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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2025, Vol.45, No.12
  • Publication date：2025-12-25
【Recommended article】LUO Maofang et al. Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

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Current Issue 2025,Vol.45,No.12

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      • Special Column：Plant Systematics and Evolution
    • CONG Wei1, YANG Wenli2, YAN Pengpeng1, WU Die1, ZHANG Gangmin1*
      Exploring the phylogeny and species taxonomy of Coniogramme sect. Notogramme based on chloroplast whole genome and morphological evidence
      Coniogramme Fée, which belongs to Cryptogrammoideae of Pteridaceae, was divided into sect. Coniogramme and sect. Notogramme based on whether the leaf veins were connected to form an areole. The latter mainly includes the taxa with anastomosing veins represented by C. japonica. So far, there has been little systematic research on the phylogenetics of the genus Coniogramme. The phylogenetic relationship among species of sect. Notogramme has long been in controversy. Moreover, the taxonomic treatment was confused due to different understandings of morphological traits. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the sect. Notogramme and related species based on molecular and morphological analyses were investigated. The results were as follows:(1)Coniogramme sect. Notogramme sensu Shing was not a monophyletic group. Only the species with 2-3 rows of areoles along each side of midrib belong to this group.(2)C. gracilis formed a well-supported monophyletic clade, which was sister to the clade formed by C. japonica, C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis. Combining with morphological evidence, this study suggested that C. gracilis should be recognized as a distinct species.(3)There was an intermediate transitional form in terms of morphology and no obvious morphological distinction among C. japonica, C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis, and they clustered into a monophyletic group in the phylogenetic tree. C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis should be treated as synonymies of C. japonica. The traditional concept of sect. Notogramme was redefined in this paper. This section consists of two species, namely C. japonica and C. gracilis.
      2025,45(12):2147-2159    [Abstract](534)    [PDF](88)
    • CONG Wei1, YANG Wenli2, YAN Pengpeng1, WU Die1, ZHANG Gangmin1*
      Exploring the phylogeny and species taxonomy of Coniogramme sect. Notogramme based on chloroplast whole genome and morphological evidence
      Coniogramme Fée, which belongs to Cryptogrammoideae of Pteridaceae, was divided into sect. Coniogramme and sect. Notogramme based on whether the leaf veins were connected to form an areole. The latter mainly includes the taxa with anastomosing veins represented by C. japonica. So far, there has been little systematic research on the phylogenetics of the genus Coniogramme. The phylogenetic relationship among species of sect. Notogramme has long been in controversy. Moreover, the taxonomic treatment was confused due to different understandings of morphological traits. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the sect. Notogramme and related species based on molecular and morphological analyses were investigated. The results were as follows:(1)Coniogramme sect. Notogramme sensu Shing was not a monophyletic group. Only the species with 2-3 rows of areoles along each side of midrib belong to this group.(2)C. gracilis formed a well-supported monophyletic clade, which was sister to the clade formed by C. japonica, C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis. Combining with morphological evidence, this study suggested that C. gracilis should be recognized as a distinct species.(3)There was an intermediate transitional form in terms of morphology and no obvious morphological distinction among C. japonica, C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis, and they clustered into a monophyletic group in the phylogenetic tree. C. centrochinensis and C. ankangensis should be treated as synonymies of C. japonica. The traditional concept of sect. Notogramme was redefined in this paper. This section consists of two species, namely C. japonica and C. gracilis.
