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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2026, Vol., No.9
  • Publication date：2026-09-25
【Recommended article】LUO Maofang et al. Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

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    • 2026,No.9 PDF(whole issue)
      2026,46(9)    [Abstract](310)    [PDF]()
    • 2026,No.9 Cover
      2026,46(9)    [Abstract](296)    [PDF](62)
    • 2026,No.9 Contents
      2026,46(9)    [Abstract](298)    [PDF](48)
      • Plant Classification and Phylogeny
    • YAN Kan1*, ZHOU Xueqiong1, ZHAO Rundong1, WANG Youyou1, MA Zhexue1, RAN Juan2, SUN Chao3
      Chloroplast genome analysis of Pterolobiumpunctatum and its validation of the new Fabaceae classification system
      The recent revision of the Fabaceae classification system merged the Mimosoideae into a broadly defined Caesalpinioideae, but its reliability still requires independent validation across multiple genetic systems. To clarify the chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogenetic position of Pterolobium punctatum, a representative species within the Caesalpinioideae, the complete chloroplast genome of P. punctatum was assembled and annotated using Illumina sequencing technology. This study analyzed codon usage bias and performed comparative genomics with 19 related species. Furthermore, phylogenetic reconstruction and divergence time estimation were conducted by integrating genomic data from representative species of Caesalpinioideae. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome of P. punctatum was 159 063 bp in length, encoding 128 genes, and exhibited a typical circular quadripartite structure, with significantly higher GC content in the inverted repeat(IR)regions(42.61%)than in the single-copy regions.(2)Comparative genomic analysis revealed dynamic evolution at the IR/SC boundaries among P. punctatum and its close relatives, and mono-nucleotide repeats dominated by A/T bases were the most frequent SSR type.(3)Analysis of codon usage bias indicated that natural selection was the primary driving force, and we identified highly variable regions such as ycf1 as potential DNA barcodes.(4)Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported P. punctatum as a sister group to Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica, providing critical chloroplast genomic validation for the new classification system of Fabaceae; divergence time estimation suggested that the genus Pterolobium diverged during the Oligocene-Miocene transition(approx. 24.09 million years ago). This study systematically elucidates the chloroplast genome characteristics of P. punctatum and confirms its phylogenetic position, providing a significant scientific basis for understanding the structural evolution of the chloroplast genome as well as for the conservation and utilization of Caesalpinioideae resources.
      2026,(9):1441-1458    [Abstract](242)    [PDF](55)
    • LI Jia*, WEN Jingyiran, HAN Limin, LIU Fei, WANG Mengting
      Chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Picea likiangensis
      The phylogenetic relationships among Picea species are highly complex due to their morphological similarity. Chloroplast genome sequences can be utilized to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within Picea and provide a foundation for studies on phylogeography and organellar genome diversity. Picea likiangensis, a species in the genus Picea of Pinaceae family, is characterized by rapid growth and high-quality timber. It is widely used as an industrial timber and reforestation species, holding significant economic and ecological value. To date, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of P. likiangensis has not been determined. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of P. likiangensis was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform and assembled by GetOrganelle. Repeat sequences within the chloroplast genome were identified using MISA and Tandem repeat finder, while codon usage bias was analyzed by CodonW. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships among 17 Picea species were reconstructed using PhyloSuite software. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome of P. likiangensis was 124 207 bp in length with a GC content of 38.74%. It contained 113 genes, including 74 protein-coding genes, 35 transfer RNA(tRNA)genes, and 4 ribosome RNA(rRNA)genes.(2)A total of 29 simple sequence repeats(SSRs)and 29 tandem repeat sequences were identified. Mononucleotide repeats(22)were the predominant SSRs, followed by 7 dinucleotide repeats.(3)In codon usage bias analysis, 30 codons were identified with a relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU)>1, among which the AGA codon(encoding arginine)showed the highest usage.(4)Phylogenomic analysis revealed that P. sitchensis was the basal taxon of Picea, while the remaining Picea species were divided into two major clades. P. likiangensis was most closely related to P. brachytyla. This study clarified the chloroplast genome features of P. likiangensis and reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Picea, thereby providing valuable data for future research on genetic diversity and the breeding of superior varieties in this genus.
