and 84 were protein-coding genes. The analysis detected 39 repetitive sequences and 84 SSR loci. (2) Codon preference analysis revealed that there was a bias towards A/U at the ends of the S. grijsii chloroplast genome, and the most used codon was the one encoding leucine. (3) In comparison with closely related species, the boundary length of S. grijsii is conserved, and the gene species at the boundary are similar to several Syzygium species; the S. grijsii chloroplast genome has a high degree of variability in the LSC and SSC regions, with 45 sites of 0.01 < Pi < 0.015 and a high level of nucleotide diversity. (4) Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. grijsii is most closely related to S. jambos, S. forrestii and S. cumini, followed by S. malaccense. It was concluded that the chloroplast genome of S. grijsii is structurally conserved, distinctly characterized, and has sequence similarity compared to Syzygium species. The study concluded that S. grijsii has a conserved chloroplast genome structure with distinct features, sequence similarity and nucleotide diversity compared to Syzygium species, and affinity between it and various Myrtaceae species. In this paper, the genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genome of S. grijsii were conducted to lay the theoretical foundation for the identification and exploitation of the germplasm resources of S. grijsii.

Diversity of bacterial endophytic community in different Pyracantha fortuneana tissues

2023/4/11 16:19:08

Aims to understand the microbial diversity of endophytic bacterial community of different Pyracantha fortuneana tissues. In this study, the 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA) V5-V7 variable region of endophytic bacteria was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the diversity of endophytic bacteria community in different tissue parts was analyzed. The results showed that 1818 endophytic bacteria OTUs were obtained, 754 from roots, 308 from stems and 756 from leaves, respectively, 152 OTUs were identical in roots, stems and leaves. Species classification showed that endophytic bacteria in the root of Pyracantha fortuneana belonged to 23 phyla, 53 classes, 137orders, 216 families, 373 genera and 557 species, the predominant genera relative abundance were 10.57% Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium and 8.00% Streptomyces, in the stem of Pyracantha fortuneana belonged to 21 phyla, 32 classes, 76 orders, 126 families, 204 genera and 270 species, the predominant genera relative abundance were 31.1% Massilia and 12.82% unclassified_f_Comamonadaceae, in the leaf of Pyracantha fortuneana belonged to 21 phyla, 52 classes, 130 orders, 210 families, 380 genera and 581 species, the predominant genera relative abundance were 12.31% geobacillus and 9.84% pseudomonas. Endophytic bacteria in different Pyracantha fortuneana tissues had abundant community diversity. PICRUSt function prediction analysis showed that the species richness of root endophytic bacteria involved in the regulation of various metabolic pathways was the highest, followed by stem and leaf. Proteobacteria are the most important endophytic bacteria in different tissues of Pyracantha fortuneana. This study provides a reference for further exploring the ecological functions of endophytic bacteria and excavating new beneficial microbial resources.

Analysis of chloroplast genomic characteristics and phylogenetic in Syzygium grijsii

DU Chaojin,HAN Peichen,YANG Xiuyao,YIN Tuo,ZHANG Hanyao,ZHANG Mengjie — 2023/4/11 16:12:02

Diversity of bacterial endophytic community in different Pyracantha fortuneana tissues

2023/4/11 16:08:49

Characters analysis of genes expression on before and after seeds germination of Polygonatum polyflora

CHEN Jing-Ying,LIU Bao-Cai,ZHANG Wu-Jun — 2023/4/11 16:07:29

P. cyrtonema seeds have a comprehensive dormancy phenomenon, and analyzing the changes of key genes before and after seeds germination plays an important role in exploring seed physiology and breaking dormancy. In this paper, based on high-throughput sequencing technology, the transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were carried out in four stages of P. cyrtonema seeds germination with three biological replicates. The results were as follows: (1) The 388 231 Transcripts and 178 319 Unigenes were obtained by de novo assembly. (2) Among the 11 817 Unigenes with significant differences before and after germination, 6 405 were up-regulated and 5 412 were down-regulated. (3) Significant difference genes were enriched and analyzed in the GO database, and the differential expression up- and down-regulation Uningenes were main enriched in BP and MF, which were mainly involved in metabolic processes and catalytic activities; KEGG significant enrichment indicated that the differential expression genes were mainly enriched in ribosome, plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and other pathways. The up-regulated differential genes were mainly enriched in ribosome 231, phagosome plant hormone signal transduction 56, starch and sucrose metabolism 76 and others. The down-regulated differential genes were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis 48, plant hormone signal transduction 48, starch and sucrose metabolism 48, and other pathways; 40 Unigenes were involved in the synthesis of auxin pathway key enzymes. Genes encoding sucrose phosphate synthase were down-regulated and genes encoding glycogen phosphorylase were up-regulated. This paper preliminarily clarified that plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism played a key role before and after the seeds germination of P. cyrtonema and analyzed the key genes involved in these two pathways. The results in this paper provided a reference for further research on the physiology, reproduction and breeding of P. cyrtonema. This paper preliminarily clarified that plant hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism played a key role before and after the germination of P. cyrtonema seeds, and analyzed the key genes involved in these two pathways, which provided a reference for further research on the physiology, reproduction and breeding of P. cyrtonema seeds.

Characters analysis of genes expression on before and after seeds germination of Polygonatum polyflora

CHEN Jing-Ying,LIU Bao-Cai,ZHANG Wu-Jun — 2023/4/11 16:02:30

Correlation Analysis Between HPLC Fingerprint ofSmilax riparia A.DC and Antioxidant Activity

HU Xiao-xi,LIANG Chenyan,LIU Zhen-jie ＊,QIN Xijun,TAN Xiao-qing,TANG Hongzhen — 2023/4/11 16:01:57

［］Objective: To estab1ish the HPLC fingerprints of Smilax riparia A.DC, explore the correlation between their HPLC fingerprints and antioxidant activity．Method: Establishment of fingerprint of 13 batches of Smilax riparia A.DC by HPLC, Similarity evaluation and cluster analysis are carried out; antioxidant effect was determined by ABTS method,analysis software was used for PLSR to establish the spectra-effect relationship, and validation test of in vitro anti-oxidation was carried out.．Result: HPLC fingerprint of 13 batches of Smilax riparia A.DC containing 14 common peaks were established,and two components were identified by comparison of the control substances, the 13 batches of Smilax riparia A.DC had different levels of free radical scavenging effect; Among the 14 common peaks, the areas of peaks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 14 were positively correlated with their ability to scavenge ABTS free radicals, VIP analysis showed that peak 9 (oleanolic acid) had the greatest scavenging capacity for ABTS free radicals. Conclusion: Established HPLC fingerprint can be used for the quality evaluation of Smilax riparia A.DC；oleanolic acid is the main material basis for the antioxidant effect of Smilax riparia A.DC. it can provide reference for quality evaluation of Smilax riparia A.DC．

Correlation Analysis Between HPLC Fingerprint ofSmilax riparia A.DC and Antioxidant Activity

HU Xiao-xi,LIANG Chenyan,LIU Zhen-jie ＊,QIN Xijun,TAN Xiao-qing,TANG Hongzhen — 2023/4/11 15:55:38

Diversity of rhizosphere and root endophytic fungi in Kadsura coccinea under different habitats

JIN Jifen,LI Xinzhong,LIU Tao,MA Nan,PENG Zhijun,WAN Dekai — 2023/4/11 15:54:57

Kadsura coccinea is a perennial vine medicinal plant, and its growth, development，and authentic medicinal qualities are affected by growing habitat, rhizosphere soil, and endophytic fungi. In order to explore the composition and diversity of fungal community in K. coccinea under different habitats, as well as their correlation with soil environmental factors, the rhizosphere and root endophytic fungi of K. coccinea from three different habitats in Guizhou were studied based on Illumina high-throughput sequencing method. The results were as follows: (1) Under three habitats, the number of OTU detected in rhizosphere soil (3 867) was much more than that in root endophyte (801). The common OTU of rhizosphere soil is 72, which are annotated to 5 phyla and 49 genera, most of which are ascomycetes. At the genus level, the proportion of Mortierella, Exophiala, and Cylindrocarpon is relatively high. The common OTU of root endophytic fungi is 14, which are annotated to 2 phylums and 11 genera. Ascomycetes (13, accounting for 92.9%) are overwhelmingly dominant. At the genus level, Mortierella, Exophiala, Cylindrocarpon and Nectria are dominant genus. There are only 6 OTUin total, annotated to 2 phylums and 5 genera, and the ascomycetes phylum (5, accounting for 83.3%) are the dominant phylum. At the genus level, Exophiala (2, 33.3%) account for a relatively high proportion, and the rest were Mortierella, Cylindrocarpon and Nectria, respectively. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the diversity and richness of fungal communities in rhizosphere soil were significantly higher than those in root endophytic fungi, while the diversity of fungi in wild habits was higher than that in cultivated habits. (2) At the phylum level, the main endophytic fungal groups under three habitats are Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, accounting for 88.28% of the total flora. At the genus level, the community structure of endophytic fungi in rhizosphere and root was significantly different in different habitats. The endophytic fungi flora in the root has a certain preference in the cultivation habitat, while the evenness is higher in the wild habitat. The prediction functions of fungal community based on FUNGuild showed that pathotroph-saprotroph type in the root endophytic fungi is relatively high in the cultural habit, while the proportion of saprophytic type and symbiotroph type is relatively high in the wild habit. (3) Soil environmental factors have different effects on root endophytic fungi and rhizosphere fungi in K. coccinea. Total potassium (TK) and total phosphorus (TP) in soil were positively correlated with Shannon index and Simpson index of endophytic fungi in black tiger root; Whereas, Soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and available nitrogen (AN) were positively correlated with Ace index and Chao1 index of rhizosphere soil fungi. Conclusion: soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and available nitrogen (AN) are the main soil environmental factors affecting the rhizosphere soil fungal community of the K. coccinea.

Diversity of rhizosphere and root endophytic fungi in Kadsura coccinea under different habitats

JIN Jifen,LI Xinzhong,LIU Tao,MA Nan,PENG Zhijun,WAN Dekai — 2023/4/11 15:54:11

Full-length Transcriptome Analysis for Tibetan Medicine “Zangyinchen” of Original Plant Comastoma polycladum

HAN Shuang,HAN Yun,XU Hao,YU JingYa,ZHANG FaQi — 2023/4/11 11:49:34

This study performed full-length transcriptome sequencing of the leaves of Comastoma polycladum based on the Pacbio sequencing platform, to enrich the genomic information of the genus Comastoma. We obtained a total of 17 Gb of sequencing data, and 87,814 corrected sequences. Comparing with the databases, we successfully annotated 277,451 transcripts. We also annotated 39,104 transcripts to the KEGG database. We identified 22,861 SSRs by SSR analysis, and the single-base repeats were the most abundant. In addition, we detected 1,874 transcription factors and 15,166 LncRNAs, and screened out transcripts related to the synthesis of monoterpenes and flavonoids. These results could provide basic data for seeking candidate genes. The purpose of this study is to provide data support for the resource utilization of Comastoma polycladum.

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on growth characteristics of tomato seedlings under salt stress

HUANG Sijie,LI Yan,LIU Mingqing,WANG Yuxiao,YANG Lifei — 2023/4/11 11:43:43

In order to investigate the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CA) on salt tolerance of tomato seedlings. This test used tomato‘Cooperative 903’as experimental material, we investigated the characteristics of germination and seedling growth of tomato under NaCl (100 mmol/L) stress compared with the treatment of adding CA (100 μg/L). The experiment set up four groups of treatments: ① Control (distilled water) ② 100 mmol / L NaCl; ③100 mmol/L NaCl + 100 μg/L CA; ④100 μg/L CA. The results were as follows. Firstly, with the application of 100 μg/L CA, the germination potential and the germination rate of tomato seeds were both improved. The root length and fresh weight of tomato seedlings were also significantly increased under NaCl (100 mmol / L) stress. Secondly，CA could effectively alleviate the excessive accumulation, oxidative damage and cell death of total ROS caused by salt stress in roots of tomato seedlings. The results showed that CA could significantly improve the salt tolerance of tomato during germination and seedling stage by reducing the accumulation of total reactive oxygen species. To sum up, this experiment found that cinnamaldehyde can alleviate the damage of salt stress on seedlings, and provide a theoretical basis for the follow-up study of relevant physiological and biochemical mechanisms.

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on growth characteristics of tomato seedlings under salt stress

HUANG Sijie,LI Yan,LIU Mingqing,WANG Yuxiao,YANG Lifei — 2023/4/11 11:43:22

Genome size determination of Scirpus mariqueter and its related species

DENG Haoke,GAO Shaoyu,LUO Lin,WANG Ruoqiu,ZHANG Wenjv — 2023/4/11 11:32:26

Genome size is an important feature of a species’ genome and is usually measured by the DNA C-value, which can be used for quickly testing genome ploidy and provide an important basis for taxonomy and evolutionary biology. Scirpus mariqueter is a species with important ecological effects in the Yangtze River estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. It is considered a hybrid of S. planiculmis and S. triqueter, and it is difficult to accurately determine ploidy due to its small chromosomes. However, in recent years, some researchers, based on molecular markers, have raised doubts about the classification and nomenclature of S. mariqueter. Therefore, more experimental evidence on the taxonomic attributes, genomic characteristics and possible ploidy variation of S. mariqueter and its related species is needed. In this study, the genomic characteristics of S. mariqueter sample CJ1 were determined by genome survey analysis with a sequencing depth of approximately 120×. The DNA C-value and relative ploidy of 13 samples of S. mariqueter and its sympatric and related species (S. planiculmis and S. triqueter) were estimated by flow cytometry with Vigna radiata as a reference. The results were as follows: (1) Genome survey analysis showed that the genome size of CJ1 was 244.12 Mbp, with a 0.68% heterozygosity rate, 42.38% repeat frequency, and 37.25% GC content. (2) The flow cytometry results showed that the ploidy of S. mariqueter samples from different regions was the same, with 1C values ranging from 234.87 Mbp to 242.5 Mbp, and the genome size of CJ1 was highly consistent with the genome survey results. (3) The 1C value of S. planiculmis was between 251.77 Mbp and 264.13 Mbp, and the 1C value of S. triqueter was 537.33 Mbp. Because the genome size of hybrids is usually between or larger than those of their parents, it is unlikely that S. mariqueter is a hybrid of the two species based on the abovementioned genome size. This study provides genomic characteristics of S. mariqueter and its related species and lays a foundation for its whole-genome sequencing. At the same time, it also rejects the hypothesis that S. mariqueter originated from hybridization between S. planiculmis and S. triqueter.

Genome size determination of Scirpus mariqueter and its related species

DENG Haoke,GAO Shaoyu,LUO Lin,WANG Ruoqiu,ZHANG Wenjv — 2023/4/11 11:31:29

Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of buckwheat anthocyanin synthesis related gene FeR2R3-MYB

caoyan,fangzhengwu,jiabaoseng,luoyirou,xiongzehao,xurui,xujiasheng,zhuxudong — 2023/4/11 11:21:30

MYB is a common class of transcription factors that are widely involved in the regulation of phytoanthin biosynthesis. In order to explore the regulatory role of MYB transcription factors in the biosynthesis of common buckwheat anthocyanins, this paper screened and cloned a MYB gene associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis from the transcriptomics data of safflower buckwheat and white buckwheat, and named it FeR2R3-MYB, GenBank login number MT151381.1. The sequence was bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression characteristics of FeR2R3-MYB gene in white flower common buckwheat and safflower sweet buck. The results showed that: (1) FeR2R3-MYB gene was 831 bp in total length, encoding 276 amino acids, the relative molecular mass of the protein was 30.95 KD, the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) was 8.73, and the instability index of the protein was 69.64, which belonged to the unstable protein, the total hydrophobic value was -0.679, and the whole peptide chain showed hydrophilic characteristics. (2) FeR2R3-MYB has a typical R2R3-MYB domain and belongs to the R2R3-MYB subfamily. (3) FeR2R3-MYB is closely related to buckwheat and knotweed belonging to the same family. (4) The promoter sequence of FeR2R3-MYB contains a total of 9 light corresponding elements, 17 transcription factor binding sites, 4 abiotic corresponding elements and 2 hormone response elements. (5) Subcellular localization found that FeR2R3-MYB is only expressed in the nucleus. (6) The expression of FeR2R3-MYB gene was higher than that of white flower common buckwheat in leaves and inflorescences, and it was further speculated that FeR2R3-MYB gene could positively regulate the biosynthesis of common buckwheat anthocyanin. In summary, this paper lays a foundation for further deepening the function and expression regulation of FeR2R3-MYB gene in the biosynthetic pathway of common buckwheat anthocyanin.

Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of buckwheat anthocyanin synthesis related gene FeR2R3-MYB

caoyan,fangzhengwu,jiabaoseng,luoyirou,xiongzehao,xurui,xujiasheng,zhuxudong — 2023/4/11 11:20:46

Response of stem anatomical structures to simulated warming of the dominant plant Zizania latifolia in the Napahai wetland Zone of the Northwest Yunnan

banqitang,CHEN Hongyi,liuzhenya,luhanyun,sun mei,weijiagong,yanghangmei — 2023/3/20 16:26:15

Climate warming is a major manifestation of global climate change, and plants in the lakeside zone of Plateau wetlands show a strong functional response to climate warming.The performance and changes of plant stem anatomical structural traits are directly related to plant physiological functions, which are an effective measures to study the ecological response of plants to climate warming. This study, taking the Napa Sea Wetland, a typical Plateau wetland in northwest Yunnan, as research location, taking the Zizania latifolia of the common lakeside zone emerging plant in northwest Yunnan as the research project, meanwhile, we based on the predicted results of IPCC, we respectively constructed open-top incremental growth chambers with three different growth temperatures of control group and incremental temperature of 2℃ and incremental temperature of 4℃. By measuring the Stem anatomical structural traits of Zizania latifolia to explore the response strategies of plant anatomical structures to incremental temperature in Plateau wetlands. These results demonstrated that：（1）Sensitivity of rhizome of Zizania latifolia to incremental temperature higher than its above-ground stems. Within a temperature increase of 4°C, above-ground stems responded to incremental temperature mainly by increasing the thickness of the epidermal structure to increase epidermal water loss; In contrast, underground stems responded to a mild temperature increase of 2°C with the same strategy as above-ground stems, while at the incremental temperature of 4°C they responded to the incremental temperature mainly by reducing the size of vascular structures to reduce the risk of cavitation.Annual maximum temperature and nighttime cumulative temperature were the key temperature variables affecting stem anatomical structural traits of Zizania latifolia, but only the Stepwise Regression Model for rhizomatous sieve tube size reached significant levels. Inner epidermal cell thickness was the most dominant trait in above-ground stems in response to incremental temperature, which was positively correlated with the temperature factor. Rhizomatous conduit and sieve tube size were the main traits of rhizom in response to incremental temperature, and both were negatively correlated with temperature variables. Collectively, these results indicated the response strategies of stem anatomical structural traits of Zizania latifolia to incremental temperature, which provides scientific basis for plateau wetlands to combat climate change and strengthen plateau wetland conservation.

Drivers of the leaf habit ratio and phylogenetic diversities of woody plants in the secondary karst forests in Puding, Guizhou

deng wei,jin yi,mao yan jiao,tang xiao xin,xiao zi bo,zhang chao — 2023/3/20 11:33:29

Abstract: Understandings of the driving factors of the ratio of deciduous (DBL) to evergreen (EBL) broad-leaved plants and the diversities of each leaf habit group in the karst forests, will shed light on the biodiversity maintenance mechanisms of karst forests, which provides intellectual support for the management of karst forests. Here, based on the woody plant community and environment data from 43 secondary karst forest plots in Puding county of Guizhou province, we adopted statistical methods such as the generalized linear regression model, model selection and the multiple regression extension of the Mantel test, and we examined the effects of geographical distance, environment (including topography and bedrock type), and human activities on the proportion of DBL and EBL plants as well as their phylogenetic alpha and beta diversities. The results were as follows: (1) The DBL and EBL plants were about equal in overall richness and abundance, but large differences existed among plots; The phylogenetic alpha diversity(i.e., SES.MPD) of DBL and EBL plants was not different, whereas the phylogenetic beta diversity(i.e., SES.betaMPD) of DBL plants between plots was smaller than EBL plants. (2) The richness ratio and relative abundance of DBL plants shifted with bedrock type, displayed as the marlstone forests comprised higher richness ratio and relative abundance of DBL plants compared with limestone forests. In addition, the richness ratio of DBL plants also increased as human activities intensified. (3) The phylogenetic alpha diversity of DBL plants increased with the intensified human activities, whereas the phylogenetic alpha diversity of EBL plants was not influenced by the environmental factors and human activities, which might partly be due to the conserved resource utilization strategies of EBL plants that blunt their claim for the resources released by human disturbance. The phylogenetic beta diversities of DBL and EBL plants, however, were shaped by different sets of factors, the former increased with the change in bedrock type and the intensity of human activities, the later increased with geographical distance. The findings imply that the ratio of DBL to EBL plants in the secondary karst forests of Puding are mainly driven by environment and human activities, on top of that, the phylogenetic diversities of DBL plants are regulated by niche processes such as habitat filtering mediated by topography and bedrock type, whereas EBL plants are shaped by spatial processes such as dispersal limitation mediated by geographical distance.

Genetic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of morphological characteristics in 20 germplasm resources of Erythropalum scandens Bl.

2023/3/20 11:25:22

In order to analyze the morphological characteristics of different germplasm resources of woody vegetable Erythropalum scandens Bl. and lay a foundation for selecting excellent E. scandens resources with large leaf and vigorous branch. In this study, 20 provenances from Vietnam and 3 provinces in China (Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian) were selected as the research objects. 12 leaf characteristics and 4 branch characteristics were measured and calculated. Descriptive statistics, variance analysis and correlation analysis were performed, and the morphological characteristics of different E. scandens resources were counted, classified and evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant or extremely significant differences in most leaf and branch characteristics among different resources. The rangeability of the coefficient variation (c.v.%) of all traits within provenances was not the same. The rangeability of the coefficient variation of all characteristics among different resources was: leaf functional characteristic (15.42%~70.01%) > branch characteristic (20.57%~71.71%) > leaf morphological characteristic (3.39%~20.01%). Phenotypic variation within provenances was more prominent; (2) In terms of correlation between leaf morphological characteristic and functional characteristic, there was a significant correlation between number of new branches, number of internodes and number of new leaves, but there was no significant correlation between number of new branches and leaf morphological characteristic; (3) Four principal components could be extracted from 16 morphological characteristics, and the total contribution rate was 85.528%. Four principal components reflected leaf morphology, leaf germination and growth, leaf shape, dry matter accumulation and branch thickening, respectively; (4) Cluster analysis of 20 resources could be divided into three categories: one had large leaves and good growth condition, one had small leaves and vigorous branches, and the other one was not outstanding in comprehensive performance. The geographical distribution of the subgroups of the major resources was close to each other. (5) Anxi and Fuqing in Fujian could be selected as resources with large leaves; Daxin, Shangsi and Guiping could be selected as resources with strong branches. In conclusion, the provenances of Anxi in Fujian Province has the best comprehensive performance, followed by Fuqing, Haifeng, Nanning and Chaling. Zhaoping and Yizhou has the worst comprehensive performance and they are not suitable for cultivation in Nanning. In some resources, there are excellent single plants with outstanding growth performances, which could be developed into clones for further provenological tests. This study provided a scientific basis for the analysis of morphological characteristics and the initial performance of different E. scandens germplasm resources in Nanning, and lay a foundation for screening and breeding high-yield E. scandens varieties.

Genetical variation analysis of quality and agronomic traits of 26 F.tatari-cymosum lines

2023/3/20 10:42:55

Fagopyrum tatari-cymosum is a semi perennial new buckwheat type developped from the hybridization between F. tataricum and F. cymosum. To explore the genetic laws of agronomic and quality traits of F. tatari-cymosum, 26 lines of F. tatari-cymosum were selected as materials, and their main quality traits and agronomic traits were analyzed by variance analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The results are as follows: (1) The variation coefficient for quality traits of F. tatari-cymosum are gliadin content > glutenin content > flavonoids content > total protein content > globulin content > albumin content＞starch content. (2) The variation coefficient for agronomic traits of F. tatari-cymosum are branch number of main stem > node number within 20 cm of the base > main stem diameter > grain area > 1000-grains weight > node number of main stem > plant height > grain length to width ratio > grain width > grain length > shell rate > grain perimeter > grain diameter. (3) In the correlation analysis, the flavonoid content has significantly positively correlated with albumin content; The gliadin content has significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the main stem diameter, the node number of main stem, the node number within 20 cm of the base, and significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the 1000-grains weight, grain area, grain perimeter, grain width, and grain diameter; The starch content has positively correlated with grain area, grain length and grain diameter. (4) By cluster analysis, 26 F. tatari-cymosum lines were divided into 3 groups. Group I belonged to high starch, short stem, multi branched, low shell rate, large long grain type lines, which can be used as parent material for breeding purposes of high starch and low shell rate; Group II belonged to high protein, high stem, thick, small grain type lines, which can be used as a material for breeding purposes of high protein and strong stress resistance; Group III belonged to high quality, high yield, large grain type lines, which can be used as high quality and high yield breeding materials and can be promoted as high quality lines. The results can provide theoretical basis for the breeding of F. tatari-cymosum.

Leaf micomorphology of 18 species of the Microlepia from China and its taxonomic significance

LIU Ling,WANG Ren-xiang — 2023/2/3 15:33:33

The fern genus Microlepia is a natural fern group, while large morphological differences of this genus lead to some classification controversies. The leaf epidermal micromorphology of 18 species ( include 3 varieties ) of Microlepia was observed and compared under light microscope ( LM ) and scanning electron microscope ( SEM ). Hairs were on the veins of the upper and lower epidermis. The form of epidermal cells was irregular, with the anticlinal walls sinuous to sinuate. The stomatal apparatus of all species were restricted to abaxial epidermises and generally could be described as Polocytic and Axillocytic type, and Copolocytic, Coaxillocytic, Aisocytic and Anomotetracytic type only appears in a few species. The similarity of the micromorphological characteristics of leaf epidermis support that the genus Microlepia is a monophyletic group in Dentaedtiaceae. The hairs characteristics between veins of the leaves support that M. calvescens, M. marginata var. villosa and M. marginata var. bipinnata should be treated as a variety of M. marginata. Under SEM, the cuticle of the upper epidermis was mostly ridged, and most of them had filiform ornamentation. The characteristics of leaf cuticle ornamentation were correlated with pinnate compound leaves. The inner margin of the outer stomatal rim was often smooth, sinuous or odontoid. " T " sharp, upright outer stomatal rims occurred in most species, and outer stomatal ledge was mostly depressed. The differences among the leaf micomorphology of these species were discussed. All the data would contribute to the systematics of Microlepia.

The research of antibacterial activity and culturable bacteria isolate from mangrove rhizosphere soil in Maowei Sea

GAO Chenghai,LI Fangting,LI Mi,LI Wangjing,LIU Yonghong,XU Shufen,YI Xiangxi — 2023/1/28 18:28:44

In order to find culturable bacteria resources and antibacterial activity strain in the rhizosphere soil of mangrove plants from the Maowei Sea, the rhizosphere soil of five mangrove plants(Rhizophora stylosa, Talipariti tiliaceum, Sonneratia apetala, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Pluchea indica) was cultured by enrichment media and then isolated the culturable bacteria. The culturable bacteria were purified by six different isolation media. The diversity of culturable bacteria was analyzed by the 16S rRNA gene sequence information. Antimicrobial activities (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) of the culturable bacteria were analyzed by disk diffusion method. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 120 strains were isolated from 7 rhizosphere soil samples of mangrove plants which could be classified into 35 families and 47 genera, among which 5 potential new species were obtained. The dominat genus were Streptomyces (14.2%). (2) It was found that the crude extracts of 9 strains had antibacterial activity against at least one pathogen. The results indicate that there are abundant culturable bacteria and potential new antibiotics resources in the mangrove rhizosphere soils from the Maowei Sea.

The research of antibacterial activity and culturable bacteria isolate from mangrove rhizosphere soil in Maowei Sea

GAO Chenghai,LI Fangting,LI Mi,LI Wangjing,LIU Yonghong,XU Shufen,YI Xiangxi — 2023/1/28 18:27:40

Conservation status and prediction analysis of potential distribution of National Key Protected Wild Plants

AN Mingtai,LIU Qin,QIN Fei,XUE Tiantian,YU Shengxiang,YU Jianghong,ZHANG Wendi — 2023/1/28 18:16:48

Wild plants are an important part of the natural ecological system, and China is one of the countries with the most abundant wild plant species. It is of great significance to study the distribution characteristics, protection status and of potential distribution areas of National Key Protected Wild Plants for supporting and formulating biodiversity conservation strategies. In this study, we built an occurrence database containing 1032 species (belonging to 315 genera, 129 families) of National Key Protected Wild Plants, then used the top5% richness algorithm to identify hotspots and evaluate the conservation effectiveness and gaps of current nature reserves. Furthermore, we used maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to predict the potential distribution and range shifts of National Key Protected Wild Plants. The results were as follows: (1) The areas with the highest species richness of the National Key Protected Wild Plants mainly confined to south and southwest of China, especially central Sichuan, southern and southeastern Yunnan, northern Guangxi, northern Guangdong and Hainan. (2) The conservation effectiveness of hotspot grids showed that 171 (85.50 %) hotspot grid cells are efficient protection (including 80.5 % of total species) and 29 hotspots (14.50 %) are not effectively protected (including 51.2 % of total species). (3) By comparing the potential distribution of National Key Protected Wild Plants under current and future climate scenarios, we found that potential distribution would expand to southeast of Xizang, southwestern Guangxi, southern Guangdong, and southern Fujian in the future, while those around Sichuan Basin, southern Yunnan and southern Guizhou would shrink. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the dynamic monitoring of biodiversity and pay continuous attention to the impact of climate change on National Key Protected Wild Plants in the region. Based on the analysis results of hotspot grids, conservation effectiveness and potential distribution areas identified in this study, strong data support and reference can be provided for the identification of national priority protected areas for National Key Protected Wild Plants diversity and the formulation of conservation policies.

