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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2024, Vol.44, No.5
  • Publication date：2024-05-25
【Recommended article】LUO Maofang et al. Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

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Current Issue 2024,Vol.44,No.5

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    • 2024,No.5 PDF(whole issue)
      2024,44(5)    [Abstract](344)    [PDF](96)
    • 2024,No.5 Cover
      2024,44(5)    [Abstract](298)    [PDF](140)
    • 2024,No.5 Contents
      2024,44(5)    [Abstract](234)    [PDF](133)
      • Special Column： Global Change and Ecoligical Environment
    • LUO Yahuang1,5,6, MA Liangliang1,2, GAO Lianming1,6, WANG Xingjie3, ZHAO Wei4, YANG Xingliang4, MA Shaobin3, SHI Xiaochun4*, LIU Jie1,5*
      Spatiotemporal dynamics of forest arbor layer along an elevational gradient in southern Gaoligong Mountains
      A better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of species composition and biodiversity provides significant insights into the distribution patterns of biodiversity and the prediction of biodiversity fate in a global change context. However, how species and phylogenetic diversity change along elevational gradient with temporal scale in mountain ecosystems is still unknown. In this study, we used census data(2004, 2008 and 2013)of an elevational transect(elevational range 960 - 2 878 m)covering eastern and western slopes of Gaoligong Mountains, SW China, to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of forest arbor layer(DBH≥5 cm)species composition, species diversity and phylogenetic diversity. The results were as follows:(1)Species diversity was hump-shaped along the elevational gradient, while the phylogenetic diversity increased with increasing elevation. Clustering phylogenetic structure was observed at low elevations, and over dispersed or random structure was detected at high elevations.(2)Overall, temporal species and phylogenetic beta diversity analysis showed no significant difference among these three investigation time points. However, we found a higher clustering of phylogenetic structure along the temporal scale.(3)Spatial beta diversity showed that there was a significant loss of species at low elevations(960 - 1 381 m)on the eastern slope, where the vegetation had been disturbed or completely converted into farmland. The main lost species including Terminalia chebula, Quercus acutissima, Pistacia weinmanniifolia, Hovenia acerba and Ilex wattii. In contrast, the change in the western slope was mild at low elevations, only observing species abundance increasing, which including Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, Symplocos chinensis, and Taiwania cryptomerioides. Therefore, we speculated that the dynamic changes in species and phylogenetic diversity of the arbor layer of subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest might be related to communities succession process and climatic change in middle and high elevations, while the communities at low elevations were seriously impacted by human activities in Gaoligong Mountains. The results deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of plant community dynamics in Gaoligong Mountains, and provide new insights to guide precise conservation strategies in the region.
      2024,44(5):793-805    [Abstract](374)    [PDF](172)
    • LIU Jinliang1*, LIU Weiyong1, JIN Shanshan2, YANG Zhongjie3, LU Yifei4, ZHANG Aiying3, YU Mingjian4
      Species abundance distribution characteristics of forest communities and its relationship with elevation in Longwangshan, Zhejiang
      Species abundance distribution(SAD)combines species richness with species abundance in a community and is an important indicator of community structure. Although many studies have applied mathematical models to fit the SADs of plant communities, there are still few studies on the changes in the shape of SAD(i.e., the skewness of the SAD curves)along the environmental gradient. Especially for forest communities, it is still unclear whether the model fitting and shape change of SADs are consistent in different vegetation types. Here, 28 plots of 20 m × 20 m were set up in Hynobius amjiensis National Nature Reserve according to the main forest vegetation types. The species composition and abundance of each species were surveyed in each plot. The logseries model and the lognormal model were fitted to the SAD in each plot, and then the best-fit model was selected based on the corrected Akaike's Information Criteria(AICc). The α value in Gambin model and the η value in Weibull model were calculated to reflect the shape of SAD in each plot. The λ value in Weibull model was calculated to reflect the scale of SAD(i.e., the range observed in abundance). The relationship between altitude and the shape and scale of SAD was analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The logseries model fitted SAD better than the lognormal model.(2)When all plots were included, there was no significant correlation between SAD shape(α and η)and altitude, but there was a significant positive correlation between the λ value and altitude.(3)There was a negative correlation between altitude and α and η values in the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests, and there was a significant positive correlation between the α value and altitude in the deciduous broad-leaved forests, while there was no significant correlations between both α value and η value and altitude. The results indicate that the model fitting and shape change of SADs along the environmental gradient are related to the vegetation types of the forest community. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the vegetation types when analyzing the relationship between SAD and impact factors in plant communities.