      2026,(9):1459-1470    [Abstract](232)    [PDF](37)
    • XIAO Jinfei1,2, GAO Pengwei1,2, XIANG Chunlei1*
      Confirmation of the distribution of Corydalis drepanantha in China and analysis of its phylogenetic placement
      Corydalis DC. is the largest genus in Papaveraceae, and southwest China is recognized as one of major centers of diversity for the genus. To further clarify the species diversity and geographical distribution of Corydalis in Xizang, this study integrated field surveys, literature reviews, herbarium specimen examinations, and phylogenetic analysis. The occurrence of C. drepanantha D. G. Long in China was confirmed for the first time, and its morphological characteristics and phylogenetic placement were investigated. The main results are as follows:(1)The rediscovery of C. drepanantha in China after nearly 90 years confirms its natural distribution within the country.(2)Phylogenetic analysis supports the placement of C. drepanantha within C. sect. Radicosae(Lidén)Lidén, and indicates that it is closely related to C. diffusa Lidén.(3)Morphologically, C. drepanantha can be clearly distinguished from its closely related species by the pale yellow apices of the inner petals, lanceolate ultimate leaf segments, and fruiting bracts that are usually longer than the pedicels. This study further enriches the data on the species diversity of the genus Corydalis in China, and provides a foundation for future taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographic studies of the genus.
      2026,(9):1471-1478    [Abstract](226)    [PDF](41)
    • WANG Zexun1,3, LIU Rong1,3, WU You1,3, YU Wenbin2*, WANG Hong1*
      Chloroplast genome variation and evolution in the Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade of Pedicularis
      The reduced dependence on photosynthesis in heterotrophic plants is often accompanied by high heterogeneity in their chloroplast genomes. To investigate the variation patterns of chloroplast genomes in hemiparasites(a specialized group of heterotrophic plants)at both inter- and intraspecific levels, in this study, a comprehensive comparative analysis was performed on 39 chloroplast genomes from 22 species within the Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade of the genus Pedicularis. The results were as follows:(1)The Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade was supported as a monophyletic group and was divided into 8 subclades.(2)The overall structure of the chloroplast genomes in this clade was relatively conserved, with inverted repeat(IR)expansion detected only in P. dolichocymba and P. galeata of Subclade 3.(3)Pseudogenization or loss occurred in 2-7 genes, including ccsA, ycf15, accD, and several ndh genes.(4)Intraspecific variation was observed in several ndh genes(ndhA, ndhD, ndhF, ndhG, ndhI)of P. rhodotricha from Subclade 7.(5)Nine highly variable regions were identified in the chloroplast genomes of this clade, and all 78 protein-coding genes were found to be under purifying selection. This study elucidates the characteristics of chloroplast genomes in the Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade, reveals the importance of multi-population sampling at the intraspecific level for revealing chloroplast genome evolution in hemiparasites, and provides valuable insights for integrative taxonomic research on the genus Pedicularis.
      2026,(9):1479-1493    [Abstract](242)    [PDF](52)
    • WANG Zexun1,3, LIU Rong1,3, WU You1,3, YU Wenbin2*, WANG Hong1*
      Chloroplast genome variation and evolution in the Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade of Pedicularis
      The reduced dependence on photosynthesis in heterotrophic plants is often accompanied by high heterogeneity in their chloroplast genomes. To investigate the variation patterns of chloroplast genomes in hemiparasites(a specialized group of heterotrophic plants)at both inter- and intraspecific levels, in this study, a comprehensive comparative analysis was performed on 39 chloroplast genomes from 22 species within the Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade of the genus Pedicularis. The results were as follows:(1)The Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade was supported as a monophyletic group and was divided into 8 subclades.(2)The overall structure of the chloroplast genomes in this clade was relatively conserved, with inverted repeat(IR)expansion detected only in P. dolichocymba and P. galeata of Subclade 3.(3)Pseudogenization or loss occurred in 2-7 genes, including ccsA, ycf15, accD, and several ndh genes.(4)Intraspecific variation was observed in several ndh genes(ndhA, ndhD, ndhF, ndhG, ndhI)of P. rhodotricha from Subclade 7.(5)Nine highly variable regions were identified in the chloroplast genomes of this clade, and all 78 protein-coding genes were found to be under purifying selection. This study elucidates the characteristics of chloroplast genomes in the Rudes-Craspedotrichae Clade, reveals the importance of multi-population sampling at the intraspecific level for revealing chloroplast genome evolution in hemiparasites, and provides valuable insights for integrative taxonomic research on the genus Pedicularis.