      2025,45(12):2147-2159    [Abstract](380)    [PDF](69)
    • YIN Yujiao1, ZHOU Xinyi1, ZHOU Meisheng2, Yi Houqi3, WENG Liangqi1, WU Xinyu1, ZHANG Yanyun1*
      Taxonomic study on lichen family Parmeliaceae in the Dabie Mountains of West Anhui
      In order to reveal the species diversity and resource distribution of the lichen family Parmeliaceae in the Dabie Mountains of West Anhui, we examined 395 specimens of Parmeliaceae in this area through morphological, chemical and molecular phylogenetic research. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 11 genera including 26 species of Parmeliaceae were presented in this region. Among them, four species, Cetrelia japonica, Hypotrachyna exsecta, H. pseudosinuosa and Remototrachyna incognita were newly recorded to Anhui Province.(2)Myelochroa irrugans and M. subaurulenta were proved to be two different species, contradicting the previous treatment of the former as a synonym of the latter. In this study, we clarified the systematic positions of the six species and provided detailed morphological descriptions with characteristic pictures. A key to the genera and species of Parmeliaceae in the Dabie Mountains of West Anhui were provided. This study enriches the lichen research data of Anhui Province and lay a foundation for the conservation and sustainable utilization of lichen resources.
      2025,45(12):2160-2175    [Abstract](850)    [PDF](74)
    • MA Xudong1, LI Minghan1, LI Huimin1, WEN Jun1, ZHOU Xinxin2, ZHOU Wei1, WU Baocheng1, SONG Chunfeng1*
      Two new records of the genus Acronema(Apiaceae) from China: New insights from ITS sequences and morphological evidence
      Acronema phaeosciadeum Farille & Lachard and A. cryptosciadeum Farille & Lachard(Apiaceae)are newly reported as occurring in China. Detailed morphological characteristics, phenological periods, habitat characteristics and distribution information of the two species are provided. Both species were originally described by Farille and were known from the high Himalayan regions of Nepal. The discovery of two species expands its known geographical range to southwestern Xizang, China. A. phaeosciadeum is similar to A. muscicola Hand.-Mazz., but differing from the latter by the characteristics, such as thin fusiform root, presence of bracts and bracteoles, and acute petal apices, not-filiform etc. A. cryptosciadeum resembles A. tenerum(Wall.)Edgew., differing in its fusiform root, few or absent stem leaves(when present, close to the stem base), and petals with non-filiform apex. Additionally, compared with Sinocarum pauciradiatum R. H. Shan & F. T. Pu, the latter has trisected basal leaves and lacks bracteoles. To clarify their systematic positions, phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences(using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods)was conducted, delineating their systematic: A. cryptosciadeum is stably nested within Acronema clade, whereas A. phaeosciadeum is situated near the Sinodielsia clade and the Selineae. Notably, the morphological complexity of A. phaeosciadeum combines traits of Acronema(ovoid fruits with indistinct filiform ribs), Sinocarum(non-filiform petals, fusiform roots), and even Sinodielsia or Selineae(e. g., prominent bracteoles), which implies that it may represent a more complex transitional evolutionary stage. The clear placement of A. cryptosciadeum provides strong molecular evidence for its generic assignment. This discovery enriches China's biodiversity inventory, offers critical insights into the taxonomic ambiguity and polyphyletic nature of Acronema, and highlights the importance of cross-regional floristic comparisons in resolving generic delimitation. It further provides crucial new data for the phylogenetic study of the genus Acronema. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences(NAS).