      2024,44(5):806-814    [Abstract](340)    [PDF](138)
    • LIU Jinliang1*, LIU Weiyong1, JIN Shanshan2, YANG Zhongjie3, LU Yifei4, ZHANG Aiying3, YU Mingjian4
      Species abundance distribution characteristics of forest communities and its relationship with elevation in Longwangshan, Zhejiang
      Species abundance distribution(SAD)combines species richness with species abundance in a community and is an important indicator of community structure. Although many studies have applied mathematical models to fit the SADs of plant communities, there are still few studies on the changes in the shape of SAD(i.e., the skewness of the SAD curves)along the environmental gradient. Especially for forest communities, it is still unclear whether the model fitting and shape change of SADs are consistent in different vegetation types. Here, 28 plots of 20 m × 20 m were set up in Hynobius amjiensis National Nature Reserve according to the main forest vegetation types. The species composition and abundance of each species were surveyed in each plot. The logseries model and the lognormal model were fitted to the SAD in each plot, and then the best-fit model was selected based on the corrected Akaike's Information Criteria(AICc). The α value in Gambin model and the η value in Weibull model were calculated to reflect the shape of SAD in each plot. The λ value in Weibull model was calculated to reflect the scale of SAD(i.e., the range observed in abundance). The relationship between altitude and the shape and scale of SAD was analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The logseries model fitted SAD better than the lognormal model.(2)When all plots were included, there was no significant correlation between SAD shape(α and η)and altitude, but there was a significant positive correlation between the λ value and altitude.(3)There was a negative correlation between altitude and α and η values in the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests, and there was a significant positive correlation between the α value and altitude in the deciduous broad-leaved forests, while there was no significant correlations between both α value and η value and altitude. The results indicate that the model fitting and shape change of SADs along the environmental gradient are related to the vegetation types of the forest community. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the vegetation types when analyzing the relationship between SAD and impact factors in plant communities.
      2024,44(5):806-814    [Abstract](322)    [PDF](123)
    • LIU Yue1, YU Yaohong1, WU Miaolan1, WANG Yiying1, TAO Yuzhu3, LIN Zizhan4, ZHOU Qing1,2, MO Qifeng1,2*
      Characteristics and maturity level analysis of four communities in Ehuangzhang tropical monsoon forests of northern edge
      To analyze the community characteristics of tropical monsoon forests with different succession stages, four different plant communities named A, B, C, and D were investigated in this study, respectively, in a typical monsoon forest of Ehuangzhang in Yangchun, Guangdong Province. The species composition, biodiversity and spatial structure were analyzed, their maturity levels' differences were detemined, succession direction was predicted, and suggestions for optimization were put forward. The results were as follows:(1)The forest layers of the four communities were single. Small diameter at breast height(DBH)class trees and lower forest dominated these communities, owning 1-3 obvious dominant species.(2)The Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 2.72 to 3.74, Simpson index from 0.90 to 0.97, and Pielou evenness index from 0.74 to 0.89, suggesting that their diversity characteristics were significant differences.(3)Their dominance ranged from 0.49 to 0.51, uniform angle from 0.56 to 0.61, mingling from 0.54 to 0.83, forest spatial structure index from 60.57 to 71.44, forest spatial structure distance from 53.15 to 68.53.(4)The analysis of community basic characteristics, diversity characteristics and spatial structural characteristics indicated that the maturity levels in all community ranked D > A > C > B. In conclusion, four communities are currently in the pre- or mid-term succession stages and the development space of DBH and tree height is large. The four communities are in the moderate growth state. All trees show a slight aggregated distribution, and the tree species are moderately, strongly or very strongly mingling. Besides, there is a distance in spatial structure between four communities and ideal forest with the development of maturity levels. The four communities continue to succession with intolerant tree species as the main dominant tree species, and gradually and preliminarily have the typical vegetation characteristics of the district forest climax community. With the development of maturity levels, the four communities' biodiversity and mingling will increase, the spatial structure will be optimized and the stability will be enhanced. The results of this study provide scientific basis for community construction mechanism and forest structure optimization. In the future, Ehuangzhang tropical monsoon forests should be more regulated and protected, while the ecology of vegetation and biodiversity conservation in the area should be widely monitored and studied in depth.
      2024,44(5):815-828    [Abstract](298)    [PDF](147)
    • JIANG Dongdong1, LUO Yinghua1,2,3*, HE Qiaoping1, QIN Lin1, LIN Jianyong4, LING Yaming5
      Species composition and structural characteristics of mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest community in Shiwandashan, Guangxi
      Shiwandashan is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in Guangxi, and its main vegetation type is mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest. In order to understand the current community status and the development status of dominant species population structure of mountain evergreen broad-leaved forests in the region, this study was conducted in a fixed monitoring sample plot of 1 hm2 established within the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in the Shiwandashan. Woody plants with diameter at breast height(DBH)≥ 1 cm in the sample plot community were used as the research objects to analyze their species compositions, diameter class structures, tree height structures, and the spatial distribution patterns of dominant species using the g(r) function. The results were as follows:(1)There were 7 517 woody plants with DBH ≥ 1 cm in the community, belonging to 52 families, 108 genera and 153 species. The dominant species in the community were Clethra delavayi, Schima argentea, Hartia villosa, Castanopsis hystrix, Engelhardtia roxburghiana, Ardisia quinquegona, Itea chinensis, Symplocos adenophylla, Eurya subintegra, Ilex pubescens, but the dominant position of dominant species was not obvious.(2)The overall average DBH of the community was 5.51 cm, and the distribution of diameter class and tree height was approximately an inverted “J” shape. The diameter class distribution of dominant species was mostly an inverted “J” or “L” shape, and the community had a large number of small and medium-sized diameter class standing trees, indicating a strong self-renewal ability of the community.(3)Dominant species coexisted stably in the community; the dominant species exhibited aggregated distribution in the sample plot, but there were differences in the location of aggregated distribution among dominant species. Overall, the community is currently in a good state of renewal, with the existence of dominant species in the top level community. However, the community has certain secondary characteristics and has not yet reached a stable top level community state. The dominant species can coexist stably and have the potential to inherit towards a stable top level community. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to strengthen management and promote the renewal and survival of the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in the Shiwandashan areas.
