桑叶西番莲—中国西番莲科植物新归化种

Passiflora morifolia, a newly naturalized plant of Passifloraceae from China

关键词:  桑叶西番莲, 中国, 新归化种, 西番莲科, 西番莲属

Key words:  Passiflora morifolia, China, new naturalization, Passifloraceae, Passiflora

摘要:

外来物种的归化和入侵对全球环境和社会发展造成了严重影响,已成为当今各国生物多样性管理和生态保护中所面临的全球性问题。我国是遭受外来入侵危害最为严重的国家之一,在外来物种入侵的预警、管理和治理等方面形势严峻。该研究报道了中国西番莲科(Passifloraceae)西番莲属(Passiflora Linn.)一个新归化种,即桑叶西番莲(P. morifolia Mast.),并提供了形态描述和野外生态照片。桑叶西番莲原产于中美洲和南美洲的热带地区,现发现新归化于我国云南省普洱市孟连县的竜山龙血树省级自然保护区。桑叶西番莲的主要鉴别特征为叶片草质,掌状3浅裂,疏被短硬毛,托叶卵形,半抱茎,聚伞花序退化,苞片线状,具1～2花,花梗长3～6 cm,花瓣白色,副花冠基部紫色,浆果成熟时紫黑色,被短刺毛和白霜。国产种类中,桑叶西番莲与龙珠果(Passiflora foetida)最为近似,但后者全株被柔毛和腺毛,叶柄不具腺体,花序苞片一至三回羽状分裂,丝状的副花冠基部常粉红色。此外,还简要评估了桑叶西番莲的危害和入侵风险。

Abstract:

Naturalization and invasion of alien species have made great impact on the global environment and social development, and have become global issues of biodiversity management and ecological protection. China is regarded as one of the countries that are the mostly threatened by biological invasion in the world, and faces severe challenges in the early warning, supervision and management of invasive alien species. Passiflora morifolia Mast., a newly naturalized plant of Passifloraceae from China, is reported in this article, its morphological description and related photos are provided too. P. morifolia is native to the tropical regions of central and South Americas, and was newly found in Menglian County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. It is characterized by its leaves herbaceous, three palmately lobed, with sparsely short bristles, stipules ovate, semi-amplexicaul, cymes degenerate, bracts linear, with 1-2 flowers, pedicels 3-6 cm long, petals white, coronal purple at base, mature fruits purple, with short bristles and frost. In Chinese species, P. morifolia is the most similar to P. foetida, but the latter is with spreading pubescent and glandular hairs, petioles without glands, inflorescence bracts 1-3 pinnatifid, corona often pink at base. In additon, its potential harm and invasive risks are briefly assessed.