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作者简介:

郑梦菲(1999—),硕士研究生,研究方向为风景园林规划与设计,(E-mail)1912000782@qq.com。

通讯作者:

古旭,硕士,实验师,研究方向为生物多样性保护,(E-mail)675129144@qq.com。

中图分类号:Q948.12

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2024)03-0600-11

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202210020

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目录contents

    摘要

    古树是指树龄在100年以上,因受人类文化影响而保存下来的自然资源,被誉为“绿色文物”,是学者研究区域植被和民族文化变迁的重要依据。为探讨城镇化发展对区域古树遗留特征的影响,并探明城镇化发展、民族文化与古树遗留三者之间的关系,以期建立从少数民族文化传承角度出发的古树保护方案。该文以云南省彝族的主要聚居地楚雄市坝区为研究对象,对形成城镇化水平梯度的7个乡镇开展古树资源调查。结果表明:(1)楚雄市坝区有古树16科22属26种301株,其中黄连木、侧柏和云南山茶古树合计超过总数的75%。(2)城镇化率最高的鹿城镇、东瓜镇以及城镇化率最低的子午镇古树物种多样性在楚雄坝区的7个镇中都较高,但聚集分布于寺庙、学校和公园。(3)鹿城镇和东瓜镇的物种组成和空间分布展现出外来文化影响特征,子午镇则保留了更多的彝族“神树林”原生植被。(4)彝族人口占比高的乡镇并未拥有更高的古树多样性或遗留更多的传统“神木”。综上认为,在城镇化发展过程中,少数民族文化面临逐步丢失的困境,研究古树的组成和空间分布特征对于加强古树保护与提升民族文化传承具有重要意义。

    Abstract

    The urbanization undoubtedly has a significant impact on minority cultures and the natural environment from which minority cultures are born, and they are closely intertwined in the birth and preservation of cultural diversity. Ancient trees, known as green cultural relics, are the resources retained by human cultures, which form important bases for studying regional vegetation and national cultures, since it can yield valuable insights into the intricate connections between nature and human societies, shedding light on how the natural environment both shapes and is influenced by cultural expressions. In the present study, we surveyed the ancient trees of seven towns with different urbanization rates in Chuxiong City, the main habitation area of Yi nationality in Yunnan Province, in order to explore the influence of urbanization development on minority cultures reflected by the characteristics of ancient trees. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 301 ancient trees were recorded, belonging to 26 species, 22 genera, and 16 families. Pistacia chinensis, Platycladus orientalis and Camellia reticulata were dominant species, accounting for more than 75% of the total number of ancient tree individuals. (2) Although Lucheng Town and Donggua Town were with the highest urbanization rate, while Ziwu Town was with the lowest urbanization rate, they all exhibited a high level of ancient tree diversity, with most of such ancient trees aggregatedly distributed around temples, parks and schools. (3) The species composition and distribution of ancient trees in Lucheng Town and Donggua Town with the highest urbanization rate reflected the foreign culture influence, while Ziwu Town with the lowest rate had more native species from the “God forests” of Yi nationality. (4) Towns with a high proportion of Yi nationality had neither higher diversity of ancient trees nor more “God forests” species. To sum up, in the process of urbanization development, ethnic minority cultures are faced with the dilemma of gradual loss, which further affects the composition and spatial distribution characteristics of regional ancient trees. Enhancing the safeguarding of ancient trees and fostering the preservation of national cultures are mutually reinforcing endeavors.

  • 自然环境和生物资源是人类文化形成和发展的“摇篮”,特定的生物多样性孕育了与之相适应的文化,而文化的发展和改变也会对环境和生物多样性的类型、组成和结构产生显著的影响和作用(Mcneely et al.,1990;王娟等,2004)。古树是指树龄在 100 年以上,因受人类文化影响而保存下来的树木(城市古树名木保护管理办法,2000)。云南是少数民族的主要聚居地,许多少数民族在长期与大自然的适应和利用过程中逐步形成了独特的植物崇拜理念,在“神树”和风水林信仰的影响下,许多古树得以保留,成为学者研究区域植被和民族文化变迁的重要依据(田丽娟等,2018;Huang et al.,2020)。

  • 城镇化(urbanization)是指社会由一个传统落后的乡村社会变为现代先进城市社会的自然历史过程,是社会发展的必然产物(谢志峻等,2006)。用地类型改变、人口密度和人均国内生产总值增加是城镇化发展的重要表现,并且在对一些中东部城市的古树研究中已证明这些因素会在一定程度上影响遗留古树的数量和多样性(Li &Zhang,2021; Yang et al.,2022)。但是,对于西南少数民族地区来说,民族文化是城镇化作用的另一个显著方面(焦开山,2014);经济发展和城镇建设改变了传统文化的孕育环境,外来文化的输入也冲击着原本封闭的民族文化(王娟等,2004;谢志峻等,2006;Walker et al.,2009;彭羽等,2012;徐丽曼,2014)。古树被誉为“绿色文物”,其组成及分布特征不仅能反映区域的自然环境和植被特征,更是传递当地民族风俗、生活习惯和宗教信仰的重要载体(Blicharska &Mikusiński,2014;Lindenmayer &Laurance,2017)。前人对我国部分少数民族聚集地的古树资源及其生态文化意义的研究表明,虽然区域内拥有丰富且具有独特象征性的古树资源,但古树的遗留和价值却会随着社会发展和文化变迁而发生改变(刘爱忠等,2000a;Tang et al.,2011,2013;田丽娟,2018;Huang et al.,2020;杨秀秀等,2021)。当前正值我国城镇化高速发展阶段,城镇化发展会对少数民族文化及孕育文化的自然环境产生显著影响。但是,城镇化发展水平对少数民族文化的影响是否会在区域古树遗留特征上得以体现,这一问题尚未得到充分研究