      2024,44(5):829-839    [Abstract](340)    [PDF](139)
    • WANG Qianyun1, FANG Zirui1, PENG Zi2, LI Suli1, CHENG Xiran1, WANG Xueli1, LI Zhigang1*
      Effects of different chromium containing wastewater on residue decomposition and chromium chemical forms in Coix lacryma-jobi constructed wetland
      To investigate the effects of two different water sources, domestic sewage and nutrient solution, on residue decomposition and the transformation of chromium chemical forms in Cr(Ⅵ)contaminated constructed wetlands, a micro Coix lacryma-jobi constructed wetland was constructed to treat chromium containing wastewater [using domestic sewage(DWS)and 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution(HNS)as simulated solutions containing 0, 20, 40 mg· L-1 Cr(Ⅵ), respectively]. By using the buried root decomposition method, the decomposition dynamics of residual roots and the transformation pattern of chromium chemical forms were studied. The results were as follows:(1)Under 20 and 40 mg· L-1 Cr(Ⅵ)stress, the growth of C. lacryma-jobi was inhibited. The plant height and stem diameter of HNS treatment were greater than those of DWS treatment, but the plant height and stem diameter of HNS treatment were more inhibited by Cr(Ⅵ)than those of DWS treatment.(2)The decomposition rate of C. lacryma-jobi residual roots decreased with the increase of Cr(Ⅵ)concentration, and the decomposition rate of HNS treatment was higher than that of DWS treatment. After 60 d of decomposition, under DWS treatment, the residual root chromium content of 20 and 40 mg· L-1 Cr(Ⅵ)treatment decreased by 11.70% and 8.09% respectively compared with that at the initial stage of root burial, while under HNS treatment, the residual root chromium content decreased by 15.80% and 18.42% respectively. The percentage of residual chromium in C. lacryma-jobi root residues at 20 and 40 mg· L-1 treatments decreased with the extension of root burial time, while the percentage of ethanol-extracted chromium and deionized water extracted chromium increased, and the percentage of acetic acid bound chromium increased significantly.(3)In the early stage of residue decomposition, the COD, TN, NH4-N, and total chromium content in the effluents treated with HNS and DWS increased, and then decreased. The trend of change was consistent with the residue decomposition process. HNS treated constructed wetlands were more efficient in removing chromium from wastewater. The research results indicate that after harvesting plants in constructed wetlands, root decomposition can quickly increase the chromium content in the effluent, and appropriately improve the nutritional status in wastewater, which can promote residue decomposition and removal of chromium by wetlands.
      2024,44(5):840-851    [Abstract](250)    [PDF](132)
    • CHENG Yanli1, CHEN Hong1, YANG Xi2, HAN Yongyou2, XU Chen1, ZHANG Yuanbing1*
      Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere bacterial characteristics analysis of young Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 118' in Huaihe Plain of North Anhui
      In order to explore the effects of ecological landscaping tree species Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 118' on soil microbial ecosystem in Huaihe Plain of north Anhui Province, the differences in soil nutrients levels, microbial communities structures and their influencing factors between the rhizosphere(R)and non-rhizosphere(NR)were analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The 4-year-old Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 118' rhizosphere had a low enrichment capacity for macronutrients, resulting in a deficiency of hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus. The R had similar levels of total nitrogen, and lower levels of total phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium than the NR soil. The R had a strong enrichment ability for microelements(iron, copper, manganese). And the available manganese content in the R was significantly higher than that in the NR. Both the R and the NR soils of Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 118' were alkaline. The R had a slightly lower pH and a higher electrical conductivity than the NR. The R had a certain degree of enrichment for available sodium, available magnesium and available calcium, as well as for organic carbon and organic matter.(2)Based on the Anosim analysis of community structure between groups, the R value was 0.224(P=0.022), which was significantly greater than 0, indicating significant differences between the bacterial communities of the R and the NR of Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 118'. The total number of OTUs in the R and the NR was 5 283. There were 1 307 unique OTUs in R and 1 265 OTUs in NR.(3)The R had a slightly lower bacterial diversity than the NR. The dominant phylum in both the R and the NR were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Myxococcota, Actinobacteria, and Crenarchaeota. Among them, only Acidobacteriota showed a significant positive correlation with available phosphorus. The R had higher abundances of Firmicutes(17.94%)and Bacteroidetes(5.21%)than the NR(1.84% and 3.90%), respectively. Neither of them had a significant correlation with environmental factors. The R had higher abundances of Clostridia, Bacteroidia and Bacilli than the NR by 14.05%, 1.32% and 2.06%, respectively.(4)The UPGMA clustering analysis showed that R4 was isolated from the other samples. NR4 and NR5 formed a cluster, NR1, NR2 and NR3 clusted with R1, R2, R3 and R5. R4 had lower species diversity and abundance than the other samples, and had an uneven distribution of taxa. In conclusion, despite the weak rhizosphere effect of young Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 118', it was the main factor for the enrichment of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the rhizosphere. And more microelements and a moderate amount of macroelements should be applied in the cultivation process.