      2026,(9):1479-1493    [Abstract](232)    [PDF](40)
    • TIAN Changfen1, PAN Yujia1, GAO Xinfen2, LI Meng1*
      Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic treatment of Micromeles(Rosaceae)based on chloroplast genomes
      The genus Micromeles Decne. belongs to Rosaceae, and is characterized by simple leaves and without persistent sepals when fruiting. Micromeles is widely distributed in Asia, with approximately 33 species recognized globally and 28 species occurring in China. To clarify the classification status of Micromeles, this study sequenced 18 chloroplast genomes of Micromeles using high-throughput sequencing and integrated these new data with publicly available sequences from National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI), yielding a final dataset of 135 chloroplast genomes representing 134 species. Based on this dataset, a chloroplast genome phylogenetic tree of Micromeles was constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The results were as follows:(1)Micromeles in traditional sense(simple leaves, fruits without persistent sepals)was non-monophyletic, but clustered into a clade with the Asian-distributed species of Aria(Pers.)Host(simple leaves, fruits with persistent sepals)and formed a sister group with Sorbus s.s.(pinnate leaves).(2)The European-distributed species of Aria, Chamaemespilus Medik. and Torminalis Medik. were clustered together and more closely related to Eriolobus (DC.)M. Roem.(3)Phylogenetic study results supported incorporating the Asian-distributed species of the genus Aria into the genus Micromeles, whereas the European-distributed species featuring persistent sepals should be retained within Aria.(4)Based on the phylogenetic results and literature, the expanded Micromeles was supported as a distinct monophyletic genus, and its species range was delimitated as comprising 59 species, including 4 new combinations(Micromeles chengii(C. J. Qi)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov., M. eleonorae (Aldosoro)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov., M. kohimensis (Watt ex C. B. Clarke)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov., M. verticillata(Merr.)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov.). This study provides important evidence for the systematics and evolution of the Maleae in Rosaceae.
      2026,(9):1494-1504    [Abstract](254)    [PDF](47)
    • TIAN Changfen1, PAN Yujia1, GAO Xinfen2, LI Meng1*
      Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic treatment of Micromeles(Rosaceae)based on chloroplast genomes
      The genus Micromeles Decne. belongs to Rosaceae, and is characterized by simple leaves and without persistent sepals when fruiting. Micromeles is widely distributed in Asia, with approximately 33 species recognized globally and 28 species occurring in China. To clarify the classification status of Micromeles, this study sequenced 18 chloroplast genomes of Micromeles using high-throughput sequencing and integrated these new data with publicly available sequences from National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI), yielding a final dataset of 135 chloroplast genomes representing 134 species. Based on this dataset, a chloroplast genome phylogenetic tree of Micromeles was constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The results were as follows:(1)Micromeles in traditional sense(simple leaves, fruits without persistent sepals)was non-monophyletic, but clustered into a clade with the Asian-distributed species of Aria(Pers.)Host(simple leaves, fruits with persistent sepals)and formed a sister group with Sorbus s.s.(pinnate leaves).(2)The European-distributed species of Aria, Chamaemespilus Medik. and Torminalis Medik. were clustered together and more closely related to Eriolobus (DC.)M. Roem.(3)Phylogenetic study results supported incorporating the Asian-distributed species of the genus Aria into the genus Micromeles, whereas the European-distributed species featuring persistent sepals should be retained within Aria.(4)Based on the phylogenetic results and literature, the expanded Micromeles was supported as a distinct monophyletic genus, and its species range was delimitated as comprising 59 species, including 4 new combinations(Micromeles chengii(C. J. Qi)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov., M. eleonorae (Aldosoro)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov., M. kohimensis (Watt ex C. B. Clarke)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov., M. verticillata(Merr.)Meng Li & C. F. Tian, comb. nov.). This study provides important evidence for the systematics and evolution of the Maleae in Rosaceae.