      2025,45(12):2176-2183    [Abstract](282)    [PDF](76)
    • SUN Dongchan, GAO Chao*, SONG Qiling, WAN Xianqin, NIE Yanmei, WANG Qimei
      Leaf anatomical structure of Camellia oleifera and their relationship with drought resistance in high altitude areas
      In order to explore the anatomical structure characteristics of Camellia oleifera leaves in high altitude areas and the relationship between their structure and drought resistance, In this study, 35 superior individual plants of C. oleifera with excellent fruiting traits, previously selected in the high altitude areas of eastern Guizhou Province, were used as experimental materials, and observed them using paraffin sections. Typical indicators of leaf structure that reflected plant drought resistance were screened out through descriptive and variance analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis, and then the membership function was used to comprehensively evaluate drought resistance and select superior individual plants with strong drought resistance. The results were as follows:(1)The number of cell layers in C. oleifera palisade tissue varied. Most were composed of two layers of neatly arranged and dense long columnar cells, and a few had three layers. The coefficient of variation of morphological indicators ranged from 11.15% to 26.73%, and the coefficient of variation of the ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue was the largest among the 14 indicators.(2)Through cluster analysis and comprehensive ranking of related indexes, it was concluded that the main indicators affecting the drought resistance of C. oleifera were ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue, leaf area, vein thickness and palisade tissue thickness. TY05 had a maximum vein thickness of 599.32 μm, and TY16 had a minimum vein thickness of 347.53 μm. The largest leaf area was TY33, which was 1 766.00 mm2 and had two layers of palisade tissue cells. TY08 had the maximum leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness and ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue, which were 673.33 μm, 340.26 μm and 1.13, respectively.(3)According to the membership function comprehensive value, TY26, TY08, TY03, TY27, TY33 had strong drought resistance, which could provide a material basis for the next step of drought resistance variety breeding. The research results provide a scientific basis and theoretical reference for the breeding of drought resistant varieties of C. oleifera in high altitude areas.
      2025,45(12):2184-2199    [Abstract](566)    [PDF](77)
    • LIANG Yunhui1, GAO Huixia1, YAO Miaozhuo1, LIU Dengyu1, ZHANG Pengfei2, LIU Yaling1,3*
      Epigenetic diversity of different populations of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus based on MSAP technique
      To explore the epigenetic characteristics of different populations of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, a total of 259 A. membranaceus var. mongholicus samples from eight populations, including Wuchuan in Inner Mongolia, Zizhou in Shaanxi, Hunyuan in Shanxi et al., were analyzed for DNA methylation levels and patterns using methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism(MSAP)technology, combined with population epigenetic diversity, population epigenetic structure, and NJ(neighbor-joining)cluster analysis. The results were as follows:(1)Ten pairs of selective amplification primers were screened for good polymorphisms, with the percentage of methylation-sensitive polymorphic loci ranging from 50% to 79%.(2)The average level of total methylation(62.64%)in A. membranaceus var. mongholicus was greater than that of unmethylation 37.36%, the average level of full methylation(33.39%)was greater than that of hemi-methylation(29.25%), and the full methylation pattern was predominant. Simultaneously, the average level of total methylation was lower in the wild population(58.97%)than in the cultivated population(64.84%).(3)The level of epigenetic diversity(I: 0.555 5±0.121 0)was higher than that of genetic diversity(I: 0.209 7±0.102 1)in A. membranaceus var. mongholicus populations, where the level of epigenetic diversity in the wild population(0.553 1±0.114 8)was slightly lower than that of the cultivated population(0.556 9±0.124 7), and the level of genetic diversity(0.211 7±0.054 0)was higher than that of the cultivated population(0.208 5±0.113 9); AMOVA analysis showed that epigenetic variation mainly occurred within populations(79%).(4)Both the epigenetic structure of the populations and NJ cluster analysis divided the eight populations of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus into four groups, and the populations were preferentially clustered by geography, showing some epigenetic similarity. The research results on DNA methylation, population epigenetic diversity, population epigenetic structure, and NJ cluster analysis of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus reveal the epigenetic characteristics of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus population, providing a new idea for further understanding the phenotypic variation and adaptive strategies of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus under different environmental conditions. Simultaneously, this study provides an epigenetic perspective for formulating a reasonable resource protection strategy for A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and conducting the breeding of excellent traits.