      2024,44(5):852-862    [Abstract](242)    [PDF](133)
    • MAO Kaize1, GAO Manjuan1, WU Rui1, ZHANG Yueping1, CHENG Xiping1,2*
      Tree shape structure and leaf trait responses to habitat elements of Bombax ceiba
      Morphology and structure of plants are the results from the joint action of itself and the external environment. In order to analyze the correlation between tree shape structure and leaf trait of Bombax ceiba, and to explore the influence of topographic, soil, and meteorological elements on its growth shape, and to reveal its growth strategy and adaptation mechanism, we studied 230 B. ceiba trees in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province and measured six tree shape structure indexes, eight leaf trait indexes, and habitat elements of regional topographic, meteorology, and soil. The effects and explantation of habitat elements on tree shape structure and leaf trait of B. ceiba were analyzed by structural equation model and variation decomposition. The results were as follows:(1)There were correlations among the indexes of tree shape structure and among the indexes of leaf trait(P < 0.05).(2)The observed indexes of habitat elements had a strong influence on the growth indexes of B. ceiba leaves. The mean annual precipitation, slope and average temperature had a higher interpretation rate on the growth indexes of B. ceiba leaves, and were the dominant habitat indexes affecting the growth of B. ceiba.(3)According to the standardized path coefficient, the three habitat elements had the same effects on tree shape structure and leaf trait of B. ceiba, and all of them were in the order of topographic element>meteorological element>soil element.(4)The superposition of three habitat elements explained that tree shape structure and leaf trait were 43.5% and 12.3%, respectively, indicating that the response of tree shape structure to habitat environment was greater than that of leaf trait to environment. The results of this study preliminarily explore the adaptation strategies of different growth indexes to environmental elements of B. ceiba, which provides theoretical basis and practical reference for the cultivation and propagation of B. ceiba in heterogeneous habitats and efficient management of B. ceiba plantation.
      2024,44(5):863-872    [Abstract](270)    [PDF](133)
    • WANG Defu1,2,3, ZHAO Nan1, QIU Wanbin1, SANG Dongxin1, HUANG Guomin1, LIU Wenfei1, SHEN Fangfang1, DUAN Honglang1,4*
      Eco-physiological responses of Schima superba seedlings from two provenances to drought and rewatering
      In the context of global climate change, the research on eco-physiological responses to drought and rewatering among provenances of trees species will help to understand the effect of climate conditions of provenances on drought resistance of trees, further providing theoretical references for cultivation and management of forests in the future. In this study, Schima superba from two provenances in southern China were selected. Potted seedlings were subjected to simulated drought and rewatering conditions. Eco-physiological traits(photosynthesis traits, hydraulic traits, non-structural carbohydrates-NSC, proline concentrations-Pro and superoxide dismutase-SOD activity)of seedlings were examined. The results were as follows:(1)Under well-watered condition, stem xylem water potential(Ψxylem), leaf relative water content(RWC), photosynthetic rate(Asat)and stomatal conductance(Gs)were lower in seedlings from Guangdong provenance compared with Fujian provenance.(2)Responses of hydraulic traits, Pro and SOD to drought and rewatering were consistent between the two provenances. Ψxylem, RWC and Pro could recover to control values rapidly, while percent of stem xylem embolism and SOD could not recover to control values in the end.(3)Asat was more sensitive to drought from Fujian provenance than Guangdong provenance, and it took more time to recover to control in Fujian provenance.(4)The recovery rate of NSC from Fujian provenance was faster than Guangdong provenance. Collectively, seedlings from both provenances could not repair their embolized xylem in the short-term rewatering period(30 days). Although photosynthesis rate in Guangdong provenance could recover to control faster than from Fujian provenance, it was lower than that from Fujian provenance. Furthermore, the recovery rate of NSC was slower in Guangdong provenance than Fujian provenance, indicating that growth and survivals of seedlings from Guangdong provenance may experience greater risk in future characterized with increasing drought stress.
