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作者简介:

韩霜(1998-),硕士研究生,主要从事高山植物多样性研究,(E-mail)hanshuang@nwipb.cas.cn。

通讯作者:

张发起,博士,研究员,研究方向为高山植物多样性,(E-mail)fqzhang@nwipb.cas.cn。

中图分类号:Q943

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2023)07-1335-12

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202207050

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目录contents

    摘要

    皱边喉毛花为藏药藏茵陈基源植物之一,其包含丰富的药用成分。为进一步了解皱边喉毛花转录组,丰富其基因注释、代谢通路等遗传信息,该研究利用PacBio测序平台对皱边喉毛花叶片进行全长转录组测序。结果表明:(1)全长转录组测序共获得17 Gb的高质量数据,对795698 个环形一致性序列(CCS)序列进行聚类和去冗余,最终获得87814 条高质量的全长转录本。(2)与7个数据库比对后,共有277451 条转录本注释成功,其中注释到NR数据库的转录本最多,有39214 条。26396 条转录本成功注释到KOG数据库中,共有26 个子类。39104 条转录本注释到KEGG数据库中,涉及6 个主要通路和40 个子通路。39102 条转录本注释到GO数据库中,按分子功能、生物学过程和细胞成分3大类对注释成功的转录本进行分类。(3)SSR分析共鉴定到22861 个SSR,其中单碱基重复最为丰富;共检测到1874 个转录因子和15166 个长非编码RNA(LncRNA),而注释到转录本最多的转录因子家族是C3H。(4)筛选出55 条与单萜类及黄酮类化合物合成相关的转录本。该研究结果丰富了皱边喉毛花的转录组信息,为进一步筛选皱边喉毛花药用成分合成相关的关键基因提供了重要的遗传资源。

    Abstract

    Comastoma polycladum is one of the original plant of Tibetan medicine “Zangyinchen”, which contains abundant medical components. To further know the transcriptome of C. polycladum and enrich its genetic information of gene annotation and metabolic pathway, the Pacbio sequencing platform was used to perform full-length transcriptome sequencing of C. polycladum leaves. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 17 Gb of sequencing data was collected, and 87814 high-quality full-length transcripts were obtained by clustering and de-redundancy of 795698 circular consistency sequences (CCSs) sequences. (2) Comparing with seven databases, 277451 transcripts were annotated successfully, and in NR database with 39214 transcripts annotated the most transcripts. A total of 26396 transcripts were annotated to the KOG database, with 26 subcategories, and a total of 39104 transcripts with six major pathways and 40 secondary pathways to the KEGG database. A total of 39102 transcripts were annotated to the GO database, which were divided into three major categories: molecular function, biological process and cellular component. (3) SSR analysis yielded 22861 SSRs, with single-base repeats being the most abundant. A total of 1874 transcription factors and 15166 long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) were identified, and the C3H transcription factor family had the most annotated transcripts. (4) A total of 55 transcripts involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes and flavonoids were screened out. These results enrich the transcriptome information of C. polycladum, and provide significant genetic resources for further screening of candidate genes related to the synthesis of medicinal components of C. polycladum.

  • 藏茵陈是青藏高原藏药八珍之一,龙胆科植物是藏茵陈入药源植物中的主要植物,多以川西獐牙菜、湿生扁蕾、椭圆叶花锚和喉毛花属植物入药,常用于热症、肝胆病及血液病等疾病的治疗(唐丽等,2007)。近年来的研究表明,这些基源植物包含丰富的药用成分,主要为环烯醚萜、黄酮类化合物,在保肝、抗氧化、抗病毒等方面具有显著效果(延玺等,2008;董天骄等,2011;杨青松等,2013)。龙胆科(Gentianaceae)喉毛花属(Comastoma)植物是藏茵陈基源植物之一(钟国跃等,2010),对喉毛花属植物的研究目前主要集中在细胞学、胚胎学、生态学、系统发育研究及天然产物学上(刘建全和何廷农,1996;张婵等,2014;刘小翠等,2016;Zhang et al.,2021;刘真等,2021)。刘真等(2021)在长梗喉毛花的化学成分研究中发现25个化合物,其抗炎活性较高并对人体癌细胞株具有抑制作用。乔涌起等(2012)在长梗喉毛花植物中分离得到正丁醇化学成分,为进一步深入研究其化学成分奠定基础。然而,有关喉毛花属植物的基因注释信息尚未见报道,限制了对次级代谢产物合成相关代谢通路及功能基因的研究。因此,需要利用测序技术丰富喉毛花植物的转录组遗传信息。

