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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2026, Vol.46, No.1
  • Publication date：2026-01-25
【Recommended article】LUO Maofang et al. Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

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Current Issue 2026,Vol.46,No.1

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      2026,46(1)    [Abstract](428)    [PDF](86)
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      2026,46(1)    [Abstract](764)    [PDF](156)
    • 2026,No.1 Contents
      2026,46(1)    [Abstract](438)    [PDF](127)
      • 珍稀濒危与国家重点保护野生植物
    • WEI Wei, LI Yunmeng, LIU Detuan, SUN Weibang*
      Composition, distribution of national key protected wild plants in Yunnan Province and the cultivation status in Kunming Botanical Garden
      To clarify the species composition, distribution characteristics, and ex situ conservation status of national key protected wild plants(NKPWP)in Yunnan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for future resource surveys and conservation efforts, we analyzed the species composition, county-level distribution and ex situ cultivation status of NKPWP species distributed in Yunnan Province based on the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants(2021 edition). The results were as follows:(1)Yunnan Province harbored 543 NKPWP species(including infraspecific taxa), belonging to 178 genera and 89 families(accounting for 44.2% of China's total NKPWP species). Specifically, 58 species were under Grade Ⅰ protected, and 485 species were under Grade Ⅱ protection.(2)Taxonomically, the NKPWP species in Yunnan Province included 5 species of bryophytes from 3 genera and 3 families, 52 species of lycophytes and ferns from 13 genera and 9 families, 44 species of gymnosperms from 14 genera and 6 families, 439 species of angiosperms from 145 genera and 68 families, and 3 species of fungi from 3 genera and 3 families. Orchidaceae was identified as the most species-rich family.(3)Of the total NKPWP species distributed in Yunnan, 193 were endemic to China(20 Grade I and 173 Grade Ⅱ protected), 219 were threatened(72 critically endangered, 132 endangered, and 15 vulnerable), and 89 were plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP).(4)Geographically, the NKPWP in Yunnan Province were concentrated in the southeastern, southern, western, and northwestern regions, with Mengla County exhibiting the highest species richness(103 species, accounting for 19.0% of the provincial total NKPWP species). In contrast, central, eastern, and northeastern Yunnan had relatively fewer NKPWP species.(5)The Kunming Botanical Garden(KBG)had cultivated 602 NKPWP species ex situ(accounting for 49.0% of China's total NKPWP species)currently, of which 216 species were distributed in Yunnan(accounting for 39.8% of the provincial total NKPWP species). In summary, this study identifies the shortcomings in the current conservation of NKPWP in Yunnan Province and formulates targeted recommendations and strategies. Additionally, according to the core values of the Kunming National Botanical Garden(candidate), as outlined in the “National Botanical Garden System Layout Plan” approved by the State Council. It is recommended to prioritize resource surveys and germplasm conservation efforts for the 270 NKPWP species not under ex situ conservation distributed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and northwestern Yunnan Province.
      2026,46(1):1-14    [Abstract](714)    [PDF](151)
    • WEI Wei, LI Yunmeng, LIU Detuan, SUN Weibang*
      Composition, distribution of national key protected wild plants in Yunnan Province and the cultivation status in Kunming Botanical Garden
      To clarify the species composition, distribution characteristics, and ex situ conservation status of national key protected wild plants(NKPWP)in Yunnan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for future resource surveys and conservation efforts, we analyzed the species composition, county-level distribution and ex situ cultivation status of NKPWP species distributed in Yunnan Province based on the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants(2021 edition). The results were as follows:(1)Yunnan Province harbored 543 NKPWP species(including infraspecific taxa), belonging to 178 genera and 89 families(accounting for 44.2% of China's total NKPWP species). Specifically, 58 species were under Grade Ⅰ protected, and 485 species were under Grade Ⅱ protection.(2)Taxonomically, the NKPWP species in Yunnan Province included 5 species of bryophytes from 3 genera and 3 families, 52 species of lycophytes and ferns from 13 genera and 9 families, 44 species of gymnosperms from 14 genera and 6 families, 439 species of angiosperms from 145 genera and 68 families, and 3 species of fungi from 3 genera and 3 families. Orchidaceae was identified as the most species-rich family.(3)Of the total NKPWP species distributed in Yunnan, 193 were endemic to China(20 Grade I and 173 Grade Ⅱ protected), 219 were threatened(72 critically endangered, 132 endangered, and 15 vulnerable), and 89 were plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP).(4)Geographically, the NKPWP in Yunnan Province were concentrated in the southeastern, southern, western, and northwestern regions, with Mengla County exhibiting the highest species richness(103 species, accounting for 19.0% of the provincial total NKPWP species). In contrast, central, eastern, and northeastern Yunnan had relatively fewer NKPWP species.(5)The Kunming Botanical Garden(KBG)had cultivated 602 NKPWP species ex situ(accounting for 49.0% of China's total NKPWP species)currently, of which 216 species were distributed in Yunnan(accounting for 39.8% of the provincial total NKPWP species). In summary, this study identifies the shortcomings in the current conservation of NKPWP in Yunnan Province and formulates targeted recommendations and strategies. Additionally, according to the core values of the Kunming National Botanical Garden(candidate), as outlined in the “National Botanical Garden System Layout Plan” approved by the State Council. It is recommended to prioritize resource surveys and germplasm conservation efforts for the 270 NKPWP species not under ex situ conservation distributed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and northwestern Yunnan Province.