      2026,(9):1494-1504    [Abstract](214)    [PDF](44)
    • HU Jingyi1, DING Ning1, ZHENG Lianjun1, LI Mingming2, YANG Yahe1, ZHOU Mengjie1, ZHANG Zhongyi3, WANG Fengqing1*
      Phenotype and molecular identification of Rehmannia glutinosa f. aurum
      This study reports the results of phenotype and molecular identification of a new forma of Rehmannia glutinosa(Scrophulariaceae), namely R. glutinosa f. aurum. The taxonomic status, application value and genetic characteristics of this newly discovered forma were determined based on a combination of morphological and anatomical observations, quantification of total anthocyanins and five iridoid glycoside components, a comprehensive literature review, molecular identification and detailed genetic analysis. The results were as follows:(1)R. glutinosa f. aurum could be distinguished from the typical form a mainly on the basis of its golden-yellow corolla tube, yellowish-white corolla lobes, and a relatively low content of total anthocyanin glycosides in the corolla.(2)Phylogenetic analysis results of both the multi-copy nuclear gene ITS and the single-copy nuclear gene R255 showed that R. glutinosa f. aurum and R. glutinosa were in the same clade, providing a strong evidence that these two forms belong to the same species.(3)The catalpol contents in the leaves and tuberous roots of R. glutinosa f. aurum were measured to be 5.15% and 4.51%, respectively, indicating that this new forma was rich in iridoid glycosides.(4)R. glutinosa f. aurum was crossed with the cultivated variety HF of R. glutinosa. All resulting F1 generation plants(HF/f. aurum)exhibited purple-red corollas. Subsequently, backcrossing was performed using R. glutinosa f. aurum as the recurrent parent and the F1 hybrid plants(HF/f. aurum)as the donor parent and obtained seed was BC1F1 generation. In the resulting BC1F1 population(HF/f. aurum//f. aurum), plants with purple corollas and plants with golden-yellow corollas segregated at a ratio of 4.17:1. In conclusion, R. glutinosa f. aurum found in this study represents a forma of R. glutinosa. The inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis is the primary reason for its unique flower coloration. Both its leaves and tuberous roots contain abundant iridoid glycosides, which are of potential medicinal value. Genetically, the flower color trait of this forma is likely controlled by two pairs of recessive genes. Taken together, these findings provide a solid scientific basis for the further development, conservation, and utilization of the germplasm resource of R. glutinosa f. aurum.
      2026,(9):1505-1516    [Abstract](232)    [PDF](50)
    • LIU Yuting1, ZHANG Bangyue2, HU Xiang1, CHENG Yao1, XIAO Peng1, ZHANG He1, ZUO Jun1, LI Renhui1*
      Polyphasic characterization and molecular systematic study on Planktothrix mougeotii (Microcoleaceae, Oscillatoriales), a bloom-forming cyanobacterium
      The frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms driven by water eutrophication poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. Clarifying the species composition and distribution of bloom-forming cyanobacteria is fundamental for assessing their ecological risks. Planktothrix is one of the key genera responsible for cyanobacterial blooms. In order to explore its species diversity and distribution patterns in subtropical regions, particularly in South China, this study focused on a strain of Planktothrix mougeotii discovered in a eutrophic river in Nanning, Guangxi. A polyphasic approach was employed, integrating morphological examination, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and comparative analysis of the secondary structure of the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region, to systematically determined the taxonomic status of the strain(WZU2314), and discussed phylogenetic relationships. The results were as follows:(1)Strain WZU2314 exhibits filaments 5.78 - 7.48 μm wide, with cells shorter than wide and gas vesicles concentrated in the central part of the cells, matching the morphological descriptions of P. mougeotii.(2)Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that WZU2314 clustered robustly within a clade containing reference strains of P. mougeotii (bootstrap values of NJ and ML were 100% and 94%, respectively; Bayesian posterior probability was 1), with a sequence similarity exceeding 99.91%.(3)The secondary structures of conserved ITS domains(D1-D1', Box-B, and V3 helices)showed both conserved features within the genus and species-specific characteristics, providing further corroboration at the molecular conformational level for its classification at the species level. This study confirms, for the first time, the presence of P. mougeotii in Guangxi. This finding extends the record of cyanobacterial diversity in Guangxi, and provides essential support for further research into the distribution status of cyanobacteria in subtropical eutrophic waters and their relationship with bloom formation.
      2026,(9):1517-1528    [Abstract](226)    [PDF](41)
    • XIAO Siyue1,2, CAI Lei1, PING Yanmei3, ZHANG Guisheng4, ZHANG Guiliang4*, YA Jidong5*
      A newly recorded Orchidaceae genus in China — Orchipedum Breda
      The genus Orchipedum Breda(Orchidaceae)is newly reported in China, with O. echinatum Aver. & Averyanova as the sole species. This study provides detailed morphological descriptions in Chinese for both the genus and the species, along with a key to the species of Orchipedum and color photographs of O. echinatum. The genus is characterized by a lip with two longitudinal keels and a spherical spur containing two large calli, each covered with conical to glandular appendages. Orchipedum was previously known to include only four species, all recorded from the Indochinese Peninsula to the Malay Archipelago. The leaves of O. echinatum are elliptic-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, and its sepals and petals are olive-pink. The lip is irregularly grooved on the sides, with the epichile distinctly folded inward. Until now, O. echinatum had been recorded at only two locations in central and southern Vietnam. The discovery of new populations in the understory of karst forest near ravines in Dawei Mountain, Yunnan Province, China, expands the known distribution range of Orchipedum and adds valuable data to China's wild orchid resources.