  • 随着测序技术的发展,越来越多的学者将高通量测序技术应用到植物转录组研究(Wang et al.,2016;Zhu et al.,2017;朱兴正等,2018)。二代测序读长的限制导致所拼接得到的转录本不够完整,而三代测序技术正好弥补了这一缺点,其能够完成长读长测序,测序过程无需打断,严格执行RNA样品提取与检测、建库及测序等环节的工作,最终得到高质量的全长转录本信息(王瑞娴和李川,2019;张子敬等,2020)。对没有参考基因组的植物而言,全长转录组(full-length transcriptome)测序为其研究提供了可能,解决了转录本拼接较短、信息不完整的难题(赵陆滟等,2019)。因此,三代测序技术成为深入挖掘基因组数据的有效手段之一(赵陆滟等,2019)。近年来,有许多学者研究了青藏高原地区药用植物的全长转录组。在这些研究案例中,对老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)的转录组解析成功并挖掘到其落粒相关候选基因,为筛选低落粒老芒麦新品种提供了参考(张俊超,2020)。丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza)的全长转录组揭示了丹参酮二萜类化合物的生物合成的相关基因(Xu et al.,2015)。蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus)全长转录组解析了次生代谢产物生物合成的相关基因(Li et al.,2017)。这些研究案例说明全长转录组对药用植物关键基因的挖掘具有显著优势,为进一步研究药用植物的功能基因提供了新的思路和参考。

  • 喉毛花属的皱边喉毛花(Comastomapolycladum)为青藏高原特有植物(Ho &Liu,2001,2015)。目前对皱边喉毛花的研究主要集中在系统发育研究上。为进一步了解喉毛花属下物种植物体内的次级代谢产物,应对相关转录组进行深入研究,本研究以皱边喉毛花为对象,基于PacBio测序平台对其全长转录组进行测序,获取的数据用于功能注释、可变剪切分析、SSR分析、转录因子分析及长非编码RNA等分析。通过与公共数据库比对,筛选药用相关成分合成相关的代谢通路和转录本。全长转录组能够为皱边喉毛花药用成分合成相关的关键基因的筛选提供重要的遗传资源。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 试验材料

  • 新鲜幼叶采集于海南藏族自治州共和县(地理坐标为100°53′58.44″ E、36°22′19.00″ N,海拔为3 518 m),采集后迅速置于液氮罐中保存,后将其转移至-80℃的超低温冰箱中,用于后续RNA提取。凭证标本(Zhang2018026)存放于中国科学院西北高原生物研究所青藏高原生物标本馆(HNWP)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 RNA提取和文库构建

  • 采用Total RNA Extractor(Trizol)试剂法(Connolly et al.,2006)提取皱边喉毛花的总RNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA降解程度及污染情况,并评估其质量和完整性。检测合格的RNA样品用于构建皱边喉毛花全长转录组测序文库。具体操作如下:在反转录酶的作用下,以Oligo DT为引物、目标mRNA为模板,进行反转录,通过低循环PCR扩增全长cDNA,利用NEBNext End repair/dA-tailing Module末端修读及加poly(A)尾,ONT SQKLSK109试剂盒及NEBNext Quick Ligationg Module用于测序接头的连接。建好的文库采用PromethION(Oxford Nanopore Technologies公司,英国)测序平台进行测序。