      2025,45(12):2200-2213    [Abstract](292)    [PDF](70)
    • GAO Huixia1, LIANG Yunhui1, YAO Miaozhuo1, LIU Dengyu1, ZHANG Pengfei2, LIU Yaling1,3*
      Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Glycyrrhiza uralensis
      To reveal the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, this study amplified and sequenced 100 samples from 20 populations of G. uralensis based on ITS and three chloroplast gene sequences(matK, psbA-trnH, and trnS-trnG), and analyzed the data. The results were as follows:(1)The length of ITS sequence was 691 bp, containing 63 variable sites, with a haplotype diversity of 0.265 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.002 69; the length of cpDNA sequence was 1 976 bp, containing 740 variable sites, with a haplotype diversity of 0.907 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.026 39. These findings demonstrated high genetic diversity at the species level.(2)Molecular variance analysis result revealed that the genetic differentiation of G. uralensis primarily occurred within populations, with relatively low levels of genetic differentiation between populations and relatively high gene flow(ITS: Nm=1.349; cpDNA: Nm=1.520).(3)The comparison results of genetic differentiation coefficients(Nst and Gst)indicated that there was no significant phylogeographic structure within G. uralensis populations. The results of neutral test and mismatch analysis curve suggested that the overall G. uralensis population did not experience expansion events.(4)Haplotype geographical distribution analysis results revealed that G. uralensis in Shaanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Gansu exhibited relatively high haplotype diversity and was located at the center of the geographical distribution map, suggesting that this region might have served as a glacial refuge of G. uralensis in Northwest and North China. The study analyzes the genetic diversity and geographical distribution patterns of G. uralensis using different DNA barcodes, providing a theoretical basis for the conservation and rational utilization of G. uralensis germplasm resources in the future.
      2025,45(12):2214-2226    [Abstract](258)    [PDF](69)
    • TIAN Yue1,2, HUANG Ziying1,2, LIU Yuanyuan1,2*
      Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of WOX gene family in industrial hemp
      Industrial hemp is an important fiber crop, and its fibers have multiple unique advantages and broad application prospects. WOX gene family has potential roles in regulating fiber development, plant growth, and stress resistance in industrial hemp. Currently, the functions of the CsWOX gene family in industrial hemp and its roles in key biological processes such as stable yield and yield increase have not been clarified. Therefore, this study used bioinformatics methods to analyze the physicochemical properties, conserved domains, and expression patterns of the CsWOX genes in industrial hemp, to reveal their molecular functions in fiber development and drought stress response, and to preliminarily clarify the molecular mechanism by which Trichoderma hamatum enhances plant stress resistance through regulating the WOX gene network. The results were as follows:(1)Eleven CsWOX gene family members were identified in industrial hemp, encoding proteins with number of amino acids ranging from 223 to 435 aa, and relative molecular weights ranging from 25 398.30 to 48 429.45 Da. Most proteins in this gene family were acidic and localized in the nucleus.(2)CsWOX proteins could be divided into three branches(ancient branch, intermediate branch, and modern branch). The modern branch contained six sub-branches, the intermediate branch contained two sub-branches, and the ancient branch contained only one sub-branch. WOX transcription factors in the same sub-branch had certain conservation in the types and organization of conserved motifs. Each family member contained a conserved domain with a helix-loop-helix-turn-helix structure.(3)Promoter prediction analysis found that the number of cis-elements related to light response, gibberellin response, and abscisic acid response was the highest. Other cis-elements such as auxin response, salicylic acid response, anaerobic response, circadian rhythm response, low temperature response, and defense response were unevenly distributed in the promoters.(4)CsWOX4 and CsWOX13a/CsWOX13b genes showed high expression levels in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of CsWOX4 and CsWOX13a/CsWOX13b changed under drought treatment, Trichoderma hamatum treatment, and combined drought and Trichoderma hamatum treatment, suggesting that they may play potential roles in the growth, development, and stress resistance of industrial hemp. This study reveals the molecular functions of CsWOX genes in growth, development, and drought stress response, preliminarily clarifies the molecular mechanism by which Trichoderma hamatum enhances plant stress resistance through regulating the WOX gene network, and provides important clues for understanding the functions of the CsWOX gene family in the growth, development, and stress resistance of industrial hemp.