      2026,(9):1529-1533    [Abstract](218)    [PDF](38)
    • ZENG Siwei1, 2, LI Le1,2, LUO Chengwen1,2, MAMUT Adil1, LI Pan3, YANG Zhaoping1, 2*
      New records of Asteraceae in China from the China- Kyrgyzstan border region — Evidence from morphology and molecular data
      Ulugqat(Wuqia)County is located in the western part of Xinjiang, China, bordering Kyrgyzstan, and is remote and characterized by complex topography, resulting in significant gaps in its plant surveys. In order to ascertain the plant background resources of this region and improve the floristic data of the China-Kyrgyzstan border area, two newly recorded species of Asteraceae in China were collected and identified during multiple botanical surveys in Ulugqat County from 2024 to 2025. Detailed morphological comparison and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS sequences were conducted to clarify the taxonomic status of these two newly recorded species. They were identified as Saussurea ispajensis Iljin and Rhaponticum lyratum C.Winkl. ex Iljin, respectively. Furthermore, morphological descriptions, plant photographs, distribution sites, and habitat information for the two newly recorded species were provided. The discovery of these two newly recorded species not only enriches the diversity of Asteraceae in China but also provides important biogeographical evidence for elucidating the historical dispersal routes between the Central Asian and the Northwest Chinese floras, while adding new taxa to China-Kyrgyzstan cross-border biodiversity conservation.
      2026,(9):1534-1544    [Abstract](266)    [PDF](48)
    • WAN Xinyu1,2, YOU Yue1,2, WANG Bingmou3, LIN Chunrui2*
      A newly recorded species of Asparagaceae from China — Aspidistra stellata and its taxonomic study
      To clarify the species composition and geographical distribution of the genus Aspidistra in China, a taxonomic study was conducted on specimens collected from Malipo County, Yunnan Province, along the China-Vietnam border region. Based on field investigations and ex situ cultivation observations, combined with comparative analyses of morphological characteristics, examination of herbarium specimens, and verification of relevant literature, as well as palynological observations using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), the plant was identified as Aspidistra stellata Aver. & Tillich. This species is reported here as a new record for China. Previously, it was only known from Tuyên Quang Province, Vietnam. The species is characterized by linear-lanceolate perianth lobes that are conspicuously longer than the perianth tube, a peltate pistil, and a stigma with a diameter of 8 - 10 mm. Morphologically, it resembles A. melanaster Aver., K. S. Nguyen & Tillich, differing mainly in leaf and flower size. However, the two species share overlapping distributions and flower coloration, suggesting a close phylogenetic relationship that warrants further investigation to clarify species boundaries. In addition, the present study corrects inaccuracies in the original description regarding the stigma. Detailed information on morphological description, geographical distribution, and palynology information is provided, along with color photographic plates. A diagnostic key to species of Aspidistra with perianth lobes longer than the perianth tube(with included stigma)is also constructed to facilitate identification. In conclusion, the discovery of this newly recorded species not only enriches the known species composition of Aspidistra in China but also supplements baseline data on the diversity of the family Asparagaceae, providing new empirical evidence for understanding the formation and evolutionary history of the flora in the China-Vietnam border region.
      2026,(9):1545-1552    [Abstract](248)    [PDF](47)
    • WEI Jing1,2, XIONG Chi2, XIN Zibing2, WEN Fang2, FU Longfei2*
      A preliminary study on chromosome diversity and reproductive pathways in plants of the tribe Elatostemateae(Urticaceae)
      The tribe Elatostemateae is the most species-rich tribe within the family Urticaceae Juss., yet its taxonomic study is significantly challenged by the convergent evolution of morphological traits. To gain a deeper understanding of this tribe's evolutionary adaptability, this study employed the root-tip squash method for chromosome number determination and utilized the flow cytometric seed screen(FCSS)to investigate the relationship between ploidy level and reproductive mode. Specifically, chromosome numbers were counted for nine species, and reproductive modes were examined for four species. Furthermore, chromosome data from 62 species with known data in the tribe were integrated and analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)Chromosome numbers for seven of the nine examined species were reported here for the first time. The tribe exhibited complex chromosome basic number diversity and widespread polyploidization, with the genera Elatostema and Pilea showing the most significant variability. This pattern was hypothesized to be associated with their adaptation to the extreme karst habitats; at the chromosome basic number level, Elatostema was predominantly characterized by x=13, while Pilea was primarily characterized by x=12.(2)The FCSS results clearly demonstrated a consistent correlation between ploidy and reproductive pathway, diploid individuals engaged in sexual reproduction, whereas triploid individuals primarily formed seeds via apomixis. In conclusion, apomixis acts as a critical adaptive mechanism for circumventing the “triploid block”, the reproductive barrier faced by odd polyploids during sexual reproduction; the synergistic interplay of chromosome basic number variation, polyploidization, and apomixis within the tribe Elatostemateae is posited as a significant evolutionary driver for the ecological adaptation and resulting diversification of its species in karst environments.