Conservation status and prediction analysis of potential distribution of National Key Protected Wild Plants

AN Mingtai,LIU Qin,QIN Fei,XUE Tiantian,YU Shengxiang,YU Jianghong,ZHANG Wendi — 2023/1/28 18:16:13

Ethnobotanical research on the dye plants used by Baiyi people in Heqing

Chen xin,YANG Rong,Yang Hong-Wei,Yang Lixin — 2023/1/28 17:56:35

Plant dyes have the advantages of green environmental protection and high safety, but due to the shortage of resources, high cost and low color fastness, the industrial application of plant dyes is limited. Baiyi people have the traditional custom of plant dyeing in Heqing, Yunnan Province, and there are rich local dye plant resources and traditional dyeing technology. In order to investigate, and study Baiyi people plant dyeing and related traditional knowledge, meanwhile aim to expand plant dye resources and promote the development and utilization of plant dyes, we conducted ethnobotanical investigation on plant dyeing and related traditional knowledge of Baiyi people in Liuhe Yi nationality Township, Heqing County, Dali Prefecture. From September 2019 to March 2020, 288 reporters of information were interviewed by semi-structured interviews in Dali prefecture heqing county liuhe yi township of four villages; local dye plants were investigated by field research; traditional plant dyeing crafts were recorded by participatory observation; traditional knowledge of plant dyeing was analysed through quantitative analysis (f value, CIIs value, ICF value). The results were as follows: (1) The Baiyi people use 11 species of dye plants in Heqing, belonging to 10 families and 11 genera; (2) People of different region, age, gender, the cognition of traditional knowledge of plant dyeing is different; (3) The use frequency and cultural importance index of Viburnum cylindricumBuch.-Ham. ex D. Don and Buddleja officinalis Maxim. are higher, and the cognition of Baiyi people was highly consistent on dye plants of blue; (4) Moreover Baiyi people often use dye plants to dye their own traditional cloth (folk cloth made from Gerbera delavayi). This research reveals that Baiyi people have a relatively complete knowledge system of traditional plant dyeing in Heqing, but it is gradually lost with the development of the times. This study provides scientific clues for the exploitation of dye plant resources and the research of traditional plant dyeing technology, promotes the industrial application of dye plants of minority. It has a great significance and application value for the economic development in minority areas.

Ethnobotanical research on the dye plants used by Baiyi people in Heqing

Chen xin,YANG Rong,Yang Hong-Wei,Yang Lixin — 2023/1/28 17:56:22

Study on the NO inhibition and the differential chemical constituents of Trachelospermum jasminoides and Ficus tikoua

Edward J Kennelly,HUANG Zihong,SONG Hongzhi,TAN Qingang — 2023/1/28 17:53:18

Trachelospermum jaminoides is a classic traditional Chinese medicine recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and Ficus tikoua is used as its customary supply in some ethnic districts. It is recorded that both species have anti-inflammatory effects but their differential chemical constituents are kept unknown. The cell viability test was used to detect the cytotoxicity of T. jaminoides and F. tikoua at different concentrations, and the Griess method was applied to detect the inhibitory effects of the two species on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with the OPLS-DA model in multivariate statistics were used to identify the differential chemical constituents between T. jaminoides and F. tikoua. The results were as follows: (1) The NO production inhibition rate of T. jaminoides is stronger than that of F. tikoua. (2) Twenty-one differential chemical components were identified in T. jaminoides, most of which are lignans. Ten differential chemical components in F. tikoua, most flavonoids, were identified. It makes sense that F. tikoua used as a customary supply for T. jaminoides, but the chemical substances which showed anti-inflammatory activity are much different. This study clarifies the chemical differences between T. jaminoides and its customary supply, F. tikoua, and provides new ideas and data references for the quality control of the two species.

Study on the NO inhibition and the differential chemical constituents of Trachelospermum jasminoides and Ficus tikoua

Edward J Kennelly,HUANG Zihong,SONG Hongzhi,TAN Qingang — 2023/1/28 17:52:45

Study on endophytic communities diversity of fresh and silica gel-dried root samples of Holcoglossum kimballianum (Orchidaceae)

duanxiaojuan,lijian,lisuzhen,qiaoqi,wangmeina,zhangzhenliang — 2023/1/28 17:44:43

Holcoglossum kimballianum is a rare and endangered orchid, which wild populations are in urgent need of conservation. Endophytic fungi and bacteria are important to the growth and development of orchids. To assess the diversity of H. kimballianum endophytes and the impact of sampling methods on the endophytes, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the diversity of endophytes in fresh and silica gel-dried roots of H. kimballianum in ex-situ conservation. The results were as follows: (1) The species compositions of endophytic fungi and endophytic bacteria were distinctly different in fresh and silica gel-dried roots of H. kimballianum. There were total of 6 phyla 46 families 51 genera of endophytic fungi and 15 phyla 105 families 178 genera of endophytic bacteria annotated in the roots of the H. kimballianum. After silica gel-dried, the endophytic fungi of the H. kimballianum had total of 6 phyla, 88 families, 116 genera, and the endophytic bacteria had total of 21 phyla, 154 families, 336 genera. (2) Endophytes in the roots of H. kimballianum in ex-situ conservation were of rich diversity, and the endophytic bacteria diversity was much higher than the endophytic fungi diversity. After silica gel-dried, the α diversity indices of endophytic fungi increased and the β diversity indices decreased, while the α diversity indices of endophytic bacteria decreased and the β diversity indices increased. (3) Significantly different fungi Psathyrella candolleana and Colletotrichum tofieldiae only existed in the endophytic fungal communities of fresh roots. The significantly different bacteria in roots of fresh H. kimballianum was Marseilla, and the significantly different bacteria in the silica gel-dried roots included Beijerinckiaceae, Xanthobacteraceae and Bradyrhizobium. (4) Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the dominant species and interaction patterns in the endophytic communities of the roots of H. kimballianum were changed after silica gel-dried. In summary, different sampling treatments can affect the community structure of the endophytes in the roots of H. kimballianum, and it was advisable to use fresh root samples when studying the endophytes of orchids. The results can provide an endophytic data basis for wild populations conservation and artificial cultivation of H. kimballianum, and also provide a reference for sampling methods of endophytic microorganisms in orchids.

Study on endophytic communities diversity of fresh and silica gel-dried root samples of Holcoglossum kimballianum (Orchidaceae)

duanxiaojuan,lijian,lisuzhen,qiaoqi,wangmeina,zhangzhenliang — 2023/1/28 17:44:25

A Taxonomic Revision of the lycophyte genus Phlegmariurus Holub (Lycopodiaceae) from China

JIANG Rihong,Xiang Ruichen,& ZHANG Xianchun — 2023/1/19 10:12:36

Plants of the lycophyte genus Phlegmariurus like its sister genus Huperzia in producing Huperzin A have great economic and conservation values. Based on extensive field investigation and herbarium observation, combined with molecular phylogeny analysis, we conducted a taxonomic revision of the lycophyte genus Phlegmariurus from China and neibouring regions. The Asian species of the genus were classified into four monophyletic sections based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genes. One section, sect. Fargesiani X. C. Zhang & R. H. Jiang is a new section and the other three sections were revisied respectively, i.e., Sect. Hamiltoniani C. Y. Yang, emend. X. C. Zhang & R. H. Jiang; Sect. Phlegmariurus; and Sect. Squarrosurus (Herter) X. C. Zhang & R. H. Jiang, comb. & stat. nov. Ten taxa, P. qiongzhongensis, P. austrosinicus, P. taiwanensis, P. changii, Huperzia medogensis, P. cancellatus var. minor, P. shangsiensis and P. nylamensis were reduced to synonymies of various species of Phlegmariurus. Twentyone species were recognized from China. A key to all the species was provided, for each section and species detailed morphological descriptions and geographic distribution were provided.

Adaptive strategies for stem shape and aboveground biomass allocation of clonal ramets in the interface area of Pleioblastus amarus—Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest

2023/1/15 15:29:52

Pleioblastus amarus is a kind of bamboo for both high quality shoot and timber, which is widely distributed. To study the response mechanism of stem shape and aboveground biomass distribution pattern of P. amarus to heterogeneous environment, and the resource utilization characteristics of clonal system in heterogeneous environment were discussed, so as to provide theoretical reference for sustainable management of bamboo forest. Two stand types of adjacent P. amarus forest and mixed forest of P. amarus and Cunninghamia lanceolata were selected to investigate the stem shape, aboveground biomass of bamboo at different ages in the central and boundary zone of P. amarus and mixed forests. The allometric growth in aboveground biomass was also analyzed. Results show that: (1) Mixing significantly increased the DBH and branching rate, but decreased the relative total height, relative height under branches and wall thickness of standing bamboo, while there were no significant differences in stem shape between the two sides of bamboo in interface region. (2) Mixing significantly increased the relative biomass and relative total biomass in 1 years and distribution ratio of branches and leaves biomass in 2 years, but reduce the leaf intensity and leaf distribution ratio in 1 year and relative stem biomass and relative total biomass in 2 years. The difference of biomass accumulation and distribution of P. amarus in 1 year in the interface area increased, in which the relative biomass and leaf distribution ratio of each component in the interface area of P. amarus forest increased, and the relative biomass and leaf distribution ratio of each component in the mixed forest interface area decreased. However, the difference of biomass accumulation and distribution of standing bamboo in 2 years decreased, and there was no significant difference in the relative biomass and biomass distribution ratio of each component in 2 years on the two sides of the interface area. (3) There was no significant change in the allometric growth relationship of biomass among the components of standing bamboo in mixed and interface areas for 1 year. However, in the interface area of P. amarus forest, the growth rate of standing bamboo culm increased, while the growth rate of branches and leaves decreased. It can be seen that P. amarus obviously changed the stem shape and biomass distribution pattern in the interface zone by weighing the relationship of resource allocation, so as to improve the suitability of clonal ramets to heterogeneous environment.

Adaptive strategies for stem shape and aboveground biomass allocation of clonal ramets in the interface area of Pleioblastus amarus—Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest

2023/1/15 15:29:36

Comparative analysis of differential metabolites between Calophaca sinica and Glycine max based on LC-MS metabolomics technology

CAO jian-ting,CHEN lu-qin,HU yue,LIU bing-bing,REN bao-qing — 2023/1/13 18:06:42

Calophaca sinica is a rare wild plant endemic to north China. To explore the Nutritive value of C. sinica, the comparative metabolomics of C. sinica and Glycine max (as control group) seeds were studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results were as follows: (1) A total of 1 857 metabolites were detected in these two species, and 1 698 metabolites were similar in composition and content (> 90%), and only 159 differential metabolites (< 10%). (2) Among 159 differential metabolites, nine were different in composition, of which 5 were unique to C. sinica, and the others 150 were different in content, of which 48 chemical components (about 30%) were higher in C. sinica than in Glycine max. (3) Eight pathways were significantly enriched with differential metabolites (P < 0.1) by KEGG annotation, and it mainly including primary metabolite (various amino acid) and secondary metabolites (such as matairesinol, arachidonic acid and diterpenoids), biosynthesis pathways. (4) Among these statistically significant differential chemical components, which of lower content in C. sinica are mainly primary metabolites, and higher content are mainly secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites play an active role in regulating blood glucose, repairing bone damage, enhancing immunity, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. In summary, the result supports that the nutritional value of C. sinica is similar to that of Glycine max, and it also has a positive effect on improving human sub-health status. Meanwhile, this study provides us a relatively comprehensive understanding of the metabolic composition of C. sinica seeds and a necessary data set for the deep development and efficient utilization of C. sinica resources in future.

Comparative analysis of differential metabolites between Calophaca sinica and Glycine max based on LC-MS metabolomics technology

CAO jian-ting,CHEN lu-qin,HU yue,LIU bing-bing,REN bao-qing — 2023/1/13 18:05:31

Analysis of species and phylogenetic β diversity drivers in the Masson pine forests in Suichang, Zhejiang province

2023/1/13 18:02:31

Habitat filtering and dispersal limitation are the main ecological processes affecting species composition variation (β diversity) in forest communities, but their relative importance in subtropical Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests remains unclear. Jointly analysis of how phylogenetic and species β diversity varies with habitat factors and geographic distance is critical to understanding the roles played by historical and current ecological processes in shaping the regional biodiversity. In this study, 39 Masson pine forest plots in Suichang County, Zhejiang Province were selected to analyze the species and phylogenetic β diversities, and the main ecological mechanisms driving the differences of species composition among communities were explored. Species β index (Bray-curtis) and phylogenetic β diversity index (the mean phylogenetic dissimilarity, Dnn; the mean nearest taxon distance, Dpw) were calculated, and their correlation with habitat factors including soil and topography, as well as geographical distance were analyzed. The relative importance of habitat factors and geographical distance on species and phylogenetic β diversity was analyzed by variance partitioning. In addition, two life stages (divided by diameter class) and growth form for the same analyses. The results showed that: 1) Bray-Curtis index significantly correlated with soil factors, topographic factors and geographical distance. Dnn correlated with geographical distance only. Dpw correlated with soil factors and geographical distance. 2) The explanatory degree of habitat factors to Bray-Curtis and Dpw was higher than that of geographical distance. 3) For species diversity, habitat factors could better explain Bray-Curtis of both life stages than geographical distance. For phylogenetic diversity, geographical distance could better explain Dnn and Dpw of seedling stage, while habitat factors were more likely to explain Dpw of adult stage. To conclude, The results show that habitat filtering is the main ecological mechanism driving species and phylogenetic β diversity of Masson pine forests in this region. Dispersal limitation plays a dominant role in the β diversity of Masson pine forests only at the sapling stage. The most important finding of this research is that the main mechanism drives species and phylogenetic β diversity in Masson pine forests is different, which highlights the necessity of joint analysis of species and phylogenetic β diversity. This research also suggest that the main ecological mechanism drivesβ diversity may change as plants shift across different growth stages.

Analysis of species and phylogenetic β diversity drivers in the Masson pine forests in Suichang, Zhejiang province

2023/1/13 18:02:15

Radial growth of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. var. tenuifolia Cheng et Law and its response to climatic factors in Jinzhongshan, Guangxi

HU Baoqing,SU Hongxin,TANG Jinli,WEI Haiyong,YU Biyun — 2023/1/13 17:55:08

In order to explore the radial growth of Pinus yunnanensis var. tenuifolia in Jinzhongshan of Guangxi and its response to climate, a standard tree-ring chronology of P. yunnanensis var. tenuifolia was established, response analysis was used to explore the relationship between standard chronology and climatic factors, and stepwise regression and variance decomposition were used to quantify the effects of climatic factors on radial growth of P. yunnanensis var. tenuifolia. The results showed that, (1) sunshine duration in January, August, September and November, and the mean minimum temperature and the mean temperature in October of the previous year were significantly positively correlated with tree-ring width. By contrast, there was a significant negative correlation between the number of days with the amount of precipitation >10 mm in June of the previous year and tree-ring width. Precipitation in February, relative air humidity and the mean minimum temperature in March, sunshine duration in June, and the mean maximum temperature and mean temperature in September of the current year were positively correlated with tree-ring width. (2) The contribution rate of climatic factors to the radial growth of P. yunnanensis var. tenuifolia was 44.27%, of which the mean minimum temperature in October of the previous year had the greatest effect on the radial growth of P. yunnanensis var. tenuifolia, its proportion of variance explained was 23.35%, followed by the mean maximum temperature in September of the current year (explaining 10.39% of the variance). Sunshine duration in January and November of the previous year explained 3.94% and 6.58% of the variation in radial growth of P. yunnanensis var. tenuifolia, respectively. Our research indicates autumn temperature and winter light condition were the main climatic factors limiting the radial growth of P. yunnanensis var. tenuifolia in Jinzhongshan. In addition, both drought in early spring and heavy rainfall in rainy season could reduce the radial growth of P. yunnanensis var. tenuifolia.

Radial growth of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. var. tenuifolia Cheng et Law and its response to climatic factors in Jinzhongshan, Guangxi

HU Baoqing,SU Hongxin,TANG Jinli,WEI Haiyong,YU Biyun — 2023/1/13 17:54:08

Isolation and characterization of saponins-degrading bacterial strains from Panax notoginseng

CAO Kexin,HUANG Rongshao,LI Liangbo,WEI Xiaolan,XIANG Wei — 2023/1/12 11:33:59

Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen is a valuable Chinese herb in China, and the root should be harvested between three and seven years after planting it. However, the growth of P. notoginseng is frequently hindered due to replanting failure. There have been numerous studies proving that the accumulation of allelochemicals in the soil is considered to be one of the reasons for the replanting failure of P. notoginseng. Biodegradation of allelochemical in soil has been shown to be an effective measure to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles, so screening allelochemical-degrading bacteria could provide biological resources for soil remediation. Based on this, this study adopted a research strategy of enrichment and domestication to isolate and screen saponin-degrading bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng, which had been grown continuously for 3 years and more. Also, the highly active strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis. In addition, the effect of highly active strain SC3 on degrading allelochemicals under different conditions was studied by HPLC. The results were as follows: (1) Eight strains of potentially degrading bacteria were successfully isolated from the rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng. The results of the initial screening evaluation showed that strain SC3 had the best biodegradation effect on total saponins with 87.42% degradation rate. (2) Strain SC3 was identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. based on 16S rRNA gene analysis coupled with physiological and biochemical analyses. (3) The biodegradation of ginsenoside Rb1 by strain SC3 was stronger than its degradation of ginsenoside Rg1 under the same culture conditions. (4) The degradation of ginsenoside Rb1 by SC3 strain under liquid culture conditions was significantly affected by different factors, such as substrate concentration, inoculum amount and incubation temperature. This study shows that the enrichment and domestication strategy can effectively screen allelochemical-degrading bacteria, and a possible application of strain SC3 in the bioremediation of saponin contamination in agricultural environments.

Isolation and characterization of saponins-degrading bacterial strains from Panax notoginseng

CAO Kexin,HUANG Rongshao,LI Liangbo,WEI Xiaolan,XIANG Wei — 2023/1/12 11:33:38

Chemical constituents from Carpesium cernuum and their anti-leukemia activities in vitro

2022/12/27 16:59:26

In order to study the chemical constituents from Carpesium cernuum and their inhibitory effects on leukemia cells in vitro. The chemical constituents from ethyl acetate fraction of C. cernuum were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and macroporous adsorption resin, and their structures were identified by means of various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1-10 on leukemia cells (K562, HEL) in vitro were determined by MTT assay. The results showed as follows: (1) Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as 2, 9-epoxy-5, 9-dihydroxy-8-angeloyloxy-11-methoxymethyl-4(15)-germacraen-6, 12-olide (1), cardivin D (2), cernuumolide I (3), cernuumolide J (4), 8-hydroxy-9, 10-diisobutyryloxythymol (5), (2E, 6Z, 10E, 12R)-7-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3, 11, 15-trimethylhexadeca-2, 6, 10, 14-tetraene-1, 12-diol (6), 9, 10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate (7), 1, 6-dihydroxy-8-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone (8), emodin (9), 4-megastigmen-3, 9-dione (10), β-sitosterol (11). Among of them, compound 1 was identified as a new compound, compounds 5, 7-10 were isolated from the Carpesium for the first time, compounds 2, 5-10 were isolated from C. cernuum for the first time. (2) The results of activity test showed that cardivin D (2), cernuumolide I (3) and cernuumolide J (4) had good inhibitory effects on leukemia cells in vitro. The IC50 of compounds 2-4 against K562 cells and HEL cells were (2.27 ± 0.46), (5.53 ± 0.41), (3.90 ± 0.80) μmol?L-1 and (1.84 ± 0.14), (2.36 ± 0.90), (2.31 ± 1.17) μmol?L-1, respectively. Thus, the study enriches the chemical constituents of C. cernuum, and provides a material basis for the development of anti-leukemia drugs.

Chemical constituents from Carpesium cernuum and their anti-leukemia activities in vitro

2022/12/27 16:58:50

Population structure and dynamic characteristics of five Viburnum wild plants in Southwest Hubei, China

AI Xunru,Li Chunhui,XIANG Qin,XU Laixian,XUE Weixing,ZHAO Huandun,ZHOU Yun — 2022/12/27 16:27:37

Abstract: To explore the population quantitative characteristics and regional distribution of wild Viburnum plants in southwest Hubei, and reveal the survival status and development trend of the following five Viburnum species: V. erosum, V. betulifolium, V. sympodiale, V. setigerum and V. dilatatum. A total of 27 hm2 permanent monitoring stands were set up in Jinzishan National Forest Farm, Mulinzi National Nature Reserve and Qizimei Mountain National Nature Reserve in southwest Hubei. The age structure, dynamic quantitative analysis and static life table of five Viburnum species were used to explore the population structure, dynamic characteristics and future development potential of Viburnum plants. The results were as follows: (1) The distribution area and population size of Viburnum plants in southwest Hubei are significantly different. (2) The age structure of the five Viburnum species displays as the pyramidal type summarized from population structure and dynamic analysis.. The number of individuals of each population is large at the young stage (89.48% of V. erosum in Jinzi Mountains, 76.38% of V. betulifolium, 67.24% of V. erosum in Mulinz, 62.11% of V. dilatatum, 56.53% of V. sympodiale, 58.44% of V. setigerum), and only a small proportion of individuals (0.18% of V. erosum in Jinzi Mountains, 0.85% of V. betulifolium, 3.29% of V. erosum in Mulinz, 3.97% of V. dilatatum, 8.37% of V. sympodiale, 2.79% of V. setigerum) in the older stage. The young stage plants of five Viburnum species all have strong growth potential but are sensitive to external disturbances. (3) The survival quantity of the five Viburnum species is decreasing monotonically with increasing age class presented by static life tables. Except for V. setigerum, the life expectancy reaches peak at the younger age, all other Viburnum species populations reach the peak at the middle age. The change trend of mortality rate and disappearance rate are similar, but the fluctuation of disappearance rate and mortality curve are different among different species. The survival curves are tended to be Deevey-Ⅱ type. (4) The four survival function curves show that all five Viburnum species populations exhibited a substantial decrease in the early stage, stabilization in the middle stage, and decline in the late stage. To sum up, Viburnum species are abundant plant resources in southwest Hubei. Therefore, it is scientific and feasible to exploit Viburnum plants rationally. In the young stage, artificial thinning can be carried out appropriately to improve the preserving rate. During the stable middle stage, the dominant and species which have good ornamental characters can be selected for appropriate development and utilization. However, some species need to be protected to maintain biodiversity in this area.

Population structure and dynamic characteristics of five Viburnum wild plants in Southwest Hubei, China

AI Xunru,Li Chunhui,XIANG Qin,XU Laixian,XUE Weixing,ZHAO Huandun,ZHOU Yun — 2022/12/27 16:14:42

Identification of AP2/ERF Gene Family in Aquilegia vulgaris and Expression Patterns Analysis under Salt Stress

baiyun,cuidingyuan,mengyuan,wangyufeng,yuhaihang — 2022/12/27 16:12:04

AP2/ERF transcription factors play important roles in plant growth, development and stress response. In order to explore the roles of AvAP2/ERF genes in salt tolerance, we identified AP2/ERF gene family in Aquilegia vulgaris transcriptome via bioinformatic methods, and then investigated their physical and chemical properties, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relations, and expression patterns of these genes in leaves and roots under salt stress. The expression of candidate genes was verified by qRT-PCR .The results are as follows：(1) 86 AvAP2/ERF genes were identified which encoded 154-722 amino acids, the molecular weight was 14763.3-79069.47Da and isoelectric point ranged from 4.49 to 9.68. Most of them were slightly acidic proteins and all of them were hydrophilic. Most of AvAP2/ERF were localized in nucleus. (2)The similarity of secondary structure was high，which was proportionally composed of random coil and α-helix. The members all contained AP2 domains, and two conserved motifs were predicted. (3) In different stages of salt treatment, 71 AvAP2/ERF genes responded to salt stress. There were18 and 19 differentially expressed genes in leaves and roots, respectively. 86 AP2/ERF genes of Aquilegia vulgaris were divided into 5 subfamilies clustering with Arabidopsis thaliana; AvAP2/ERF-56、AvAP2/ERF-61 and AvAP2/ERF-80 of them might be involved in salt resistance, and the qRT-PCR results were consistent with sequencing expression trends. This study provides a reliable reference for further research on the function and stress response mechanism of AP2/ERF gene in Aquilegia vulgaris.

Identification of AP2/ERF Gene Family in Aquilegia vulgaris and Expression Patterns Analysis under Salt Stress

baiyun,cuidingyuan,mengyuan,wangyufeng,yuhaihang — 2022/12/27 16:11:07

Effects of nitrogen-fixing tree species Acacia mangium on particle size distribution and stability of soil aggregates in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations

2022/12/27 15:55:10

Soil aggregates are the basic unit of soil structure. The stability of soil aggregates is an important indicator for evaluating soil structure and soil fertility. In order to reveal the response mechanism of particle size distribution and stability of soil aggregates after the mixture of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium (nitrogen-fixing tree species).We measured the distribution and stability of aggregates indicators such as mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), mass fractal dimension (Dm), water stable aggregates (WSA), percentage of aggregates destruction (PAD) and aggregates stability index (ASI) in the 0~10 cm and10~20 cm soil layers by the dry sieving method and the wet sieving method, and a pure plantation of E. urophylla (PP) and a mixed plantation containing E. urophylla and A. mangium (nitrogen-fixing tree species) (MP) were selected as the research objects. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with PP, the soil physicochemical properties of MP were improved in varying degrees, especially soil pH, organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN). (2) The particle size distribution of soil aggregates in MP was better than that of PP, and the differences mainly lied in the particle sizes of >2 mm and <0.25 mm, but both were dominated by large aggregates (>0.25 mm). Compared with PP, the mechanical stability of aggregates in MP only increased significantly at 0~10 cm soil layer, but the water stability of aggregates in MP increased significantly at 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm soil layer. The mechanical stability and water stability of soil aggregates tended to decrease with the deepening of soil layer. (3) Mantel analysis showed that the stability of aggregates was significantly correlated with pH, SOC, TN, TP, BD and SP, and the stability of aggregates had the strongest correlation with TN. RDA analysis indicated that TN was the most critical factor driving the variation of stability aggregates. Our findings suggest that nitrogen-fixing tree species A. mangium can significantly improve proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) and the stability of soil aggregates in Eucalyptus plantations. This study can provide a theoretical guidance for soil and water conservation, soil nutrient management and sustainable management of Eucalyptus plantations in the South Asian tropics.

Effects of nitrogen-fixing tree species Acacia mangium on particle size distribution and stability of soil aggregates in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations

2022/12/27 15:54:32

Analysis of Polygala fallax in terms of yield and quality during different cultivating year

Li Dianpeng,Liu Baoyu,Lu Feilai,Tang Hui,Wan Li,Wang Manlian,Zheng Yumei — 2022/12/27 15:46:13

In order to find out the optimum harvest time of Polygala fallax, the present study analyze the root morphology, biomass, medicinal components, nutritional components and mineral elements of Polygala fallax roots during the 1~5 cultivating year by national standards and other methods. The results were as follows: (1) The morphology and biomass of Polygala fallax root increasd slowly during the first two cultivating years, and increased rapidly during the 2~3 cultivating years, however the parameters tended to be flat during the 3~5 cultivating years; (2) The content of different medicinal ingredients varied significantly within the cultivating years, polysaccharides reached to the peak at the first year, saponins reached to the peak in the second year, and flavonoids reached to the peak at the fourth year; (3) The mineral elements showed various behavior among cultivating years, the contents of Ca, Mg, Mn and Cu accumulated to the maximum in the third year, content of Fe decreased with increasing cultivating year, and the content of Pb increased with increasing cultivating year. (4) Crude protein increased first and then decreased, and the same change trands were observed in content of crude ash and crude fat, both of which decreased as cultivating year increasing. The results show that Polygala fallax reaches a high yield in the third cultivating year, and most of the quality indicators in the roots of 4~5 years at the lowest value, and the third year is the ideal harvest period for Polygala fallax, which provide technical guidance for high-yield and good quality of Polygala fallax.The results of the study elucidate the dynamics accumulation of Polygala fallax during different cultivating year and reveal the optimal harvest time of Polygala fallax.

Analysis of Polygala fallax in terms of yield and quality during different cultivating year

Li Dianpeng,Liu Baoyu,Lu Feilai,Tang Hui,Wan Li,Wang Manlian,Zheng Yumei — 2022/12/27 15:41:33

Study on Components, Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Water Extracts from different varieties of raw tea

CAI Aihua,GUO Chunyu,Huo Huazhen,LI Dianpeng,XIE Yunchang — 2022/12/27 15:40:46

To compare the differences in the active components, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro between seven different varieties of raw tea water extracts, determine the correlation between each ingredient and activity, and provide a scientific basis for the development of Liupao tea products with better antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in the selection of raw materials and processing methods of raw tea. The contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and tea polysaccharides in the water extracts of raw tea and its infusion were determined. The antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of raw tea water extracts were evaluated by DPPH· scavenging ability, ORAC value and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition as indicators, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed. The results were as follows: (1) there were significant differences in the contents of water extract, total polyphenols, total flavonoids and tea polysaccharides among the seven varieties, while the highest contents were found in Golden tea (53.42%±0.14%), Guihong No.4 (40.87%±1.09%), Yunnan big leaf species (27.17%±0.26%) and Fuyun No.6 (2.70%±0.02%), respectively. (2)There were also significant differences in DPPH·　scavenging ability and ORAC values among the seven varieties, while the varieties showing better antioxidant effects in both evaluation methods were the Liupao group species, Guihong No.4 and Wantian species. (3)The inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by the water extracts of seven varieties was significantly stronger than those of acarbose positive control. The varieties showing better hypoglycemic effects in both evaluation methods were Liupao group species, Guihong No.4 and Guiqing species. (4)The antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were all strongly and positively correlated with the contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids. In summary, raw tea quality of Liupao group species, Guihong No.4, Wantian species and Guiqing species are better, among which Liupao group species and Guihong No.4 have the prospect of developing antioxidant and hypoglycemic functional food; Wantian species and Guiqing species have the potential of developing antioxidant and hypoglycemic functional food respectively. Total polyphenols and total flavonoids have a great contribution to the in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of raw tea, so that attention should be paid to the protection of such components during the further processing and utilization of raw tea.