      2024,44(5):873-884    [Abstract](248)    [PDF](129)
    • DENG Lili1, QIN Huizhen2, SHI Yancai1, WEI Xiao1, LÜ Shihong1*
      Stoichiometric characteristics of understory plant leaves and soil of three forest types in Mao'ershan
      Exploring the stoichiometric characteristics of understory plants' leaves and soils in different forest types in Mao'ershan can reveal the adaptation strategies of understory plants in Mao'ershan, and provide data support for forest management. In this paper, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest(ZK), evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest(CLC)and evergreen broad-leaved forest(CL)in Mao'ershan were selected as three forest types, the leaf stoichiometry of main plants in herb layer and shrub layer, and the soil stoichiometry under three forest types were measured and analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)There was no significant difference in leaf C and N contents between herb layer and shrub layer, but P and K contents in herb layer were extremely significantly higher than that in shrub layer, and N:P was significantly lower than that in shrub layer. Plants in herb layer was more likely to be restricted by N, plants in shrub layer was more likely to be restricted by P and the utilization efficiency of N and P were higher. There was no significant difference in leaf stoichiometry of plants in shrub layer among different forest types, but there were significant differences in leaf N content, C:N, C:P of plants in herb layer among different forest types. Plants in herb layer of ZK had higher nutrient use efficiency.(2)The soil C and N contents of the three forest types showed that CL > CLC > ZK, and there were extremely significant differences among the three forest types. The soil P content of ZK were the highest, while that of C:P and N:P were the lowest.(3)Soil in ZK significantly affected some leaf stoichiometry of plants in herb layer and shrub layer, while the other two forest types had no significant effect on underforest plants. To sum up, there are significant or extremely significant differences in soil stoichiometry among different forest types in Mao'ershan. The nutrient requirements and environmental adaptation strategies of plants in herb layer and shrub layer are different. The soil of ZK has a strong influence on the leaf stoichiometry of understory plants, and the soil with low decomposition efficiency of organic matter in this forest type, and the soil is limited by N due to the low decomposition efficiency of organic matter, so the management of N in the mixed forest should be strengthened.
      2024,44(5):885-894    [Abstract](318)    [PDF](138)
    • LIN Ting1, ZHAO Lijun1*, ZHU Liqiong2, HUANG Xiangling1, WEI Guoyu3
      Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium additions on functional diversity of soil microorganisms in Podocarpus macrophyllus
      The purpose of the study was to characterize the response, as well as the regularitity of soil microorganisms in Podocarpus macrophyllus to different levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K). Using two-year old P. macrophyllus seedlings as the test species, the researchers controlled the gradients of N, P and K nutrient levels using the L9 orthogonal test in the potted soil. The dilution plate coating method and Biolog-ECO microplate method were used to explore the effects of different soil nutrient levels on the amount and community diversity of P. macrophyllus soil microorganisms and their utilization characteristics of six carbon sources. The results were as follows:(1)The number of soil bacteria(P<0.05)and actinomycetes(P<0.001)decreased while the number of fungi(P<0.001)and nitrogen-fixing bacteria(P<0.01)increased significantly when different levels of N were added. Additionally, the Pielou index(P<0.001)of the soil microbial community decreased, and the Simpson index(P<0.05)and McIntosh index(P<0.001)increased with increasing N addition. This reduced the intensity of utilization of six carbon sources by soil microorganisms, especially the intensity of utilization of difficult carbon sources such as amines(P<0.001), carboxylic acids(P<0.001), polymers(P<0.001)and other compounds(P<0.001).(2)The increase in P addition significantly reduced the Shannon index of soil microbial community(P<0.05).(3)The increase in K addition significantly reduced the Shannon index(P<0.05)and Pielou index(P<0.05)of the soil microbial community and the intensity of utilization of two easily available carbon sources, carbohydrates(P<0.001)and amino acids(P<0.01), by the microbial community. In conclusion, N addition and K addition are the main factors affecting the functional diversity of soil microbial communities of P. macrophyllus. Attention should be paid to the cultivation of P. macrophyllus by applying fertilizer in small amounts and multiple times, reducing the addition of N and K, and appropriately increasing the addition of P to promote the growth of P. macrophyllus and its sustainable cultivation.
      2024,44(5):895-906    [Abstract](304)    [PDF](132)
    • MO Jianfei1,2, ZHOU Xiyuan3, MO Weihua1,2*, CHEN Yanli1,2
      Analysis of vegetation ecological quality change and its driving forces in Guangxi from 2000 to 2020
      In order to grasp the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving mechanism of vegetation ecological quality in Guangxi, based on multi-source data such as meteorology, terrain, soil and remote sensing, and using the ecological quality index(EQI)as an evaluation indicator, linear trend analysis, correlation analysis and geographical detector method were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variation and driving mechanisms from 2000 to 2020. The results were as follows:(1)Since 2000, the vegetation EQI of Guangxi had significantly increased, and the regional vegetation ecology had improved significantly. The development of vegetation ecological quality had experienced stages of slow growth, rapid growth and significant improvement. In terms of space, the vegetation EQI in Guangxi showed a characteristic of high in four directions and low in the middle, with the high-value areas gradually expanding from the east to the west and north.(2)The influencing factors of spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation ecological quality in Guangxi were significantly different. The overall change of vegetation ecological quality at different altitudes showed a trend of ‘increase-decrease-stability-fluctuation'. The vegetation ecological quality in different soil types was high in loam soil and low in sandy soil. The ecological quality of forest and shrub-grass was high, and the ecological quality of farmland vegetation was low. There was a significant positive correlation between vegetation ecological quality and climate driving factors, which was affected by both temperature and precipitation. The area mainly driven by temperature(T)was the widest, followed by the area mainly driven by precipitation(P). The areas driven strongly([T+P]+)and weakly([T+P]-)by temperature and precipitation were smaller.(3)The driving force of changes in vegetation ecological quality change of Guangxi was affected by terrain, soil, vegetation, climate, natural disasters and human activities. The order of explanatory power of natural influencing factors was vegetation > terrain > soil > climate, in which the vegetation net primary productivity and vegetation coverage were the most important factors affecting the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation ecological quality. The effects of natural factors on vegetation ecological quality in Guangxi was interactive, showing a nonlinear enhancement and two-factor enhancement relationship, and the interaction between terrain and vegetation, soil and vegetation, and climate and vegetation were the most obvious. Natural disasters and human activities aggravated the impact of vegetation ecological quality change. Among them, meteorological disasters such as drought and low temperature damage inhibited the improvement of vegetation ecological quality, while human activities such as forestry ecological engineering promoted the improvement of vegetation ecological quality. The research results provide a scientific theoretical reference and technical support for making reasonable measures of vegetation ecological protection and restoration in Guangxi.