  • 1.2.2 数据处理

  • 测序完成后对原始数据进行过滤,去除接头以及低质量的reads。采用软件SMRTlink v8.0(https://www.pacb.com/support/software-downloads)进行过滤和处理。参数设置:-minLength 50(最小长度为50 bp),-maxLength 15 000(最大长度为15 000 bp),-minPasses 1(最小的fullpass数为1)。利用subread.bam文件得到环形一致性序列(circular consistency sequence,CCS),对其进行分类,搜寻并聚类FLNC序列,得到consensus序列。利用Arrow软件对得到的consensus序列进行校正,获得高质量的全长优化序列(polished consensus)用于后续分析,最终统计得到有效数据。为提高数据的准确性,利用LoRDEC软件(Salmela &Rivals,2014)对转录本进行校正,生成校正序列(corrected consensus)。利用CD-HIT 软件(Fu et al.,2012)对校正后的转录本进行冗余分析。

  • 1.2.3 全长转录组序列分析

  • 对去冗余后的序列进行基因功能注释,所使用的数据库包括非冗余蛋白数据库(Non-Redundant Protein Database,NR,Deng et al.,2006)、蛋白质家族域数据库(Protein Families Database,Pfam,Finn et al.,2014)、蛋白质真核同源数据库(Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups,KOG,Koonin et al.,2004)、蛋白质原核同源数据库(Cluster of Orthologous Groups of Proteins,COG,Tatusov et al.,2003)、东京基因与基金组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG,Minoru et al.,2004)、基因本体论数据库(Gene Ontology,GO,Ashburner et al.,2000)、核酸序列数据库(Nucleotide Sequence Database,NT)和SwissProt数据库(a manually annotated and reviewed protein sequence database)等,以此获得更全面的基因功能信息。

  • 1.2.4 全长转录组结构分析

  • 利用iTAK v 1.7a软件(参数设置:-f 3F)对皱边喉毛花进行转录因子(transcription factor,TF)预测(Zheng et al.,2016)。利用MISA(MIcroSAtellite Identification Tool) v 1.0软件检测简单重复序列标记(simple sequence repeats,SSR),设置单核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸及六核苷酸的最少重复次数分别为10、 6、 5、 5、 5、 5,其余参数默认(Beier et al.,2017)。利用CNCI v 2(Coding-Non-Coding Index,Sun et al.,2013)、plek v 1.2(Predictor of Long Non-coding RNAs and mRNAs Based on k-mer Scheme,Li et al.,2014)、CPC2 v 0.1(Coding Potential Calculator 2,Kang et al.,2017)软件以及Pfam数据库(Finn et al.,2014)对PacBio测序数据进行编码潜能预测(参数设为默认),获得的长非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)用于后续分析。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 全长转录组测序及组装

  • 经SMRT(Single-Molecule Real-Time)测序共获得17 Gb的原始数据。对其过滤后获得17 315 066 个subreads。基于subread.bam文件获得795 698 个CCS序列,N50长度为2 143 bp,最大长度为16 860 bp,最小长度为60 bp,平均长度为2 337 bp(表1)。经分类获得695 698 条FLNC序列,N50长度为2 055 bp,最大长度为12 952 bp,最小长度为52 bp。对其聚类后获得87 814 条consensus序列,最大长度为8 269 bp,最小长度为338 bp,N50长度为2 219 bp。对consensus序列进行校正后,获得87 814 条校正序列,N50长度为2 221 bp。我们对冗余前后的序列长度频数分布情况进行了统计(图1)。

  • 表1 SMRT测序数据统计

  • Table1 Statistics of sequencing data by SMRT

  • 图1 皱边喉毛花全长转录组Transcripts 和Unigenes长度分布图

  • Fig.1 Full-length transcriptome of distribution of Transcripts and Unigenes for Comastomapolycladum