      2025,45(12):2227-2240    [Abstract](572)    [PDF](77)
    • LEI Hanlin1,2,5, LI Ruozhu1, CAI Jie3, YANG Junbo3, ZHANG Zhirong3, LI Dezhu3, YU Wenbin1,2,4*
      Plastome evolution and phylogenetic analysis of the Malvatheca clade(Malvaceae)
      The Malvatheca clade(encompassing Malvoideae and Bombacoideae within Malvaceae s.l.)possesses significant economic and ecological values. However, the phylogenetic relationships within this clade remain controversial, particularly concerning the phylogenetic placement of Fremontodendreae, Ochromeae and Matisieae. Moreover, comprehensive analyses of plastome structural variations and evolution within this clade remain poorly investigated. To resolve these research gaps, this study incorporated the plastid whole genome(WGM)data from 142 species representing 8 tribes and 38 genera of the Malvatheca clade, including 77 plastomes newly de novo assembled. We performed comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses using the plastome datasets. The results were as follows:(1)The plastome size in the Malvatheca clade exhibit variation ranging from 156 701 bp to 163 741 bp, primarily attributed to differential lengths in the inverted repeat(IR)region and varying numbers of repetitive sequences.(2)Four IR boundary types were identified through analysis of gene variation at IR/SC junctions. The Type Ⅲa is inferred as the ancestral structure of the plastome within the Malvatheca clade, with identical IR expansion/contraction events evolving convergently multiple times during its diversification.(3)Eight highly variable regions were detected in both Malvoideae and Bombacoideae, with trnSGCU-trnGUCC, petA-psbJ, ndhD-ccsA and ycf1 being common to both clades. Notably, trnSGCU-trnGUCC, ycf1 and the commonly used molecular markers ndhF exhibited robust phylogenetic resolution.(4)The topologies inferred from both the plastid WGM matrix and protein coding sequence(CDS)matrix datasets were largely identical and well-resolved, and provided a reliable phylogenetic framework for Malvatheca clade. The result showed that the Malvatheca clade was divided into four lineages, with Fremontodendreae as the earliest divergent group, followed by Ochromeae, then Bombacoideae and Malvoideae formed as sister group. Additionally, our results revealed non-monophyly in tribes Adansonieae and Bombaceae, as well as the genera Sida and Hisbiscus. The composition and taxonomic treatment of these groups still require further research. This study clarifies critical phylogenetic relationships within the Malvatheca clade while providing new perspectives on the plastome characteristics and evolution through the most extensively sampled plastome dataset currently available for this clade.
      2025,45(12):2241-2254    [Abstract](530)    [PDF](73)
    • ZHANG Yubing1, ZENG Xiaoli1,2, BAN Qiming3, ZHENG Hongjun4, QIU Jiansheng1,5*
      Chloroplast genome structure characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Viscum diospyrosicola
      To elucidate the characteristics of chloroplast genome of Viscum diospyrosicola and resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the Viscum genus. Utilizing the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform, we sequenced its chloroplast genome and performed bioinformatics analyses, including assembly, annotation, and comparative genomic analysis. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome of V. diospyrosicola exhibited a typical circular quadripartite structure, with the total length of 126 315 bp and the total GC content of 36.40%. A total of 111 genes were annotated, including 69 protein-coding genes, 34 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, with no detection of the transcription initiation factor infA.(2)Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the variation rate in the LSC region of the chloroplast genome was significantly higher than that in the IR region among five Viscum species. Specific variations were found in the coding regions of genes such as ycf1, ycf2, ycf3, atpA, rpoC2, and rpoC1, providing potential targets for molecular marker development.(3)Codon usage bias analysis showed that the third base of codons predominantly ended with A/U, and the codon usage pattern was mainly influenced by natural selection.(4)Phylogenetic analysis results indicated that the species were divided into two main branches, Loranthaceae and Santalaceae, with V. diospyrosicola clustering with V. liquidambaricola, indicating the closest genetic relationship. This study is the first to elucidate the characteristics of the chloroplast genome of V. diospyrosicola and to clarify the phylogenetic relationships within the Viscum, providing a theoretical basis for molecular identification and phylogenetic research of Viscum species.