      2024,44(5):907-924    [Abstract](226)    [PDF](166)
    • BAO Li'an, DONG Xiaoquan, LAI Mingli, ZHU Huijun, WU Jiaxi, ZENG Shucai, WU Daoming*
      Changes of heavy metal in fresh and litter leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba and Schefflera arboricola under sewage sludge application
      This study conducted a large root box experiment with Schefflera arboricola monoculture, Neolamarckia cadamba monoculture, and co-planting of Schefflera arboricola and Neolamarckia cadamba. The dynamic changes in Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg contents in fresh and litter leaves of Schefflera arboricola and Neolamarckia cadamba and their litter leaves yield were analyzed for three months(September, October, and November 2020 )after the surface application of 2%(W/W)sewage sludge(SS). The relationship between the heavy metal contents of fresh and litter leaves and the changes in the heavy metal return amount in litter leaves were further analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)N. cadamba had significantly higher Cu contents in fresh and litter leaves than those of S. arboricola, while had significantly lower Zn and Cd contents than those of S. arboricola.(2)The fresh leaves of S. arboricola had the lowest Zn content and the highest Hg content in November.(3)The fresh leaves of monoculture and co-planting Neolamarckia cadamba had the highest Zn, Cd, and Hg contents in November.(4)The Hg content in the litter leaves of co-planting of N. cadamba increased significantly with the time of SS application, while those of Cu, Zn, and Cd contents showed no significance.(5)The Cd content in fresh leaves was significantly and positively correlated with the Hg and Cd contents of litter leaves in Schefflera arboricola in both September and November.(6)The highest yield of litter leaves and the highest return amount of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg in S. arboricola occurred one month after SS application(September), while those in Neolamarckia cadamba occurred two months after SS application(October). In summary, the application time of SS showed a greater effect on the heavy metal contents in fresh leaves of N. cadamba and Schefflera arboricola than those in litter leaves; there was a positive correlation between the Cd content in the fresh leaves and the Cd and Hg contents in the litter leaves of S. arboricola; the heavy metal pollution risk of the litter leaves of S. arboricola and Neolamarckia cadamba was easy to occur in one month(September)and two months(October)after SS application, respectively. This study provides a reference for safe SS utilization and reasonable litter disposal in the landscape.
      2024,44(5):925-935    [Abstract](210)    [PDF](125)
      • Genetics and Breeding
    • LIU Fang1,2, HAO Xiaohua1, CHEN Zhongyuan1,3, HE Hao1,2*
      Analysis of expression regulation of AP2 gene by pre-miR172 and miR172 in rape
      The appropriate flowering time is of great significance for crop yield. In the cropping pattern of “rice-rice-oil” in southern region, researching on the flowering period of Brassica napus can provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of early maturing rape varieties. The AP2 family transcription factors in rape are widely involved in the growth and development and play an important role during flower development. However, there are few studies exploring the regulation of AP2 at the microRNA level. In order to investigate the regulatory functions of the miR172 precursor(pre-miR72)and mature body(miR172)on AP2 gene in rape, the regulatory elements of miR172 and AP2 promoters were predicted based on bioinformatics, then the evolutionary relationship of six rape AP2 genes and the targeting relationship between miR172 and AP2 were analyzed, and the expression patterns of AP2, miR172 and pre-miR172 in different tissues of early and late maturing rape were detected by qRT-PCR. Finally, the correlation between miR172 abundance and AP2 expression level was studied, as well as the correlation between pre-miR172 and miR172. The results were as follows:(1)Both miR172 and AP2 promoter regions had cis-elements that regulated flower development.(2)The six AP2 sequences holded the strong purification selection, and they were the target genes of miR172 based on their binding sites for miR172.(3)miR172 family could promote the flowering of early maturing rape by increasing AP2 expression levels, except for miR172d. In late maturing rape, miR172a and miR172c performed weakly in flowering, while miR172b and miR172d worked together to reduce the expression level of AP2 to inhibit flowering.(4)The pre-miR172 family had a promoting effect on the expression level of miR172 family in early maturing rape; in late maturing rape, pre-miR172a and pre-miR172b exerted positive regulation on the formation of their mature bodies, while pre-miR172c and pre-miR172d exerted the opposite effects. After overexpression of pre-miR172, the expression patterns of miR172 and AP2 remained consistent with the above results, confirming the regulatory function of pre-miR172 on miR172 and AP2. The results of this study enrich the functional regulation pathway of rape AP2 gene, and provide new ideas for the study of gene regulatory function.