      2026,(9):1553-1565    [Abstract](212)    [PDF](47)
    • WEI Jing1,2, XIONG Chi2, XIN Zibing2, WEN Fang2, FU Longfei2*
      A preliminary study on chromosome diversity and reproductive pathways in plants of the tribe Elatostemateae(Urticaceae)
      The tribe Elatostemateae is the most species-rich tribe within the family Urticaceae Juss., yet its taxonomic study is significantly challenged by the convergent evolution of morphological traits. To gain a deeper understanding of this tribe's evolutionary adaptability, this study employed the root-tip squash method for chromosome number determination and utilized the flow cytometric seed screen(FCSS)to investigate the relationship between ploidy level and reproductive mode. Specifically, chromosome numbers were counted for nine species, and reproductive modes were examined for four species. Furthermore, chromosome data from 62 species with known data in the tribe were integrated and analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)Chromosome numbers for seven of the nine examined species were reported here for the first time. The tribe exhibited complex chromosome basic number diversity and widespread polyploidization, with the genera Elatostema and Pilea showing the most significant variability. This pattern was hypothesized to be associated with their adaptation to the extreme karst habitats; at the chromosome basic number level, Elatostema was predominantly characterized by x=13, while Pilea was primarily characterized by x=12.(2)The FCSS results clearly demonstrated a consistent correlation between ploidy and reproductive pathway, diploid individuals engaged in sexual reproduction, whereas triploid individuals primarily formed seeds via apomixis. In conclusion, apomixis acts as a critical adaptive mechanism for circumventing the “triploid block”, the reproductive barrier faced by odd polyploids during sexual reproduction; the synergistic interplay of chromosome basic number variation, polyploidization, and apomixis within the tribe Elatostemateae is posited as a significant evolutionary driver for the ecological adaptation and resulting diversification of its species in karst environments.
      2026,(9):1553-1565    [Abstract](222)    [PDF](45)
    • LAN Yaoqing1, FAN Zhichao1, LIN Zhiyi1, CHEN Nier2, ZENG Lingfu1, PAN Chaomei1, TONG Yi1,3*
      Leaf epidermal micro-morphological characteristics of genus Aucuba(Garryaceae)species in China and its taxonomic significance
      To reveal the leaf epidermis micro-morphological characteristics of the genus Aucuba, to explore their taxonomic significance, and provide objective morphological evidence for species classification within this genus, this study examined 10 species and 7 varieties of Chinese Aucuba using light microscopy(LM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results are as follows:(1)Stomatal apparatuses in Aucuba occur exclusively on the abaxial leaf epidermis, ranging from nearly round to oval in shape. The guard cells are kidney-shaped, overlying 5-7 undifferentiated epidermal cells and surrounded by them, lacking subsidiary cells. This represents a novel stomatal type termed the “Platanus-Type”.(2)Cluster analysis of micro-morphological characteristics reveals that Chinese Aucuba species can be divided into two groups: Group Ⅰ exhibits a relatively smooth cuticular surface, papillae adaxial epidermis, sinuolate to sinuous anticlinal walls, and predominantly round stomatal apparatuses; Group Ⅱ is characterized by cuticles with abundant wax, sinuous to sinuate anticlinal walls, and sub-round to oval stomatal apparatuses. These groupings align completely with the traditional morphological classification of “green-flowered tree group” and “red-flowered shrub group”.(3)Leaf epidermal characteristics supported certain taxonomic revisions, such as recognizing A. grandiflora and A. cavinervis as distinct species, but do not support the recognition of A. chinensis var. angusta as the variety of A. chinensis. In conclusion, the micro-morphological characteristics of leaf epidermis have significant taxonomic value at the group level in Chinese Aucuba, and provide a reference value for the identification of certain species within the genus.