  • 彝族是我国少数民族中人口最多的民族,楚雄彝族自治州是云南省彝族的主要聚居区。彝族信仰万物有灵,认为树木给先民的生存与生活提供了物质资源及庇护,奉为“神树”,成片“神树”在彝语中也称为“密枝林”,每年农历十一月均要举行“密枝节”祭祀活动(楚雄市林业志,1993;刘爱忠等,2000b)。本研究以城镇化水平差异较大的楚雄市坝区7个乡镇为研究对象,通过开展古树资源调查,拟探讨:(1)云南彝族地区不同城镇化水平区域的古树组成、多样性和分布特征;(2)遗留古树特征反映出城镇化发展对少数民族文化产生的影响,以及城镇化发展、民族文化与古树遗留三者之间的关系,以期建立从少数民族文化传承角度出发的古树保护方案。

  • 1 研究区域与研究方法

  • 1.1 研究区域概况

  • 楚雄市是楚雄彝族自治州的地级行政区首府,拥有彝族人口115 597人,占户籍总人口的21.57%,占少数民族人口的84.76%(楚雄市年鉴,2019)。楚雄市坝区是楚雄彝族自治州的政治、经济和文化中心,也是全州城镇化发展最早的区域,以市政府驻地鹿城镇为核心向四周辐射,楚雄市坝区各乡镇(鹿城镇、东瓜镇、吕合镇、紫溪镇、东华镇、苍岭镇和子午镇)形成了明显的城镇化梯度(表1)。

  • 目前,通常以人口城镇化率(城镇人口数/人口总数)来表征区域城镇化的水平(张耕田,1998; Wang et al.,2019)。楚雄坝区各乡镇的城镇化水平和彝族人口比例如表1所示(楚雄市年鉴,2019)。

  • 表1 楚雄市坝区各乡镇城镇化率和彝族人口占比

  • Table1 Urbanization rate and the proportion of Yi nationality of seven towns in Chuxiong

  • 1.2 研究方法

  • 1.2.1 古树调查方法及评价标准

  • 依据《古树名木鉴定规范(LY/T2737—2016)》和《古树名木普查技术规范(LY/T2738—2016)》,对调查区域内古树的树种、树龄、经纬度、海拔、胸径、树高、冠幅、生长势、生长环境和生境进行全面调查。古树依据树龄分为三级,即一级为500年以上,二级为300~499年,三级为100~299年。生长势根据古树叶片、枝条和树干的生长状况将其划分为正常、衰弱、濒危、死亡四级。树木生长环境依据立地条件及人为干扰程度划分为好、中、差三级。由于上述调查规范并未对树木生长环境的分级进行明确界定,因此本研究依据前人研究及调查区情况制定了详细的评价标准(表2)。

  • 1.2.2 分析方法

  • 利用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)研究乡镇古树特征值在解释变量梯度上的分布格局,采用R语言“vegan”软件包中的“rda”函数完成。利用ArcGIS 10.6软件将Excel格式的古树记录转换为点状矢量数据,楚雄坝区行政边界空间数据来源于“DataV.GeoAtlas数据可视化平台”(https://datav.aliyun.com/portal/school/atlas/area_selector),将所有空间数据统一为WGS-1984-UTM-Zone-47N投影。运用最邻近点指数,借助 ArcGIS10.6中Spatial Statistics Tool的平均最近邻分析工具计算研究区域内古树分布点状要素之间的相互邻近程度。

  • 表2 古树生长环境评价标准

  • Table2 Habitat assessment criteria of ancient trees

  • 1.2.2.1 相对多度及物种多样性指数计算

  • 以相对多度作为冗余分析的植物特征值。相对多度的计算公式(张金屯,2004):

  • Ai=种i的多度/所有物种多度之和 × 100%。

  • 以物种丰富度表征物种多样性(马克平,1994)。物种丰富度(G)计算公式如下:G=S/ln A

  • 式中: S为研究区物种数目;A 为研究区面积。

  • 1.2.2.2 最邻近点指数

  • 古树可抽象为点状要素,理论上有随机、均匀和凝聚3种空间分布类型,通常用最邻近点指数(R)进行鉴别(张超和杨秉赓,1991)。最邻近点指数计算公式:

  • R=r-i/rE; rE=12m/A=12D

  • 式中:r-i代表每个点与其最邻近点距离的平均值;rE为点状要素随机分布时理论上的最邻近距离;m代表点要素数量;A代表研究区面积;D代表单位面积点要素数量。当R=1时,点状要素趋于随机分布;R>1时,点状要素趋于均匀分布;R<1时,点状要素趋于凝聚分布。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 古树组成特征

  • 2.1.1 古树物种组成

  • 本次调查区域内古树共计301株,包括一级古树7株、二级古树86株、三级古树208株,隶属16科22属26种。所含树种较多的科为壳斗科(Fagaceae),有古树4种。树种数量方面,黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)株数最多,占总数的59.23%,其次为侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)(10.23%)和云南山茶(Camellia reticulata)(5.65%),其他树种株数较少(表3)。

  • 2.1.2 古树结构组成

  • 对古树的树高、胸径及冠幅进行分级统计,图1结果显示,调查区古树树高主要集中范围为12~20 m,株数合计占总数的49.17%;胸径为64~127 cm的古树最多,占比51.16%,其次为64 cm以下的古树,占比38.89%;冠幅主要集中范围为3~9 m,占比60.13%。

  • 调查区古树生长情况较好,生长势正常的有283株,占总数的94.02%; 生长势衰弱、濒危和死亡的分别有16株、1株和1株,占比5.32%、0.33%和0.33%。生长环境被评价为好的有232株,占总数的77.08%;生长环境为“中”和“差”的则分别有66株和3株,占比21.93%和0.99%。

  • 表3 楚雄市坝区各乡镇的古树物种及数量

  • Table3 Species and numbers of ancient trees of seven towns in Chuxiong

  • 注:本次调查不包括紫溪山自然保护区。

  • Note: Zixishan Nature Reserve is not included in this survey.

  • 图1 右树树高(A)、胸径(B)、冠幅(C)级结构分布情况

  • Fig.1 Frequency distribution of size classes of tree height ( A) , DBH ( B) and crown size ( C) for ancient trees

  • 2.2 各乡镇古树分布特征

  • 2.2.1 古树物种多样性

  • 对各乡镇古树数量进行统计,图2结果显示,鹿城镇古树株数(102株)最多,超过总数的30%;其次为东华镇(52株)、紫溪镇(42株)和苍岭镇(41株),占比为13%~17%;而子午镇(23株)、吕合镇(22株)和东瓜镇(19株)较少,各占约7%。从物种数和物种丰富度来看,鹿城镇最高,其次为东瓜镇和子午镇,而苍岭镇最低。

  • 对各乡镇不同树种的古树数量进行统计,图3结果显示,子午镇与其他乡镇差异最为明显,其遗留古树以壳斗科为主,高山锥(Castanopsis delavayi)、白柯(Lithocarpus dealbatus)和滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides) 株数合计约占总数的48%,而其他6个乡镇古树均以漆树科的黄连木占比最高(31%~98%)。此外,云南山茶在除鹿城镇和吕合镇之外的5个乡镇均有分布,侧柏在鹿城镇分布最多。

  • 本次调查的7个乡镇,城镇化率最高的是鹿城镇和东瓜镇大于75%,其次为东华镇大于20%,紫溪镇、苍岭镇和吕合镇大于15%,而子午镇最低为12.62%。彝族人口占比,东华镇和紫溪镇大于20%,苍岭镇大于15%,吕合镇、鹿城镇和东瓜镇大于10%,而子午镇最低为 9.56%。RDA排序结果(图2)显示,第1轴对乡镇古树分布格局的解释度为25.59%,第2轴的解释度为15.54%,2个轴累积解释度为41.13%,排序结果显著(P=0.05)。城镇化率和彝族人口占比的箭头连线较长,表示这2个变量有着较强解释能力。古树物种数及物种丰富度最高的3个乡镇分列在城镇化率的两端,但城镇化率较低的子午镇与城镇化率较高的鹿城镇和东瓜镇之间距离较远,表明子午镇的树种组成与两者差异较大;而彝族人口占比较高的紫溪镇、东华镇和苍岭镇并没有展现出较高的物种数和物种丰富度。

  • 2.2.2 乡镇古树分布类型

  • 运用ArcGIS对各乡镇古树分布进行制图,并利用最邻近点指数分析各乡镇的古树分布特征。表4和图4结果表明,鹿城镇、东瓜镇、吕合镇和子午镇区域内古树趋于凝聚分布,而东华镇、紫溪镇和苍岭镇趋于均匀分布。图5结果显示,从古树分布的生境来看,鹿城镇主要分布于学校(33.33%)和公园(27.45%)内,东瓜镇主要分布于寺庙(57.89%)中,而子午镇则集中分布于寺庙及其后山的林地(78.26%),这与最邻近指数计算结果相吻合。同时,鹿城镇的公园(8种)和学校(4种)以及东瓜镇和子午镇的寺庙(6种和6种)也是区域内古树物种丰富度最高的地方,上述生境内共有古树18种,接近物种总数的69.23%。