Study on Components, Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Water Extracts from different varieties of raw tea

CAI Aihua,GUO Chunyu,Huo Huazhen,LI Dianpeng,XIE Yunchang — 2022/12/27 15:40:33

Effects of genetic improvement on the traits of needle and seed of Cunninghamia lanceolata

BIAN Liming,CAI Hong,HUANG Dou,YANG Shuangyun,YE Daiquan,ZHANG Xuefeng — 2022/12/27 15:30:26

To reveal the effect of genetic improvement on leaf and seed traits of major afforestation timber species, and to clarify the variation trend of traits. Selected trees (improved population) of the fourth cycle of Chinese fir breeding and phenotypic superior trees and ancient trees (unimproved population) in four provinces and five regions were selected as the research objects, and the needle and seed traits of 218 clones were investigated, the study used variance analysis and multiple comparison methods to study the phenotypic differences of genetic improvement on Chinese fir and different types of Chinese fir; through correlation analysis, the study explored the effect of genetic improvement on the phenotypic traits of Chinese fir needles and cones; the study used principal components analysis and cluster analysis for classification. The results were as follows: (1) The needle length, needle width and seeding rate of the unimproved group were 13.28%, 10.81% and 33.90% smaller than those of the improved group, respectively. Other traits showed that the unimproved group was larger than the improved group, with differences ranging from 10.90% to 27.03%. between. The coefficients of variation of cone length, cone width and seeding rate of the unimproved population were 9.14%, 12.73% and 15.38% larger than those of the improved population, respectively. (2) Cone length, cone width, bract scale length and bract scale width are four characters, in the unimproved population only cone length and cone width (0.931), bract scale length and bract scale width (0.622) There was a very significant positive correlation between them, and after genetic improvement, the four traits showed a significant or extremely significant positive correlation in pairs. (3) Cone length and cone width in Sichuan Ya'an (SCYA) were 48.83% and 53.26% larger than those in the improved population, and the 100-grain weight in Anhui Huangshan (AHHS) was 16.92% larger than those in the improved population. (4) Genetic improvement led to a decrease in the proportion of Chinese fir with loose-stretched cones, and an increase in the proportion of Chinese fir with tightly packed and inverted cones. This study believes that the genetic improvement of Chinese fir leads to the reduction of cone size, changes the proportion of different needles and cone types, and changes the correlation between needle characteristics and seed-fruit traits, which will be helpful for the evaluation of Chinese fir germplasm resources and future multi-targets. Breeding provides the basis.

Transcriptome characteristics analysis and EST-SSR marker development of Capsicum annuum L. under waterlogging stress

GENG Guangdong,GUO Hao,TIAN Hao,TIAN Huaizhi,XIONG Xingwei,ZHANG Suqin — 2022/12/27 15:24:40

Abstract: SSR molecular markers were obtained based on abundant transcriptome data under different waterlogging conditions in order to develop appropriate biological tools and explore the molecular mechanism of hot pepper response to waterlogging stress in this experiment. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 128 939 Unigenes were obtained from transcriptome analysis of hot pepper. The total length, average length, and GC content were 55 082 725 bp, 1 101 bp, and 40.57%, respectively. Compared with seven major functional databases, 102 123 (NR: 79.20%), 110 157 (NT: 85.43%), 70 203 (SwissProt: 54.45%), 73 539 (KOG: 57.03%), 77 646 (KEGG: 60.22%), 77 442 (GO: 60.06%), and 68 216 (Pfam: 52.91%) Unigenes obtained functional annotations. It was found that lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, environmental adaptation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, signal transduction, and translation play important roles in the response to waterlogging stress. (2) 26 574 SSR loci were found in 24 889 Unigenes from hot pepper transcriptome data. The frequency of SSR was 20.61%, of which single nucleotide repeat accounted for the highest ratio (37.26%), followed by trinucleotide (31.00%) and dinucleotide (25.44%) repeat types, accounting for 93.70% of the total EST-SSR. The motifs A/T, AG/CT, and TC/GA, followed by AT and TA, were the most abundant in single nucleotide and dinucleotide. The most common types of trinucleotides were TTG/CAA and ACA/TGT. (3) 10 002 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed with Primer 3. 30 pairs of primers were randomly selected for amplification test, and all of them were effective. seven pairs of primers could amplify the target bands in three hot pepper germplasms. To sum up, the motif structure of the most dominant SSR repeat type in hot pepper was basically similar to that of other varieties, and the molecular mechanisms of hot pepper waterlogging stress response were preliminarily explored. The EST-SSR markers were developed to provide reference for hot pepper waterlogging-tolerant genetics and breeding.

Transcriptome characteristics analysis and EST-SSR marker development of Capsicum annuum L. under waterlogging stress

GENG Guangdong,GUO Hao,TIAN Hao,TIAN Huaizhi,XIONG Xingwei,ZHANG Suqin — 2022/12/27 15:21:29

Effects of diurnal periodic photothermal desiccation stress on physiological characteristics of Thalassia hemprichii

CAI Jiali,HAN Qiuying,LI Zhaoyang,LUO Huijue,SHI Yunfeng,SHI Zhiqiang,ZHAO Muqiu — 2022/12/27 15:21:05

The distribution of seagrass meadows in intertidal zone is determined by the intensity of desiccation stress. The physiological characteristics of plants are the important basis to reflect their environmental stress effects. In order to explore the effects of the duration of photothermal desiccation stress on the physiological characteristics of seagrass during the tidal cycle, taking the tropical dominant seagrass Thalassia hemprichii as the research object, a simulation experiment was carried out in a solar greenhouse with high temperature (41.0-44.5 ℃) and strong light (633-1 682 μmol·m-2·s-1) environmental conditions. The effects of different desiccation time (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90 min·d-1, continuous for 7 d) on the growth rate, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic fluorescence parameters of the leaves, as well as on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of nonstructural carbohydrates and secondary metabolites of leaves and roots were studied. The results were as follows: (1) The diurnal periodic photothermal desiccation of ≤10 min·d-1 had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the growth rate and physiological characteristics of T. hemprichii. (2) Under the photothermal desiccation conditions, the damage of T. hemprichii leaves increased, the color of leaves changed from green to brown, and the growth rate of leaves decreased with the extension of desiccation time. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves showed a downward trend; The contents of MDA and soluble sugar and the activities of POD, SOD and CAT of leaves and roots showed an upward trend; whereas the content of starch, total phenol and total flavonoids in leaves increased first and then decreased. (3) The diurnal periodic photothermal desiccation of 90 min·d-1 was the upper limit of incomplete inactivation for T. hemprichii chloroplast PS II photosynthetic reaction center. In summary, a long term photothermal desiccation stress during tidal cycle has negative impacts on the growth and physiological characteristics for T. hemprichii. The results may provide a basis for understanding the distribution of tropical seagrasses in the intertidal zone and the location selection of seagrass meadows for ecological restoration.

Effects of diurnal periodic photothermal desiccation stress on physiological characteristics of Thalassia hemprichii

CAI Jiali,HAN Qiuying,LI Zhaoyang,LUO Huijue,SHI Yunfeng,SHI Zhiqiang,ZHAO Muqiu — 2022/12/27 15:20:42

Effects of genetic improvement on the traits of needle and seed of Cunninghamia lanceolata

BIAN Liming,CAI Hong,HUANG Dou,YANG Shuangyun,YE Daiquan,ZHANG Xuefeng — 2022/12/27 15:06:48

Species diversity of macrofungi in Gupo Mountain and adjacent areas of Guangxi, China

LIU Yan,MOU Guangfu,ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Yancheng,ZHAO Bo — 2022/12/27 15:04:52

Gupo Mountain is adjacent to the Nanling Biodiversity Conservation Priority Area of China, which nurtures rich biological resources. To understand the diversity of macrofungal species in this area, a survey and collection of macrofungal resources in Guangxi Gupo Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve (abbreviate as Gupo Mountain) and adjacent areas was conducted by random tracking method, and combined morphological and molecular biological methods to identify. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 348 species macrofungal were found in this area, belonging to 175 genera in 69 families in 2 phyla, 6 orders and 17 classes, including 40 species of edible mushrooms, 42 species of medicinal mushrooms and 7 species of toxic mushrooms. (2) The analysis of the species composition of the region shows that the dominant families were nine families, including Agaricaceae, Boletaceae, Entolomataceae and Hymenochaetaceae, etc.; the dominant genera are eleven genera, including Amanita, Crepidotus, Crinipellis, Entoloma, etc. (3) There are two endemic genera in China, namely Fragiliporia and Zangia, and 11 endemic species, namely Coltricia crassa, Coltricia weii, Entoloma caespitosum, Entoloma praegracile, Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum, Fomitiporia tenuitubus, Fomitiporia torreyae, Fragiliporia fragilis, Perenniporia nanlingensis, Perenniporia subtephropora and Tremella cerebriformis. (4) Analysis of the funga composition of macrofungi in Gupo Mountain and adjacent areas revealed that the composition of families can be divided into cosmopolitan element (66.67%), pantropic element (17.39%) and north temperate element (15.94%); while the genera can be divided into seven elements, among which the cosmopolitan element is the most dominant (61.71%), and pantropic element (20.57%) and north temperate element (13.71%) rank second and thirdly. The rich species data provide basic information for the assessment of macrofungal species diversity and sustainable utilization of resources in Gupo Mountain and adjacent areas.

Species diversity of macrofungi in Gupo Mountain and adjacent areas of Guangxi, China

LIU Yan,MOU Guangfu,ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Yancheng,ZHAO Bo — 2022/12/27 14:58:43

Effects of light quality and photoperiod on the growth and physiology of Paramichelia baillonii seedlings

He Fuying,Liu Li,Wei Qiumei,Xie Cijiang,Yang Mei — 2022/12/27 14:57:46

In order to explore an efficient artificial light environment for improving the quality of Paramichelia baillonii and shortening its cultivation cycle, the annual seedlings of P. baillonii were exposed to five composite lights, red+ blue (8R1B, 6R1B), red+blue+purple+green (8R1B1P1G, 6R1B1P1G), and white light (W) with two photoperiods (12 h·d-1,16 h·d-1), Two-factor experiment with randomized block design and subordinate function were uesd to explore the response pattern of the growth, photosynthetic pigments and endogenous hormones of P. baillonii seedlings to different light qualities and photoperiods. The results were as follows: (1) Light quality, photoperiod, and their interaction had significant effects on height growth, leaf area, chlorophyll a, zeatin (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA) content, endogenous hormone ratio (IAA/ABA, (IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA), etc. (P<0.05) (2) 16 h·d-1 photoperiod was conducive to the improvement of height growth, leaf area, seedling quality index, biomass, chlorophyll a, auxin (IAA), ZR content, and endogenous hormones ratio. (3) Under 16 h·d-1, height growth, leaf area, and seedling quality index under 8R1B treatment reached the maximum value, which were 21.84 cm, 158.39 cm2 and 2.43 respectively; Compared with the 6R1B treatment, the 8R1B had higher chlorophyll a/b and ZR content; Compared with the 6R1B1P1G treatment, the 8R1B1P1G had higher chlorophyll a, a/b, carotenoids, IAA, gibberellin (GA3) and endogenous hormones ratio. In conclusion, Red-blue composite light quality with higher red ratio and proper extension of photoperiod are conducive to improving the quelity of P. baillonii, and the addition of purple-green light cannot promote its growth, 16×8R1B is the most suitable light condition for the growth of P. baillonii seedlings.

Effects of light quality and photoperiod on the growth and physiology of Paramichelia baillonii seedlings

He Fuying,Liu Li,Wei Qiumei,Xie Cijiang,Yang Mei — 2022/12/27 14:57:18

Analysis of nutritional components in different parts of Malania oleifera

杨一山,zou rong — 2022/12/27 14:54:52

Abstract:In order to clarify the nutritional value characteristics and development direction of different parts of Malania oleifera, essential nutrients, amino acids and minerals in the kernel, peel, leaf, branch bark and bark of M. oleifera were determined by using the analysis method of conventional food nutrients and the nutritional value of each portion of the amino acids was evaluated. The results were as follow: (1) In terms of essential nutrients, except for carbohydrates, there were extremely significant differences in the contents of the remaining seven basic nutrients among five parts (P<0.01). The ash content of peel was highest than other parts, which was 5.7 g/100 g. The contents of crude fat and protein in kernel were highest than other parts, which were 36.0 and 14.0 g/100 g respectively. The content of Vitamin C in leaf was highest than other parts, which was 33.9 mg/100 g. The content of crude fiber in branch bark was highest than other parts, which was 40.5 g/100 g. The content of carbohydrate in bark was highest than other parts, which was 78.6 g/100 g. Volatile oil was detected only in kernel and leaf, with the content of 0.26 and 0.15 mL/100 g respectively. (2) A total of 16 amino acids were detected in the five parts of M. oleifera, including 7 essential amino acids. The total amount of amino acids and essential amino acids of kernel were much higher than those of other parts. In terms of amino acid nutritional value, the nutritional value of kernel and peel were higher than other parts, followed by leaf, bark and bark. And the essential amino acid ratio coefficient score ( SRC ) was 62.98, 59.40, 57.31, 52.25, 48.17, respectively. (3) The highest content of major elements in kernel, peel and leaf was K, the highest content of major elements in branch bark and bark was Ca, and the content of Na in five parts of M. oleifera was lowest. Among the macro-minerals, the contents of P and Mg in kernel were significantly higher than those in other parts (P<0.05). The contents of K and Na in peel were significantly higher than those in other parts (P<0.05). And the results also showed high levels of K/Na ratios at all parts. In terms of trace elements, the content of Mn and Fe in five parts of M. oleifera were higher than others. The content of Mn in kernel was the highest, and the content of Fe in branch bark was the highest. The total contents of Mn and Fe in kernel and leaf were higher than other parts. Comprehensive results show that the kernel has the highest nutritional value and each part has its own characteristics and advantages. Different parts can be effectively and accurately developed and utilized according to different value characteristics.

Analysis of nutritional components in different parts of Malania oleifera

杨一山,zou rong — 2022/12/27 14:54:15

Characteristics of soil seed banks of different plant communities and their relationship with soil nutrients in karstic desertification area, northern Gangxi, China

2022/12/20 9:09:37

As a repository of genetic information of above-ground vegetation, the soil seed bank plays an important role in the natural succession and renewal of vegetation and the construction of ecological restoration. In this paper, three typical plant communities in the rocky desertification area of Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County were selected for the study, Analysis of soil seed bank structure and diversity in different communities and their response to soil nutrient characteristics, In order to provide a theoretical basis for karst stone desertification management and vegetation restoration in Gongcheng County. The results were as follows：(1) A total of 3,648 seedlings belonging to 55 species in 51 genera and 33 families were detected, These seedlings include 20 species of 1, 2-year-old herbs, 21 species of perennial herbs, 5 species of vines, 3 species of shrubs and 6 species of trees; The average density of soil seed bank of different plant communities in karstic desertification areas of Gongcheng County was: Prunus salicina economic forest (22 493 seeds·m-2) > Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forest (1 033 seeds·m-2) > Phyllostachys sulphurea shrub (793 seeds·m-2). (2) As for the plant life type of the soil seed bank, The soil seed bank life type of Prunus salicina economic forest is mainly annual malignant weeds, The plant life type of the soil seed bank in the Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forest and Phyllostachys sulphurea shrub is dominated by perennial herbs, while woody plants account for a relatively small proportion; The species diversity and similarity of the soil seed banks of different vegetation types were generally low, while the species composition of the soil seed banks also had low similarity with the above-ground communities. (3) The soil elements in the study area had higher nitrogen content and lower phosphorus content, And phosphorus as a limiting factor for plant growth in Phyllostachys sulphurea shrub and Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forest; In a comprehensive view, the plant community in the stone desertification area of Gongcheng County has some native germplasm resources, but overall shows low species diversity, and it is urgent to introduce native tree species artificially to accelerate the positive vegetation succession on the basis of natural sequestration, and pay attention to nutrient management, especially the regulation of phosphorus elements.

Characteristics of soil seed banks of different plant communities and their relationship with soil nutrients in karstic desertification area, northern Gangxi, China

2022/12/20 9:08:21

Research on the accumulation rule of main nutrients and isoflavones and their relationship in Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii

2022/11/28 10:58:58

In order to determine the optimal harvesting period and the application value of each part of Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii and to explore the correlation between the main nutrients and the isoflavones, Tengxian County P. lobata var. thomsonii was used as the material,the contents of isoflavones in different parts , the contents of main nutrients and isoflavones in different growth periods were determined by test box method, enzyme gravimetric method, Soxhlet extraction method, high performance liquid chromatography and other physiological and biochemical techniques，and the relationship between the accumulation of various nutrients and isoflavones was analyzed to clarify the accumulation rule of main nutrients and isoflavonoids and their relationship in P. lobata var. thomsonii. The results were as follows: (1)At the mature stage, the content of genistein in different parts of P. lobata var. thomsonii was not significantly different, but the content of daidzein in leaves was significantly lower than that in middle vine, and the content of total isoflavones, puerarin and daidzein in roots and vines was significantly higher than that in leaves and roots, and the content of puerarin in roots and vines was more than 1.00%. (2)The accumulation of starch, polysaccharide, crude protein, soluble protein and soluble dietary fiber reached the maximum in November and December, the accumulation of insoluble dietary fiber reached the minimum in December, the accumulation of soluble dietary fiber was the largest in August and December, and the accumulation of total isoflavones and puerarin reached the maximum in August and September. (3)The correlation analysis results showed that the accumulation of isoflavones and puerarin was negatively correlated with the accumulation of starch and polysaccharide; The accumulation of isoflavones and puerarin was positively correlated with the accumulation of insoluble dietary fiber. Therefore, it can be concluded that the root head and vine of pueraria powder contain rich total isoflavones, puerarin, daidzein, which has good value for medicinal development. The best harvest time for medicinal using is from August to September, and the best harvest time for edible using are November and December. The accumulation of starch and polysaccharide of P. lobata var. thomsonii is positively correlated with the accumulation of isoflavones and puerarin, while the accumulation of insoluble dietary fiber is negatively correlated with the accumulation of isoflavones and puerarin.This study clarify the accumulation rule and correlation of the main nutrients and isoflavones in P. lobata var. thomsonii, and provides a reference for the comprehensive development and utilization of P. lobata var. thomsonii and the determination of the harvest time.

Cloning and functional analysis of promoter of TcALDH and TcGLIP genes related to pyrethrin synthesis

LI Jiawen,WANG Caiyun,XU Zhizhuo,ZENG Tuo,ZHOU Li — 2022/11/28 10:40:48

Natural pyrethrin is a green botanical insecticide that extracted from the aboveground tissues of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Aldehyde dehydrogenase (TcALDH) and GDSL lipase (TcGLIP) are key rate-limiting enzymes involved in pyrethrin biosynthesis pathway in pyrethrum. The promoters of TcALDH and TcGLIP genes were cloned from the genomic DNA of pyrethrum clone ‘W99’ in order to investigate the regulatory mechanism of these genes. The two promoters were then used to drive the luciferase and GUS reporters in Nicotiana benthamiana respectively, to figure out its regulatory elements, activity, hormone specificity and tissue inducibility. The results were as follows：(1) Using pyrethrum genomic DNA as a template, specific primers were used to clone the pTcALDH and pTcGLIP fragments. The sequence lengths of pTcALDH and pTcGLIP were 2 848 and 1 343 bp, respectively, and the promoter analysis software the PlantCARE predicted that they both contained multiple cis-elements related to stress response and hormone signals. (2) The plant expression vectors fused by pTcALDH and pTcGLIP and luciferase report gene were constructed, and were transformed into N. benthamiana to analyse hormone inducibility by observing the fluorescence imaging in tobacco leaves. The results demonstrated that the pTcALDH displayed typical hormone inducibility of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA), whereas the pTcGLIP showed no response. (3) The tissue culture seedlings of pyrethrum ‘W99’ were treated with MeJA and ABA, the expression of TcALDH was up-regulated by ABA within 12 h, and first increased and then decreased under MeJA treatment; the expression of TcGLIP was down-regulated by ABA and MeJA. (4) We constructed the expression vectors of pTcALDH and pTcGLIP fused with GUS reporters and transformed them into N. benthamiana, then the transient transformation of tobacco drived the expression of GUS gene and showed initiating activity. It was found that the pTcALDH expressed in both the glands, glandular hair heads and mesophyll of the leaves, while the pTcGLIP was only expressed in the parenchyma cell. These results indicated that the pTcALDH and pTcGLIP were tissue-specific promoters, and the pTcALDH appeared MeJA-inducible and ABA-inducible characteristics. This study provides a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of TcALDH and TcGLIP genes involved in pyrethrin synthesis.

Effects of different application modes of phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial fertilizer on seedling root growth and phosphorus nutrition of Pinus massoniana families

LI Jiaxin,PANG Li,QIAO Zhiwei,TIAN Yonglin,WANG Yunpeng,ZHANG Minghao — 2022/11/25 16:09:49

In order to study the effect of different application modes of phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial fertilizer on seedling phosphorus nutrition of Pinus massoniana, a pot inoculation experiment with local and evenly application of PSB fertilizer was set up. Using WinRHIZO Pro STD1600+ root image analysis software and Molybdenum antimony colorimetric method, we studied the responses of P uptake and root growth of different P. massoniana families under different PSB fertilizer treatments. The results were as follows: (1)Inoculating PSB fertilizer had a significant effect on growth of P. massoniana seedlings. The main growth indexes, such as seedling height, ground diameter, root dry matter weight, root shoot ratio and whole plant dry matter weight, significantly increased under local treatment. (2)Local treatment significantly increased the root length, root surface area, root volume and root tip number of seedlings. The root length of 0

Physiological responses of two common mosses in Jiuzhaigou to simulated nitrogen deposition

DU Jie,LEI Ningfei,LEI Rui,LUO Zhi,WEN Zhuanghai,ZOU Jiacheng — 2022/11/25 16:06:14

An experiment was conducted to investigate effect of nitrogen deposition on physiological response of moss plant Actinothuidium hookeri and Hylocomium splendens in Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan Province. By using NH4NO3 solution, nitrogen deposition treatment was applied with control (0 kg N?hm-2?a-1), low (20 kg N?hm-2?a-1) and high (50 kg N?hm-2?a-1). The experiment lasted six months. The results were as follows: (1) The content of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll, proline and soluble protein was significantly increased by application of NH4NO3 solution. At the same time, activities of its catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly increased when Actinothuidium hookeri was subjected to nitrogen deposition. (2) During active or inactive growth period, activities of its catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly decreased when Hylocomium splendens was subjected to similar nitrogen deposition. (3) During the experiment, subordinate function value of Actinothuidium hookeri significantly increased with increase of NH4NO3 solution concentration. Response pattern of subordinate function value was different when Hylocomium splendens was subjected to different concentration of NH4NO3 solution. It is suggests that physiological response is different between two moss plants subjected to nitrogen deposition. The high concentration of nitrogen deposition can promote the growth of Actinothuidium hookeri. Hylocomium splendens can grow normally under the natural nitrogen deposition conditions and can withstand a certain degree of nitrogen deposition, but when the nitrogen deposition is too high, it will cause damage to it, metabolism decreases and inhibit its growth. Following nitrogen deposition may cause change of moss community composition in Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan Province.

Isolation anti-HBV chemical constituents from the hypocotyl of pharmaceutical mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza

GAO Chenghai,HOU Shishi,LIANG Kaoyun,LIU Yonghong,YI Xiangxi* — 2022/11/25 16:00:52

The hypocotyl of Bruguiera gymnorhiza is a common marine herbal medicine of the Jing people used in the treatment of hepatitis B. Firstly, MTT and Real-time PCR methods were used to determine the anti-HBV ability of different extracted parts of the hypocotyl of B. gymnorhiza, and then the chemical constituents of the active extraction parts were separated and identified using modern chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic methods. Finally, an in vitro screening model was employed to test the anti-HBV activity of obtained compounds. The results were as follows: The n-butanol phase of the hypocotyl exhibited anti-HBV activity; 11 compounds, namely uridine (1), thymidine (2), adenosine (3), oryzalactam (4), n-butyl-O-D-fructopyranoside (5), nortetillapyrone?(6), (4R,6S)-4-meth-oxyl-2,3-dihydroaquile- giolide (7), (4R,6S)-2-dihydromenisdaurilide (8), gallcatechin (9), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-meth-oxy)-phen yl-2-[4-(1,2,3-trih-ydroxypropyl)-2-methoxy]-phenoxy-1,3-propandiol(10), and (?)-lyoniresinol- 9-O-β-D-xylopyrano-side (11), were isolated and structurally identified, among them, compounds 4-5 and 7-8 were firstly obtained from B. gymnorhiza; Compound 4 showed anti-HBV activity with an inhibition rate of 23.59%. The study clarify the chemical composition of the anti-HBV of B. gymnorhiza hypocotyl.

Optimization of protoplast preparation conditions of Pleurotus giganteus

LI Jingyi,LI Qinfen,LI Yu,PIAN Yongru,WANG Huan,YANG Yang — 2022/11/25 15:54:33

In order to obtain the optimal conditions for the protoplast preparation of Pleurotus giganteus, two strains, PG46 and PG79, with different temperature types, were selected as materials to study the effects of five factors (mycelial age, osmotic stabilizer type, lywallzyme concentration, enzymatic hydrolysis duration and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature) based on single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods. The results were as follows: (1) In the single factor test, the optimal conditions for the protoplast preparation of P. giganteus were mycelial culture for 5 days, using 2.5% lywallzyme with 0.6 mol·L-1 mannitol, incubated for 4 h at 32 ℃ (PG46) or 27-35 ℃ (PG79). (2) Orthogonal experiment verified and optimized the single factor test results. Combination 2 (mycelial age 5 d, lywallzyme concentration 2.5%, 0.6 mol·L-1 mannitol, incubated for 4 h at 32 ℃) was the optimal condition for the protoplast preparation of PG46 and PG79, and the protoplast yields were 11.2 × 106 CFU·mL-1 and 7.28 × 106 CFU·mL-1, respectively. (3) For F-test, the influence degree of various factor on the protoplast preparation were as follows: mycelial age>lywallzyme concentration>enzymatic hydrolysis temperature>enzymatic hydrolysis duration (PG46), and mycelial age>enzymatic hydrolysis duration>enzymatic hydrolysis temperature>lywallzyme concentration (PG79), respectively. In conclusion, the protoplast preparation conditions of the two P. giganteus strains with different temperature types were basically the same, and the effects of mycelial age on the protoplasts yield of the two strains was the most significant. The results can lay a foundation for further cross-breeding, genetic transformation, whole genome sequencing and promote the molecular genetics development of P. giganteus.

Tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. under copper treatment from soil and atmosphere

Bi Ningning,Hou Lina,Liu Zhonghua,Ruan Kunfei,王天琪,Xu Ruirui — 2022/11/24 10:05:52

As one of the common garden shrub species in Beijing, Jasminum nudiflorum is very popular among citizens for its unique ornamental properties in early spring. Copper pollution is one of the most serious heavy metal pollution types in Beijing. To explore the remediation effect of J. nudiflorum on urban copper pollution. By simulating the soil and atmospheric copper pollution conditions in Beijing, pot experiments were conducted to set up 9 different concentrations of soil and air Cu treatments to verify the Cu enrichment ability and physiological growth characteristics of J. nudiflorum. The results were as follows：(1) Soil treatment and atmospheric deposition treatment and were able to significantly increase Cu content in roots, stems and leaves of J. nudiflorum, among them, the contribution of soil ranged from 63.48% to 96.99%. The Cu content in each treatment showed the order of root > stem > leaf. (2) Under atmospheric treatment, photochemical conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) were increased, initial fluorescence (F0) was decreased, and photosynthetic capacity was promoted. The photosynthesis of J. nudiflorum was inhibited by soil treatment and co-treatment with soil and atmosphere. (3) Compared with atmospheric single factor treatment, soil single factor treatment and co-treatment with soil and atmosphere resulted in increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased membrane lipid peroxidation, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and proline (PRO) content, and finally led to damage of the biofilm system. (4) The low-concentration copper treatment promoted the growth of J. nudiflorum, while the high-concentration copper treatments (SHAL, SHAH) inhibited the growth of J. nudiflorum. The minimum value of the root tolerance index (TI) of J. nudiflorum was 69.19%, which indicated that J. nudiflorum belonged to a highly tolerant plant. In conclusion, under the treatment of simulated the soil and atmosphere copper pollution concentration in Beijing, J. nudiflorum can effectively absorb and enrich Cu in soil and atmosphere while maintaining its own normal physiological and growth activities. This conclusion will provide a certain theoretical basis for the prevention and control of copper pollution and the maintenance and restoration of the ecological environment in Beijing.

Tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. under copper treatment from soil and atmosphere

Bi Ningning,Hou Lina,Liu Zhonghua,Ruan Kunfei,王天琪,Xu Ruirui — 2022/11/24 10:05:22

Intervention study of roxburgh rose polysaccharide extract on type ⅱdiabetes in mice

2022/11/24 9:46:42

To investigate the synergistic effect of rosa roxbunghii tratt polysaccharide（RRTP）and rosa roxbunghii tratt insoluble dietary fiber（RTIDF）on hypoglycemic function. In this study, RRTP and RTIDF were extracted, isolated and purified, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides were measured by in vitro experiment and the relationship between hypoglycemic function and intestinal microbiota structure in mice was analyzed in vivo intervention experiment of type Ⅱ diabetes in mice. The results showed that: (1) RRTP had good free radical scavenging ability in vitro, and could significantly inhibit α -glucosidase and α-amylase activities with IC50 of 0.293 and 4.251 mg/mL, respectively. RTIDF only showed certain inhibitory activity on α-amylase activity. (2) After the intervention of the extractive in the model mice, the tendency of the obese mice to continue to lose weight was reversed. Compared with CK group, the blood glucose level of RTIDF and RRTP+RTIDF mice was significantly down-regulated, and the activity of CAT enzyme in serum was significantly enhanced. RRTP+RTIDF group was superior to RTIDF group. (3) In addition, the extract intervention could reduce the inflammatory factors in the liver, relieve the degree of cell swelling, increase the number of absorbing cells in the cecum, and restore the intestinal wall mucosal layer. (4) Further analysis of intestinal flora showed that RTIDF and RRTP could reduce the proportion of bacteroidetes to firmicutes, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as acetobacter, but RTIDF had more significant regulation effect on the population. Therefore, based on in vitro hypoglycemic simulation and in vivo intervention results, RRTP and RTIDF have a certain synergistic effect on glucose intervention in diabetic mice, it may be used together as an intervention to improve type II diabetes.

Intervention study of roxburgh rose polysaccharide extract on type ⅱdiabetes in mice

2022/11/24 9:45:26

Isolation and identification of the Pathogens causing root rot disease of Psammosilene tunicoides root rot in Yunnan Province

Li guodong,Li junnan,Yang chengfan,Yang wenting,Zhang aili,Zhang xiaomei — 2022/11/24 9:30:19

Psammosilene tunicoides is an important ethnic medicine in Southwest China and the main raw material for Chinese patent medicines such as Yunnan Baiyao. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogenic fungus of root rot of P. tunicoide in Yunnan, and to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of root rot of P. tunicoide. In this study, the disease-health junction of the root tissue of diseased plant was isolated and purified by pure culture method to obtain the main pathogenic microorganisms of P. tunicoide. Isolated pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed the pathogenicity according to Koch's Postulates, and then were identified by morphological observation, rDNA-ITS and TEF-1α sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree construction. The results were as follows: (1) a total of 85 strains of fungi were obtained, among which PSD-1, PSD-2, and PSD-3 of Fusarium fungi caused P. tunicoide root rot; (2) These three strains were re-inoculated into the P. tunicoide, which produced similar disease symptoms occurred with field plants, and the disease incidence after inoculation with pathogenic fungi were 60%, 61.7%, and 71.7%, respectively; (3) Combined with morphological observation and gene sequence analysis, the three strains were identified as Fusarium oxysporum. This study firstly found that the F. oxysporum was one of the main pathogenic fungi causing root rot of P. tunicoide. The results of this study lay a foundation for the in-depth exploration of the endophytic flora with biological control of root rot and its mechanism, and serve as a theoretical basis for the follow-up prevention and control of the disease.

Isolation and identification of the Pathogens causing root rot disease of Psammosilene tunicoides root rot in Yunnan Province

Li guodong,Li junnan,Yang chengfan,Yang wenting,Zhang aili,Zhang xiaomei — 2022/11/24 9:29:30

Influence of topographic factors on the plant diversity and spatial distribution of Karst around FAST

2022/11/23 17:53:06

To explore the influence of topographic factors on the diversity and spatial distribution of plant species around FAST (Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope), three typical plant communities (tree layer, shrub layer, vine layer) in the Karst peak-cluster depression around FAST were selected as the study objects, and ANOVA and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were used to investigate the species diversity and spatial distribution of plant communities under different topographic factors (altitude, slope, aspect, and gradient). The results were as follows: (1) The α-diversity index of plant communities around FAST shows a trend of shrub layer > tree layer > vine layer, and the α-diversity index of plants in the tree layer and vine layer gradually increases with altitude (P<0.05), while the topographic factor has no significant effect on the α-diversity of plants in shrub layer (P>0.05). (2) The spatial distribution of plant community species around FAST was most influenced by the altitude, followed by the slope. (P<0.05) (3) The β-diversity indices of the plant communities around FAST show a trend of vine layer > shrub layer > tree layer along the altitude and slope. The Jaccard similarity index above 70% is extremely dissimilar and moderately dissimilar at altitude and slope gradients. The Jaccard similarity index of the three plant communities tended to increase with altitude and then decrease along the slope. In summary, species differ in their habitat selection, and altitude and slope are key factors affecting the spatial distribution of plant communities in the Karst depressions around FAST. Species diversity can better reflect the differences in plant communities in terms of species composition. Species diversity is not only influenced by topographic factors, but also related to biotic and abiotic factors, such as temperature, precipitation, human activities, and functional plant traits. Therefore, corresponding environmental factors need to be added in future studies to further investigate the intrinsic mechanisms of plant species diversity and species spatial distribution at the regional scale and to strengthen the ecological protection of the surrounding area, improve the forest composition, and provide a good natural environment around FAST and in the Karst peak-cluster depression.

Influence of topographic factors on the plant diversity and spatial distribution of Karst around FAST

2022/11/23 17:52:23

Identification and expression analysis of UV-B photoreceptor genes UVR8 in Apocynum venetum and A. cannabinum

2022/11/22 9:26:58

In the processes of plants response to UV-B, the UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 (UV Resistance Locus 8) plays an important role in the regulation of photomorphogenesis, growth and metabolism of plants. To investigate the UV-B photoreceptors of Apocynum plant, this study is conducted to screen and bioinformatically analyze the UV-B photoreceptors UVR8 by the whole genome data of Apocynum venetum and A. cannabinum, and also to analyze the UVR8 gene expression pattern under UV-B stress treatment using transcriptome data. The results were as follows: (1) There were 6 UVR8 genes in A. venetum, and 5 UVR8 genes in A. cannabinum. The former was distributed on chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 11, and the latter on chromosomes 1, 8 and 9. (2) UVR8 proteins were all hydrophilic unstable proteins, localized in the nucleus, without transmembrane structure or signal peptides. The secondary structure consists mainly of extended strand, random coil, alpha helix and beta turn. The tertiary structures of AvUVR8b and AcUVR8a were most similar to that of Arabidopsis and were most closely related to Coffea arabica (CaUVR8) and C. eugenioides (CeUVR8). The gene and protein structures of Apocynum venetum AvUVR8b and A. cannabinum AcUVR8a were highly similar to those of AtUVR8. (3) The expression levels of AvUVR8b and AcUVR8a was up-regulated when the two Apocynum plants were treated with a certain dose of UV-B (17.52 KJ·m-2·d-1). It is speculated that in response to UV-B, the AvUVR8b in A. venetum and the AcUVR8a in A. cannabinum play a major role, respectively. (4) The analysis of cis-acting elements showed that the expression of UVR8 was regulated by light, temperature, moisture, oxygen and hormones. This study will lay a foundation for further research on the gene function of UVR8 in Apocynum, and provide clues to analyze the molecular mechanism of UV-B adaptation in the Apocynum.

Practice and Thinking of Digitalization and Popularization of Chinese Medicine Museum

huying,jiangchengying,liziwei,panrui — 2022/11/18 15:26:23

In recent years, with the widespread application of digitalization in traditional Chinese medicine museums, the protection ability of cultural relics and specimens in the collection has been effectively improved. At the same time, applying the digital achievements of traditional Chinese medicine collection and exhibition standard books to the practice of traditional Chinese medicine science popularization by means can stimulate the public's interest in traditional Chinese medicine culture and better promote the popularization of traditional Chinese medicine culture. Taking Chongqing Museum of traditional Chinese medicine as an example, this paper discusses how the Museum of traditional Chinese medicine can use digitalization to innovate the science popularization of traditional Chinese medicine and promote the dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine culture.

Volatile components and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities in different parts of Citrus aurantium var. amara

CHEN Xiawei,LIN Jiaxun,LIU Yanan,WEN Yali,XU Yourui — 2022/11/16 16:44:47

In order to analyze chemical constituents and compare the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from different parts of Citrus aurantium var. amara, the essential oils from leaves(L.O), flowers(F.O), and young fruits(YF.O) were extracted respectively by steam distillation and their chemical compositions were identified by GC-MS. Moreover, their antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated and compared using in vitro methods. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 94 volatile components were isolated and identified from the volatile oil of leaves, flowers and young fruits, there were some differences between three parts, of which 13 were common components. 34 components were identified from the leaves, and the major compounds were linalool (30.51%) and α-terpineol (14.78%); 32 components were identified in the flower, the main components were linalool (57.59%) and d-limonene (16.15%); 69 volatile components were identified in the young fruits, mainly containing d-limonene (25.55%) and γ-terpene (10.48%). (2) The volatile oil from different parts showed different antioxidant activities. The IC50 values of volatile components from young fruits, leaves and flowers to ABTS were 2.6, 5.1 and 8.2 mg?mL-1 respectively, and the IC50 values to DPPH free radicals were 2.7, 4.3 and 5.0 mg?mL-1 respectively. The antioxidant activity of young fruits was better than that of leaves and flowers. (3) The volatile oil from the young fruit showed certain antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was better than the leaves and flowers. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and utilization of the essential oils from the different parts of Citrus aurantium var. amara.

Phylogenetic analysis of Yunnan flowering cheery cultivar ‘Hongxia’ based on the chloroplast genome

XU Xiaodan,YAN Chengmin,ZHENG Wei — 2022/11/16 15:09:58

‘Hongxia’, a Yunnan flowering cheery cultivar blooming in March with semi-double to double pink petals, have been widely cultivated in central Yunnan thanks to its high ornamental value. It was regarded as the cultivar of Cerasus cerasoides var. rubea. However, it were clustered in C. campanulata based on molecular markers. Therefore, the phylogeny of these cultivars are doubtful, which is not conducive to their breeding and cultivation. In order to explore the origin of ‘Hongxia’,with leaf DNA of ‘Hongxia’ as materials, we used Illumina sequence, and then assembled, annotated, and analyzed by bioinformatic methods, Analysis of chloroplast genome characteristics was used by MISA and Genious R10. The phylogenetic tree of Cerasus was reconstructed by using RAxML 8.0. The phylogenetic relationship of ‘Hongxia’ in Cerasus was analyzed.. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome of ‘Hongxia’ was 157 832 bp in length, containing a pair of reverse repeat regions (Inverted Repeat Sequence，IR, 26 381 bp), which were separated by a small single copy region (Short Single Copy, SSC, 19 120 bp) and a large single copy region (Long Single Copy, LSC, 85 950 bp). A total of 128 genes were encoded, including 84 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA ribosomal genes. The overall Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) content of genome was 36.73%; (2) Based on the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis of 16 chloroplast genome of Cerasus, it was found that ‘Hongxia’ was formed as sister to C. subhirtella and C. yedoensis, and was far away from C. cerasoides. It has been reported that ‘Hongxia’ and similar cultivars were clustered in C. campanulata, rather than C. cerasoides based on the nuclear DNA. Therefore, we speculated that ‘Hongxia’ may be a hybrid cultivar of C. campanulata and C. subhirtella or C. yedoensis, rather than the cultivar of C. cerasoides. The above results will be useful for studies of the origination and genetic breeding of ‘Hongxia’, as well as the cultivar identification and classification of C. cerasoides.

Phylogenetic analysis of Yunnan flowering cheery cultivar ‘Hongxia’ based on the chloroplast genome

XU Xiaodan,YAN Chengmin,ZHENG Wei — 2022/11/16 15:08:41

Taxonomical study on lichenized fungi genus Sarcographa from China

CHEN Lewen,JIA Zefeng — 2022/11/16 14:55:51

The lichenized fungi genus Sarcographa belongs to Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi. It is characterized by radial apothecia, strongly branched and immersed in stromata, 8-spored asci, transversely septate or submuriform ascospores, and tropical and subtropical distribution. Based on the methods of morphology, anatomy, chemistry and molecular biology, nine species of Sarcographa are reported. The new combination Sarcographa flavescens (Dal-Forno & Eliasaro) L.W. Chen & Z.F. Jia, comb. nov. is proposed for Phaeographis flavescens Dal-Forno & Eliasaro, and Sarcographa labyrinthica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. is a new record to mainland China. Sarcographina heterospora (Nyl.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, a species of allies genus Sarcographina is described, and a brief description to each known species and discussions with their similar species are given. A key to the known species of Sarcographa (incl. Sarcographina) in China is also shown. The study can provide basic information for the biodiversity of lichenized fungi in China.

Taxonomical study on lichenized fungi genus Sarcographa from China

CHEN Lewen,JIA Zefeng — 2022/11/16 14:55:07

A New Synonym of Lysionotus D. Don (Gesneriaceae)

HAN Mengqi,LU Zhaocen,XU Weibin — 2022/11/14 17:35:53

Lysionotus gamosepalus W. T. Wang var. biflorus A. Joe, Hareesh & M. Sabu was published in 2017 based on the specimens collected from southern Tibet, China, and differ from Lysionotus gamosepalus in having leaves with sub-serrate margin, only two flowers from an axil inflorescence, a hairy corolla and two coiled staminodes. However, based on the examination of herbarium specimens and filed investigations, we found that the morphological characteristics of this variety are within the variation range of Lysionotus gamosepalus, the distributions are sympatric, the habitat and phenology are also same. In conclusion, morphological comparisons indicate that the variety is conspecific with Lysionotus gamosepalus, we therefore reduce Lysionotus gamosepalus var. biflorus as the synonymy of Lysionotus gamosepalus here.

A New Synonym of Lysionotus D. Don (Gesneriaceae)

HAN Mengqi,LU Zhaocen,XU Weibin — 2022/11/14 17:34:48

Screening of active endophytic fungi derived from Aegiceras corniculatum and their antibacterial chemical constituents

2022/11/8 16:20:14

In order to explore the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi derived from Aegiceras corniculatum, antibacterial activity of ferment extract of endophytic fungi was used as evaluation index to screen active strains, the chemical constituents were separated on the basis of bioactivity-guiding method combined with various chromatographic techniques and identified by spectral technique together with comparison with literature data, and the antibacterial activity of pure compounds was determined by microplate method. The results were as follows: (1) Sixteen taxa of endophytic fungi isolated from A. corniculatum were distributed in 2 classes, 7 orders, 10 families and 10 genera. Fusarium was dominant genus. The ferment extract of endophytic fungi GXIMD02029 and GXIMD02039 displayed different levels of inhibitory effects on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Actinomyces viscosity, and Staphylococcus aureus when that of GXIMD02038 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus. (2) Seven pure compounds were isolated from endophytic fungi Phomopsis sp. GXIMD02029 and identified as (15R)-acetoxydothiorelone A (1), cytosporone B (2), pestalotiopsone H (3), pestalotiopsone B (4), 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (6), N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide (7). (3) Compounds 1 and 2 showed different levels of antibacterial effects. Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with MIC values of 16.25 g·mL-1, Micrococcus luteus and Actinomyces viscosity with MIC values of 7.812 5 g·mL-1, and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 31.25 g·mL-1. Compound 2 displayed inhibitory effect on Micrococcus luteus with MIC value of 62.5 g·mL-1, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Actinomyces viscosity with MIC values of 125 g·mL-1, and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 250 g·mL-1. Three active strains were reported in the project. It is reported that Compound 1 showed the antibacterial activity for the first time. The project provides the basis for the antibacterial values of endophytic fungi of Aegiceras corniculatum.

Genetic diversity of six Amorphophallus species in Southwest China based on cpDNA sequences

GAO Yong,HAO Zhuan,LU Feidong,YIN Si — 2022/11/8 16:06:04

Investigating mechanisms underlying genetic variation and differentiation of wild resources is critical for the utilization and improvement of crop germplasms. Amorphophallus is an important economic crop in Southwest China for its glucomannan production. However, the wild populations of this genus are declining due to human activities. To investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of representative Amorphophallus species in Southwest China, three chloroplast DNA fragments were amplified and used to conduct population genetic and phylogenetic studies. The results were as follows: (1) The genetic diversity of wild Amorphophallus populations was generally low with an average haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.428. In addition, nearly half of the total populations had only one haplotype. The haplotype diversity of each species varied from 0.704 to 0.983. (2) The genetic differentiation between each pair of six species was relatively high, and the FST values ranged from 0.481 to 0.967. (3) The phylogenetic inference suggested that 27 selected Amorphophallus species should be divided into three clades. A. paeoniifolius belonged to the Southeast Asia clade. The continental Asia A clade included A. konjac and A. krausei, and continental Asia B clade was comprised of A. kiusianus, A. yunnanensis and A. tonkinensis. Geographic isolation and human disturbance could have caused the low genetic diversity in wild populations of Amorphophallus. The divergence of the continental Asia clade may be driven by the rapid radiation and ecological adaptation in species of this clade. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the conservation, utilization and breeding of Amorphophallus species in Southwest China.

Damage characteristics of photosynthetic system of two typical ephemeral plants in Mosuowan area caused by temperature and light

CHEN Moxiang,FU Huirong,HAO Xingming,WANG Xiushuang,XIE Shuangquan,ZHUANG Li — 2022/11/8 12:04:40

To explore the photosynthetic system adaptation mechanism of two dominant ephemeral plants, including Malcolmia scorpioides and Arnebia decumbens, to light and temperature, this study measured the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and discussed its light damage and the change of photosynthetic activity under different temperatures (25-60 ℃) and constant room temperature and high temperature and different illumination (80-400 μmol·m-2·s-1). The results were as follows: (1) The photosynthetic efficiency and electron transfer rate increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature, reaching the highest value at 40 ℃, and then rapidly decreased, and the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PS Ⅱ [Y(NO)] and PS I receptor side heat dissipation efficiency [Y(NA)] increased, and the photosynthetic system was damaged due to the accumulation of excitation pressure at the receptor terminal. (2) Under the light range of 80-400 μmol·m-2·s-1 and room temperature, the photosynthetic efficiency increased with the enhancement of light intensity; Under high temperature, the combined stress of light and high temperature on plants descended the photosynthetic activity of plants and the quantum yield of regulatory energy dissipation in PS II [Y(NPQ)], and when the light intensity reaches 320 μmol·m-2·s-1, the ring electron transport flow disappeared. In conclusion, light and temperature within a certain range can improve the photosynthetic activity, activate heat dissipation and ring electron transport flow and reduced photoinhibition. However, with the increase of temperature and light intensity at high temperature, the adaptation ability of the two ephemeral plants decrease and the photoprotective mechanism disappeared. The main reason is the failure of regulatory heat dissipation and the accumulation of PS I receptor side excitation pressure.

Physiological differences of different rice materials in response to salt stress at seedling stage

2022/11/1 11:03:53

In order to investigate physiological characteristics of salt-tolerance rice HD96-1 at seedling stage, indica rice HD96-1 (strong salt-tolerant) and 93-11 (weak salt-tolerant) were used as experimental materials in this study. Three NaCl concentrations (0, 60, 120 mmol·L-1) was set to treat 3-leaf rice seedlings for 7 d using nutrient solution culture method. The growth, physiological and biochemical indexes of two rice cultivars were measured and analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The plant height and the pseudostem width of two cultivars decreased, and the root-shoot ratio increased under salt stress; Compared with 93-11, the decrease of plant height and pseudostem width of HD96-1 was less, and the increase of root-shoot ratio was higher under salt stress; In addition, the dry weight of above ground and root of HD96-1 increased under salt stress, while that of 93-11 decreased. (2) The malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents of two cultivars increased after salt stress treatment, of which the increase of HD96-1 seedlings was less than 93-11. (3) The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), the contents of ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein were increased in two cultivars under salt stress, of which the increase of HD96-1 was higher than that of 93-11. In conclusion, the physiological mechanisms of two rice seedlings responding to salt stress were similar, but the difference was that HD96-1 with strong salt-tolerance was stronger antioxidant and osmotic regulation ability than 93-11 in response to salt stress, so that growth and development of HD96-1 were less inhibited than 93-11.

Effects of inhibitors on secondary metabolites of Gentiana macrophylla pall based on the orthogonal method

FU Huanhuan,HE Yihan,HU Wei,YANG Ye,YIN Yangyang,YUE Zhenggang — 2022/10/31 17:44:39

Gentiana macrophylla Pall is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating jaundice, hepatitis, and stomachic and choleretic ailments, and its main secondary metabolites are secoiridiod glycosides represented by gentiopicroside. The biosynthetic pathway of gentiopicroside is via MEP and MVA pathways. Fosmidomycin and lovastatin are specific inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) of the MEP pathway and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) of the MVA pathway, and are widely used in the research of the biosynthesis pathway and regulation mechanism of secondary metabolites. The article aims to test and search for the optimal condition for decreasing the contents of four secoiridiod glycosides compounds (loganic acid, sweroside, swertiamarin and gentiopicroside) in G. macrophylla by using the orthogonal test designs. In this study, the concentration of fosmidomycin(A), concentration of lovastatin(B) and sampling days (C) were taken as three factors, and each factor was taken as four levels to design an orthogonal test, with 16 groups of treatment. HPLC was used to determine the contents of 4 secoiridiod glycosides, and the data were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The contents of the four secoiridiod glycosides compounds in G.macrophylla were most affected by sampling time, followed by fosmidomycin and lovastatin concentration; (2) After treatment with the optimal inhibitory conditions, the contents of loganic acid, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and sweroside decreased by 69%, 36%, 33% and 4% , respectively. This work provided optimal inhibition conditions are determined to be: fosmidomycin 400 μmol?L-1, lovastatin 50 μmol?L-1, samples are harvested on six days for further research on the regulatory mechanism of MEP and MVA pathways in the metabolism and synthesis of secoiridiod glycosides.

Effects of inhibitors on secondary metabolites of Gentiana macrophylla pall based on the orthogonal method

FU Huanhuan,HE Yihan,HU Wei,YANG Ye,YIN Yangyang,YUE Zhenggang — 2022/10/31 17:44:00

Genetic diversity and population structure of Aegilops tauschii accessions based on ISSR method

HU Xigui,RU Zhengang,WANG Yuquan,WEI Sa,WU Xiaojun,ZHANG Haihui — 2022/10/19 12:05:00

Aegilops tauschii is considered as an important gene source for improving common wheat, which has wide distribution and rich genetic variation. In order to understand genetic diverstity and population structure of A. tauschii from different origins, ISSR markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity and population structure of 56 A. tauschii accessions. The results were as follows：(1) The 170 polymorphic bands were detected by 16 ISSR primers, and each ISSR primer ranged from 3 to 18, with an average of 10.63. The variation of polymorphism information content（PIC）ranged from 0.17 to 0.85, with an averaged of 0.67. (2) The comparison among four populations indicated that the population genetic diversity of Central Asia was the highest (He=0.225 4, I=0.355 7) and gene flow between populations was relatively low (Nm=1.638 6). (3)The clustering results showed that 56 A. tauschii accessions were divided into two groups at the genetic similarity coefficient 0.67, of which 8 accessions from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan were clustered in Group 2. And, the Group 1 including 48 accessions could be further divided into three sub-groups, which indicated that A. tauschii accessions with clustering together have the same origin. (4) Based on population structure analysis, 56 A. tauschii accessions were divided into five populations, of which the V population from Iran in West Asia had relatively consistent genetic background and relatively low degree of hybridization. Furthermore, the Q-value analysis of populations showed that the genetic relationship of IV population were relatively complex, producing the most abundant genetic diversity. The results of this study can provide an important reference for analysis of genetic relationship, protection of biodiversity, and lay a foundation for the scientific utilization and evolution research of A. tauschii.

Phenotypic diversity of Quercus gilva natural populations in middle subtropical China

CAO Fuliang,LI He,LI Zhihui,LIU Na,QIN Zhikuang,ZHOU Xia — 2022/10/19 11:57:37

Quercus gilva is a precious timber tree species in middle subtropical China. In order to investigate the phenotypic diversity, phenotypic variation pattern and the major geographic and climatic factors influencing phenotypic variation of Q. gilva populations, 15 growth and leaf traits of 115 individuals from 14 natural populations were measured and then the phenotypic diversity, variation pattern and the correlation between phenotypic variation and geographic and climatic factors were studied using nested analysis of variance, phenotypic differentiation coefficient, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results were as follows (1) The average variation coefficient and the average Shannon-Wiener index of 15 phenotypic traits were 35.07% and 1.998, respectively. Variation coefficient and Shannon-Wiener index of 14 populations ranged from 14.94% (Dongkou) to 35.56% (Longshan) and from 1.127 (Songyang) to 1.980 (Changning), respectively. These results indicated that Q. gilva showed a relatively high level of phenotypic diversity. (2) Significant differences in 15 phenotypic traits were found among and within populations (P<0.01), with an average phenotypic differentiation coefficient of 41.49%. This elucidated that the phenotypic variation within populations was greater than that among populations. (3) Correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations among parts of the traits, whereas no correlation was found between phenotypic traits and geographic factors. Precipitation was the major factor that influenced the phenotypic traits of Q. gilva. (4) Principle component analysis indicated that the first four principal components explained 82.96% of total phenotypic contribution rate of Q. gilva. (5) Cluster analysis revealed that 14 Q. gilva populations were divided into three groups according to their different leaf and petiole size, which was not related to the geographic distribution of populations. This study provides scientific basis for the protection and utilization of Q. gilva germplasm resources, and lays an important foundation for its improved variety breeding.

Effects of GA3 on physiological metabolism and ion absorption of ‘Paulownia 1201’ seedlings under NaCl stress

HAN Yu,REN Fangfang,RU Guangxin,YANG Huihuan,YU Hong,ZHU Xiuhong — 2022/10/19 11:54:12

To explore the alleviation effect and physiological mechanism of gibberellin (GA3) on the growth of ‘Paulownia 1201’ seedlings under NaCl stress. Taking ‘Paulownia 1201’ seedlings as materials, different NaCl and GA3 concentrations were set to determine and analyze the physiological indexes, photosynthetic indexes and and ion transport capacity of ‘Paulownia 1201’ seedlings under NaCl stress alleviated by GA3. The results were as follows: (1) Under 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress, the growth of ‘Paulownia. 1201’ seedlings decreased significantly (P<0.05), which was more than 50%. The appropriate concentration of exogenous GA3 significantly increased the plant height, root length and biomass of ‘Paulownia 1201’. The dry weight of 400 mg·L-1 GA3 treatment increased by 69.71% compared with A0. (2) With the increase of GA3 concentration, the plant height, root length and biomass of ‘Paulownia 1201’ seedlings increased significantly; The activities of three antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) increased significantly; Content of MDA decreased significantly; chlorophyll content and gas exchange parameters (Pn, Tr, Ci, Gs) were increased, and the photosynthetic efficiency increased; the contents of each ion (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) increased first and then decreased. The Na+ content in leaves and roots of 400 mg·L-1 GA3 treatment group decreased by 23.59% and 11.92% compared with A0 treatment group. (3) Correlation analysis and PCA analysis showed that there was a correlation between each index, seedlings which treated with different concentrations of GA3 had obvious differences, and the best alleviating effect was found when the concentration of GA3 was 400 mg·L-1. In summary, foliar spraying GA3 can enhance the antioxidant capacity of ‘Paulownia 1201’ seedlings under salt stress, alleviating the membrane lipid peroxidation reaction caused by the increase of reactive oxygen species under salt stress, promote the accumulation of photosynthesis and biomass of plants, reduce the absorption of Na+ by plants, promote the accumulation of nutrient ions. Adding 400 mg·L-1 GA3 can improve the resistance of Paulownia seedlings best. This study provides a basis for further understanding of Paulownia salt tolerance mechanism identification, and also provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Paulownia in saline land.

Chemical constituents from Potentilla kleiniana and their anti-inflammatory activity

JIANG Li,KUANG Weimi,LI Yue,LI Yongjun,LIU Jia,ZHANG Bao — 2022/10/19 11:43:33

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the chemical constituents of Potentilla kleiniana and their anti-inflammatory activity. The 60% ethanol extract of P. kleiniana were isolated by D-101 macroporous adsorptive resins, silica gel, Toyopearl HW-40F and other methods, and their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR and HR-ESI-MS analysis. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was evaluated by mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) inflammatory model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. The results were as follows: (1) Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified from P. kleiniana as 2-(heptadecanoyloxy)propane-1,3-diyl distearate (1), 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10,15-octadecadienoic acid (2), methyl-9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadeca-10,15-dienoate (3), 2,2''-oxybis(1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene) (4), emodin (5), chrysophanol (6), (6R,9R)-3-oxo-α-ionol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), neo-andrographolide (8), methyl-α-D-fructofuranosides (9), 1-O-β-D-fructofuranosyl-α-D-allopyranos (10), p-coumaric acid (11), cesternosides A (12), koaburaside (13), orientin (14), isoorientin (15). Compounds 1-15 were obtained from Potentilla genus for the first time. (2) The anti-inflammatory test results showed that compounds 1-3, 8, and 11-15 had moderate inhibitory activities on NO production, and the inhibition rate of 8 was 72.5% at the concentrations of 25 μmol·L-1. In conclusion, the study enriches the phytochemical information of P. kleiniana, and clarifies that fatty acid derivatives, phenolic components and diterpenoids are anti-inflammatory active components, which provide a theoretical basis for further exploitation of P. kleiniana.