      2026,(9):1566-1584    [Abstract](238)    [PDF](44)
    • LIANG Ping1, MENG Dechang2, LI Zhi1, HE Songtao1, WEN Fang3,4, BAI Xinxiang1*, HU Guoxiong5
      One species rank reinstated and two new synonyms in Hemiboea C. B. Clarke(Gesneriaceae)
      To clarify the taxonomic status of three dubious taxa within Hemiboea C. B. Clarke — namely H. esquirolii H. Lév., H. gamosepala Z. Yu. Li, and H. follicularis C. B. Clarke var. retroflexa Yan Liu & Y. S. Huang — and to resolve issues of ambiguous species delineation and taxonomic controversy within the genus, this study integrated examinations of original literature, specimens, and field observations, revealing that:(1)The previous taxonomic treatment of H. esquirolii as a synonym of H. follicularis C. B. Clarke is not appropriate;(2)H. esquirolii is actually synonymous with H. follicularis var. retroflexa;(3)The type specimens of H. gamosepala contain mixed materials from two species within Hemiboea, and the plant materials in the holotype and isotype specimens are actually misidentified H. cavaleriei H. Lév. In accordance with the provisions and recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants(Madrid Code)(2025), we hereby reinstate H. esquirolii as an independent specific rank, treat H. gamosepala as a synonym of H. cavaleriei, and treat H. follicularis var. retroflexa as a synonym of H. esquirolii. This study clarifies the taxonomic relationships among three dubious taxa within Hemiboea, providing a theoretical foundation for subsequent research into the phylogenetic evolution of the genus, as well as for the conservation and rational utilization of its species resources.
      2026,(9):1585-1596    [Abstract](204)    [PDF](44)
    • HUANG Ruizhou1, XIE Chonglin2*, YANG Xindong2, ZENG Xianxing2, CHEN Liubao2, HUANG Qinghua2, XU Han1*
      Intraspecific morphological variation and supplementary description of Oreocharis burttii(Gesneriaceae)
      Opithandra B. L. Burtt, an artificial genus established on the basis of a single morphological character, namely having two fertile posticous stamens, was merged into Oreocharis Benth. In this study, we observed a plant species(Oreocharis sp.)which is similar to Oreocharis burttii (W. T. Wang)Mich. Möller & A. Weber in the Qingyunshan Nature Reserve of Shaoguan, Guangdong, China, but it exhibits variable numbers of fertile stamens. To clarify the taxonomic identity of this unusual population and to evaluate whether it should be treated as conspecific with O. burttii, we performed species delimitation on this population using both morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. The results are as follows:(1)Both morphological and molecular data support that the unidentified species discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve is O. burttii. It is highly consistent with O. burttii in core diagnostic characters, including the morphological characteristics of leaves and flowers. On the phylogenetic tree, its sample clusters into one clade together with the two samples of O. burttii.(2)The population discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve differs from the protologue in the sizes of several morphological traits. Compared to the original description, individuals in this population possess longer petioles(5.7-13.5 cm vs. 0.5-5.4 cm), wider leaf blades(4.6-5.4 cm vs. 1.7-4.0 cm), cymes with longer peduncles(5-12 cm vs. 2-6 cm), larger calyxes(ca. 5 mm × 2 mm vs. 3.5-3.8 mm × ca. 1 mm)and larger corolla tubes(ca. 15 mm × 7 mm vs. 10-14 mm × ca. 3.5 mm).(3)The population discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve differs from the protologue in quantity of the cyme branch orders, number of flowers and number of fertile stamens. Specifically, it has more orders of cyme branches(2-3 vs. 1-2), more flowers(5-14 vs. 2-7), and a variable number of fertile stamens [in 20 individuals: 1(5%, rare); 2(70%); 3(12.5%); 4(12.5%)] vs. 2. In conclusion, this study provides a supplementary morphological description for O. burttii. These findings expand the known range of morphological variation for this species, contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of its intraspecific morphological variation, provide essential foundational data for future accurate identification and taxonomic revision.