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 3.1 城镇化发展对古树遗留及分布的影响

  • 本研究在楚雄市坝区7个乡镇调查到古树301株,隶属26种。其中,漆树科黄连木在数量上占绝对优势(58.75%),与柏科的侧柏和山茶科的云南山茶三者合计超过古树总数的75%。各乡镇的古树物种组成,除子午镇以壳斗科植物为主之外,其余6个乡镇均以黄连木占比最高,而云南山茶在除鹿城镇和吕合镇之外的5个乡镇均有分布,而侧柏则主要分布于鹿城镇。刘爱忠等(2000a)曾对楚雄自治州境内未被人为破坏的“神树林”开展过植被调查,调查到乔木21种,以高山锥、滇青冈等为代表的壳斗科植物为优势种,展现了区域原生林的植被类型。在本次调查中,楚雄市坝区遗留的古树物种数虽高于“神树林”,但除城镇化率最低的子午镇之外,其余6个乡镇古树在物种组成上已不能反映出“神树林”的植被特征。通过文献查阅及当地居民访谈了解,彝族地区森林资源在建国前至建国初期的多次文化改造运动中曾遭到大规模砍伐,而城镇化发展进一步加剧了对原始植被的破坏(楚雄市林业志,1993;赖毅,2016)。然而,黄连木、侧柏和云南山茶为何能被大量遗留下来,是否与彝族的崇拜或习俗相关。根据前人的研究发现,黄连木并非彝族传统神树崇拜的物种,也非火把节等节庆活动或民居家具建造中使用的木材(刘爱忠等,2000b;山伟,2015;董斌,2017;杨富全,2022),推测黄连木应是原生林被伐及区域用地类型改变后从次生裸地中生长出的先锋种,之后随着汉族人口的不断迁入,受儒家文化影响黄连木被更多地保留下来(高远等,2015;黎云昆,2022)。尽管侧柏和云南山茶在彝族崇拜中象征着“吉祥”和“爱情”(刘爱忠等,2000b),但两者的遗留也同时受到外来文化的影响,如作为儒家文化标识树种之一的侧柏,在本次调查中有18株(占总数的58%),分布于鹿城小学内的楚雄文庙殿前。植物群落同质化是当前我国城镇绿地普遍存在的一个问题,究其原因是人为偏好的改变(Qian et al.,2016)。在传统生活中,少数民族的衣食住行都直接取材于自然,各类树木因具备不同的功能而得到居民保护,但随着城镇化的发展,人们生产生活对植物的依赖性减弱,美观或文化中对某一类树木的单一偏爱,致使少数物种在空间分布上占据主导地位,久而久之降低了区域乡土树木的多样性和独特性。

  • 图2 楚雄坝区各乡镇古树RDA排序分析

  • Fig.2 Redundancy analysis of ancient trees of seven towns in Chuxiong

  • 图3 楚雄市坝区各乡镇不同物种古树的数量组成

  • Fig.3 Numbers of different ancient tree species of seven towns in Chuxiong

  • 表4 楚雄市坝区各乡镇古树最邻近指数及分布类型

  • Table4 Nearest proximity index and distribution type of ancient trees of seven towns in Chuxiong

  • 城镇化率最高的鹿城镇、东瓜镇以及城镇化率最低的子午镇古树物种多样性在楚雄坝区的7个镇中都较高,但都趋于凝聚分布,其中寺庙、学校及公园的古树物种最丰富,寺庙及学校是区域宗教和文化活动开展和传承的场所,更有利于古树保护,这与前人的研究结论相一致(Jim &Zhang,2013;邱族周等,2022)。郑明铭(2020)对全国561个区县的古树调查表明,在中等人口密度区县古树多样性较高,而Li和Zhang(2021)对江苏省的古树研究则表明人均国内生产总值高的地区古树密度最大,但本次研究中人口密度中等的吕合镇和苍岭镇(7个乡镇中排名第3位和第5位)以及人均国内生产总值最高的紫溪镇和苍岭镇(7个乡镇中排名第1位和第2位)均与上述研究结果不符,进而表明在云南少数民族地区文化可能是影响古树遗留更重要的驱动因素(Huang et al.,2020;黄力等,2021)。调查发现鹿城镇古树物种多样性较高的鹿城小学(院内有楚雄文庙)和楚雄市第一中学(前身为龙泉书院),其古树多为人工种植,侧柏、圆柏和紫薇展现出明显的儒家文化特征(赵越,2021)。东瓜镇的朝阳寺和子午镇的乌龙寺均是共同供奉彝族本土和佛教神祇的寺庙,但朝阳寺内遗留的古树基本为人工种植,紫薇、木樨、梅和侧柏更具佛教寓意 (陈曦和赵洋,2021);而子午镇的乌龙寺及后山则保留了一小片较少人为干扰的林地,遗留古树以高山锥、滇青冈和白柯为主更接近原生林特征,而据当地彝族老人讲述这是附近区域仅剩的“神树林”。可见,尽管高城镇化率和低城镇化率乡镇均拥有更高古树多样性,但其原因却并不相同,前者受外来文化影响较强,许多古树为人工种植的非本土优势物种,而后者则是因为外来文化输入及用地类型改变较少进而更多地保留了“神木林”原生植被。但需要注意的是,清香木、大青树等在传统彝族文化中具有象征意义的古树遗留较少,紫溪镇、东华镇和苍岭镇虽然拥有更高的彝族人口比例,但区域内古树并未展现出“神树林”特征,这从侧面反映出彝族文化正面临着逐步丢失的困境。