Effects of bamboo-tea mixed model on surface soil organic carbon storage and components

CaoYi,MaJiangming,QinYunbin — 2022/9/26 15:14:15

In order to explore the effects of planting tea trees under Moso bamboo forest on soil organic carbon storage and carbon components, this study took pure bamboo forest, bamboo-tea mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest as objects, collected the surface soil (0-10 cm) of these three forest types, and measured soil organic carbon(SOC), carbon components, biotic and abiotic factors. The results showed that : (1) The diversity of understory plants in bamboo-tea mixed forest was significantly lower than that in pure bamboo forest, but there was no significant difference in soil organic carbon density[ (22.54 ± 2.09) t·hm-2 ] and carbon composition between bamboo-tea mixed forest and pure bamboo forest (P>0.05) . Mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC) was [ (20.13 ± 1.83) g · kg-1] , accounting for 92.66 % of total organic carbon. The soil organic carbon density of evergreen broad-leaved forest was 41.15 % and 41.00 % higher than that of bamboo-tea mixed forest and pure bamboo forest (P>0.05). (2) Soil microbial biomass carbon content, 16S rRNA gene abundance, cbbL gene abundance and microbial carbon use efficiency of these forest types were [ (0.58 - 3.08) g·kg-1] , [(2.18×1010 - 5.65×1010) copies·g-1] , [(0.37×108 - 1.10×108) copies·g-1] , [0.03 - 0.28] , respectively. But there were significant differeneces about these microbial indicators between three forest types (P>0.05) . (3) SOC of the three forest types was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, gravel content and aboveground litter biomass, and significantly positively correlated with soil clay content, silt content, total nitrogen, C:N, total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen (P<0.05) . (4) In terms of different carbon fractions, particulate organic carbon (POC) and MOC were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, sand content and root biomass, and significantly positively correlated with soil water content, clay content, silt content, total nitrogen, C:N, total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen (P<0.05) . Based on this, the mixed transformation of bamboo and tea will cause the decrease of understory vegetation diversity in the original pure bamboo forest, but it will not cause the decrease of soil carbon storage. Compared with evergreen broad-leaved forest, it is necessary to improve the management measures of bamboo to improve its carbon sink efficiency.

Effects of bamboo-tea mixed model on surface soil organic carbon storage and components

CaoYi,MaJiangming,QinYunbin — 2022/9/26 15:13:59

Application effect of the model of Fenlong "145" on newly planted sugarcane and its physiological and ecological basis

HAN Shijian,LI Suli,LI Zhigang,QIN Dongshuang,WEI Benhui,ZENG Weicong — 2022/9/26 11:22:05

To explore the application effects of the model of Fenlong "145" on newly planted sugarcane and analyze its physiological and ecological basis, Guiliu 05136 was used as the experimental material. Conventional tillage (CK) and the model of Fenlong "145" (FL145) were set in this study. Soil properties, agronomic characters, photosynthetic characteristics, yield and quality of newly planted sugarcane were measured under field conditions. Economic benefits were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) compared with CK, at 0~20 and 20~40 cm depth, the soil bulk density in FL145 were significantly decreased by 1.25%~5.98%, while the soil porosity and the content of soil water were signincantly increased by 1.08%~4.77% and 1.78%~8.23%, respectively. (2) FL145 could promote the growth of roots and seedling emergence of newly planted sugarcane. The agronomic characters in FL145 showed well, and the plant height were significantly increased by 2.20%~7.86%. (3) The leaf area per plant, the chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate and the dry matter accumulation per plant in FL145 were significantly increased by 15.88%, 1.41%, 6.84%, 18.67%, 10.06% and 9.26%, respectively, which could maintain a higher level of photosynthetic capacity. (4) At harvest, the effective stem number, stem length and stem diameter of newly planted sugarcane in FL145 were significantly increased. The theoretical yield and actual yield in FL145 significantly were increased by 5.07% and 5.11%, respectively, while the sucrose content in cane juice and the Brix were significantly increased by 1.61% and 1.50%, respectively, and the content of reducing sugar was significantly decreased by 12.50%. (5) Compared with CK, the total production cost of newly planted sugarcane in FL145 was reduced by 378 yuan·ha-1, while the total output value and the profit were increased by 1934.4 and 2312.4 yuan·ha-1, respectively. In conclusion, FL145 has the effect of reducing cost and increasing efficiency in the production of newly planted sugarcane by reducing the investment in soil preparation and ditching and chemical weeding. Meanwhile, FL145 creates better soil conditions, and has a positive effect on the growth of roots, thereby promoting photosynthetic capacity and the growth of plant, and has a positive effect on the accumulation of dry matter and sugar, resulting in the increase of the quality and yield of newly planted sugarcane.

Application effect of the model of Fenlong "145" on newly planted sugarcane and its physiological and ecological basis

HAN Shijian,LI Suli,LI Zhigang,QIN Dongshuang,WEI Benhui,ZENG Weicong — 2022/9/26 11:21:26

Study on the seed germination characteristics of Corydalis saxicola Bunting

GUO Lunfa,PAN Yanlin,QIN Hongbo,WANG Xingui,ZHANG Yibing — 2022/9/21 9:18:22

Corydalis saxicola is a perennial herbaceous plant, which mainly distributed in the karst areas of southwest China. Due to its important ecological and medicinal value, Corydalis saxicola has great prospects for development and utilization. With fragile living environmental condition and anthropogenic harvesting pressure, the wild resource of Corydalis saxicola is on the verge of exhaustion, so it has been included in the list of national key protected wild plants in 2021. In order to explore the causes for the endangerment of Corydalis saxicola and provide reference for its conservation and seedling breeding, this paper investigated the influencing factors on seed germination that including seed preservation methods, chemical pre-treatments, temperature, light, drought, pH, mix with wet sand and refrigerate treatment. The results were as follows: (1) Low-temperature storage can prolonged the seed activity, germination rate of 2-years stored seed could still reached 30%. (2) Germination rates of seed pre-treatments by HCl and NaClO solutions can reached to 50%~60%; germination rate was 50% at 20℃, while closed to zero at 30℃; darkness was more favorable for seed germination than periodic light condition; the seed germination rate kept decreasing with deepening drought; the seed germination rate did not changed significantly under the conditions of pH 3.0~8.0. (3) Mix with wet sand and refrigerate treatment can significantly promoted the seed germination potential and germination rate, and the germination rate was twofold of the control. In summary, the seed inactivation at room temperature and germination inability at high temperatures above 30℃ are more related to its endangerment; efficient seed germination methods can provide an effective way for conservation and industrial application of Corydalis saxicola.

Study on the seed germination characteristics of Corydalis saxicola Bunting

GUO Lunfa,PAN Yanlin,QIN Hongbo,WANG Xingui,ZHANG Yibing — 2022/9/21 9:18:08

Diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Isodon macrocalyx

CHANG Yanling,HOU Ping,HUANG Yan,LI Jun*,LIANG Xiaoqin,PAN Liwei,REN Chenyang — 2022/9/19 17:01:32

To study the constituents of (Isodon macrocalyx), thirteen diterpenoids were isolated from the aerial parts of I. macrocalyx by means of various column chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and RP C18 pre-HPLC. The structures of the isolated diterpenoids were determined on the basis of analyses of spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and comparison of their spectroscopic data with previously reported data. The results showed that the diterpenoids were identified as 19-hydroxytotarol (1), macrophynin E (2), inumakoic acid (3), inumakiol D (4), 4β-carboxy-19-nortotarol (5), (-)-lambertic acid (6), 2-oxo-5-fagonene (7), isodoterniofiln B (8), longikaurin E (9), longikaurin A (10), rabdotemin H (11), 16S-dihydr olongikaurin A (12), and ent-3S,16S,17-trihydroxy-kauran-2-one (13). All diterpenoids were isolated from I. macrocalyx for the first time.

Progress in the function of endophytes in enhancing plant resistance to stresses

CAI Ran,LIU Xingyu,SHEN Xihui,YANG Yantao,YIN Yanling,ZHANG Gongliang — 2022/9/19 16:57:27

Plant growth and development can be threatened by a variety of adversities, causing problems such as nutrient loss and significant yield decreases. Majority of the farming community uses agrochemicals as a sole method to control insect pest and plant diseases. An excessive use of these chemicals has resulted in the development of resistance in pest and diseases not only in traditional plant varieties but also in transgenic plants. Prevalence of these chemicals can cause severe health issues to the farmers, livestock, and consumers. Also, these agrochemicals cannot be degraded by biological means, and it causes environmental pollution. Therefore, application of naturally available microbes is a safe alternative and also a complementary way to tackle the pests and phytopathogens. In this review, we describe the origin, diversity and resistance to biotic stress of endophytes. Firstly, we provide an overview of the transmission routes that endophyte can take to colonize plants, including vertically via seeds and pollen, and horizontally via soil, atmosphere, and insects; Secondly, summarize and analyze the diversity of endophyte species and distribution diversity in plants; Finally, the basic characteristics and action mechanisms of endophytes in enhancing the tolerance of plants to biotic stress (anti-pathogenic bacteria and insect pests) are described in detail, including endophytes induce a salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-mediated-ISR, protect the host plant by competition for space and nutrition with the pathogens. Some of the secondary metabolites produced by endophytic microbes have antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties, which strongly inhibit the growth of other organisms, including phytopathogens. In addition, based on the research status of endophyte enhancing plant biotic stress resistance, the future development direction is prospected, in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of more environmentally friendly biological control agents.

Study on ornamental Orchidaceae and their functional groups in Beipan river basin of Guizhou

AN Mingtai,HOU Huanhuan — 2022/9/19 16:53:42

In order to protect and develop wild orchids resources in Beipan river basin of Guizhou, scientifically screening high ornamental value orchids and exploring their environmental adaptation characteristics are of great significance to better research and protection orchids. This study, taking orchids distributing in Beipan river basin of Guizhou as the research project, selected species with high ornamental value based on analytic hierarchy process, and used clustering and redundancy analysis to identify the species composition of plant functional groups under different environmental conditions. The results were as follows: (1) There were 74 genera and 249 species (including varieties) of orchids, the horizontal distribution was concentrated in the border area of Wangmo and Ziyun and the western area of Panzhou. In the vertical distribution, the orchids were mainly distributed in the range of 800-1 600 m. (2) Orchids in the study area can be divided into three ornamental grades, the first was the excellent grade for development, with 51 species, the second was the reserve grade for development, with 170 species, the third had 28 species with low ornamental value, which were not necessary to be developed as ornamental plants. (3) Development optimal levels of ornamental orchids in the study area can be divided into four ecological function groups, which were low-altitude shade-requiring non-limestone mountain functional group, low-altitude heliophile limestone mountain functional group, intermediate-altitude shade-requiring limestone mountain functional group and high-altitude heliophile non-limestone mountain functional group, respectively. The types of adaptation of orchids to the environment vary greatly among different functional groups. Through screening high ornamental value orchids and study of their ecological function groups in the study area, it is conducive to application, scientific protection and field regression of orchids in the future.

Functional analysis of RcMsc2 gene in castor（Ricinus comunis）

2022/9/19 16:47:12

G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2 (Msc2), as a key regulatory protein in response to stress in higher plants, is involved in multiple responses to stress. In order to explore the function of RcMsc2 gene which was successfully cloned from castor leaf tissue. The structure and potential function of RcMsc2 protein were analyzed by bioinformatics, and the expression characteristics of RcMsc2 gene in tissue and abiotic stress were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results were as follows: (1) RcMsc2 gene was located in the long arm of castor chr 5, and its CDS region was 1 299 bp, encoding 432 amino acids. (2) RcMsc2 protein has the characteristic domain of cyclin family, which is an unstable acidic hydrophilic protein without transmembrane domain and signal peptide, and its relative molecular weight is 49.38 kD. (3) The secondary and tertiary structures of RcMsc2 protein were mainly α-helix and random coil. (4) RcMsc2 protein had the highest sequence homology with CYCB2 protein of Jatropha curcas and Hevea brasiliensis, and was clustered into Group II. (5) RcMsc2-GFP fusion protein was localized to the nucleus. (6) RcMsc2 gene was expressed in all tissues of castor, and mainly played a role in roots and stems; Abiotic stress analysis showed that RcMsc2 gene could be induced by abscisic acid ( ABA ), salt, drought and low temperature treatment, and the response of RcMsc2 gene to low temperature stress was the most sensitive. In summary, this study comprehensively analyze the structural characteristics, phylogenetic evolution and expression patterns of RcMsc2 gene, and provide a theoretical reference for revealing the function of RcMsc2 gene in castor growth and development and response to cold stress.

Prokaryotic expression of aluminum associated receptor-like protein kinase AhPRK4 in peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

CHEN Yuxi,HE Longfei,LI Xia,SU Guijun,WANG Aiqin,XIAO Dong,ZHAN Jie — 2022/9/14 10:18:39

The pollen receptor like kinase (PRK) family, an LRR receptor-like protein kinase, not only played a role in pollen development and fertilization, but also played a role in stress response. Based on the analysis of transcriptome data that generated in our previous study, we found that AhPRK4 was an aluminum-responsive gene. To explore the role of AhPRK4 in response to Al stress, we analyzed the expression of AhPRK4 by qRT-PCR in ‘ZH2’ (Al-sensitive) and ‘99-1507’ (Al-tolerant), clarified the protein structure and genetic relationship of AhPRK4 by sequence analysis, phylogenetic tress construction and other genetic analysis, constructed the recombinant plasmid by homologous recombination, obtained the intracellular domain recombinant protein of AhPRK4 by prokaryotic expression technology and determined the activity of the recombinant protein by incubation with phosphorylated antibodys. The results were as follows: (1) The transcription level of AhPRK4 was up-regulated after different aluminum treatment times and different aluminum concentrations, indicating that AhPRK4 was an aluminum inducible gene; (2) The AhPRK4 protein had 673 amino acids with transmembrane domain, signal peptide and phosphorylation active sites, belonging to the LRR-III protein kinase family; (3) The GST-AhPRK4-CD recombinant protein was induced in vitro and verified by Western Blot. And the recombinant protein had phosphorylated on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues, but had no significant auto-phosphorylation activity. In conclusion, AhPRK4 was an Al responsive gene, which participated in the regulation of short-term Al stress and was phosphorylated in vitro.

Isolation and identification of the alkaloids from rhizomes of Stephania macrantha

CHEN Fengzheng,CHENG Ying,LI Shuhua*,SUN Guofeng,TIAN Chong — 2022/9/14 10:15:46

To study the alkaloids in the rhizomes of Stephania macrantha. The total alkaloids of S. macrantha were extracted by acid extraction and alkali precipitation method. Eleven alkaloids have been isolated by silica gel column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The compounds were elucidated on the basis of NMR and MS analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Eleven components were designated as sinomenine (1), sinoactine (2), stepharine (3), reticuline (4), isocorydine (5), corydalmine (6), asimilobine (7), sukhodianine (8), dicentrine (9), 7-oxocrebanine (10) and palmatine (11). (2)The total alkaloids of S. macrantha and sinomenine had inhibitory activity on human lung cancer cells (A549), with IC50 values of 7.5×10-4 g?mL-1 and 6.59×10-9 g?mL-1 respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were isolated for the first time from S. macrantha. The chemical constituents from S. macrantha belong to five types of alkaloids such as morphanes, proaporphines, aporphines, benzyltetrahydroi soquinolines and protoberberines.

Complete chloroplast genome analysis based study on origins of cultivated Radix Aconitum Vilmoriniani

CHENG ZiDan,LI Guo-dong,MA Xiaoxia,SHI Xiaojing,ZHANG Yingmin — 2022/9/13 15:15:01

To study the influencing factors on the quality of cultivated varieties of Radix Aconitum Vilmoriniani, a toxic medicinal material for traumatology in Yunnan Province, the chloroplast genomes of samples from ten different cultivation bases were sequenced by Illumina HiSeq 4000 high-throughput sequencing platform. Then the sequencing data were assembled and annotated followed by analysis of the characteristics of the chloroplast genomes by bioinformatics tools and construction of the phylogenetic tree. The results were as follows: (1) The full length of chloroplast genome of ten cultivated varieties from different regions was 155 744-155 937 bp, the large single-copy region (LSC) and small single-copy region (SSC) were 86 363-86 548 bp and 16 921-17 007 bp respectively, the size of the inverted repeat region (IR) was 26 170-26 236 bp. The total GC content of chloroplast genome of ten cultivated varieties was 38.1%, with obvious AT preference, and 131 genes were annotated, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. (2) These sequences identified 60-73 SSRs sites, and genome comparative analysis found that the length of chloroplast genome of ten cultivated varieties ranged from 155 744 to 155 937 bp with moderate expansion. Some variation hot spots were found, such as trnK-UUU-trnQ-UUG, trnY-GUA-trnE-UUC, trnC-GCA-trnT-GGU, ycf4-cemA, ycf1 and ndhF, etc. (3) Phylogenetic analysis based on the two datasets showed that JS-1-4, QJ-1-2, LX-1-3, LJ-3-2 were closely related to Aconitum vilmorinianum and LQ-1-3, GJ-1-3, NL-1-3, DC-2-2 were closely related to A. austroyunnanense. In the phylogenetic tree, which was constructed based on the chloroplast genomes, LJ-4-3 was closely related to A. delavayi and LJ-1-2 was closely related to A. duclouxii; while in the phylogenetic tree which was constructed based on the PCGs, LJ-4-3 was closely related to A. episcopale and LJ-1-2 was closely related to A. contortum. The results indicated that the hybrid origins of cultivation of Radix Aconitum Vilmoriniani included at least the two original plants: A. vilmorinianum and A. austroyunnanense, and other species of Aconitum even existed in individual cultivation bases. The mixed origins of cultivation may be one of the influencing factors on instability of the quality of Radix Aconitum Vilmoriniani.

Complete chloroplast genome analysis based study on origins of cultivated Radix Aconitum Vilmoriniani

CHENG ZiDan,LI Guo-dong,MA Xiaoxia,SHI Xiaojing,ZHANG Yingmin — 2022/9/13 15:14:11

Study on diversity of phenotypic traits of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa from different provenances

HE Yi,LIU Shu,MA Zhengbing,YU Xiaoli — 2022/9/7 15:22:58

Taking 20 provenances of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa collected from Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, and Jiangxi as the research objects. 10 phenotypic traits of its vegetative organs and floral organs were observed and measured. Variance analysis, indexes and methods such as coefficient of variation, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, correlation analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the diversity of various phenotypic traits among different provenances. The results were as follows: (1)The averages of phenotypic traits of R. tomentosa from different provenances are significantly different (P<0.05),Shannon-Wiener diversity index of various source phenotypic traits are above 1.35. (2)The average coefficient of variation of each phenotypic trait is 10.81%～63.75%, and the average coefficient of variation among various sources is 13.08%～74.04%, the coefficient of variation between provenances is higher than that within provenances. (3)Correlation analysis shows that the seedling height of R. tomentosa is significantly negatively correlated with the number of branches and positively correlated with its leaf size. (4)The cluster analysis result shows that at Euclidean distance of 10, 20 test provenances are divided into group A, B and C. The analysis result shows that group A contains 8 provenances from Dapu of Guangdong, Guiping of Guangxi, Youjiang of Guangxi, Luchuan of Guangxi, Liancheng of Guangxi Fujian, Chengmai of Hainan, Lingao of Hainan and Libo of Guizhou, these provenances have higher seedling height, longer leaf length, leaf width, pedicel and flower diameter. Group B contains 11 provenances from Guangdong Nanxiong of Guangdong, Kaiping of Guangdong, Leizhou of Guangdong, Boluo of Guangdong, Huiyang of Guangdong, Lianping of Guangdong, Chao"an of Guangdong, Rucheng of Hunan, Xianyou of Fujian, Nankang of Jiangxi, Xiangzhou of Guangxi, these provenances have medium seedling height, large number of branches, large leaves, and medium flower diameter. Group C contains only one provenance from Lingui of Guangxi, which is characterized by low seedlings height, more branches, small leaves and flowers. This study provided a theoretical basis for the collection of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa germplasm resources and breeding of superior provenances.

Study on diversity of phenotypic traits of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa from different provenances

HE Yi,LIU Shu,MA Zhengbing,YU Xiaoli — 2022/9/7 15:22:43

Spectrum-effect relationship of antioxidant activity in Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia based on HPLC-ECD

chenrongxiang,liying,lizhirong,liumingrong,majimin,wuqimei,zhouyaping — 2022/9/7 15:20:51

In order to study the spectrum-effect relationship between fingerprint and antioxidant activity of the leaves of Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia (V. negundo), the fingerprints of 18 batches of V. negundo were established by high performance liquid chromatography - electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) and the cluster analysis of medicinal materials from different sources was performed simultaneously. The main phenolic compounds from V. negundo were identified and determined. The contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids in V. negundo were analyzed, and the antioxidant activities in vitro were evaluated by the methods of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and ferric ion reducing ability power. The spectrum-effect relationships of V. negundo were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis, gray relational analysis and partial least square regression analysis. The results were as follows: (1) The fingerprints of V.negundo were established with 21 common peaks and a total of 10 peaks were identified, the order of contents was as follows: chlorogenic acid > isoorientin > luteoloside > isovitexin > isochlorogenic acid A > isochlorogenic acid C > protocatechuic acid > orientin > isochlorogenic acid B > neochlorogenic acid. The similarity among the samples from different producing areas was high, and the values were ranged from 0.816 to 0.983. (2) The results of the cluster analysis showed that the content of the compounds had a certain influence on the classification and the samples from different sources were divided into three categories, among which the samples from the south and the north were different. (3) The contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids in V.negundo were 15.82 to 61.83 mg?g-1 and 27.85 to 157.65 mg?g-1, respectively, and the antioxidant activity of all samples from V negundo existed differenece. (4) The spectrum-effect relationship indicated that the antioxidant activity of V negundo was the result of the synergistic effect of many compounds, and compounds such as peak 9 (isoorientin), peak 4 and peak 5 (chlorogenic acid) made the greatest contribution to the antioxidant activity of V negundo. This study provides a reference basis for the screening and quality control of antioxidant substances in V negundo.

Spectrum-effect relationship of antioxidant activity in Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia based on HPLC-ECD

chenrongxiang,liying,lizhirong,liumingrong,majimin,wuqimei,zhouyaping — 2022/9/7 15:20:33

Eco-physiological responses of Schima superba seedlings from two provenances to drought and re-watering

2022/9/7 15:10:53

In the context of global climate change, the research on eco-physiological responses to drought and re-watering among provenances of trees species will help to understand the effect of climate change, further providing theoretical references for cultivation and management of forests in the future. In this study, Schima superba from two provenances in southern China were selected. Potted seedlings were subjected to simulated drought and re-watering conditions. Eco-physiological traits (photosynthesis traits, hydraulic traits, non-structural carbohydrates-NSC, proline concentrations-Pro and superoxide dismutase-SOD activity) of seedlings were examined. Our results indicate that: (1) Under well-watered condition, stem xylem water potential (Ψxylem), leaf relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Asat) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were lower in seedlings from Guangdong provenance compared with Fujian provenance. (2) Responses of hydraulic traits, Pro and SOD to drought and re-watering were consistent between the two provenances. Ψxylem, RWC and Pro could recovery to control values rapidly, while percent of stem xylem embolism and SOD could not recovery to control values in the end; (3) Asat was more sensitive to drought from Fujian provenance than Guangdong provenance, and it took more time to recovery to control in Fujian provenance. (4) The recovery rate of NSC from Fujian provenance was faster than Guangdong provenance. Collectively, seedlings from both provenances could not repair their embolized xylem in the short-term rewatering period (30 days). Although photosynthesis rate in Guangdong provenance could recover to control faster than from Fujian provenance, it was lower than that from Fujian provenance. Furthermore, the recovery rate of NSC was slower in Guangdong provenance than Fujian provenance, indicating that growth and survivals of seedlings from Guangdong provenance may experience greater risk in future characterized with increasing drought stress.

Eco-physiological responses of Schima superba seedlings from two provenances to drought and re-watering

2022/9/7 15:10:30

Chemical constituents of Pimpinella candolleana and their anti-inflammatory activities

LEN Yan,LI Li,LIU Chunhua,LU Yuan,MA Xue,WANG Yang,WANG Yonglin — 2022/9/7 15:03:53

Pimpinella candolleana is known as Miao ethnic herbal medicine in Guizhou for the treatment of icteric hepatitis, acute cholecystitis and other diseases. To investigate the chemical constituents of P. candolleana and their anti-inflammatory activities, the chemical constituents from the 70% ethanol extract of P. candolleana were separated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40F, Toyopearl HW-40C, ODS and other column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrum (MS). The inflammatory cell model, built by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells, was used to evaluate the anti- inflammatory activity. The results were as follows: (1): Detailed phytochemical study on P. candolleana led to the isolation and identification of twenty compounds were including vanillin (1), sesamin (2), 2-methyl-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy berz (d) hydrofuran-3-one (3), procatechin (4), 1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone (5), isorhamnetin (6), kaempferol (7), 8-hydroxy-2-methylchromone (8), luteolin (9), quercetin (10), 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxypalmitoylamino]-8-octadecene-1,3,4-triol (11), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (12), isoquercitrin (13), norswertianolin (14), luteolin-6-C-α-L-arabinoside (15), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (16), kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (18), isovitexin (19), rutin (20). Compounds 1, 3-4, 6-7, 10, 13, 16, 18, and 20 were obtained from this plant for the first time. (2) The anti-inflammatory results showed that compounds 2-10, 12, 18-19 could significantly inhibit the LPS-induced NO content in RAW264.7 cells (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the inhibition rates of compounds 4, 7, 10, and 18 at a concentration of 25 μmol·L-1 were 57.37%, 83.60%, 68.16%, 81.14%, respectively. Overall, this study enriches the chemical constituents of P. candolleana, and clarifies that flavonoids are the active ingredients in the course of anti-inflammatory, which may provide a theoretical basis for further research and exploitation of P. candolleana.

Chemical constituents of Pimpinella candolleana and their anti-inflammatory activities

LEN Yan,LI Li,LIU Chunhua,LU Yuan,MA Xue,WANG Yang,WANG Yonglin — 2022/9/7 15:03:32

Control effects of metabolites of endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 on patchouli bacterial wilt and changes of protective enzymes in Pogostemon cablin

CUI Yexuan,JIANG Haoming,LIN Jinru,WANG Liguo — 2022/9/7 14:53:36

Abstract: The Pogostemon cablin is a famous medicinal material, and the bacterial wilt is the main disease that threatens the production and quality in Pogostemon cablin. Aiming to the control effects of metabolites of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 strain on patchouli bacterial wilt, which belonging to an endophytic fungus isolated from the stems and leaves of Pogostemon cablin, a laboratory experiment was conducted investigating the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt in Pogostemon cablin at different time after artificial inoculating the strain of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 and spraying its crude extracts of the metabolites, and disease index (DI) was calculated. The activity changes of protective enzymes of PAL, POD, SOD were determined in Pogostemon cablin. The results were as follows: (1) Both of severity and DI of bacterial wilt were reduced after the treatments with the crude extracts of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 at different concentrations. the DI decreased by 27.16% in the treatment groups at inoculated after 204 h, and the variance analysis showed significant differences (p <0.05). (2) The incidence of patchouli bacterial wilt increased gradually with the time of investigation, reached 94.65% and 100% in treatment groups and control groups at 204 h. (3) The protective enzymes activities of PAL, POD and SOD increased significantly after inoculating spore suspension and spraying metabolites in Pogostemon cablin, but the activity peaks were different time. PAL activities gradually increased after inoculation. POD first increased, then decreased, and then increased again, and there were two the activity peaks. SOD increased rapidly, and then decreased gradually. Obviously, the metabolites of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 can not only increase the activities of protective enzymes in patchouli, and delay the infection process of Ralstonia solanacearum, but also reduce the severity of bacterial wilt disease. The results of this experiment lay a foundation for the utilization on the metabolites of endophytic fungi and the development of biological microbicides.

Control effects of metabolites of endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 on patchouli bacterial wilt and changes of protective enzymes in Pogostemon cablin

CUI Yexuan,JIANG Haoming,LIN Jinru,WANG Liguo — 2022/9/7 14:52:58

Flowering biological characteristics and breeding system of Ardisia humilis

DUAN Yunbo,HU Xinghua,HUANG Shixun,Mao Shizhong,YE Jiatong,ZHU Xiaozhen — 2022/9/7 11:37:42

Ardisia humilis is an excellent wild ornamental plant. For the purpose of fully utilization of this elite germplasm, the flowering biology and breeding system of this plant had been explore in this study. We conducted field investigation in the flowering phenology, floral morphology, and floral visitor on A. humilis individuals introduced in homogeneous garden. Furthermore, pollen viability and stigma receptivity were detected by pollen germination in vitro and by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method, respectively. Combined with artificial pollination, the self-compatibility and the self-pollination of A. humilis were also analyzed in this study. The results were as follows: (1) The florescence of A. humilis was from mid-late May to early June. The flowering span of the population, single plant and single flower were approximately 25 d, 8 d and 1 d, respectively. (2) A. humilis developed protogynic bisexual flowers, with partial overlap on mature stage of pistil and that of stamen, while stigma remained receptivity until 1 d after stamens fall. (3) With a OCI value of 4 and pollen / ovule value of 5.61×103, the breeding system of A. humilis were considered to be outcrossing, with partial self-compatibility, and the pollinator insects were essential. Lasioglossum sp.1, L. sp.2 and Halictus sp. were the most observed floral visitors on A. humilis.(4) In artificial pollination, The seed set of natural pollination ranked the highest level (averaged 52.96%), followed by that of autogamy (52.29%) and of artificial cross pollination (50.33%), while that of artificial geitonogamy (28.67%) was the lowest one. This study indicated that, beside of being excellent flowering plant, A. humilis is also a potentially important ornamental fruit plant due to the generalized pollination system and the strongly autogamy ability which enhance the high success of fruits development from blossoms.