      2025,45(12):2255-2270    [Abstract](440)    [PDF](68)
    • WANG Yibi1, SAILAIJIANG Maierhaba1,2, ABDUSALAM Aysajan 1,2*
      Effects of different soil conditions on the flower color polymorphism of Primula pamirica and transcriptomic analysis
      Flower color, as a key phenotypic characteristic exhibited by angiosperms in their adaptation to the ecological environment, is the result of the synergistic interaction between genetic regulatory networks and environmental factors. Current research primarily focuses on the maintenance mechanisms, driving factors, and molecular regulatory networks of flower color. However, there is still a lack of systematic studies on the interaction mechanisms between soil environmental factors and molecular regulatory networks. This study utilized Primula pamirica, a distylous plant producing flowers in four flower-color morphs(white, light white, light purple, and purple), as the experimental material. A comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted based on the corolla color parameters, soil water contents and mineral element contents of the plant roots, and transcriptomic profiling data across the four flower-color morphs, and preliminary screened to identify candidate transcription factors involved in the formation of flower color polymorphism. The results were as follows:(1)Plants with white and light white corollas predominantly occured in soil environments characterized by high water content and low mineral element content, whereas those with purple and light purple corollas were frequently distributed in soils with low water content and high mineral element content.(2)Pathways such as the phenylalanine metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, metal ion transport, and amino acid transport played critical roles in floral pigmentation regulation.(3)Related members of the MYB, bHLH, ZIP, and WRKY gene families were identified as key candidate genes of floral formation, with related members of ZIP and WRKY gene families showing significant regulatory effects on purple corolla formation. In conclusion, the flower color polymorphism in P. pamirica is the result of the genetic regulatory networks and soil environmental factors(soil water status and mineral elements).
      2025,45(12):2271-2283    [Abstract](283)    [PDF](69)
    • LIU Yiting, LUO Bingqian, WANG Yalan, LI Yongning, GAO Jihai*
      Comparative study on the transcriptome characteristics and hormone regulatory genes of Angelica dahurica and Angelica dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi' seeds under low-temperature stress
      To analyze the effects of low-temperature stress on seed germination of Angelica dahurica and A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi', the cold resistance of seeds from different A. dahurica cultivars and the key genes were explored. Based on the comparative experiment of low-temperature and normal-temperature germination of A. dahurica and A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi' seeds, transcriptome sequencing was performed on different treatment groups to analyze the differential expressions of key hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellins(GA)during seed germination under low-temperature stress. The outcomes were verified by qRT-PCR. The results were as follows:(1)The seed vigor of the two A. dahurica varieties significantly decreased under low-temperature conditions, and the seed vigor of A. dahurica was significantly higher than that of A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi'.(2)Transcriptome analysis shows that the expression levels of Cu/ZnSOD, CYP707A, and CAT significantly decreased under low-temperature conditions; while the expressions of ABA(PYL)and GA(SNE, GIS)-related genes significantly increased.(3)In the two varieties, A. dahurica has higher expression levels of PsaA and BIP, while A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi' has higher expression of ABI.(4)The decrease in seed activity of two varieties of A. dahurica under low-temperature stress is mainly related to the significant reduction in the expressions of key genes such as Cu/ZnSOD, CYP707A, and CAT; the differences in seed germination between the two A. dahurica varieties are mainly related to the differential expressions of ABA and GA related genes. In conclusion, the synergistic work of these factors ultimately significantly affects seed activity. This study provides new genetic references for the research of cold resistance in seeds of A. dahurica and A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi'.