  • 图4 楚雄市坝区各乡镇古树空间分布图

  • Fig.4 Spatial distribution of ancient trees of seven towns in Chuxiong

  • 图5 楚雄市坝区各乡镇古树生境分布及所占比例

  • Fig.5 Habitat type and its proportion of ancient trees of seven towns in Chuxiong

  • 3.2 从文化传承角度开展古树保护

  • 随着城镇化的推进,少数民族文化与不同民族文化及现代文明相互交流、融合,形成区域文化的多元性;但同时,现代化生活方式和外来文化也显著削弱了少数民族对传统文化的认同感和归属感且在城镇化水平越高的区域,这种文化弱化就越明显(谢志峻等,2006;徐丽曼,2014;胡延龙,2017)。本次调查也证明了上述观点,随着城镇化水平提高,区域所遗留的古树展现出多元化文化特征,但彝族传统的“神树”文化却在逐步流失,如何对传统文化进行有效保护已是亟待解决的问题。

  • 文化传承与古树保护是两个紧密连接又相辅相成的主体。传承百年的民族信仰及族规提高了人们参与古树保护的自觉性,而加强古树保护也是唤醒人们民族文化意识的媒介。在实际工作中,可以从景观优化、宣传活动等方面开展古树保护及其文化内涵提升。以本次研究为例,在改善古树生境的同时加强周边景观修饰,融汇彝族文化传统元素。第一,可将“老虎”和“火”等文化元素以图腾或雕塑的形式点缀于古树护栏等设施中,营造古树景观的民族氛围感;第二,可在古树旁设置宣传栏,以图文形式介绍彝族的“神树”传说及与“神树”相关的风俗习惯及节庆活动,通过回顾彝族祖先与植物的渊源,唤起人们对古树的崇拜之意;第三,利用古树的象征意义开展文化活动,如侧柏在彝族崇拜中代表着“吉祥”且多分布于学校内,可在每年中考、高考前期举办祈福活动,在人们与古树的互动中实现古今彝族文化的衔接。

  • 致谢 感谢楚雄市林业和草原局林草有害生物防治检疫站希从彪老师在本研究古树调查中给予的协助及指导。

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    • JIM CY, ZHANG H, 2013. Species diversity and spatial differentiation of old-valuable trees in urban Hong Kong [J]. Urban For Urban Green, 12(2): 171-182.

    • LAI Y, 2016. The value of Yi’s tree culture and its inheritance and development [J]. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 32(4): 26-32. [赖毅, 2016. 彝族树文化的价值及其传承与发展 [J]. 中国农学通报, 32(4): 26-32. ]

    • LI KD, ZHANG GF, 2021. Species diversity and distribution pattern of heritage trees in the rapidly-urbanizing province of Jiangsu, China [J]. Forests, (12): 11. DOI: 10. 3390/f12111543.

    • LI YK, 2022. What kind of tree is the Kai wood in the Konglin forest? [EB/OL]. https: //baijiahao. baidu. com/s?id=1743812162331537910&wfr=spider&for=pc. [黎云昆, 2022. 孔林中的楷木是什么树? [EB/OL]. https: //baijiahao. baidu. com/s?id=1743812162331537910&wfr=spider&for=pc. ]

    • LINDENMAYER DB, LAURANCE WF, 2017. The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees [J]. Biol Rev, 92 (3): 1434-1458.

    • LIU AZ, PEI SJ, CHEN SY, 2000a. An investigation and study on the plant worship by Yi people in Chuxiong, Yunnan [J]. Biodivers Sci, 8(1): 130-136. [刘爱忠, 裴盛基, 陈三阳, 2000. 云南楚雄彝族植物崇拜的调查研究 [J]. 生物多样性, 8(1): 130-136. ]

    • LIU AZ, PEI SJ, CHEN SY, 2000b. Yi nationality’s sacred groves and biodiversity conservation in Chuxiong, Yunnan [J]. J Appl Ecol, 11(4): 489-492. [刘爱忠, 裴盛基, 陈三阳, 2000. 云南楚雄彝族的“神树林” 与生物多样性保护 [J]. 应用生态学报, 11(4): 489-492. ]

    • MA KP, 1994. Methods for measuring diversity of biological communities I α methods for measuring diversity (I) [J]. Biodivers Sci, 2(3): 162-168. [马克平, 1994. 生物群落多样性的测度方法 Ⅰ α多样性的测度方法(上) [J]. 生物多样性, 2(3): 162-168. ]

    • Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China, 2000. Measures for the protection and administration of ancient and famous urban trees [R/OL]. http: //law. lawtime. cn/d632164637258_2_p1. html. [中华人民共和国建设部, 2000. 城市古树名木保护管理办法 [R/OL]. http: //law. lawtime. cn/d632164637258_2_p1. html. ]

    • MCNEELY JA, MILLER KR, REID WV, et al. , 1990. Conserving the world's biological diversity [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press. [J·A·麦克尼利, K·R·米勒, W·V·瑞德, 1990. 保护世界的生物多样性 [M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社. ]

    • PENG Y, LIU XH, XUE DY, et al. , 2012. Effects of urbanization on indigenous plant diversity: a case study of Langfang City, China [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 32(3): 723-729. [彭羽, 刘雪华, 薛达元, 等, 2012. 城市化对本土植物多样性的影响——以廊坊市为例 [J]. 生态学报, 32(3): 723-729. ]

    • QIAN SH, QI M, HUANG L, et al. , 2016. Biotic homogenization of China’s urban greening: A meta-analysis on woody species [J]. Urban For Urban Green, (18): 25-33.

    • QIU ZZ, HU XB, QIAN H, et al. , 2022. Analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of ancient and famous trees in Xintian County [J]. J Cent S Univ For Technol, 42(10): 46-56. [邱族周, 胡希军, 钱惠, 等, 2022. 新田县古树名木资源组成和空间分布特征分析 [J]. 中南林业科技大学学报, 42(10): 46-56. ]

    • SHAN W, 2015. The comparative study on design of Yi ethnic furniture between Chuxiong and Liangshan [D]. Wuxi: Jiangnan University. [山伟, 2015. 楚雄和凉山地区彝族家具设计比较研究 [D]. 无锡: 江南大学. ] TANG CQ, YANG Y, OHSAWA M, et al. ,

    • 2011. Population structure of relict Metasequoia glyptostroboides and its habitat fragmentation and degradation in south-central China [J]. Biol Conserv, 144(1): 279-289.

    • TANG CQ, Yang YC, OHSAWA M, et al. , 2013. Survival of a tertiary relict species, Liriodendron chinense (Magnoliaceae), in southern China, with special reference to village fengshui forests [J]. Am J Bot, 100 (10): 2112-2119.

    • TIAN LJ, 2018. The composition and characteristics of heritage trees in ethnic minority areas in Southwest China: a case study of Guizhou Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Ethnic Autonomous County [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University. [田丽娟, 2018. 西南地区少数民族聚居地古树资源特征及成因——以贵州省务川仡佬族苗族自治县为例 [D]. 重庆: 重庆大学. ]

    • TIAN LJ, HUANG L, ZHOU LH, et al. , 2018. The composition and distribution of heritage trees in Guizhou ethnic minority areas: A case study of Wuchuan County [J]. Chin J Ecol, 37(9): 2768-2775. [田丽娟, 黄力, 周礼华, 2018. 贵州少数民族聚居地古树资源组成及分布特征——以务川县为例 [J]. 生态学杂志, 37(9): 2768-2775. ]

    • WALKER JS, GRIMM NB, BRIGGS JM, et al. , 2009. Effects of urbanization on plant species diversity in central Arizona [J]. Front Ecol Environ, 7: 465-470.

    • WANG J, YANG YM, WANG J, et al. , 2004. Cultural diversity and biological diversity [C]. Progress in Biodiversity Conservation and Research in China — National Symposium on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use: 57-68. [王娟, 杨宇明, 王泾, 等, 2004. 试论文化多样性与生物多样性的相互关系 [C]. 中国生物多样性保护与研究进展——全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会: 57-68. ]

    • WANG N, LI DN, LI XY, 2019. A study on the effect of financial industry supporting for new urbanization construction in Hebei Province [J]. J Business Ed, 33(5): 123-144.

    • XIE ZJ, CHU CJ, GUO J, 2006. Urbanization: cultural unification or cultural multiplication? [J]. J Dalian Minzu Univ, 4(33): 1421-1431. [谢志峻, 初晨洁, 郭建, 2006. 城市化: 民族文化的一元化, 还是多元化? [J]. 大连民族学院学报, 4(33): 1421-1431. ]

    • XU LM, 2014. Thoughts on promoting the prosperity and development of minority culture under the background of urbanization [J]. J Party School Shanxi Provincial Organs CPC, (5): 1-3. [徐丽曼, 2014. 城市化背景下推进少数民族文化繁荣发展的思考 [J]. 中共山西省直机关党校学报, (5): 1-3. ]

    • YANG FQ, 2022. The Evolution and inheritance of traditional folk houses of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong [D]. Kunming: Kunming University of Science and Technology. [杨富全, 2022. 楚雄彝族传统民居演变与传承 [D]. 昆明: 昆明理工大学. ]

    • YANG XX, WU YH, TIAN Q, et al. , 2021. The characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of ancient and famous trees in Lanzhou City [J]. Grassl Turf, 41(6): 37-45. [杨秀秀, 吴永华, 田青, 等, 2021. 兰州市古树名木资源特征及其时空分布特征 [J]. 草原与草坪, 41(6): 37-45. ]

    • YANG YB, BAO GD, ZHANG D, et al. , 2022. Spatial distribution and driving factors of old and notable trees in a fast-developing city, Northeast China [J]. Sustainability, (14): 13.