Flowering biological characteristics and breeding system of Ardisia humilis

DUAN Yunbo,HU Xinghua,HUANG Shixun,Mao Shizhong,YE Jiatong,ZHU Xiaozhen — 2022/9/7 11:36:19

Isolation and identification of a new tetrahydro-β-carboline diketopiperazine from a predominant endophytic fungus in ancient Camellia taliensis

CHEN Xiaoxue,CHENG Luyao,HUANG Yonglin,LI Na,ZHANG Yingjun,ZHAO Ping,ZHU Guolei — 2022/9/2 17:01:26

To investigate the chemical constituents of Diaporthe tectonicgena, a predominant endophytic fungus in the ancient tea tree of Camellia taliensis, the rice solid-state fermentation extract was isolated and purified by silica gel, Diaion HP20 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies, and the chemical structures were elucidated by extensive 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, COSY and HR-MS spectroscopic analyses. The results were as follows: (1) Four compounds are isolated from the rice solid-state fermentation extract of Diaporthe tectonicgena, including a new tetrahydro-b-carboline diketopiperazine alkaloid named tectonicgenazine A (1); (2) Three known compounds, trans-cyclo-(D-tryptophanyl-L-tyrosyl) (2), 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (3) and N-hydroxyethyl-2-acetylpyrrole (4) were obtained and identified, and compound 3 was isolated from nature for the first time.

Analysis on chloroplast genomic characteristics of Cinnamomum bodinieri

LIANG Daqu,WANG Haoyun,WU Feng,XIE Shuangqin,ZHAO Yuanxiang — 2022/9/2 16:57:31

Cinnamomum bodinieri is important landscaping and economic tree species, which is rich in essential oils in branches and leaves. However, there are few theoretical researches on the genomics of C. bodinieri. In order to reveal the chloroplast genomic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship of C. bodinieri, the complete chloroplast genome was sequenced based on Illumina platform and assembled through de novo. The genome structure, gene composition, repeats, codon usage bias and phylogeny were analyzed subsequently. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree was constructed with the chloroplast genome data of the main species of Subfam. Lauroideae. The results were as follows: (1) The complete chloroplast genome of C. bodinieri was 152 727 bp in length including two inverted repeats (IRs) of 20 132 bp, which were separated by large single copy(LSC) and short single copy(SSC) of 93 605 bp and 18 858 bp, respectively, and the GC content was 39.13%. (2) The genome encoded 127 functional genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. 92 SSR loci were detected in the chloroplast genome, and most of the SSRs were composed of nucleobase A and T. The codon adaptation index and effective codon number were 0.166 and 54.68, respectively. There were some differences in IR region and the boundary of two SC regions of the chloroplast genomes between C. bodinieri and related species. (3) Phylogenetic tree based on 24 species of Subfam. Lauroideae showed that the C. bodinieri was closely related to C. camphora. The phylogeny strongly supported the establishment of the three clades, Cinnamomum-Ocotea, Laurus-Neolitsea, and Machilus-Persea. This study enriched the information on the genetic resources of C. bodinieri, and further clarified the phylogenetic status of the main genera of Subfam. Lauroideae.

Construction of model framework for invasion prediction of alien plants based on functional traits

HE Yuejun,WANG Shixiong,WANG Wenying — 2022/9/2 16:51:59

Predicting the potential invasiveness of alien plants is important for biodiversity conservation. The phylogenetic relationship between alien plants and native plants is usually used to predict invasion, however, Darwin’s naturalization conundrum predicts two completely different results (i.e. Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis and Darwin’s preadaptation hypothesis). In this study, we analyzed the connotation of Darwin’s naturalization conundrum and suggested that the base of invasion prediction should be changed from a pairwise phylogenetic relationship between alien plants and native plants to the functional similarity between alien plants and native communities. The intraspecific variation and interspecific differentiation of functional traits may be different but not contradictory strategies of alien plants to achieve successful invasion. On this basis, this study constructed the functional similarity between alien plants and native communities through the multidimensional hypervolume of traits and put forward a mechanism model for invasion prediction. This mechanism model helps understand the invasion mechanism and provides practical guidance for invasion prediction of alien plants. However, to accurate prediction of alien plants not only depends on the selection of functional traits, but also on the conditions of habitat, the importance of spatial scales, and even the invasiveness of native communities. Future research is necessary to verify and improve the model through control experiments.

Cloning and expression analysis of ABP gene related to spur development in Impatiens uliginosa

2022/9/2 16:40:04

The purpose of this study was to explore the structural and expression characteristics of ABP gene from Impatiens uliginosa. ABP gene related to spur development of I. uliginosa was cloned by using RT-PCR method, whose homology and phylogenetic analysis of protein sequence were analyzed by using DNAMAN and MEGA softwares. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of ABP gene were investigated by qRT-PCR method. The results were as follows: (1) ABP gene of I. uliginosa was successfully cloned, whose full-length cDNA sequences was 627 bp, encoding 208 aa, and named IuABP. The protein encoded by ABP gene had the typical structure of Cupin superfamily proteins. (2) According to the result of its homology analysis, it showed that the homology of ABP gene of I. uliginosa reached 71% with those of I. glandulifera, Rose chinensis and Manihot esculenta. Based on phylogenetic analysis, it was found that IuABP and Impatiens glandulifera clustered into a branch, indicating they were the most closely related. (3) In accordance with qRT-PCR analysis, it showed that the expression level of IuABP were expressed in both three stages and two different parts of spur development of I. uliginosa. With the development of spur, the expression level of IuABP in the blade had a tendency of declining at the beginning and rising up in late, and reached the highest in the blooming stage. However, the expression level decreased gradually in the spur cup. In addition, the expression level of IuABP was the highest in the blade in the blooming stage. These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the function and the expression regulation mechanism of IuABP gene in spur development.

Diversity and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from Miao medicine Berchemia polyphylla var. leioclada

2022/9/2 16:37:00

To explore the fungal taxa, distribution and antibacterial activity of Berchemia polyphylla var. leioclada, endophytic fungi of B. polyphylla var. leioclada from Guiyang and Qianxi of Guizhou Province were isolated by tissue fragment separation. Based on the methods of molecular biology and statistics, the endophytic fungi were identificated and their diversity were analyzed. The strains with antibacterial activity were screened by microdilution of broth. The results were as follows: (1) There were 191 fungal strains were isolated, which classified into 3 phyla, 5 classes, 10 orders, 15 families and 19 genera. Among all strains, Phyllosticta、Diaporthe、Botryosphaeria and Colletotrichum were the dominant genus. (2) The fungal endophytes’ Shannon-Weiner diversity index of Berchemia polyphylla var. leioclada in Qianxi (H''Q=2.112) was higher than Guiyang (H''G=1.801), the Sorenson’s similarity coefficients CsG-Q was 0.923. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index of different tissues was stem (H''S =2.004)> root(H''R=1.764)> leaf(H''L=1.654)>fruit(H''F=1.473). The Simpson was stem(DS=0.826)>fruit(DF=0.813)> root(DS=0.765)>leaf(DL=0.721), the similarity index between stem and leaf was the highest which was CsS-L =0.667. (3) 21 endophytic fungi’ secondary metabolites have inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. The isolate Diaporthe sp. QX4G6 fermentation broth extract have relatively high inhibitory effect, which the minimum inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica were 12.5, 6.25 and 12.5 mg·mL-1, and the minimum bactericidal concentration were 12.5, 6.25 and 12.5 mg·mL-1, respectively. The study revealed rich endophytic fungi resources of Berchemia polyphylla var. leioclada and most of fungi have good antibacterial activity, which lay the foundation for the research and development of natural antibacterial drugs or drug sources for endophytic fungi from B. polyphylla var. leioclada.

Characteristics of potential suitable areas of Petrocodon Hance and its environmental driving factors

BAI Xinxiang,HUANG Hong,LI Meijun,LI Quanyuan,WEN Fang,ZHANG Jinquan,ZHOU Yulu — 2022/9/2 16:33:05

Petrocodon Hance was one of the famous ornamental flowers, but most of them were assessed as extremely dangerous (CR), or at least above vulnerable (VU) due to climate turbulence and strong interference of human activities. To reconstruct the temporal and spatial changes of the potential suitable areas of Petrocodon since the last interglacial period, and explore the response of the suitable areas to environmental changes, which provided theoretical guidance for the origin of Petrocodon, the study of geographical differentiation, the conservation of unique germplasm resources in China, and the development and utilization of gardens. In this paper, combined with 120 distribution records and 17 environmental variables, the optimal MaxEnt model and geographic information technology (ArcGis) were used to simulate the suitable areas and distribution pattern of Petrocodon in China and Indo-China Peninsula. Based on stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, redundancy analysis and Monte Carlo test, the dominant factors affecting the current geographical distribution of Petrocodon were evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) The prediction accuracy of the optimized MaxEnt model was high, and the AUC value was greater than 0.96. The potential suitable areas of Petrocodon for the present distribution are continuous from southwest China to northern Vietnam, scattered in central and southern China and blocky in northern Myanmar, of which the southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China was the most suitable. (2) The environmental variables which restrict the geographical distribution of Petrocodon included precipitation of the driest month (bio14), precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), precipitation of the wettest quarter (bio16), SD of the temperature seasonality (bio4), min temperature of the coldest month (bio6) and altitude (alt). (3) Under the climate change scenario, the expansion and contraction areas of the suitable habitat of Petrocodon were located in the north and northeast of the current potential distribution area, which were sensitive areas susceptible to climate change. During the last interglacial period, the suitable area of Petrocodon expanded on a large scale, but there was almost no suitable distribution area of Petrocodon in the dry and cold environment during the last glacial maximum. After that, with the aggravation of climate warming, the suitable habitats of Petrocodon increased rapidly to high latitudes, while the suitable habitat in low latitudes decreased. (4) The centroid position of the suitable area for Petrocodon migrated northwards from Yongfu County, Guangxi (110.10° E, 24.69° N) to Chengbu County, Hunan (110.29° E, 26.05° N). To sum up, global warming has a positive impact on the potential distribution area of Petrocodon, but extreme warming will cause the suitable habitat of Petrocodon to shrink, and the niche of Petrocodon will narrow. Southwest China to northern Vietnam, which has the advantage of mature karst landform, may be its main refuge.

Screening and transcriptome analysis of EMS-induced cold-tolerant mutants in Hongyang kiwifruit

WEI Zhuo,YANG Na,YE Qinxia,ZHANG Hanyao* — 2022/9/1 9:00:19

The Hongyang kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘Hongyang’) has a high economic and nutritional value and good prospects for market development. However, in recent years Hongyang kiwifruit production areas such as Yunnan and Sichuan have been subjected to extreme weather such as inversions on several occasions, and its poor cold resistance has limited its scope for development. In this study, ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) was used to induce mutants of Hongyang kiwifruit in a tissue culture process, which led to the screening of cold-tolerant mutants and the investigation of their stress response mechanisms through transcriptome analysis. In this study, mutants were induced using EMS induction technology using Hongyang kiwifruit leaves as experimental material in tissue culture (4.4 g?L-1 MS + 4.5 g?L-1 agar + 1.5 mg?L-1 6-BA + 0.1 mg?L-1 NAA + 15g?L-1 sucrose + 0.01-0.1 g?L-1 EMS) and screened for cold-tolerant mutants under low temperature. Selected cold-tolerant mutants and normal Hongyang kiwifruit tissue culture seedlings were subjected to 4 oC 12 h cold stress treatment, while later, transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed. The results were as followed: (1) Some of the mutants induced by the 0.06 g?L-1 EMS were phenotypically resistant to cold; (2) In the GO functional enrichment analysis of transcriptome sequencing data, the most enriched entries were in the biological processes; (3) The protein processing pathway (ath04141) in the endoplasmic reticulum was the most enriched, and sHSF, Hsp70, and NEF in this pathway may be related to the regulation of cold tolerance mechanisms. The above findings will provide a material basis and theoretical rationale for the research and utilization of cold-tolerant germplasm resources of Hongyang kiwifruit.

Metabolome analysis of the differential flower color of Prunus serrulata cultivars

LI Meng,PAN Jingyi,,,WANG Xianrong,,,YE Qi,YI Xiangui,ZHANG Ming — 2022/9/1 8:57:25

Oriental cherries are famous ornamental plants worldwide. Floral coloration is the most prominent trait of cherry. In order to analyzes the differences pathways and key metabolite in flower color between Prunus serrulata cultivars, we conducted a comparative analysis of anthocyanin metabolomics between white, green, and pink cherry cultivars using LC-MS/MS. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 42 anthocyanins were detected, mainly including petunidin, delphinidin, flavonoids, malvidin, peonidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, and procyanidins. (2) 25 anthocyanins were identified as differential metabolites, including 11 down-regulated and 14 up-regulated; seven anthocyanins with higher abundance in the pink flower. (3) KEGG pathway annotation showed that the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway; The results of clustering showed that petunidin-3-O-glucoside was the key metabolite of different color P. serrulata cultivars. This study provides important insights into the metabolic mechanism of different flower colors in P. serrulata and a reference for novel color cultivars and variety breeding.

Response of N and P stoichiometry characteristic of evergreen broadleaved forest plant leaf to Phyllostachys edulis expansion

2022/9/1 8:54:55

The difference of survival response of plants at different levels in evergreen broadleaved forest to the Phyllostachys edulis expansion were explained from the perspective of ecological stoichiometry homeostasis. Using the method of space-time substitution, a typical P. edulis evergreen broadleaved forest interface including P. edulis forest, P. edulis broadleaved mixed forest and evergreen broadleaved forest was selected in Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. The N and P content of soil and leaves of P. edulis, broadleaved trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in each forest were compared and analyzed. (1) From bamboo forest to evergreen broadleaved forest, the soil N content and N:P ratio increased, while soil P content decreased; the leaves P content of tree species Machilus thunbergii, Alniphyllum fortunei and Daphniphyllum macropodum decreased and the N:P ration increased. Unlike the trees, the leaf N and P stoichiometry characteristic of plants both in shrub and herbaceous layers showed no significant changes, except the shrub tree Lindera erythrocarpa. (2) The soil N:P ration was positively correlated with the leaf N:P of trees, negatively correlated with that of shrubs and had no correlations with that of herbaceous plants, respectively. (3) The leaves N and P content and N:P ratio for P. edulis remained stable.P. edulis expansion changes plant leaf N and P stoichiometry characteristic by altering the soil N and P stoichiometry characteristic. Shrubs and herbaceous plants are less affected, however, it caused the imbalance of plants N and P stoichiometry characteristic of tree layer plants, which may be an important reason for the death of tree species in the evergreen broadleaved forest.

Detection of volatile components in new hybrid varieties of Phalaenopsis

2022/9/1 8:52:02

Phalaenopsis was the genus with the highest ornamental value and the best commercialization among orchids. Phalaenopsis with fragrance were rarely distributed in the market due to selection constraints, such as affinity, ploidy and breeding age. Researching on floral fragrance and transferring aroma traits into commercial Phalaenopsis are of great significance to the breeding of Phalaenopsis floral fragrance. In order to investigate the key aroma-causing components among different varieties of Phalaenopsis, the floral fragrance components of the eight new hybrid varieties in full blooming period were examined by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The principal components, clustering and aroma quality analysis were performed based on the identification of floral substance components. The results were as follows: (1) 96 substances were detected in eight varieties of Phalaenopsis, mainly divided into eight categories of terpenes, aldehydes, esters, alcohols, ketones, ethers, phenols and aromatic compounds, among which terpenes were dominant in quantity and content and were the main volatile substances of Phalaenopsis. (2) Principal component analysis showed that eight varieties were divided into three quadrants. F2 had the most volatile components and the most quantity, terpenes were mainly 1,8-cineole, α-bergamotene, linalool and (+)-calarene; F1, F4, F5 and F8 were divided into a group without ketones, ethers or phenols, and they had the least volatile components and terpenes were mainly linalool; F3, F6 and F7 were divided into a group with more volatile components and the terpenes were mainly α-bergamotene. (3) The results of cluster analysis were consistent with the principal component analysis, and the eight varieties were clustered into three categories. F1, F4, F5 and F8 were more closely related to each other as floral odor types; F3, F6 and F7 were more closely related to each other as woody floral quality; F2 showed a long genetic distance from the other seven varieties, with complex floral components and relatively average contribution of volatile substances, and both woody, minty and fruity types. This study shows that floral fragrance substances can be used as potential trait markers to distinguish between groups of varieties with different fragrance characteristics and provide a theoretical basis for further development and utilization research through cross selection to achieve specific floral fragrance Phalaenopsis selection and product processing and production.

Tissue-specificity and pathogen-resistant function in vitro of endophytic fungal microbiome harbored in Sophora tonkinensis from wild type

HUANG Rongshao,LAN Ke,WU Xuanke,YAO Yuqun — 2022/9/1 8:47:59

The beneficial microbiome assist the plant in disease defense. The root, stem and seed of Sophora tonkinensis from wild type were germinated and grew healthily, but they in cultivated type were susceptible to insect and pathogen attack. In order to explore the possibility of disease control using beneficial endophytic fungal microbiome harbored in S. tonkinensis from healthy wild type, endophytic fungi were isolated from the root, stem and seed of S. tonkinensis from healthy wild?type, and then were?further?identified?based on morphological characters and ITS sequence characters. Phylogenetic tree, α-diversity index and β-diversity index were used to analyze the phylogenetic evolution, diversity and similarity among different endophytic fungal microbiomes. The pathogen-resistant function in vitro of endophytic fungal microbiome was determined by the agar plug method and flat-stand method. The results were as follows：(1) 131 strains with 23 taxa, 108 strains with 23 taxa, and 64 strains with 11 taxa, were respectively isolated and identified from the root, stem and seed of S. tonkinensis; (2) more endemic genera and all endemic species, indicated that endophytic fungal microbiomes harbored in the root, stem and seed had tissue specificity in genus and species evolutionary tree; (3) The low β-diversity indicated that taxonomic?similarity was very low among different endophytic fungal microbiomes, and consequently endophytic fungal microbiomes had tissue specificity in species evolutionary tree; (4) The high α -diversity showed that endophytic fungal microbiomes harbored in the root, stem and seeds, were abundant biodiversity; (5) More than one third of the taxa antagonized pathogens in vitro. Endophytic fungal microbiome harbored in the root/stem showed strong?broad-spectrum pathogenic bacteria/fungi-resistant function in vitro, and endophytic fungal microbiome harbored in the seeds showed strong?broad-spectrum pathogenic fungi-resistant function in vitro. These results indicated beneficial endophytic fungal microbiome with tissue-specificity and biodiversity structure, and strong?broad-spectrum and abundant pathogen-resistant function in vitro, harbored in healthy root, stem and seeds of S. tonkinensis from wild type, and may play an important role in pathogen resistance in host tissues. Such results will provide material and experimental basis for disease control in different tissues of S. tonkinensis using beneficial endophytic fungal microbiome.

Study on secondary metabolites and activities of the endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp.

FENG Yunkai,HU Xueqiong,LIAO Qingnan,LIU Yayue,XUE Xinyi,ZHANG Yi — 2022/8/31 9:22:34

In order to study on secondary metabolites and their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of the endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp. YX-001 derived from mangrove Thespesia populnea. The strain was fermented and cultured with 2% salinity PDB medium, and then subjected to silica gel column chromatography, semi-preparative HPLC, sephadex LH-20, ODS and recrystallization. Nine compounds were identified using modern spectral techniques such as MS and 1/2D NMR, and comparing with literature data. All isolates were evaluated for their AChE inhibitory activities using ellman’s colorimetric method. The results were as follows: (1) Nine compounds are identified as asterrelenin (1), aszonalenin (2), cladosporisteroid C (3), sitosterol (4), ergosterol (5), cyclo-Ile-Pro-diketopiperazine (6), cyclo(-Pro-Val) (7), 4-methoxy-2- methylisoquinolin-1-one (8), and allantoin (9). (2) The activities results show that compounds 1 and 2 display moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 81.5 and 105.8 μmol·L-1, while other compounds don’t display significant inhibitory activities (IC50 > 200 μmol·L-1). In this paper, the secondary metabolites and AChE inhibitory activities of endophytic fungi derived from Thespesia populnea were studied for the first time, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent development of endophytic fungi resources from Thespesia populnea.

Chemical constituents of the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. and their anti-inflammatory activities

CAI Meichao,LI Li,LIU Yuhong,MA Yan,REN Wenjing,WANG Fengshan — 2022/8/31 9:21:02

Bei-dou-gen, the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. from the Menispermaceae family, is an important Chinese medicinal material. In order to provide an effective reference for the study on the pharmacological substance basis and the rational utilization of medicinal plant resources, the methanol extract of the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. was systematically isolated and purified using various chromatographic methods and the structures of isolated compounds were identified. And thre potential anti-inflammatory effect of obtained compounds from Menispermum dauricum DC.was messured in vitro. In this study, the chemical constituents were separated via silica gel column chromatography, macroporous adsorption resin, and preparative HPLC and their structures were determined on the basis of MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and other spectroscopic data analysis, as well as comparison with relevant literatures. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activities of against NO and IL-6 production from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells of the chemical components were evaluated in vitro. The results were as follows: (1) Fifteen compounds were isolated from the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC., and identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), vanilic acid (2), syringaldehyde (3), 2-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone (4), methyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (5), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-nitroethane (6), 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile (7), dibutyl phthalate (8), fragransin B2 (9), 7-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenanthraquinone (10), palmitic acid (11), arachidic acid (12), β-sitosterol (13), β-stigmasterol (14), and daucosterol (15). Among them, compounds 4-7, 9, and 12 were isolated from Menispermaceae for the first time, while compounds 1, 3-11, and 14 were first reported from Menispermum genus. The above compounds were all non-alkaloids components, including phenols, lignans, phenoquiones, fatty acids, and sterols, which enlarged the types of compounds and enriched the phytochemical information of the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. (2) Anti-inflammatory assays in vitro showed that compound 12 could significantly inhibited releases of NO and IL-6 induced by LPS from RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 25 and 50 μg·mL﹣1, indicating potential anti-inflammatory effect.

Chemical constituents of the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. and their anti-inflammatory activities

CAI Meichao,LI Li,LIU Yuhong,MA Yan,REN Wenjing,WANG Fengshan — 2022/8/31 9:19:52

Effect of indoor CO2 concentration, temperature, humidity and illumination on volatile organic compounds released by Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus

CUI Jing-xian,LIU Hong,LIU Hui — 2022/8/31 9:18:50

The aromatic odor of Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus has been found to have the potential to improve physical and mental health of people in indoor environment, but the release of volatile organic compounds from plants is susceptible to indoor environmental changes and thus the stability of its effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the response of volatile organic compounds released by Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus to common indoor environmental changes, provide a scientific basis for its efficient and sustainable application in building a comfortable pro-biotic environment to improve the physical and mental health of indoor personnel. Thus, the effects of four typical indoor environmental factors, such as air temperature, air relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light condition, on the release of volatile organic compounds from Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus were investigated in this study. And the dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques were used to analyze the volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments with an environmental control device based on mixed-level orthogonal array design. The results were as follows: (1) Among the four typical indoor environmental factors of air temperature, air relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light condition, CO2 concentration and air temperature had greater effects on the release of volatile organic compounds from Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus, than air relative humidity and light. (2) For Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus cultivated under normal photoperiod, an environmental condition with CO2 concentration of 500 μmol·mol-1, air temperature of 25 ℃ and air relative humidity of 60% was most suitable for releasing volatile organic compounds from Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus in the absence of light. Under this environmental condition, the total amount of volatile organic compounds released by Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus was 86.23 μg·L-1·kg-1, and the content of biological active components with potentials for the positive intervention of physical and mental health was 78.03μg·L-1·kg-1。In summary, the results suggested that when the aroma plant Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus was used to build an indoor pro-biotic environment to maintain or improve the physical and mental health of people in indoor, the environmental conditions should be controlled properly, especially CO2 concentration and air temperature, so as to fully and efficiently produce the positive health benefits from Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus.

Species diversity and floristic elements of the lichen genus Herpothallon in China

Liu linlin,Zhang lulu,Zuo qijia — 2022/8/31 9:18:11

The purpose of this study is to investigate the species diversity of Herpothallon in China and further identify its distribution characteristics and species composition. One hundred and twenty-eight specimens of the lichen genus Herpothallon were collected from tropical and subtropical regions of China as part of our field investigations. Identification was carried out using morphological, anatomical and chemical methods. The examined specimens are deposited in the Lichen Section of the Botanical Herbarium, Shandong Normal University (SDNU) and the Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China (KUN). A total of 12 species of Herpothallon are reported, of which Herpothallon australasicum (Elix) Elix & G. Thor, H. granulosum Jagadeesh Ram & G. P. Sinha, H. himalayanum Jagadeesh & G. P. Sinha, H. isidiatum Jagadeesh Ram & G. P. Sinha and H. minutum Jagadeesh are new records for China. A comprehensive analysis on hitherto known species of Herpothallon in China shows that: 1) There are two additional species of Herpothallon found in China making a total of 14 and accounting for 29.17% of the known Herpothallon species worldwide; 2) These species belong to five types of geographical element: Pantropical, Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia, Topical Asia and tropical America, Tropical Asia, and Endemic to China; 3) Herpothallon species in China grows mainly in the altitude ranging 300 m to 2 500 m; 4) Most of these species are mainly corticolous with a few being foliicolous, saxicolous and muscicolous in China. The results of initial filed work indicate that this group is distributed sporadically in some mountainous forests in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and indicate a higher biodiversity of Herpothallon in southern China, changes in substrate and altitude also have important effects on the distribution of Herpothallon in China, they are important for the understanding of the genus and the protection of lichen diversity in the country. We plan to carry out further surveys and studies on this genus to provide more detailed and reliable data that can make species definition more objective and establish a more reliable classification.

Identification of wild Wolfiporia cocos and studies on its Lignocellulolytic enzymes

Hu Ting,Hu Ya-nan,Huang Zhu,QIN Wen,WU Ling,YANG Chun-cheng,YIN Li-wei — 2022/8/31 9:16:39

In order to reveal the effects of Wolfiporia cocos lignocellulolytic enzymes and culture methods on its main enzymes, the main lignocellulolytic enzymes of W.cocos were determined in this study. Firstly, the microscopic observation of the culture characteristics of the wild W. cocos strains was carried out; then three pairs of primers were used for PCR amplification to carry out phylogenetic identification; The dominant strain YX1 was screened by qualitative culture and finally the activities of cellulase, hemicellulase and ligninolytic enzymes under different conditions were determined by microplate reader. The results were as follows:（1）Three morphological characteristics: mycelium, fruiting body and sclerotium of W. cocos;（2）PCR obtained rDNA-ITS sequence of 1 652 bp, ribosomal large subunit sequence of 660 bp and translation elongation factor sequence of 545 bp, and submitted to NCBI，accession numbers are ON129554, ON129553, and ON155840, respectively;（3）The highest secretion of exo-β-glucanase(CBH), endo-β-glucanase(EG) and β-glucosidase(BGL) in the presence or absence of sawdust was 16 - 17, 32 - 35, 36 - 37 U?mL-1；The maximum secretion of xylanase, mannanase and α-glucosidase was 28 - 38, 280 - 342, 9 - 11 U?mL-1.The three ligninolytic enzymes Manganese peroxidase (MnP), Laccase (Laccase), and Lignin peroxidase (LiP) had weak enzymatic activities in four different cultures. In conclusion, this study combines morphological and molecular identification to clarify the taxonomic status of YX1, which has both a relationship and a genetic gap with brown rot fungi.The results finally showed that the magnitude of enzymatic activities in lignocellulases were in the order of mannanase > xylanase > BGL> EG > CBH > α-glucosidase > LiP > MnP > Laccase, and there were significant differences between cellulase and hemicellulase enzymatic activities (P<0.05). This study provides a basic enzymatic reference for the degradation mechanism of the lignocellulolytic enzymes system produced by W.cocos.

Notes on Carex L. (Cyperaceae) in Guangxi

chenhailing,liuyan,luzhaocen,qinying — 2022/8/31 9:14:09

Carex as a super large genus with high species diversity in the world, 100 species of Carex have been recorded from Guangxi at present. The resources of Carex in Guangxi are still unclear, the in-depth investigations and researches are lack too. Based on specimens identification, literature research and field investigation, we systematically cleared up the early researches of Carex in Guangxi, in order to provide background data for the subsequent research and sustainable utilization. At first, the research brief histories of Carex taxonomy in Guangxi were summarized. The genus Carex in Guangxi with high endemism, we focus on 16 taxa of Carex published based on types collected from Guangxi, verify the accuracy of their type locality, supplement distribution information, and make sure that 8 species of Carex endemic to Guangxi at last. Eight newly recorded species of Carex in Guangxi are reported here, which are C. alopecuroides D. Don, C. chungii Z. P. Wang, C. hirtiutriculata L. K. Dai, C. insignis Boott, C. nubigena D. Don, C. sendaica Franch., C. sociata Boott and C. transversa Boott. The morphological feature diagnosis and voucher specimens for these newly recorded species were provided. We also discussed the species diversity, endemism, geographical distribution, and the potential utilization of Carex in Guangxi.