      2025,45(12):2284-2295    [Abstract](330)    [PDF](67)
    • HU Meng1,2, TAN Lu2, WANG Qinghai2, DU Hanmei2, LI Shengchun2, XU Zhou2, WU Dandan1, WANG Anhu2*
      Pollen morphology and taxonomic significance of 11 Fagopyrum species(Polygonaceae)from China
      Fagopyrum plants serve as a gene pool for the genetic improvement of cultivated buckwheat, but the phylogenetic status and species identification within this genus remain controversial. To explore the morphological characteristics of Fagopyrum and its taxonomic significance, the pollen morphology of 11 species and 2 subspecies of Fagopyrum was observed using scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows:(1)The pollen shape of the Fagopyrum species varied from subspheroidal to prolate, and the pollen sizes varied significantly among species, of which, the pollen of F. tataricum ssp. potanini and F. gracilipes were big, that of F. callianthum was small, that of the rest were medium-sized.(2)The pollen exine ornamentation was finely reticulate in all species. However, there were obvious differences in the size and density of pollen surface perforation among different species.(3)Cluster analysis showed the pollen morphology of F. tataricum ssp. potanini, F. lineare, F. tataricum, F. urophyllum, and F. callianthum had similar characteristics, such as the germination furrow was small in length and width, the pollen shape was subglobose or oblong, and the pollen size was medium or small. F. densovillosum, F.caudatum, F. statice, F. rubifolium, F. dibotrys, and F. macrocarpum were similar, with some characteristics, such as germination furrow of medium length and width, pollen shape subglobose or oblong, and all having medium-sized pollen, while the pollen morphology of F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis and F. gracilipes were similar and distinct from other congeners, characterized by the widest lumina, broadest murus, largest lumina size, and the longest and widest germinal apture. The grains were prolate and ranked as the largest in size among all species examined. In conclusion, the pollen of Fagopyrum has the common characteristics of subglobose or oblong shape, exine ornamentation is finely reticulate, tricolporate aperature, which are clearly different from other genera of Polygonum, which means that it can be used as a reference to determine the phylogenetic status of this genus. Although there are differences in pollen morphology between taxa, the low resolution is not enough to distinguish the species of Fagopyrum.
      2025,45(12):2296-2307    [Abstract](262)    [PDF](71)
    • FENG Yuanyuan1,2, FAN Rui3, LIU Zhengzhu1,2, SU Fan2, JI Xunzhi2, HAO Chaoyun2*
      Micromorphological characteristics of leaf epidermis and taxonomic significance of 20 species of Piper L.
      The genus Piper is characterized by a notable degree of interspecific morphological similarity coupled with considerable intraspecific variation, which presents significant challenges for accurate species classification.To address taxonomic issues and explore the taxonomic significance of leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics in Piper species from China, this study systematically examined and compared the characteristics of Piper nigrum and 19 native Piper species using light microscopy(LM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results were as follows:(1)The leaf epidermal cells of most species were polygonal in shape, exhibiting straight-arched anticlinal walls. In contrast, only a few species displayed irregularly shaped epidermal cells with sinuolate anticlinal walls on the upper epidermis.(2)Stomatal apparatus were exclusively located on the lower epidermis and could be classified into three distinct types: anisocytic, amphicyclocytic, and the transitional type between these two categories. Size and density of stomatal apparatus showed significant interspecific variation, serving as auxiliary diagnostic features for species differentiation.(3)The cuticular ornamentation was categorized into four main types: nearly smooth, striate, papillate, and micropapillate. These distinct patterns of ornamentation partially reflect the phylogenetic relationships among species and provide valuable insights for the infrageneric classification within the genus Piper.(4)Trichomes were classified into two broad categories: glandular and non-glandular types. The majority of species exhibited glandular trichomes, while non-glandular trichomes included both simple and branched types. A small number of species were glabrous. The characteristics of trichomes were demonstrated to be critical and informative taxonomic criterion for interspecific classification within Piper.(5)Based on the leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics and other relevant traits, the taxonomic status of certain species was re-evaluated. This study supported the recognition of P. thomsonii var. microphyllum as a distinct species and rejected the synonymization of P. curtipedunculum with P. pedicellatum. Additionally, it affirmed P. semi-transparens as a separate species, while also confirming the close phylogenetic relationship between P. flaviflorum and P. nigrum. The results indicate the leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics provide an important basis for the classification of Piper.