    • ZHANG C, YANG BG, 1991. Basis of quantitative geography [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press. [张超, 杨秉赓, 1991. 计量地理学基础 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社. ]

    • ZHANG GT, 1998. Discussion on establishing index system of urbanization level [J]. Urban Prob, 81(1): 6-9. [张耕田, 1998. 关于建立城市化水平指标体系的探讨 [J]. 城市问题, 81(1): 6-9. ]

    • ZHANG JT, 2004. Quantitative ecology [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [张金屯, 2004. 数量生态学 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社. ]

    • ZHAO Y, 2021. Studies on the plants of confucian temple — taking shanxi hebei shandong henan region as an example [J]. Urban Arch Space, 28(1): 178-180. [赵越, 2021. 文庙植物研究——以晋冀鲁豫地区为例 [J]. 城市住宅, 28(1): 178-180. ]

    • ZHENG MM, 2020. Distribution pattern of Chines heritage trees and its retention mechanism [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University. [郑明铭, 2020. 中国古树分布格局及其存留机制 [D]. 重庆: 重庆大学. ]

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    • JIM CY, ZHANG H, 2013. Species diversity and spatial differentiation of old-valuable trees in urban Hong Kong [J]. Urban For Urban Green, 12(2): 171-182.

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    • LI KD, ZHANG GF, 2021. Species diversity and distribution pattern of heritage trees in the rapidly-urbanizing province of Jiangsu, China [J]. Forests, (12): 11. DOI: 10. 3390/f12111543.

    • LI YK, 2022. What kind of tree is the Kai wood in the Konglin forest? [EB/OL]. https: //baijiahao. baidu. com/s?id=1743812162331537910&wfr=spider&for=pc. [黎云昆, 2022. 孔林中的楷木是什么树? [EB/OL]. https: //baijiahao. baidu. com/s?id=1743812162331537910&wfr=spider&for=pc. ]

    • LINDENMAYER DB, LAURANCE WF, 2017. The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees [J]. Biol Rev, 92 (3): 1434-1458.

    • LIU AZ, PEI SJ, CHEN SY, 2000a. An investigation and study on the plant worship by Yi people in Chuxiong, Yunnan [J]. Biodivers Sci, 8(1): 130-136. [刘爱忠, 裴盛基, 陈三阳, 2000. 云南楚雄彝族植物崇拜的调查研究 [J]. 生物多样性, 8(1): 130-136. ]

    • LIU AZ, PEI SJ, CHEN SY, 2000b. Yi nationality’s sacred groves and biodiversity conservation in Chuxiong, Yunnan [J]. J Appl Ecol, 11(4): 489-492. [刘爱忠, 裴盛基, 陈三阳, 2000. 云南楚雄彝族的“神树林” 与生物多样性保护 [J]. 应用生态学报, 11(4): 489-492. ]

    • MA KP, 1994. Methods for measuring diversity of biological communities I α methods for measuring diversity (I) [J]. Biodivers Sci, 2(3): 162-168. [马克平, 1994. 生物群落多样性的测度方法 Ⅰ α多样性的测度方法(上) [J]. 生物多样性, 2(3): 162-168. ]

    • Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China, 2000. Measures for the protection and administration of ancient and famous urban trees [R/OL]. http: //law. lawtime. cn/d632164637258_2_p1. html. [中华人民共和国建设部, 2000. 城市古树名木保护管理办法 [R/OL]. http: //law. lawtime. cn/d632164637258_2_p1. html. ]

    • MCNEELY JA, MILLER KR, REID WV, et al. , 1990. Conserving the world's biological diversity [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press. [J·A·麦克尼利, K·R·米勒, W·V·瑞德, 1990. 保护世界的生物多样性 [M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社. ]

    • PENG Y, LIU XH, XUE DY, et al. , 2012. Effects of urbanization on indigenous plant diversity: a case study of Langfang City, China [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 32(3): 723-729. [彭羽, 刘雪华, 薛达元, 等, 2012. 城市化对本土植物多样性的影响——以廊坊市为例 [J]. 生态学报, 32(3): 723-729. ]

    • QIAN SH, QI M, HUANG L, et al. , 2016. Biotic homogenization of China’s urban greening: A meta-analysis on woody species [J]. Urban For Urban Green, (18): 25-33.