      2024,44(5):936-950    [Abstract](274)    [PDF](131)
    • YAN Haifeng1,2,3, LÜ Jinfeng4, XIONG Faqian1,2,3, QIU Lihang1,2,3, ZHOU Huiwen1,2,3, CHEN Xinglong5, MA Guohua6*
      Molecular cloning, location and promoter analysis of NDH dehydrogenase gene from Santalum album
      In order to investigate the function and regulation mechanism of NDH dehydrogenase gene in Santalum album, the technique of RACE was used to amplify the full-length sequence of SaNDH6 with heartwood as material. The technique of quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR(RT-qPCR)was employed to analyze its expression in different tissues and after hormone induction. The subcellular location was determined by Arabidopsis thaliana protoplast transient expression. 2 kb cis-acting element upstream of start codon ATG was analyzed by PlantCARE online service, and the transcription factors which could bind the cis-acting elements was predicted by PlantRegMap software. The results were as follows:(1)SaNDH6 encoded 303 amino acids. It was a hydrophobin and located in chloroplast.(2)The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that SaNDH6 had a more closely evolutionary relationship with NDH6 from woody plants.(3)Plant care analysis showed that the promoter sequence of SaNDH6 contained a large number of light responsive cis-acting elements such as ACE, AE-box, Box 4, G-Box and GT1-motif. It also contained abscisic acid(ABA)responsive element ABRE, jasmonic acid methyl ester(MeJA)responsive elements CGTCA-motif and TGACG-motif, gibberellin(GA3)responsive elements P-box, ARE cis-acting regulatory element essential for the anaerobic induction, and TC-rich repeats element involved in defense and stress responsiveness.(4)The results of plantRegMap analysis showed that there were 76 transcription factors that could bind to the SaNDH6 promoter, and among which, ERF transcription factor was the most(up to 40 TFs).(5)SaNDH6 can be expressed in the tissues of roots, heartwoods, calluses and leaves, but had a higher expression level in the tissue of leaves; under 1×10-4 mol·L-1 MeJA and GA3 treatments, the expression level of SaNDH6 were significantly elevated after 3 h when compared with 0 h, respectively. In conclusion, SaNDH6 was a nucleus gene encoding protein, its expression was induced by light and some hormones, and it might be involved in against some defense and stress processes in S. album.
      2024,44(5):951-960    [Abstract](216)    [PDF](140)
      • Physiology and Development
    • AN Xuejiao1,2, YANG Lan1, WEN Bin1*, CHEN Ligang1
      High-temperature tolerance of Citrus maxima ‘Mansailong' seeds at different developmental stages
      The seeds are invariably exposed to high-temperature conditions since global warming frequently causes abnormally high temperature. In order to investigate the physiological basis of high-temperature tolerance in seeds, we used intermediate Citrus maxima ‘Mansailong' seeds as the research material, heated the seeds at different developmental stages, and simultaneously detected changes in seed morphology, contents of soluble protein and heat-stable protein, and cellular ultrastructure. The results were as follows:(1)The seed moisture content dramatically dropped between 23 and 49 weeks after flowering(WAF), whereas the percentage of DW/FW and fresh weight increased significantly. All of these indicators began to change quickly from 31 WAF and stabilized around 41 WAF.(2)At 29 WAF, the seeds acquired full seedling formation ability and a preliminary tolerance to high temperature; from there, the high-temperature tolerance gradually grew and improved quickly between 37 and 49 WAF. The improvement in high-temperature tolerance was accompanied by a steady increase in contents of soluble protein and heat-stable protein of seeds, from 23 to 49 WAF. The results of the correlation analysis showed a substantial positive correlation between the accumulation of heat-stable protein and soluble protein and the ability of seeds to tolerate high temperature.(3)Ultrastructural observation showed that the number of mitochondria progressively dropped as the seed developed, the volume of the embryonic axis cells gradually decreased, and the number of lipid bodies in the cells gradually rose and their arrangement became more and more regular. In addition, the vacuoles enlarge at the same time, and at a later stage, they were packed with black floccules. In conclusion, the C. maxima ‘Mansailong' seeds reach physiological maturity at 41 WAF without any noticeable maturation drying; the ability to tolerate high temperature is acquired during seed development and is further enhanced until a later stage; changes in cellural ultrastructure and an increase in contents of soluble protein and heat-stable protein of seeds are essential in helping the seeds develop their high-temperature tolerance.