Mogroside IIE effect on the macrophage in diabetes inflammatory models

黄凯,1,XIAO Juan — 2022/8/31 9:10:00

Abstract: To explorer the Mogroside IIE effect on macrophages in mice diabetes inflammation model by induced with lipopolysaccharide and palmitic acid, 1 ng?μL-1 LPS and 100 μmol?L-1 PA were combined treatment for macrophages in mice RAW 264.7. And the mRNA expression changes of TNF-α was detected by qRT-PCR. Also the macrophages in mice with induced by lipopolysaccharide and palmitic acid after 24 h was treated with 20 μmol?L-1 Mogroside IIE and the mRNA expression change of inflammatory factor TNF-α was detected by qRT-PCR at different points of time 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h. The results showed the synergistic effect of inflammation in macrophages in mice RAW 264.7 by treatment with 1 ng?μL-1 LPS and 100 μmol?L-1 PA after 24 h was maximum. All the above results indicate that 20 μmol?L-1 Mogroside IIE can reduce the mRNA expression of inflammatory factor TNF-α in macrophages in mice by treatment with LPS and PA. which provides the reference for new therapy of diabetes.

Mogroside IIE effect on the macrophage in diabetes inflammatory models

黄凯,1,XIAO Juan — 2022/8/31 9:08:31

Notes on Carex L. (Cyperaceae) in Guangxi

chenhailing,liuyan,luzhaocen,qinying — 2022/8/31 9:08:19

Identification of wild Wolfiporia cocos and studies on its Lignocellulolytic enzymes

Hu Ting,Hu Ya-nan,Huang Zhu,QIN Wen,WU Ling,YANG Chun-cheng,YIN Li-wei — 2022/8/31 9:08:06

Species diversity and floristic elements of the lichen genus Herpothallon in China

Liu linlin,Zhang lulu,Zuo qijia — 2022/8/31 9:07:48

Effect of indoor CO2 concentration, temperature, humidity and illumination on volatile organic compounds released by Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus

CUI Jing-xian,LIU Hong,LIU Hui — 2022/8/31 9:07:33

Chemical constituents of the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. and their anti-inflammatory activities

CAI Meichao,LI Li,LIU Yuhong,MA Yan,REN Wenjing,WANG Fengshan — 2022/8/31 9:07:17

Study on secondary metabolites and activities of the endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp.

FENG Yunkai,HU Xueqiong,LIAO Qingnan,LIU Yayue,XUE Xinyi,ZHANG Yi — 2022/8/31 9:06:55

Study on dormancy type and germination of Epimedium sagittatum seeds

DAI Jiaxing,GAO Jiadong,JI Yufang,LIU Jun,SONG Songquan,TIAN Xiangrong — 2022/8/30 10:56:03

Epimedium sagittatum plants have an important medicinal value and a huge market demand, but the characteristics on dormancy and germination of their seeds are still unclear, which seriously affect its industrial seedling production and cultivation. In order to verify the type of seed dormancy and the optimal way to break dormancy, the mature seeds of E. sagittatum were used as experimental materials, we investigated the water uptake and the desiccation tolerance of seeds, as well as the effects of temperature, stratification and phytohormone on seed dormancy and germination. The results were as follows: (1) E. sagittatum seeds had no physical dormancy and (2) had desiccation tolerance. (3) The germination percentage of seeds was zero at 4?25oC and darkness, and these seeds had dormancy characteristics. (4) The embryo/seed ratio was very small, as well as embryo growth and development and seed germination rate and germination percentage were increased by stratification at 4oC, 10oC and fluctuating temperature. (5) Gibberellin and fluridone significantly increased the germination rate and germination percentage of seeds. We considered that the dormancy type of E. sagittatum seeds was morphophysiological dormancy. The optimal method to release dormancy and promote germination was that seeds were stratified at 10oC for 30 days and then germinated at 4oC.

Study on dormancy type and germination of Epimedium sagittatum seeds

DAI Jiaxing,GAO Jiadong,JI Yufang,LIU Jun,SONG Songquan,TIAN Xiangrong — 2022/8/30 10:55:45

Relationship between plant leaf functional traits and soil factors at different succession stages in karst forest of Maolan

LI Juan,LUI Qi,LONG Cuiling,,XIONG Ling — 2022/8/30 10:41:47

How plants change functional traits to adapt to the environment has always been the focus of ecology. In order to explore the adaptive strategies of plant leaves in different succession stages of Maolan Karst forest, taking the dominant species in five different succession stages ( herb, shrub, shrub-arbor, arbor and climax community) in Maolan Nature Reserve as the research object, the leaf functional properties and soil physical and chemical properties of dominant plants in different succession stages were measured. The results showed that : ( 1 ) With the positive succession of vegetation, soil total nitrogen content ( STN ), soil organic matter content ( SOM ) and soil water content ( SWC ) gradually increased, soil total phosphorus content ( STP ) and soil total potassium content ( STK ) first increased and then decreased, and soil pH value showed a decreasing trend as a whole. ( 2 ) With the positive succession of vegetation, leaf area ( LA ), leaf dry matter content ( LDMC ), leaf thickness ( LT ) and leaf carbon content ( LCC ) gradually increased. On the contrary, specific leaf area ( SLA ) and leaf potassium content ( LKC ), leaf nitrogen content ( LNC ) increased first and then decreased, and leaf phosphorus content ( LPC ) decreased first and then increased.( 3 ) Redundant analysis showed that plants were mainly distributed in the environment of high soil pH and relatively low STK, STP, SWC, SOM and STN in the early succession stage. Plant leaves in the community took high SLA, LNC and LPC, and low LA, LDMC, LT and LWC. Plants in the late succession stage were mainly distributed in the environment of high soil moisture and nutrients. LDMC, LT, LA and LWC showed an upward trend compared with the early succession stage, and SLA, LNC and LPC showed a downward trend compared with the early succession stage. With the forward succession of vegetation, plants adapt to the environment by changing functional traits, and leaf functional traits change from open strategy in the early succession to conservative strategy in the late succession.

Relationship between plant leaf functional traits and soil factors at different succession stages in karst forest of Maolan

LI Juan,LUI Qi,LONG Cuiling,,XIONG Ling — 2022/8/30 10:39:56

Ethnobotanical study on Prinsepia utilis and related traditional knowledge with skin care

YANG Lixin,ZHAO Yanqiang,ZHAO Ying — 2022/8/30 10:31:14

Prinsepia utilis is a perennial deciduous shrub of an edible medicine in the ethnic communities of Northwest Yunnan. It is widely applied in traditional culture, medicine and food in that area. With the development of modern society, P. utilis and its related traditional knowledge face the danger of disappearing. The purpose of this study was to explore the protection and inheritance of resources and related traditional knowledge of P. utilis in native area. Based on ethnobotanical field investigation, the substance basis of the main traditional functions of P. utilis and skin-care activities were preliminarily studied by using the methods of chemical and pharmacological activity testing of natural drugs. The result show that: (1) P. utilis is widely used for fencing protection, wind prevention, soil fixation, the treatment of skin injury, food and other traditional usages in ethnic communities of Northwest Yunnan; (2) Ten individual compounds with skin care activities were detected from the extracts of different parts of P. utilis, such as gallic acid, quercetin; (3) The total flavonoid content of the extracts from the leaves of P. utilis was higher than that of the fermentation products and the extracts from the fruit of P. utilis. (4) The fruit oil of P. utilis with the highest frequency of traditional utilization showed great DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the antioxidant activity was different among different producing areas and processes. The results of this study preliminarily confirmed the correlation between the substence basis and the related activities of the traditional skin care efficacy of P. utilis, and provided a preliminary application basic research for the further research and development of the protection and traditional inheritance of resources and related traditional knowledge of P. utilis.

Ethnobotanical study on Prinsepia utilis and related traditional knowledge with skin care

YANG Lixin,ZHAO Yanqiang,ZHAO Ying — 2022/8/30 10:24:48

Supplement to Guangxi Plant List (Ⅶ)

LI Jianling,LIU Yan,Nong Shiyue,QIN Ying,WU Wanghui — 2022/8/30 10:23:11

fourteen species of vascular plants are reported as new records in Guangxi. They are Hanceola exserta Y. Z. Sun ex C. Y. Wu, Isodon longitubus (Miquel) Kud?, Keiskea australis C. Y. Wu H. W. Li, Impatiens polyneura K. M. Liu, Synotis fulvipes (Ling) C. Jeffrey Y. L. Chen, Primulina speluncae (Hand.-Mazz.) Mich. M?ller A. Weber, Rumex obtusifolius L., Pilea sinocrassifolia C. J. Chen, Eriocaulon decemflorum Maxim., Isachne sylvestris Ridl., Lilium concolor Salisb., Sciaphila ramosa Fukuy. T. Suzuki, Arisaema silvestrii Pamp., Bulbophyllum tipula Aver.. And the citation and geographical distribution of each species are also listed in this paper.

Supplement to Guangxi Plant List (Ⅶ)

LI Jianling,LIU Yan,Nong Shiyue,QIN Ying,WU Wanghui — 2022/8/30 10:22:27

Analysis on correlation between soil factor and the growth and medicinal component of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis

QIU Shuo,LI Xiujuan,WU Qiaofen,XIA Ke,ZHAO Zhiguo,ZHENG Wenjun — 2022/8/3 11:56:28

Inorder to study the effect of soil factors on the the growth and medicinal component of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis, and to provide a support for the artificial cultivation, the biomass and the polyphyllins content of different samples from different origins were determined, and soil composition was measured. Then the correlation between soil factors and the growth，and medicinal component were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1)There were differences in soil composition in different place, while the yield and polyphyllins content in samples in different place were quite different; (2)Correlation analysis showed that the dry weight was significantly positively correlated with organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkaline nitrogen, the polyphyllin I content was significantly positively related with organic matter and available phosphorus, the polyphyllin Ⅱ content was significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus and available potassium; (3)Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the dry weight was dominantly affected by alkaline nitrogen, the polyphyllin I was dominantly affected by organic matter, the polyphyllins Ⅱ was dominantly affected by available phosphorus, and was linear negatively correlated with alkaline nitrogen. In summary, the main soil factors affecting dry weight was alkaline nitrogen, the main soil factors affecting the polyphyllin total content was organic matter and available phosphorus.

Composition and ecological function of the endophytic and rhizosphere soil fungi in Kadsura coccinea

JIN Ji-fen,LI Xin-zhong,LIU Tao,MA Nan,PENG Zhi-jun,WAN De-kai — 2022/8/3 11:51:03

To investigate rhizosphere soil and endophytic fungal community composition, diversity, and ecological functions in Kadsura coccinea, the endophytic fungal community from roots, stems, leaves, and rhizosphere soils of mature K. coccinea were analyzed based on high-throughput sequencing technology. The results were as follows:(1) A total of 2 241 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from 12 samples at 97% of sequence homology level. The OTUs of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi were 1 453, 386, 536 and 258, respectively, of which 18 OTUs were in common. There belong to 10 phyla, 41 classes, 95 orders, 212 families, and 367 genera, respectively. The dominant fungal communities at the phylum level in the endophytic and rhizosphere soil of K. coccinea are Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Among them, Ascomycota accounted for 96.99% and 95.37% of the endophytic fungal community in leaves and stems, respectively. At the genus level, the saprophytic fungi Mortierella accounted for a relatively high proportion (13.5%) in the rhizosphere soil, in contrast, pathogenic fungi such as Ascomycota and Mortierella were mainly found in vigorously growing tissues (leaves and stems). (2) Alpha diversity analysis showed that the richness and diversity of the fungal community in the rhizosphere soil of K. coccinea were significantly higher than those in endophytic fungi. Although the abundance of endophytic fungi in stems was significantly higher than that in roots and leaves, the differences in endophytic fungal diversity among roots, stems and leaves were not significant. The principal component analysis (PCoA) revealed that the fungal community structures of leaves and stems were more similar, and those of roots and rhizosphere soils were more similar. (3) The function of endophytic fungal communities in different tissues and rhizosphere of K. coccinea was predicted and analyzed by using FUNGuild platform. The results showed that the rhizosphere soil fungi and endophytic fungi contained a large number of unclassified fungi. Among the functionally classified fungi, the pathotroph functional group has a higher proportion in the vigorously growing tissues. This study provides a theoretical basis for the screening and exploring of active functional fungi in K. coccinea.

Identification and analysis of TCP transcription factors in Solanum tuberosum response to low nitrogen fertilizer stress

2022/8/3 11:48:01

TCP transcription factors are a type of plant-specific transcription factors, which have been implicated in multiple aspects of plant biological processes. To study the role of potato TCP transcription factors in response to low nitrogen fertilizer stress, here, four mRNA libraries from potato roots and leaves under the conditions of low nitrogen fertilizer (0.05 mmol·L-1) and sufficient nitrogen fertilizer (7.5 mmol·L-1) were constructed for transcriptome sequencing, respectively. Meanwhile, the differentially expressed TCP transcription factor family genes were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) a total of 24 TCP transcription factors were identified in the four transcriptome libraries, and mainly distributed on the second, third and sixth chromosomes. (2) The analysis of domains showed that all of 24 TCPs contained basic-Helix-Loop-Helix domain. (3) The phylogenetic analysis showed that the TCP proteins of potato and Arabidopsis were closely related, and clustered into 10 subgroups. (4) Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the expression levels of most potato TCP transcription factors were suppressed by low nitrogen fertilizer stress. Among them, three TCP transcription factors were significantly differentially expressed in roots, while five TCP transcription factor genes were specifically expressed in leaves. (5) According to the GO functional analysis and the relationship between the potato and the Arabidopsis TCP transcription factors, it is predicted that these TCP transcription factors are involved in response of potato to low-nitrogen fertilizer stress. The research provided a foundation for further study on the molecular role of TCPs response to low-nitrogen fertilizer stress in potato and other crops.

Physiological response characteristics of Hippophae rhamnoides seedlings under interaction of Mn stress and sex-specific competition

CHEN Hao,CHEN Juan,FANG Ling,HE Yunxiao,LIN Yuhu,SUN Xudong,XU Yuanhong — 2022/8/3 11:45:11

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is an important dioecious tree species of protective plantation with insufficiently documented on the sexual responses difference to environmental stress as well as the interaction between sexual competition and heavy metal stress. In order to provide the practical guidance for repairing heavy metal pollution in soil, the physiological responses and tolerance of male and female sea buckthorn plants under Mn stress and different gender interaction patterns were discussed. The physiological responses of sea buckthorn under Mn stress ( 4 000 mg·kg-1 ) and three different gender combinations ( female×female, male×male, female × male) were determined, including the contents of chlorophyll, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenols, free proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS), betaine and manganese in male and female leaves. The results were as follows： (1) Under Mn stress, the SOD of male plants (M/FM) was the highest in all competition combinations, while the MDA content was not significantly increased compared with the controls, indicating that the male plants had better antioxidant capacity and less membrane oxidative damage. (2) M/FM accumulated more proline and showed better osmotic adjustment ability under Mn stress, indicating that male plants under sexual competition showed better tolerance to Mn stress. (3) The study indicated that male-female interaction and Mn stress interaction significantly affected the physiological response characteristics of sea buckthorn leaves, such as chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment. Principal component analysis showed that the contents of SOD, POD, MDA, chlorophyll b (Chlb), SS and Pro in leaves could be used as the main physiological response indicators. The results can be used as a reference for the remediation of soil heavy metal pollution by sea buckthorn plants.

Variation and correlation of the photosynthetic traits of 8 suitable plants in the karst region of Southwest Guangxi

HE Feng,LU Guodao,OU Zhiyang,PANG Shilong,SHEN Wenhui,WU Ziyuan,YE Sijin — 2022/7/7 10:56:38

Leaf photosynthetic traits reflect the responses and adaptations of plants to natural environment. Eight karst suitable plants of Pingguo City, Guangxi, was studied using Li-6400XT to detect the leaf photosythetic parameters, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Stomatal conductivity (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE) and stomatal limitation value (Ls), and then to explore the variation characteristic and correlations of them. The results showed the six photosynthetic parameters had different variation within and between species, and all the intraspecific variations were greater than the interspecific. The variation of Gs and Tr mainly originated from interspecific (46.72% ~ 49.76%), while that of Pn、Ci、WUE and Ls mainly from intraspecific (48.66% ~ 64.50%). At the life form level, the intraspecific variations of Pn、Gs and Tr of evergreen plants were less than those of deciduous plants, but the intraspecific variation of Ci、WUE and Ls of evergreen plants were higher. Interspecific variations of all the parameters of deciduous plants were greater than those of evergreen plants. Gs variation was the greatest both at the intraspecific and the interspecific level, followed by Tr and Pn, then Ls and WUE, and Ci variation were the least. There were significant positive correlations among Pn、Gs and Tr (P<0.01). Ls was significantly positively correlated with WUE (P<0.05), but negatively with Gs and Ci (P<0.05). The correlations among these photosynthetic parameters were basically consistent with the global scale, which reflected plants had diverse trade-off strategies to adapt to different environment resources. The results also verified the leaf economics spectrum existed among karst plants. Evergreen plant were located at the slow investment-return end of the LES with high values of Ls, WUE and low values of Gs、Tr、Ci and Pn. On the contrary, deciduous plants were located at the quick investment-return end of the LES with low value of WUE and high value of Pn and Tr. The results reflect that plants may accommodate to the changing environment with different adaptation strategies by trade-offs and co-ordinations among traits.

Variation and correlation of the photosynthetic traits of 8 suitable plants in the karst region of Southwest Guangxi

HE Feng,LU Guodao,OU Zhiyang,PANG Shilong,SHEN Wenhui,WU Ziyuan,YE Sijin — 2022/7/7 10:56:24

Leaf epidermal features of Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi (Ericaceae) and their taxonomic significance

CHEN Xin,CHEN Zhao,CHEN Zhizhao,Yunfei Deng,JIANG Tianyi,ZHENG Yongli — 2022/7/7 10:48:26

In order to clarify the relationships in Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi, micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis were examined for 37 species in Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), among which the relevant characters of 29 species are reported for the first time. The results reveal that: (1) The stomas are anomocytic and all on abaxial surface; (2) According to the morphological characters of glands, trichome types and stomatal apparatus of leaf epidermis, subg. Tsutsusi can be divided into five types, i.e., R. simsii-type, R. mariae-type, R. indicum-type, R. saxatile-type and R. farrerae-type; (3) The plants in R. simsii-type have the similar morphological characters, i.e., virgate hairs, glands and stomatal apparatuses; (4) The plants in R. mariae-type without distinct T-pieces at the polar region of guard cells but have multilayer ringed striates. (5) It is implied that the plants R. indicum-type have the close affinity with subg. Therorhodion in having distinct T-pieces at the polar region of guard cells; (6) R. saxatile-type differs from other types in its simple trichomes being virgate but not glands; (7) R. farrerae-type has glands only; (8) The relationships between the closely related species are also discussed on the basis of leaf epidermal features. Micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis are of significant value for species delimitation in subg. Tsutsusi.

Leaf epidermal features of Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi (Ericaceae) and their taxonomic significance

CHEN Xin,CHEN Zhao,CHEN Zhizhao,Yunfei Deng,JIANG Tianyi,ZHENG Yongli — 2022/7/7 10:47:59

Optimization of chromosome preparation and chromosome numbers and ploidy in Hemiboea

GAO Dan,JIN Weitao,XIANG Xiaoguo,ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Yanjie — 2022/7/7 9:43:13

Chromosome numbers and genome ploidy are crucial basic information for evolutionary biology and genetics. Hemiboea, a genus of Gesneriaceae, with about 44 species, is mainly distributed in southern China, which have important medicinal and ornamental value. It is difficult to obtain suitable root tips for the chromosome preparation because of their small twining roots and small chromosomes. So far, only the chromosome numbers from three species of Hemiboea have been reported, while the chromosome numbers and ploidy of most species are unknown. The relationship between the pattern of chromosome number evolution and species evolution is also unclear. In this study, in order to explore the optimal conditions for chromosome preparation and the relationship between chromosome numbers and species evolution of Hemiboea, firstly, the root tips of six species (including H. subcapitata, H. longgangensis, H. longzhouensis, H. subacaulis var. jiangxiensis, H. follicularis, and H. yongfuensis), which were generated by the method of hydroponic rooting for cutting leaves based on the characteristics of leaf cuttage propagation of plants in the Hemboea, were used for the chromosome experiments. Then, we assessed the effects of different experimental conditions on chromosome preparation, and then, the conditions were optimized and the chromosome counting was performed. Finally, the evolutionary history of chromosome numbers in Hemiboea and the related genera including Anna and Loxostigma were traced based on the molecular phylogenetic relationships, and the evolutionary pattern of chromosome numbers and relationships with species evolution were studied. The results were as follows :(1) The optimal condition for karyotype preparation of the plants in Hemiboea are sampling during 9:30-10:00 am, dissociating for 10 min, and staining for 15 min. (2) All the six species of Hemiboea are diploid and with 32 chromosome numbers (2n=2x=32). (3) Except for a few species in the genus, the chromosome numbers of most species may be 2n=2x=32, and the variation of chromosome numbers may be caused by aneuploidy, which has no obvious relationship with the species evolution. This study shed light on chromosome preparation of Hemiboea and other groups with similar leaf regeneration characteristics, and provides implications for the classification and phylogeny of this group.

Optimization of chromosome preparation and chromosome numbers and ploidy in Hemiboea

GAO Dan,JIN Weitao,XIANG Xiaoguo,ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Yanjie — 2022/7/7 9:42:54

Prediction of potential suitable areas for the endangered karst obligate Excentrodendron tonkinensis in China

2022/7/7 9:30:57

Abstract: E. tonkinensis is a constructive species of karst seasonal rainforest and an obligate karst plant, which is also one of the national secondary key protected wild plant and an IUCN endangered plant, with high economic and ecological value. However, there is still a lack of understanding of how the potential suitable areas of E. tonkinensis change in the context of global change and its key driving factors, which affect the scientific protection and utilization of E. tonkinensis.To assess the impacts of climate change on the extents of the habitat of E. tonkinensis, we used the Maximum-entropy model to analyze the potential changes in the geographical distribution in China of future climate scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5), and tested the influence of the karst geological background distribution on predicting the suitable areas of karst obligate plants. The results show that: (1) in the case of adding karst geological background data, the average AUC of the prediction model for the suitable area is 0.997, which has a good prediction effect. And the model prediction results are strictly limited to the karst region, consistent with the characteristics of E. tonkinensis which is karst obligate plant; (2) According to the fitting results of the model, the karst geological background, precipitation of warmest quarter(800-950 mm), and the min temperature of coldest month(7-11 ℃) are the key factors limiting the distribution of E. tonkinensis; (3) with the increase of temperature in the future, the area of potential suitable areas for E. tonkinensis would expand to higher latitudes karst areas. Large numbers of areas of stable habitats exist in parts of southwest Guangxi and southeastern Yunnan. These results suggest that the karst geological distribution is essential as predicting the potential geographic distribution of karst obligate plants such as E. tonkinensis; if the temperature continues to rise in the future, its potential suitable areas will expand to high latitudes, and the degree of endangerment may be affected by climate, which means it is not obvious under the influence of climate changes; parts of southwestern Guangxi and southeastern Yunnan are suitable areas for the conservation and utilization of E. tonkinensis under the climate changes in the future.

Prediction of potential suitable areas for the endangered karst obligate Excentrodendron tonkinensis in China

2022/7/7 9:30:28

New records of angiosperms in Guangxi

Li Man,Li Xiong,Luo Kaiwen,Qin Yonghua,Wang Shuangling,Wu Wanghui — 2022/7/7 9:22:16

The limestone region in southwest Guangxi is defined as a priority area for biodiversity conservation and research not only at provincial but also national level. Through in-depth investigation in the two nature reserves of this region, twenty angiosperm species from 20 genera and 17 families were found as new records for the flora of Guangxi, including Wuodendron praecox (Hook. f. & Thomson) B. Xue, Y. H. Tan & X. L. Hou, Phoebe macrocarpa C. Y. Wu, Clematis fengii W. T. Wang, Trichosanthes tetragonosperma C. Y. Cheng & Yueh, Sorbus yunnanensis L. T. Lu, Elatostema longibracteatum W. T. Wang, Acer paihengii Fang, Cornus eydeana Q. Y. Xiang & Y. M. Shui, Rhododendron longipedicellatum Lei Cai & Y. P. Ma, Styrax roseus Dunn, Symplocos hookeri C. B. Clarke, Dicercoclados triplinervis C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen, Lysimachia pittosporoides C. Y. Wu, Lycianthes marlipoensis C. Y. Wu & S. C. Huang, Justicia multinodis Benoist, Scutellaria sichourensis C. Y. Wu & H. W. Li, Liparis bistriata C. S. P. Parish & Rchb. f., Peristylus tenuicallus Ormerod, Pinalia yunnanensis (S. C. Chen & Z. H. Tsi) S. C. Chen & J. J. Wood and Zeuxine integrilabella C. S. Leou. Among them, Wuodendron B. Xue, Y. H. Tan & Chaowasku and Dicercoclados C. Jeffrey et Y. L. Chen were new recorded genera of Guangxi. All species were annotated by morphological and distribution description, voucher specimens and pictures. In addition, based on collected materials, several key taxonomic characteristics of T. tetragonosperma and D. triplinervis were supplemented and revised respectively. Lastly, the biogeographic significance of these newly records as well as protection effectiveness of the reserves in limestone region of southwestern Guangxi were discussed.

New records of angiosperms in Guangxi

Li Man,Li Xiong,Luo Kaiwen,Qin Yonghua,Wang Shuangling,Wu Wanghui — 2022/7/7 9:21:52

Comparison of chloroplast genomes and phylogenic analysis of four Species of Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis

chen xiao li,huang ting,li bu yu,tang meng,zhang xue mei — 2022/7/7 9:11:32

The phylogenetic status of Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis has long been controversial and the interspecific relationships of some species are unclear. At present, chloroplast genomes have been used to solve the phylogenetic problems of subg. Quercus and Castanea in the Fagaceae, but there are few researches on solving the phylogenetic problems of Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis with chloroplast genome information. To reveal the chloroplasts genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of Q. ningangensis, Q. oxyodon, Q. gambleana and Q. neglecta. In this study, mature leaves of the above four species of Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis were selected for Next-generation sequencing, and the chloroplast genome structure and characteristics were analyzed, Phylogeny was studied in combination with related taxa. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genome sequences of Q. ningangensis, Q. oxyodon, Q. gambleana and Q. neglecta were 160 906 bp, 160 883 bp, 160 832 bp and 160 784 bp, respectively. They all encoded 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. (2) The codons ending in A/T were preferred by the four species of Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis, and the variation regions of plastid genome mainly existed in non-coding regions. (3) According to IR boundary analysis, ycf1 pseudogene was found in four species of Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis and expanded in IRb/SSC regions. (4) Phylogenetic analysis showed that Fagus and Trigonobalanus were differentiated early in Fagaceae, while subg Quercus did not form a monophyly. The results of phylogenetic tree based on chloroplast genome were consistent with the nuclear marker plasmid markers. Interspersed between Ilex group and Cerris group in subg Quercus. (5) The Flora of China and some local flora treated Q. gambleana as a separate species, while Zhou Zhekun and Deng Min et al. treated Q. gambleana as a subspecies according to the characteristics of leaves. The phylogenetic status of Q. gambleana is still controversial. Based on the chloroplast genome information and previous morphological analysis results, the present study supported the idea that Q. gambleana existed as an independent species. This study provides basic data for discussing the phylogenetic status of the Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis, the division of its groups, and the resolution of doubtful relationships among them.

Comparison of chloroplast genomes and phylogenic analysis of four Species of Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis

chen xiao li,huang ting,li bu yu,tang meng,zhang xue mei — 2022/7/7 9:11:07

Phylogeny of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato based on Plastid genome

Gao Wenjing,Ma Feilong,Song Weiwu,Wang Xueqin,Zhao Yan — 2022/7/7 8:52:56

Phylogenetic relationships of Scrophulariaceae s.l.（sensu lato）and the closely related groups were explored with 129 plastid genomes representing 107 genera. Plastome sequences were downloaded from the GenBank. Based on coding sequences (CDS), phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum likelihood （ML）and Bayesian inference （BI） approaches. The ML and BI analyses shared the same topology and the main clades were consistently recovered with high support. Of the 129 total nodes, 123 were supported by ML bootstrap value ≥70%. The resulting phylogenies were as follows：（1）Scrophulariaceae s.l. was confirmed as polyphyletic. Fifty-one species with representatives of 37 genera from the Scrophulariaceae s.l. were assigned to seven families. These were Orobanchaceae, Paulowniaceae, Wightiaceae, Mazaceae, Linderniaceae, Scrophulariaceae s.s.（sensu stricto）, and Plantaginaceae. （2）Scrophulariaceae s.s. was a monophyletic group. In addition to the recognition of eight genera（including Bontia、Calamphoreus、Diocirea、Eremophila、Glycocystis、Leucophyllum、Scrophularia and Verbascum）comprised primarily of former members of Scrophulariaceae s.l., Buddleja which was originally placed in Loganiaceae, and Myoporum, traditionally placed in the Myoporaceae had been demonstrated to belong to this clade. （3）The Lamiales was monophyletic. Fourteen well-supported monophyletic clades were obtained corresponding to each family (Wightiaceae and Pedaliaceae for which only one species had been contained were not included). The relationships among the families were well resolved. Oleaceae formed a well-supported clade that was distinct from core Lamiales. Within the core Lamiales, four clades (Gesneriaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Linderniaceae) diverged before the remaining families grouping in two sister clades. Within one clade, two moderately to highly supported subclades were recovered. Lentibulariaceae was resolved as sister group to Acanthaceae, and Pedaliaceae was sister to Verbenaceae + Bignoniaceae. The other clade contained six families, with Lamiaceae, Mazaceae, Wightiaceae + Phrymaceae, and Paulowniaceae successively sister to Orobanchaceae. The results of our analyses indicate that the traditional Scrophulariaceae are an unnatural assemblage of plants distributed throughout the phylogenentic tree of Lamiales. Phylogenomics analyses based on plastid organelle have shown good potential for phylogenetic inference in Scrophulariaceae, more taxonomic sampling are needed to enhance our understanding of phylogenetic relationships of Scrophulariaceae in future studies.