      2026,(9):1597-1607    [Abstract](270)    [PDF](53)
    • HUANG Ruizhou1, XIE Chonglin2*, YANG Xindong2, ZENG Xianxing2, CHEN Liubao2, HUANG Qinghua2, XU Han1*
      Intraspecific morphological variation and supplementary description of Oreocharis burttii(Gesneriaceae)
      Opithandra B. L. Burtt, an artificial genus established on the basis of a single morphological character, namely having two fertile posticous stamens, was merged into Oreocharis Benth. In this study, we observed a plant species(Oreocharis sp.)which is similar to Oreocharis burttii (W. T. Wang)Mich. Möller & A. Weber in the Qingyunshan Nature Reserve of Shaoguan, Guangdong, China, but it exhibits variable numbers of fertile stamens. To clarify the taxonomic identity of this unusual population and to evaluate whether it should be treated as conspecific with O. burttii, we performed species delimitation on this population using both morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. The results are as follows:(1)Both morphological and molecular data support that the unidentified species discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve is O. burttii. It is highly consistent with O. burttii in core diagnostic characters, including the morphological characteristics of leaves and flowers. On the phylogenetic tree, its sample clusters into one clade together with the two samples of O. burttii.(2)The population discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve differs from the protologue in the sizes of several morphological traits. Compared to the original description, individuals in this population possess longer petioles(5.7-13.5 cm vs. 0.5-5.4 cm), wider leaf blades(4.6-5.4 cm vs. 1.7-4.0 cm), cymes with longer peduncles(5-12 cm vs. 2-6 cm), larger calyxes(ca. 5 mm × 2 mm vs. 3.5-3.8 mm × ca. 1 mm)and larger corolla tubes(ca. 15 mm × 7 mm vs. 10-14 mm × ca. 3.5 mm).(3)The population discovered in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve differs from the protologue in quantity of the cyme branch orders, number of flowers and number of fertile stamens. Specifically, it has more orders of cyme branches(2-3 vs. 1-2), more flowers(5-14 vs. 2-7), and a variable number of fertile stamens [in 20 individuals: 1(5%, rare); 2(70%); 3(12.5%); 4(12.5%)] vs. 2. In conclusion, this study provides a supplementary morphological description for O. burttii. These findings expand the known range of morphological variation for this species, contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of its intraspecific morphological variation, provide essential foundational data for future accurate identification and taxonomic revision.
      2026,(9):1597-1607    [Abstract](274)    [PDF](47)
    • NONG Dongxin1, XIONG Zheng1, NONG Donghong2, HUANG Baoyou1, HUANG Xueyan1, PENG Yude1, YU Liying1*
      New taxa of Phyllanthaceae from Guangxi, China
      Phyllanthus sensu lato(s. l.)is the core group of Phyllanthaceae and exhibits high diversity in life form, floral, seed and pollen morphology, indicating that the genus is not monophyletic. Recent studies based on molecular and morphological data have segregated Phyllanthus s. l. into ten monophyletic genera. In this study, one new species and one newly recorded species of Phyllanthaceae from Guangxi, China are reported, namely Cathetus filipes D. X. Nong, B. Y. Huang & Z. Xiong, and Emblica pacoensis(Thin)R. W. Bouman(newly recorded). Both species occur in karst mountains of southwestern China and northern Vietnam. Detailed morphological descriptions, phenology and distribution information are provided. Cathetus filipes is morphologically similar to C. clarkei(Hook. f.)R. W. Bouman, but differs by its usually reddish-brown branchlets, distinctly longer pedicels, filaments up to 3 mm long, connate in the lower about 2.5 mm and free above, and longer stigmas. Emblica pacoensis is similar to E. tsarongensis(W. W. Sm.)R. W. Bouman, but can be distinguished by its orbicular, ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves with veins raised adaxially, and cymes consisting of one female flower and several male flowers. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, confirm the phylogenetic positions of the two species: Cathetus filipes is nested in the Cathetus clade, whereas Emblica pacoensis falls into the Emblica clade. These discoveries enrich China's biodiversity inventory of Phyllanthaceae, correct previous misidentifications of herbarium specimens, and are significant for understanding the floristic composition and evolution of plants in karst areas.
      2026,(9):1608-1616    [Abstract](304)    [PDF](53)
    • YANG Feng, WANG Huanchong*
      Distribution clarification of Breynia trinervia (Phyllanthaceae)in China
      To clarify the distribution status of Breynia trinervia(Phyllanthaceae)in China, this study employed traditional morphogeographical methods to examine voucher specimens cited in early literature and related herbarium collections. The results were as follows:(1)The specimens cited in literature for the previously reported distribution of this species in Huize County and Kaiyuan City, Yunnan, China, were actually Colubrina javanica(Rhamnaceae), indicating, the previous distribution records of B. trinervia in these areas resulted from specimen misidentification.(2)Further examination revealed a specimen collected from Yingjiang County, Yunnan, whose diagnostic morphological characters(ovate-lanceolate leaves, three basal veins, and star-shaped calyx in male flowers)are consistent with the type specimen of B. trinervia, confirming its natural distribution in China.(3)Based on specimen observations and literature review, this study provides detailed morphological descriptions of B. trinervia in both Chinese and English, and discusses the biogeographical implications of its distribution. In conclusion, this work corrects the previous errors in the distribution records of B. trinervia, confirms the natural distribution of B. trinervia in Yingjiang County, Yunnan, China, provides a evidence for the taxonomic research of species in the genus Breynia in China, and substantiates the biogeographical importance of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, as a transition zone between the Paleotropical and East Asian floras.
      2026,(9):1617-1622    [Abstract](282)    [PDF](55)

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