      2024,44(5):961-971    [Abstract](278)    [PDF](133)
    • BU Yuanyuan1, PAN Zhifang1, CUI Xiangxiang1, ZHOU Xiao1, CHEN Jianhua1,2, HUANG Rongshao1,2, LI Liangbo1,2*
      Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on physiology and chlorogenic acid synthesis and accumulation of Pyrrosia petiolosa
      To explore the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the physiology of Pyrrosia petiolosa as well as the synthesis and accumulation of chlorogenic acid(CGA), tissue culture seedlings of P. petiolosa were used as materials, and three concentration gradients of low nutrient( no fertilization: N0, P0, K0 ), normal fertilization( N: 0.20 g·kg-1, P: 0.15 g·kg-1, K: 0.15 g·kg-1 )and high nutrient( N1: 0.40 g·kg-1, P1: 0.30 g·kg-1, K1: 0.30 g·kg-1)were set up. Seven treatments were set up to NPK, N0PK, N1PK, NP0K, NP1K, NPK0 and NPK1, and the resistance physiological indexes, CGA contents and key enzyme activities of P. petiolosa under different treatments were determined. The results were as follows:(1)Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers had significant effects on the resistance physiology of P. petiolosa. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)increased significantly under high nitrogen and low potassium treatments, but catalase(CAT)activities rose significantly under low and high treatments of three nutrients.(2)The contents of CGA in P. petiolosa was significantly affected by different nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The CGA level in normal fertilization was the highest, reaching 12.92 mg·g-1, while the CGA content in high potassium fertilization was the lowest, 7.79 mg·g-1. Potassium fertilizer had the most significant effect on CGA content.(3)The key enzyme activities of CGA synthesis were significantly different in different fertilization treatments. The content of CGA was positively correlated with the activities of quinate o-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase(HQT)and 4-coumaroyl coenzyme ligase(4CL), and negatively correlated with the activity of quinic acid shikimate o-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase(HCT). HQT, 4CL and HCT were the key factors leading to the difference of CGA content. The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the artificial cultivation of P. petiolosa.
      2024,44(5):972-980    [Abstract](274)    [PDF](132)
    • ZHAO Shuli1, LI Guodong1, ZHANG Liqin2, ZHAO Mingzhi3, SHI Jianlian3, LIU Jiajia1*
      Mechanism of alkaloid synthesis in Isatis indigotica infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae
      To explore expression level of alkaloid and its key synthetase gene in Isatis indigotica upon Plasmodiophora brassicae exposure. The grades of disease severity according to morphology were verified. Moreover, histological observation, physiological and biochemical parameters have been collected together with transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis in Isatis indigotica after infection for 0, 7, 14, 21 d. The results were as follows:(1)After inoculation for 0, 7, 14, 21 d with Plasmodiophora brassicae, Isatis indigotica showed club root grades in 0, 1, 3, and 5 respectively, notably, cortical invasion occurred on 7 d.(2)When Plasmodiophora brassicae exposed lasting 14 d later, the contents of soluble protein and malondialdehyde, along with superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities in Isatis indigotica increased significantly compared to control group at time depended manner.(3)A total of 161 alkaloids were detected in metabolomics, among those alkaloids, indoles were noticed as the most abundant form. There were 16, 17 and 39 discriminating metabolites had been spotted after infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae for 7, 14, 21 d, the most discriminating metabolites enriched at alkaloid and amino acid metabolism pathways.(4)Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 2 439, 256 and 6 437 genes expression alteration for 7, 14, 21 d compared to control, those differentially expressed genes enriched at 11 alkaloids related metabolism pathways. Markedly, expression level of 9 genes(encoding for enzymes thebaine synthase, tyrosine aminotransferase, indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase)were increased after infection for 7, 14, 21 d. The results reveal the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and Isatis indigotica,explored the effects of Plasmodiophora brassicae on indole alkaloid synthesis and its key enzyme genes, and lay a foundation for later research on resistance genes and alkaloid secondary metabolic pathways in Isatis indigotica.
      2024,44(5):981-997    [Abstract](292)    [PDF](130)
      • New Taxa and New Discoveries
    • XIONG Chi1,2, CHEN Bin3, LI Zhenglong4, ZHAO Qiong4, DO Van Truong5, WEN Fang1,2*
      Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C. B. Clarke, a newly recorded genus of Gesneriaceae from China
      Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C. B. Clarke, a newly recorded genus of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China is reported. Tetraphyllum has only three species. The morphological description and the distinctive features to the species of Tetraphyllum are provided, and the detailed morphological description and photos of T. confertiflorum(Drake)B. L. Burtt are provided. The voucher specimens are preserved in the Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany(IBK)and Shanghai Chenshan Herbarium(CSH).
      2024,44(5):998-1002    [Abstract](242)    [PDF](134)
    • LI Mengkai1,2, YU Yingpeng1,2, WANG Wei1,2, XING Zhen1,2, CHEN Xueda1,2*
      New records of Dendrobium(Orchidaceae)from China
      Dendrobium is the second largest genus of Orchidaceae, distributed in southern and southwestern China. The number of Dendrobium is large, but some taxa have not been discovered. During the investigation of orchid resources in Xizang, two Dendrobium species were discovered, which were identified as D. macraei Lindl. and D. ritaeanum King & Pantl. Both were recorded for the first time in China. The results are as follows: D. macraei is similar to D. plicatile, with the difference that the edge of the middle lobe of lip is entire, apex concave; D. ritaeanum is similar to D. angustifolium, the flowers of the former are very small, and sepals and petals do not have purple stripes, and the lip is triangular up to 1.4 cm in length. The detailed morphological characteristics and photographs of the two species are provided. The specimens are stored in the Herbarium of Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University. This discovery enriches the local data and the potential medicinal plant resource reserve of orchids in China, and is of great significance to the biodiversity study of orchids and the investigation of medicinal orchid resources.
      2024,44(5):1003-1006    [Abstract](314)    [PDF](120)

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