Phylogeny of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato based on Plastid genome

Gao Wenjing,Ma Feilong,Song Weiwu,Wang Xueqin,Zhao Yan — 2022/7/7 8:52:20

Effects of slow-release fertilizer on growth, photosynthetic physiology and nutrient accumulation of container seedlings of Cunninghamia lanceolata

2022/7/4 11:47:40

In order to explore the responses of growth, photosynthetic characteristics and nutrient accumulation of Cunninghamia lanceolata container seedlings to different amounts of slow-release fertilizer. In this paper, the effects of different amounts of slow-release fertilizer treatments (0, 200, 400, 800, 1 000 and 1 200 g·m-3) on the growth of seedlings height, ground diameters, biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and nutrient content of C. lanceolata seedlings were investigated. Moreover, subordinate function value method was also employed to comprehensive evaluate the growth and physiology indexes of seedlings under different fertilization treatments, and screening suitable slow-release fertilizer levels for the growth of C. lanceolata seedlings, which providing reference for the efficiency cultivation of high-quality C. lanceolata seedlings. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the control, the application of slow-release fertilizer could promote the growth of seedling height, ground diameter and the accumulation of total biomass of C. lanceolata seedlings to varying degrees. (2) The slow-release fertilizer treatments could significantly increase the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves of C. lanceolata as compared with control. In addition, slow-release fertilizer treatments also increased the values of maximum fluorescence(Fm), variable fluorescence(Fv), maximum photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(Fv/Fm), potential photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(Fv/Fo) and actual quantum yield(QY) to varying degrees when compared with control. (3) The treatments of slow-release fertilizer could promote the nutrient accumulation in seedlings of C. lanceolata to varying degrees, among which the contents of Mn, Fe and Zn were found to be changed most significant. (4) The results of subordinate function value method showed that when the amounts of slow-release fertilizer was 1 000 g·m-3, its membership value was the largest, which indicated that the comprehensive growth of seedlings under this treatment was the best. In conclusion, the amount of 1 000 g·m-3 slow-release fertilizer is the most suitable treatment for the cultivation of high quality seedlings of C. lanceolata in the present study, under this treatment, the growth of C. lanceolata seedlings can be improved by increasing the accumulation of nutrient elements closely related to photosynthesis, thus increasing the contents of photosynthetic pigment in leaves, which in turn enhanced the PS Ⅱ photosynthetic efficiency and electron transfer rate, and ultimately the efficiency of light energy capture and utilization of leaves were enhanced.

Comparison of photosynthetic physiological characteristics of two mangrove plants in the dry and rainy seasons in Dongzhaigang, Hainan

MEI Minhua,YE Wenwei,ZHAO Congju*,ZHENG Xiong — 2022/7/4 11:42:31

The photosynthetic physiological and ecological characteristics of plants are an important basis for the selection of plant species for restoration and reconstruction of degraded ecosystems. In order to study the photosynthetic physiological and ecological characteristics of different mangrove plants, from April to May in the dry season and from July to September in the rainy season in 2021, the LI-6400 photosynthetic measurement system was used to monitor the photosynthetic physiological parameters and main ecological factors of Kandelia obovata and Bruguiera sexangular in Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve. The effect of major ecological factors on net photosynthetic rate was analyzed by using path analysis. The results were as follows: (1) The daily average net photosynthetic rate of Kandelia obovata in the dry season (8.43 μmol-2·s-1) was slightly lower than that in the rainy season (8.67 μmol-2·s-1), and the difference was not significant. In contrast, the rate of Bruguiera sexangular in the dry season (7.03 μmol-2·s-1) was significantly lower than that in the rainy season (9.41 μmol-2·s-1). The rate of Kandelia obovata was significantly higher than that of Bruguiera sexangular in dry season, while the rate of Kandelia obovata was significantly lower than that of Bruguiera sexangular in rainy season. (2) The daily average variations of transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of Kandelia obovata were smaller than those of Bruguiera sexangular and the water use efficiency was also lower than that of B. sexangular in dry and rainy seasons. (3) There was a phenomenon of ‘‘midday depression of photosynthesis’’ both in dry and rainy seasons of Kandelia obovata and Bruguiera sexangular . In dry season, the reason for the phenomenon of Kandelia obovata might be due to non-stomatal limitation, while Bruguiera sexangular due to stomatal limitation. In rainy season, the phenomenon of two mangrove plants was both caused by stomatal limitation. (4) In the dry season, the main decision factor affecting the net photosynthetic rate of Kandelia obovata was photosynthetically active radiation, and the main limiting factor was relative humidity, while ecological factors played a limiting role on the net photosynthetic rate of Bruguiera sexangular, of which saturated water vapor pressure difference was the main limiting factor. In the rainy season, the main decision factor was photosynthetically active radiation, and the main limiting factor was saturated water vapor pressure difference for both Kandelia obovata and Bruguiera sexangular. In summary, Kandelia obovata is more adaptable to habitat changes, and Bruguiera sexangular. not only has better drought tolerance performance, but also more suitable for hot and rainy habitats, which will be the scientific basis for the selection of plant for restoration and reconstruction of degraded mangroves.

Sequencing and analysis of full-length transcriptome from Liquidambar formosana leaves in discoloration stage

2022/7/4 11:36:24

Liquidambar formosana is an excellent landscape ecological tree species because its beautiful tree shape and red or orange leaves in autumn. In order to understand the genetic basis of discoloration and secondary metabolism of L. formosana leaves, the mixed samples of L. formosana leaves at five discoloration periods were used for full-length transcriptome sequencing using single-molecule real-time sequencing technique (PacBio platform). The results were as follows: (1) High-quality 41.04 Gb data were obtained by full-length transcriptome sequencing, from which 563?180 full-length non-chimeric sequences were identified, and 27?269 high-quality full-length transcripts were obtained by clustering and de-redundancy. In 27?269 full-length transcripts, 2 035 long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) were predicted, and 14 892 simple repeat sequence (SSR) sites and 1?856 transcription factors were detected. (2) The results of gene annotation showed that a total of 24?857 transcripts were annotated in 8 databases such as NR, GO, COG and KEGG, and 124 metabolic pathways were obtained in KEGG database, including ribosome, carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and so on. 49 and 71 transcripts were involved in flavonoid and chlorophyll metabolism respectively. The above results preliminarily reveal the transcriptome information and functional characteristics of L. formosana leaves during the discoloration period, and provide basic data for the follow-up study of the molecular mechanism of discoloration, the pathway and regulation of pigment metabolism and synthesis, the cloning of related functional genes and the improvement of leaf color.

Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genomes of Rhododendron capitalism, R. przewalskii, and Rhododendron plants

CHEN Wenjuan,JIA Shouning,LI Guodong,ZHANG Yingmin,ZHAO Guofu — 2022/7/4 11:33:21

Rhododendron capitatum and R. przewalskii are ornamental flowers and medicinal plants. The chloroplast genomes of R. capitatum and R. przewalskii have been sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform to explore the evolution features and genetic structure. After assembly and annotation, the chloroplast genome structure of R. capitatum and R. przewalskii were analyzed and compared with that of other Rhododendron plants. The results were as follows: (1) The chloroplast genomes of R. capitatum and R. przewalskii exhibit a typical quadripartite structure, including a large single copy region (105 990, 109 191 bp), a small single copy region (2 617, 2 606 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (45 825, 47 516 bp). And the two Rhododendron chloroplast genomes were 200 257 and 206 829 bp in length, respectively. (2) In addition, the 263 SSRs were detected in the chloroplast genome of R. capitatum and R. przewalskii, most of which had A/T base preference; the codons preferred ending in A/U. (3) The chloroplast genomes of Rhododendron species exhibit structure variation such as gene loss and genomic rearrangement. Our study enriches the genomic resources of Rhododendron plants and provides the theoretical basis for resource exploitation, genetic evolution, breeding, and phylogeny of R. capitatum and R. przewalskii.

AP3 gene cloning and gene-editing vector construction of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Dooley’

LI Tong,WANG Yueying,ZHAO Huien* — 2022/7/4 11:30:23

Hydrangea macrophylla is a garden plant widely cultivated in Asia, America, and Europe with its inflorescence as main ornamental feature. It is commonly used in interior decoration and landscape creation. To investigate the role of AP3 gene in hydrangea during calyx formation, H. macrophylla ‘Dooley’ was used as the material. The MADS-box class B gene HmAP3 was cloned, and its gene function was predicted by bioinformatics analysis. To explore quicker methods for breeding new varieties, highly-specific editing targets were screened and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing vectors were constructed. The vector sequence was integrated into the H. macrophylla genome by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The results were as follows: (1) The full length of HmAP3 was 546 bp, encoding 181 amino acids. Its protein sequence was 100% similar to the reference sequence and 58.8% similar to Arabidopsis thaliana. (2) AP3 differed greatly in different genera. Within the same genus, the main structure of AP3 was conserved and differed only in a few motifs. (3) There were 2 highly specific targets in HmAP3. Sequencing results indicated that both single-target CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing vectors were constructed successfully. (4) There were 5 resistant buds with Cas9 sequences in their genomes. However, their target sequences did not change due to the absence of Cas9 expression. In this study, the potential of AP3 gene in the breeding work of double flower phenotype was investigated, and a preliminary exploration of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology for hydrangea was conducted. These results provide a basis for the breeding of H. macrophylla.

Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization to slope position and dominant shrub in karst slopes

2022/7/4 11:27:31

The response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization percentage to slope position and shrub species and the key influencing factors were identified as well in karst slopes, which is the prerequisite for rational utilization of soil AMF to promote karst vegetation restoration. Based on field investigation of typical shrub communities and environmental variables on slopes of a karst peak cluster depression catchment. The fine root samples of three typical shrub species (Vitex negundo, Alchornea trewioides and Pyracantha fortuneana) were collected from three positions (upper, middle and lower) along three slopes. The frequency, intensity and abundance of AMF colonization were detected and calculated by the Trypan blue method. The results were as follows: (1) The colonization frequency, colonization intensity and abundance of AMF for Vitex negundo and Alchornea trewioides were higher than those for Pyracantha fortuneana in the same slope. The colonization intensity for Vitex negundo and Pyracantha fortuneana in the lower slope was higher than that in the upper or middle slope. The abundance of AMF for Alchornea trewioides in the middle slope was significantly higher than that in the upper and lower slope (P<0.05). (2) Shrub species had significant effect on the colonization frequency, intensity and abundance of AMF, but slope position only had significant effect on the colonization intensity of AMF. Slope position and shrub species had significant interactive effect on the abundance of AMF (P<0.05). (3) Soil depth and total potassium content were identified as the two strongest explanatory factors on AMF colonization according to the redundancy analysis (P<0.05). Therefore, the rational use of soil AMF to promote vegetation restoration in karst areas needs to consider the choice of terrain and species, and should pay attention to the water and soil conservation.

Development and validity evaluation of Liquidambar formosana EST-SSR primers based on transcriptome sequencing

FENG Yuanheng,LI Hui,TANG Shengsen,YANG Zhangqi — 2022/7/4 11:23:32

Liquidambar formosana is one of the important native tree species in Guangxi, which has high timber, ornamental and medicinal value. This study designs and develops EST-SSR markers of L. formosana based on data from the transcriptome sequencing. The purpose is to provide an effective and reliable molecular marker tool for studies of population genetics of this species, it is of great significance to the protection and utilization of all kinds of material resources of the tree. Simple sequence repeats were selected from the transcriptome data in L. formosana, and then primers were developed, and screened out by PCR amplification and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for high polymorphism, and the efficiency was tested by using 30 individuals from of a wild L. formosana population. The results were as follows: (1) A total 23 777 SSRs were obtained by searching SSR unigenes from transcriptome data. The repeat type of the SSR loci in L. formosana was dominated by mononucleotide repeats (46.54%). The highest proportion of SSR loci (72.36%) was between 5 and 12 times. (2) A total of 262 pairs of SSR primers were developed, and among them, 139 pairs amplified the target bands with a success rate of 53.1%, and 18 pairs of them that can be used to steadily obtain clear bands were finally identified. (3) The polymorphism detection showed that all sites had a high degree of polymorphism. The number of alleles, effective alleles, Shannon diversity index, observed heterozygosity and fixed index of the L. formosana populations ranged in 2-4, 1.112 8-2.609 6, 0.208 9-1.112 7 and 0.275 9-1.000 0, the average values were 2.333 3, 1.957 4, 0.708 5 and 0.722 6, respectively. In conclusion, the dominant SSR repeat type and repeat motif in L. formosama are basically the same as those in other species, the developed EST-SSR markers can meet the needs of population genetic studies of L. formosana, which provides abundant primers for the study of genetic diversity of L. formosana.

Basic characteristics and influencing factors of seed rain of woody plant in fragmented habitats in the Thousand Island Lake

BAO Minghui,FANG Zhongping,HU Laiting,NAN Ge,XU Gaofu,Yu Mingjian — 2022/7/4 11:21:00

Seed rain can affect species composition, forest community diversity, and plant population and community renewal. Studying the characteristics of seed rain is of great significance for in-depth research on regeneration strategies and restoration of plant population. In order to explore the basic characteristics of seed rain in fragmented habitats, this study used monthly seed rain data collected from 2015 to 2020, and used the Kruskal-Wallis test to analyze the annual difference of the seed rain density of woody plant, and to analyze the monthly difference of the seed rain density of species with different dispersal syndromes. Then we used linear mixed-effect models to test the relationships among island spatial attributes (i.e., island area, the distance to the mainland, and the distance to the nearest island), climatic factors (i.e., accumulated temperature above 0 degrees, precipitation) and seed rain density of woody plant and species with different dispersal syndromes. The results were as follows: (1) During the 6 years, a total of 877 178 mature seeds of woody plant were collected from 240 seed traps in 29 study islands, belonging to 26 families, 40 genera and 52 species. (2) Zoochory was the major dispersal syndrome in the Thousand Island Lake. There are great differences in the temporal dynamics of seed rain in different dispersal syndromes. (3) The annual density of seed rain of woody plant was significantly positively correlated with island area and annual accumulated temperature, and significantly negatively correlated with annual precipitation. (4) The monthly density of seed rain of autochory was significantly positively correlated with the distance to the nearest island, while that of zoochory was significantly positively correlated with the distance to the mainland, and that of anemochory was significantly positively correlated with the monthly accumulated temperature. Habitat fragmentation affect the temporal dynamics of the seed rain of woody plant through island spatial attributes.

Five newly recorded genera of vascular plants in Guangxi

CHEN Hailing,LU Zhaocen,NONG Suyun,XU Weibin — 2022/7/4 11:14:22

Five newly recorded genera of vascular plants in Guangxi are reported, namely, Diodia L., Calyptocarpus Less, Syneilesis Maxim., Acroceras Stapf and Piptatherum P. Beauv, as well as Diodia virginiana L., Calyptocarpus vialis Less., Syneilesis aconitifolia (Bunge) Maxim., Acroceras tonkinense (Balansa) C. E. Hubbard ex Bor and Piptatherum kuoi S. M. Phillips & Z. L. Wu belonging to the five genera. Among them, Diodia virginiana L. and Calyptocarpus vialis Less. are naturalized species. The morphological descriptions and photos of two newly naturalized species are provided, and their invasiveness is evaluated based on wild investigation in Guangxi. As native plants, Syneilesis aconitifolia (Bunge) Maxim., Acroceras. tonkinense (Balansa) C. E. Hubbard ex Bor and Piptatherum. kuoi S. M. Phillips & Z. L. Wu are provided with the descriptions of characteristic diagnosis and photos. At last, the biogeographic significance for these newly recorded genera is discussed.

Supplementary description of flowers and flowering branches of Bonia amplexicaulis in Guangxi

2022/7/4 11:09:37

Reproductive organs are of great significance in taxonomic studies of bamboo plants. In this paper, Latin and Chinese descriptions are provided for inflorescence characters of bamboo species Bonia amplexicaulis distributed in Mashan County, Guangxi. By comparing the floral characteristics of the reproductive organ structure of Bonia species B. saxatilis, B. parvifloscula and B. amplexicaulis, the three species have the same reproductive organ structure characteristics, and there are differences in the number and size of florets. The comparison of reproductive organs shows that the reproductive organs of Bonia species have special adaptability to karst geomorphic environment, supports that they are independent species.

Responses of seedlings of eight mangrove species to light intensity in leaf total soluble protein content and activities of antioxidant enzymes

CAO Honglin,JING Yuhang,LI Ting,SHEN Hao,YE Wanhui,ZHU Yimin — 2022/7/4 11:06:41

The restoration and reconstruction of mangrove wetland ecosystems is one of the key research fields in ecological restoration in the coastal zones of South China. How to optimize the assembly of mangrove species is the priority to be concerned in the restoration and transformation of mangrove forest community. In order to reveal the physiological and ecological strategies to light conditions of mangrove plant species and provide theoretical guidance for optimal assembly of mangrove community structure, the characteristics of leaf total soluble protein content and activities of five antioxidant enzymes in seedlings of eight mangrove plant species (Sonneratia apetala, Kandelia candel, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Aegiceras corniculatum, Acanthus ilicifolius, Acrostichum aureum, Heritiera littoralis and Hibiscus tiliaceus) under different light intensities (100%, 45%, 30%, and 10% of natural sunlight) were studied using shading control experiment. The results were as follows: (1) Low light intensities had little impact on the leaf total soluble protein content of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Acanthus ilicifolius and Acrostichum aureum, whereas the other five species showed a decreasing trend in the leaf soluble protein content with the decline in light intensity. (2) The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the leaves of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Acanthus ilicifolius and Acrostichum aureum in 10% of natural light intensity were not significantly from control, while the other five mangrove species showed a decreasing trend in activities of all the five antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, our results indicate that Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Acanthus ilicifolius and Acrostichum aureum are suitable for planting under the forest with high canopy density, while Sonneratia apetala, Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum, Heritiera littoralis, Hibiscus tiliaceus are suitable to be planted under forest with lower canopy density or planted as upper layer tree species in mangrove.

A new lignans from Trichilia connaroides

PENG Mingyou,TANG Lei,WANG Dan,WANG Jianta,YAN Xiaoyan,YAN Ying,ZHANG Xiong — 2022/7/4 10:58:30

To study the chemical constituents from the branches and leaves of Trichilia connaroides, silica gel, MCI, C18, Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC were applied for the isolation and purification of the constituents. The structures were identified by physicochemical property and spectrum analysis. The results were as follow: (1) Six compounds were obtained from methanol extract of T. connaroides, their structures were identified as Trichiconnarone A (1), 3β, 21-dihydroxy-24-methylenecycloartane (2), 3-Oxo-threo-23, 24, 25-trihydroxytirucall-7-ene (3), 16-dehydeoxy-23β-hydroxyliasenin F (4), ergost-5, 24(28)-diene-3β, 23S-diol (5), 7α-hydrositosteol (6). (2) Compounds 1 is new lignans, 2-4 are triterpenoids, 5 and 6 steroids, and 2-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time. This study provided scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of T. connaroides.

Difference in calcium speciation of leaves of golden Camellia species from calcareous soil and acidic soil habitats

2022/7/4 10:53:51

The investigation of the calcium speciation characteristics in leaf under different habitats can help to understand deeply the adaptation mechanisms of golden Camellia species to soil calcium and provide a reference for the development of their conservation measures. In this study, 10 species of golden Camellia from calcareous soil habitats and 4 from acidic soil habitats were employed. The calcium content (Soil-Ca) and pH (Soil-pH) of habitat soil, and the content of calcium nitrate and calcium hloride (AIC-Ca), water soluble calcium (H2O-Ca), calcium pectate (NaCl-Ca), calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate (HAC-Ca), calcium oxalate (HCl-Ca), silicate calcium (Res-Ca), and total calcium (Tot-Ca) of leaves were measured. The results were as follows: (1) the Soil-Ca and Soil-pH of calcareous soils were extremely significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of acidic soils. (2) The leaf calcium speciation of golden Camellia species from calcareous soil habitats was primarily HCl-Ca (41.17%), while species from acidic soil habitats was primarily NaCl-Ca (43.10%), and all calcium speciation and total calcium content in leaves of species from calcareous soil were extremely significantly (P<0.01) higher than that from acidic soil except for AIC-Ca and NaCl-Ca. (3) Correlation analysis showed that most of the content of calcium speciation in leaves was extremely significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with Soil-Ca and Soil-pH, indicating that soil environment had an important influence on the leaf calcium speciation characteristics of golden Camellia species. (4) According to ANOVA, the content of each leaf calcium speciation was extremely significant (P<0.01) difference among the species in golden Camellia revealing that the calcium speciation characteristics have a considerable variation during the species differentiation. (5) Cluster analysis based on calcium speciation characteristics showed that the 14 species of golden Camellia could be grouped into three categories. In summary, the differences in leaf calcium speciation of plants of golden Camellia species in different habitats may be the consequence of a combination of soil environmental and genetic factors.

Niche of lichen species in Dabancheng mountainous area, Urumqi

ANWAR Tumur*,LI Zuosen — 2022/7/4 10:51:07

In order to reveal the status of habitat resource utilization and the degree of competition among lichens in Dabancheng mountainous areas. In this work, 30 plots were sampled in the field and the species cover data of plots was investigated, and the niche characteristics and environmental factors of lichen community species were analyzed by using niche width, niche overlap index and ordination analysis in this Dabancheng mountainous area. The results were as follows: (1) The niche width of Rusavskia elegans and Circinaria contorta were the largest in Dabancheng mountainous area, indicating that they were more adaptable to different environments. The niche widths of other lichen species were narrow, indicating that the species used the environmental resources to a less extent. (2) The niche overlap value between species was generally low, with only a few species pairs having a high niche overlap value. The degree of niche differentiation between lichen species was high, indicating that the competition between species was not intense. (3) Although niche overlap was common among species with wider niche widths, niche overlap values were lower. However, some species with narrower niche widths had higher niche overlap values. As a result, there was no clear linear relationship between niche overlap and niche width. (4) The distribution of lichen species varied along the altitude gradient, and altitude, light intensity, humidity, wind speed, and human disturbance were the dominant environmental factors for the different niche characteristics of lichen community species in the study area. As a result of habitat resource competition in Dabancheng mountainous area, lichen species occupied their own distinct niches, resulting in niche differentiation and relatively stable communities. The distribution of species differed significantly due to differences in habitat conditions along the altitude gradient. The results of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the study of lichen community assembly, which are of great significance to the conservation of lichen species diversity and habitat in the region.

Chemical constituents of Callicarpa integerrima

MA Wenjie,MA Zhonghui,SU Zhiwei — 2022/7/4 10:47:48

Callicarpa integerrima has very good effect in emoving blood stasis and resolving static blood and treatment of rheumatism evil. However, there are few reports on its chemical composition. In order to explore the chemical composition from the roots and stems of C. integerrima, the 95% ethanol extract of C. integerrima roots and stems were isolated and purified by diverse column chromatography, such as silica gel, sephadex LH-20 gel column, ODS column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. In addition, these compounds were identified on the basis of NMR, ESI-MS as well as other modern spectral techniques. The results were as follows: A total of 15 compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the roots and stems of C. integerrima, which were identified as stigmast-4-en-3-one (1), (24R) -5α-stigmastane-3, 6-dione (2), 2''-hydroxy-4''-methoxydihydrochalcone (3), α-amyrin (4), β-sitosterol (5), ursolic acid (6), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid (7), 4-pyridinol (8), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9), forsythoside B (10), nepetifosides D (11), isoacteoside (12), acteoside (13), pedicularioside M (14), β-methoxy forsythoside B (15). All compounds, except for compounds 4-6 and 12-13, were isolated from C. integerrima for the first time. Furthermore, compounds 1, 2, 3, 8, 11 and 14 were isolated from the genus of Callicarpa for the first time.

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity from the stems and leaves of Saccharum officinarum

HE Lilian,LI Fusheng*,LOU Hongbo,WANG Xianhong — 2022/7/4 10:45:01

To study the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity from the stems and leaves of Saccharum officinarum. Twenty-two compounds were isolated and purified from the MeOH part of the stems and leaves of S. officinarum by means of various column chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and Rp-18 silica gel. Their structures were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance; The DPPH method was used to determine the scavenging ability of the components from S. officinarum. The results were as follow: (1) The compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), p-methoxycinnamic acid (2), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (3), vanillin (4), 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid methylester (5), p-hydroxyben-zoic acid (6), (2-Hydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)methanone (7), p-methylbenzoic acid (8), caffeic acid methyl ester (9), aconitate A (10), aconitate E (11), 5-O-dimethoxycinnamoylquinic acid (12), quercetin (13),quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinoside (14), quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (15), didodecyl thiodipropionate (propionic acid, 3,3-sulfinyl di-1,1?-didodecyl ester) (16), α-conidendrin(17), rel-(2α,3β)-7-O-methylcedrusin (18), 3-O-Ferulylquinic acid methyl ester (19), luteolin (20), (5S,6S)-5,6-dihydro-3,8,10-trihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-2,4- dimethoxy-7H-benzo[c]xanthen-7-one) (21), 3-O-Ferulylquinic acid methyl ester (22). Compounds 2-3, 7-11, 14-19, 21-22 were isolated from this plant for the first time. (2) Determination of free radical scavenging ability of 15 compounds were selected by DPPH method. Compound 12 (5-O-dimethoxycinnamoylquinic acid) had great antioxidant activity (IC50 value was 49.58 μg·mL-1). This study enrich the material basis of antioxidant activity of S. officinarum, which provided a scientific basis for the further development of S. officinarum.

Effects of salt and phosphorus fertilization on photosynthesis and nutrient characteristics of Acacia confusa

2022/7/4 10:38:28

Acacia confusa is an important species in coastal shelter forests. The aim of this paper is to explore the effects of salt and phosphorus fertilization on leaf photosynthesis and nutrient characteristics of the seedlings. NaCl solutions were configured in the concentration of 0% (B0), 0.2% (B1), 0.4% (B2), 0.6% (B3) and 0.8% (B4), and superphosphate solutions in the concentration of 0 g·kg-1(P0), 0.5 g·kg-1(P1), and 1.5 g·kg-1(P2). The photosynthesis and nutrient characteristics of the seedlings were determined after being watered by the 6 combined solutions of salt-phosphorus coupling fertilization. The results were as follows: (1) Salt stress significantly inhibited the growth and development of the seedlings, and the higher the salinity content, the greater the impacts. Phosphorus application under low-salt stress was unfavorable to the growth of the seedlings, while phosphorus application under medium-high one significantly slowed down the inhibition of the seedling growth. (2) The greater the salt stress, the higher the effects on the photosynthesis of the seedlings. The stomatal closure degree of phosphorus application increased under low and medium salt stress, which aggravated the effect of salt stress on photosynthesis of the seedlings. Appropriate phosphorus application under high-salt stress could significantly improve the photosynthetic capacity of the seedlings. (3) Salt stress significantly reduced chlorophyll content and harms photosystem II. Phosphorus fertilization on the seedlings under low-salt stress had adverse effects on chlorophyll synthesis. Appropriate fertilization of phosphorus in high-salt stress could increase chlorophyll synthesis, stabilize cell membrane structure, and improve the potential photosynthetic capacity of leaves. (4) Salt stress had strong interference on the contents of Fe, Mn, Na, Cu and other metal elements in leaves. Phosphorus application under salt stress could effectively promote the absorption of some elements by seedlings. In conclusion, phosphorus application after salt stress can improve the photosynthesis and nutrient uptake ability of A. confusa seedlings on the whole. The results provides a theoretical and practical basis for improving the salt tolerance and phosphorus utilization rate of A. confusa, and provided guidance for the sustainable management of coastal shelterbelts.

Differences and correlations in leaf functional traits of woody plants in various microhabitats of Shenmu Tiankeng

AN Xiaofei,CHEN Ming,HUANG Gui,LIU Xinyu,LUO Yixing,XUE Yuegui,YU Linlan — 2022/7/4 10:32:30

In?order?to?analyze?the?variation?characteristics?and?the?effect?of?microhabitat?on?leaf functional?traits?of?woody?plants?in?Tiankeng. Shenmu Tiankeng is a typical karst Tiankeng in Dashiwei Tiankeng Group in Guangxi, and there is a well-preserved underground forest that is easily accessible. Ten leaf functional traits (leaf thickness, leaf tissue density, leaf area, etc.) were selected to study woody plants in different microhabitats (bottom, waist, and edge) of Shenmu Tiankeng. Single-factor analysis of variance and correlation analysis were conducted to investigate the relationship between leaf functional traits in different microhabitats. The results were as follows: (1) The variable coefficient for leaf area (113.9%) was highest, while leaf carbon content was relatively stable (10.5%). (2) Ten leaf functional traits were almost no significant difference (P>0.05) for woody lianas in three different microhabitats. The leaf tissue density for trees was significantly higher at the edge and waist compared to the bottom, while the leaf potassium content for trees and shrubs, that the bottom was higher than the edge. (3) Leaf thickness was extremely significantly positively correlated with leaf area (P<0.01) at the edge of Tiankeng. The results of principal component analysis suggested that leaf tissue density (-0.833), leaf potassium content (0.782), and leaf dry matter content (-0.647) were the critical indicators for leaf functional traits of woody plants in different microhabitats of Shenmu Tiankeng. This study demonstrate that different growth types of woody plants can adapt to the three microhabitats of Tiankeng via the trade-off of leaf functional traits. This study is expected to provide theoretical guidance for the protection of Tiankeng vegetation.