  • 2.2 全长转录组功能注释

  • 共有277 451 条转录本成功注释到7 个数据库中,其中注释到NR数据库的转录本最多,有39 214 条,注释到KOG数据库的转录本最少,有26 396 条(图2)。26 722、39 102条转录本分别注释到GO数据库和KEGG数据库中。39 592 条转录本注释到至少一个数据库中,16 273 条转录本注释到所有数据库中。从不同数据库中选择5 个常用的数据库进行韦恩图绘制(图3)。

  • 图2 转录本注释结果

  • Fig.2 Annotation results of transcripts

  • 图3 转录本功能注释韦恩图

  • Fig.3 Venn diagram of function annotated transcripts

  • 2.2.1 KOG注释

  • 与KOG数据库比对后,共有29 531 条基因被注释成功。按KOG分类可分为26 个类型(图4)。其中,注释到只有一般功能预测(4 757 条)、翻译后修饰、蛋白转运(3 369 条)和信号传递机制(2 766 条)的基因最多。然而,细胞活性(9 条)和未命名蛋白(5 条)注释到的基因最少。

  • 图4 转录本KOG注释结果

  • Fig.4 KOG annotation results of transcripts

  • 2.2.2 GO注释

  • GO是描述基因功能的一套分类系统,可全面描述生物体中基因和基因产物的属性(Blake &Harris,2008)。共有39 102 条转录本注释到了GO数据库,根据注释结果对得到的转录本进行分类(图5)。注释到生物过程、细胞成分、分子功能3大类,分别有25个、18个、11个子类,共54个子类。然而,注释到细胞杀死(2 条)和行为(1 条)的基因最少。在细胞成分中,注释到细胞和细胞部分的基因最多(均为5 252 个),而突触(5 条)、突触部分(5 条)和细胞连接(4 条)子类中涉及的基因最少;在分子功能中,注释到结合(16 037 条)和催化活性(12 400 条)的基因最多,而金属伴活动分子功能调节器(2 条)子类中涉及的基因最少;在生物过程中,注释到代谢过程(12 848 条)和细胞过程(11 558 条)的基因最多,而细胞杀死(2 条)和行为(1 条)子类中涉及的基因最少。

  • 2.2.3 KEGG注释

  • 根据KO与Pathway的关联性进行KEGG代谢通路分类。与KEGG数据库比对后,成功注释的基因有62 457 条。这些注释基因被分到6个主要通路(代谢、遗传信息处理、细胞过程、环境信息处理、组织系统和人类疾病)和40 个子通路中(表2)。其中,涉及基因最多的主通路为代谢(128 条),其次为组织系统(77 条)、人类疾病(68 条)和环境信息处理(36 条),最少为细胞过程(25 条)和遗传信息处理(22 条)。涉及基因最多的子通路为信号转导(3 283 条),其次为碳代谢(2 468 条)和翻译(2 460 条),最少为信号分子和互作作用(1 条)。

  • 2.3 药用相关的代谢通路

  • 龙胆科植物包含环烯醚萜、黄酮类及三萜类化合物等药效成分(杨青松等,2013)。根据KEGG转录本注释结果,统计及分析与药效成分相关的次级代谢通路(表3)。其中包括单萜类生物合成(13 条)、倍半萜类和三萜类生物合成(27 条)、类黄酮生物合成(36 条)、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成(4 条)。统计这些代谢通路中可能与环烯醚萜、黄酮等药效成分合成相关的转录本。