    • QIU ZZ, HU XB, QIAN H, et al. , 2022. Analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of ancient and famous trees in Xintian County [J]. J Cent S Univ For Technol, 42(10): 46-56. [邱族周, 胡希军, 钱惠, 等, 2022. 新田县古树名木资源组成和空间分布特征分析 [J]. 中南林业科技大学学报, 42(10): 46-56. ]

    • SHAN W, 2015. The comparative study on design of Yi ethnic furniture between Chuxiong and Liangshan [D]. Wuxi: Jiangnan University. [山伟, 2015. 楚雄和凉山地区彝族家具设计比较研究 [D]. 无锡: 江南大学. ] TANG CQ, YANG Y, OHSAWA M, et al. ,

    • 2011. Population structure of relict Metasequoia glyptostroboides and its habitat fragmentation and degradation in south-central China [J]. Biol Conserv, 144(1): 279-289.

    • TANG CQ, Yang YC, OHSAWA M, et al. , 2013. Survival of a tertiary relict species, Liriodendron chinense (Magnoliaceae), in southern China, with special reference to village fengshui forests [J]. Am J Bot, 100 (10): 2112-2119.

    • TIAN LJ, 2018. The composition and characteristics of heritage trees in ethnic minority areas in Southwest China: a case study of Guizhou Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Ethnic Autonomous County [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University. [田丽娟, 2018. 西南地区少数民族聚居地古树资源特征及成因——以贵州省务川仡佬族苗族自治县为例 [D]. 重庆: 重庆大学. ]

    • TIAN LJ, HUANG L, ZHOU LH, et al. , 2018. The composition and distribution of heritage trees in Guizhou ethnic minority areas: A case study of Wuchuan County [J]. Chin J Ecol, 37(9): 2768-2775. [田丽娟, 黄力, 周礼华, 2018. 贵州少数民族聚居地古树资源组成及分布特征——以务川县为例 [J]. 生态学杂志, 37(9): 2768-2775. ]

    • WALKER JS, GRIMM NB, BRIGGS JM, et al. , 2009. Effects of urbanization on plant species diversity in central Arizona [J]. Front Ecol Environ, 7: 465-470.

    • WANG J, YANG YM, WANG J, et al. , 2004. Cultural diversity and biological diversity [C]. Progress in Biodiversity Conservation and Research in China — National Symposium on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use: 57-68. [王娟, 杨宇明, 王泾, 等, 2004. 试论文化多样性与生物多样性的相互关系 [C]. 中国生物多样性保护与研究进展——全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会: 57-68. ]

    • WANG N, LI DN, LI XY, 2019. A study on the effect of financial industry supporting for new urbanization construction in Hebei Province [J]. J Business Ed, 33(5): 123-144.

    • XIE ZJ, CHU CJ, GUO J, 2006. Urbanization: cultural unification or cultural multiplication? [J]. J Dalian Minzu Univ, 4(33): 1421-1431. [谢志峻, 初晨洁, 郭建, 2006. 城市化: 民族文化的一元化, 还是多元化? [J]. 大连民族学院学报, 4(33): 1421-1431. ]

    • XU LM, 2014. Thoughts on promoting the prosperity and development of minority culture under the background of urbanization [J]. J Party School Shanxi Provincial Organs CPC, (5): 1-3. [徐丽曼, 2014. 城市化背景下推进少数民族文化繁荣发展的思考 [J]. 中共山西省直机关党校学报, (5): 1-3. ]

    • YANG FQ, 2022. The Evolution and inheritance of traditional folk houses of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong [D]. Kunming: Kunming University of Science and Technology. [杨富全, 2022. 楚雄彝族传统民居演变与传承 [D]. 昆明: 昆明理工大学. ]

    • YANG XX, WU YH, TIAN Q, et al. , 2021. The characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of ancient and famous trees in Lanzhou City [J]. Grassl Turf, 41(6): 37-45. [杨秀秀, 吴永华, 田青, 等, 2021. 兰州市古树名木资源特征及其时空分布特征 [J]. 草原与草坪, 41(6): 37-45. ]

    • YANG YB, BAO GD, ZHANG D, et al. , 2022. Spatial distribution and driving factors of old and notable trees in a fast-developing city, Northeast China [J]. Sustainability, (14): 13.

    • ZHANG C, YANG BG, 1991. Basis of quantitative geography [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press. [张超, 杨秉赓, 1991. 计量地理学基础 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社. ]

    • ZHANG GT, 1998. Discussion on establishing index system of urbanization level [J]. Urban Prob, 81(1): 6-9. [张耕田, 1998. 关于建立城市化水平指标体系的探讨 [J]. 城市问题, 81(1): 6-9. ]

    • ZHANG JT, 2004. Quantitative ecology [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [张金屯, 2004. 数量生态学 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社. ]

    • ZHAO Y, 2021. Studies on the plants of confucian temple — taking shanxi hebei shandong henan region as an example [J]. Urban Arch Space, 28(1): 178-180. [赵越, 2021. 文庙植物研究——以晋冀鲁豫地区为例 [J]. 城市住宅, 28(1): 178-180. ]

    • ZHENG MM, 2020. Distribution pattern of Chines heritage trees and its retention mechanism [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University. [郑明铭, 2020. 中国古树分布格局及其存留机制 [D]. 重庆: 重庆大学. ]