      2025,45(12):2308-2321    [Abstract](240)    [PDF](72)
    • YANG Bingbing, LI Huarong, LI Ziwei, HE Fu*
      Flowering biology and breeding system in Chinese endemic species of Polygonatum zanlanscianense
      Polygonatum zanlanscianense is a perennial herbaceous plant with important medicinal value in the genus Polygonatum, the family Asparagaceae. In order to explore flowering biology and breeding system characteristics of P. zanlanscianense, promote hybrid breeding and new variety selection, this paper investigated its flowering biological parameters and pollination system, and carried out artificial pollination experiments. The results were as follows:(1)The single flower of P. zanlanscianense opened around 16:00 in the day and closed around 20:00 the next day, with an opening duration of 28 h.(2)The pollen vitality measured by the acetic acid magenta method during the pre-blooming and blooming stages was similar, with 76.34% and 84.02%, respectively.(3)The pollen content of a single flower was 25 460.0±1 309.0, the pollen-ovule ratio was 4 243.0±218.0, and the outcrossing index(OCI)was 4.(4)The natural pollination setting rate of P. zanlanscianense was 80.55%, the artificial xenogamy setting rate was 72.57%, and the geitonogamy and self-pollination setting rates were 2.98% and 4.68%, respectively. After self-pollination, pollen grains could germinate on the stigma and pass through the style.(5)The main flower-visiting insects were Bombus spp., Apis cerana, Melanostoma scalare and Aporia largeteaui. From 8:00 to 13:00, insects had the highest frequency of visiting flowers, with a single flower being visited 4 to 5 times. In conclusion, Polygonatum zanlanscianense requires pollinators, and there is no evidence of apomixis. The breeding system type is mainly outcrossing, with a small amount of self-pollination. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the resource utilization and germplasm innovation of P. zanlanscianense.
      2025,45(12):2322-2332    [Abstract](252)    [PDF](54)
      • Review
    • LIU Cuixia1, YE Kaiyu1, LIU Ruonan2, GAO Jianyou1, LI Jiewei1, GONG Hongjuan1, ZHU Rongxiang1, XIA Liming1, QI Beibei1, JIANG Qiaosheng, WANG Faming1*
      Advances in aroma components and biosynthetic regulatory mechanisms of kiwifruit
      Kiwifruit is highly favored for its unique flavor and high nutritional value, and aroma is a key factor influencing its quality. This article reviews the advances in kiwifruit aroma compounds, covering the composition of aroma components, biosynthesis pathways, key enzyme genes, and factors influencing aroma synthesis. The aroma of kiwifruit mainly originates from volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which exhibit significant variation in components and contents across different varieties. The main volatile components include esters, alcohols, and aldehydes and ketones. The synthesis of its aroma compounds mainly involves fatty acid metabolism and terpenoid metabolism pathways. The processes of fruit development, cultivation treatments(such as storage light exposure), and post-harvest conditions(such as temperature, 1-MCP treatment, etc.)all significantly impacts on kiwifruit aroma synthesis. Currently, research on kiwifruit aroma faces challenges such as aroma homogenization across varieties and insufficient analysis of the metabolic regulatory networks. Future studies should therefore focus on further exploration of germplasm resources, analyze metabolic regulation networks, and utilize molecular breeding techniques to enhance the aroma quality of kiwifruit.
      2025,45(12):2333-2344    [Abstract](215)    [PDF](53)

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