  • 2.4 SSR分析

  • 对皱边喉毛花的全长转录组进行SSR分析后,共检测到22 861 个SSR信息位点。共获得6种SSR重复类型,其中单碱基重复类型(Mono-nucleotide,Mono-,13 750 个)最丰富,其次为三碱基重复类型(Tri-nucleotide,Tri-,5 811 个)、二碱基重复类型(Di-nucleotide,Di-,2 807 个)、四碱基重复类型(Tetra-nucleotide,Tetra-,573 个)和六碱基重复类型(Hexa-nucleotide,Hexa-,199 个),而五碱基重复类型(Penta-nucleotide,Penta-,178个)最少。统计6个重复类型中不同长度范围重复序列的分布情况,结果显示9~12 bp长度的重复序列最丰富,其次是5~8 bp、13~16 bp、17~20 bp长度的重复序列,而21~24 bp长度的重复序列最少(图6)。

  • 图5 转录本GO注释结果

  • Fig.5 GO annotation results of transcripts

  • 2.5 转录因子分析

  • 转录因子是一些表达的蛋白质分子,能与基因顺式作用元件专一性结合,对基因转录进行调控(刘强等,2000)。本研究预测结果显示共获得1 874个转录因子(图7)。其中注释到转录本最多的转录因子家族是C3H(120 个),其次为bZIP(Basic Leucine Zipper,112 个)、bHLH(Basic/Helix-Loop-Helix,110 个)和MYB-related(109 个),而TUB(31 个)、C2C2-GATA(30 个)转录因子家族数量最少。

  • 表2 转录本KEGG注释结果

  • Table2 KEGG annotation result of transcripts

  • 2.6 长非编码RNA分析

  • 长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)不编码蛋白质,利用CNCI、CPC2、plek和Pfam方法对其进行编码潜能预测。共检测到15 166 个LncRNA,其中CNCI、CPC2、plek和Pfam分别检测到2 276个、5 295个、6 655个、10 480个LncRNA,4种软件检测到的共有 LncRNA有1 110 个。统计4种方法预测的LncRNA数目绘制韦恩图(图8)。 3 讨论与结论

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 皱边喉毛花是藏茵陈基源植物之一,植物体内含有大量的药用成分,但对其转录组的认识较浅,基因功能相关研究的报道较少。为进一步了解皱边喉毛花药用价值,我们开展次级代谢产物合成相关基因功能研究。利用PacBio测序平台解析全长转录组,获取更完整的转录本信息。通过测序共获得17 315 066 条Subreads,平均长度为1 620 bp,N50长度为1 505 bp,说明全长转录组测序读长较长且连续性较高。为获得更准确且可靠的数据,对Subread进行聚类及校正后,得到87 814 条高质量的全长转录本。N50长度大于1 000 bp(2 221 bp)说明其组装完整性较好,能够满足后续转录组信息分析的要求。

  • 表3 萜类及黄酮化合物生物合成相关转录本

  • Table3 Transcripts related to terpenoid and flavone biosynthesis

  • 图6 皱边喉毛花全长转录组SSR分析

  • Fig.6 SSR analysis of full-length transcriptome of Comastomapolycladum

  • 通过与7个公共数据库的比对,我们获得了大量有用的转录本注释信息,共有277 451 条转录本成功注释到这些数据库中,其中注释到NR、KEGG数据库中的转录本数量最多。NR数据库比对结果显示与皱边喉毛花比对率排名前十的物种为咖啡(Coffea canephora)、芝麻(Sesamum indicum)、牵牛(Ipomoea nil)等,表明皱边喉毛花与这些植物具有较高同源性。然而,能与皱边喉毛花比对上的同科植物较少,这反映出公共数据库中龙胆科植物的基因组信息十分匮乏。

  • 藏茵陈基源植物包含丰富的环烯醚萜、黄酮及三萜类等药用成分(杨青松等,2013),本研究从对皱边喉毛花全长转录组的分析中检测到与其药用合成相关的55条转录本,包括生物碱、萜类、苯丙素类、黄酮类、糖苷类、醌类、聚酮类、有机酸及酚类等。黄酮作为具有多种生物活性的多酚类化合物,广泛存在于植物体内,在人体疾病治疗中起到显著效果(Hostetler et al.,2017)。萜类化合物在植物的生长和发育中发挥重要作用,常应用于食品、制药和化学工业中(Tholl,2015)。本研究分析得到多个黄酮类与萜类化合物合成相关的转录本,有助于挖掘黄酮类及萜类化合物合成相关的关键基因,这为我们今后开展皱边喉毛花关键基因克隆研究提供基础数据。

  • SSR位点广泛分布于真核生物基因组(张楠等,2013)。本研究SSR分析结果显示,单碱基重复类型最为丰富,类似情况在其他药用植物中也有体现,如山莨菪(Anisodustanguticus)、凤丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)、罗布麻(Apocynumvenetum)等(谢冬梅等,2017;张雨等,2020;赵雪艳等,2020)。除去对单碱基重复的统计,皱边喉毛花植物中三碱基重复类型最为丰富,这与药用植物甘葛藤(Pueraria thomsonii)和全萼秦艽(Gentiana lhassica)结果一致,而在红花这个物种中二碱基重复最为丰富,这种差异可能与SSR位点进化速率不同、设定的检索参数以及样品来源有关(Chen et al.,2018;李延龙等,2020;梅瑜等,2021)。转录因子是一类能够特异结合DNA且调节转录的蛋白质(刘强等,2000)。本研究鉴定出的1 874个转录因子中,C3H、bZIP、bHLH及MYB-related转录因子家族在皱边喉毛花中数量较多,丰富了喉毛花属的转录因子信息。MYB-related作为植物中最大的转录因子家族,参与调控植物的生长发育、次生代谢及逆境胁迫等生物学过程(陈清等,2009)。在关于MYB转录因子家族的研究中,前人已证实该基因家族能够提高植物的耐寒能力,促进果实着色,并在盐胁迫调控中发挥重要作用(Allan et al.,2008;Dubos et al.,2010;Jaakola,2013;陈娜等,2015)。bZIP 转录因子作为真核生物转录因子中分布最广、最保守的一类转录因子,参与植物的生长发育、光信号转导、生物和非生物胁迫应答(杨颖等,2009)。已有研究证实bZIP转录因子家族能够增强拟南芥抗旱能力,并参与其低温、高盐等胁迫的应答反应(Choi et al.,2000;Kang et al.,2002)。bHLH作为植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在细胞发育和细胞活性中发挥着重要作用,并参与植物中次级代谢产物合成相关基因表达的调控,如类黄酮、花青素等次级代谢物(Gonzalez et al.,2008;张全琪等,2011;Zhao et al.,2013)。MYB-related和bZIP转录因子家族与植物的非生物胁迫相关,皱边喉毛花主要分布在青藏高原地区,该地区气温低,昼夜温差大,这些转录因子家族是否参与皱边喉毛花的响应胁迫应答反应,还需进一步研究。LncRNAs是一类长度超过200 nt、能够调控基因的表达、参与多个生物学过程和通路的长非编码RNA(Wan et al.,2019)。本研究共预测到15 166个LncRNAs,丰富了喉毛花属植物的长非编码RNA信息,为后续进一步探索LncRNA在喉毛花属植物中的具体生物功能及作用机制提供了数据支持。

  • 图7 皱边喉毛花全长转录组转录因子家族分析

  • Fig.7 Analysis of transcription factor family in full-length transcriptome of Comastomapolycladum

  • 图8 皱边喉毛花长非编码RNA分析结果

  • Fig.8 LncRNA analysis result of Comastomapolycladum

  • 本研究利用PacBio测序平台对皱边喉毛花进行了测序及拼接。获得的大量测序数据用于功能注释、可变剪切分析、SSR分析、转录因子分析及长非编码RNA预测等。通过与KEGG的比对,筛选出药用相关成分合成相关的代谢通路和转录本,为皱边喉毛花药用成分合成相关的关键基因的筛选提供重要的遗传资源。

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