      2026,46(1):1-14    [Abstract](762)    [PDF](154)
    • WANG Siqi1,2, WANG Jian3, HUANG Yepeng3, MU Liqiang2,4, ZHENG Baojiang2,5, WANG Ling6, SUN Yan7, LI Zhongyue8, DONG Shang2,4,9, ZHENG Lantao2,4, SHI Gongfa6, FANG Linlin6, ZHANG Yutong2,4, ZHANG Yuhong10, JIANG Shengwei10*, WANG Hongfeng2,4*, MA Keping2,4,11
      Distribution characteristics and conservation status of national key protected wild plants in Liaoning Province, China
      To systematically understand thebasic status of national key protected wild plants in Liaoning Province and to support local biodiversity conservation decision-making, based on the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants(2021 edition), integrating specimen records and field survey data from Liaoning Province, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis covering species composition, geographical distribution, threat levels, endangerment factors, and protection status. County-level spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis methods were used to explore distribution clustering patterns. Threat types were classified by combining internal and external factors, and classification conservation strategies were put forward. The results were as follows:(1)There were a total of 32 types of nationally protected wild plants distributed in Liaoning Province, belonging to 21 families and 26 genera, with Orchidaceae and Liliaceae as the dominant families.(2)The distribution exhibited a distinct spatial pattern, high species richness and aggregation in the southeastern region(notably Fengcheng and Kuandian), and sparse distribution in the northwest.(3)90.63% of these species had been effectively protected in situ within nature reserves.(4)These protected plants faced complex threats, including habitat degradation, overharvesting, climate change, ecological competition, and population ecological vulnerability. The conclusions are as follows:(1)National key protected wide plants in Liaoning exhibit typical boundary distribution characteristics, and greater attention should be paid to edge populations in conservation area planning;(2)Threats arise from interactions between internal and external factors, and conservation measures should be stratified and classified accordingly based on threat types and protection conditions;(3)It is recommended to establish an integrated conservation framework that includes intelligent monitoring, ex situ conservation, legal and policy support, and public engagement. These findings provide a scientific basis for biodiversity management and policy-making in Liaoning Province.
      2026,46(1):15-27    [Abstract](712)    [PDF](120)
    • WANG Siqi1,2, WANG Jian3, HUANG Yepeng3, MU Liqiang2,4, ZHENG Baojiang2,5, WANG Ling6, SUN Yan7, LI Zhongyue8, DONG Shang2,4,9, ZHENG Lantao2,4, SHI Gongfa6, FANG Linlin6, ZHANG Yutong2,4, ZHANG Yuhong10, JIANG Shengwei10*, WANG Hongfeng2,4*, MA Keping2,4,11
      Distribution characteristics and conservation status of national key protected wild plants in Liaoning Province, China
      To systematically understand thebasic status of national key protected wild plants in Liaoning Province and to support local biodiversity conservation decision-making, based on the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants(2021 edition), integrating specimen records and field survey data from Liaoning Province, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis covering species composition, geographical distribution, threat levels, endangerment factors, and protection status. County-level spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis methods were used to explore distribution clustering patterns. Threat types were classified by combining internal and external factors, and classification conservation strategies were put forward. The results were as follows:(1)There were a total of 32 types of nationally protected wild plants distributed in Liaoning Province, belonging to 21 families and 26 genera, with Orchidaceae and Liliaceae as the dominant families.(2)The distribution exhibited a distinct spatial pattern, high species richness and aggregation in the southeastern region(notably Fengcheng and Kuandian), and sparse distribution in the northwest.(3)90.63% of these species had been effectively protected in situ within nature reserves.(4)These protected plants faced complex threats, including habitat degradation, overharvesting, climate change, ecological competition, and population ecological vulnerability. The conclusions are as follows:(1)National key protected wide plants in Liaoning exhibit typical boundary distribution characteristics, and greater attention should be paid to edge populations in conservation area planning;(2)Threats arise from interactions between internal and external factors, and conservation measures should be stratified and classified accordingly based on threat types and protection conditions;(3)It is recommended to establish an integrated conservation framework that includes intelligent monitoring, ex situ conservation, legal and policy support, and public engagement. These findings provide a scientific basis for biodiversity management and policy-making in Liaoning Province.
      2026,46(1):15-27    [Abstract](977)    [PDF](112)
    • WEI Lingzhi1, 2, CAI Xinru3, YANG Yishan2, JIANG Haidu2, PENG Lihui2, LIU Shengyuan4, WEI Xiao2, CHAI Shengfeng1,2*
      Analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Camellia impressinervis
      This study aimed to further elucidate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Camellia impressinervis, a species with extremely small populations, through the application of genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS). A total of 56 individuals from four populations distributed across two nature reserves in Guangxi, China, were subjected to reduced-representation genome sequencing, and comprehensive analyses of genetic diversity and population genetic structure were conducted. To provide a scientific basis for the genetic conservation and effective protection of this species. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 4 014 956 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)loci were identified across the 56 individuals, with mean Q20 and Q30 values of 98.74% and 95.35%, respectively, and GC content ranging from 41.70% to 45.67%.(2)The Xialei Longheng population(CI-LH)exhibited the highest expected heterozygosity(He = 0.201 4), nucleotide diversity(Pi=0.211 7)and inbreeding coefficient(Fis=0.126 1). In contrast, the Nonggang Buna population(CI-BN)demonstrated the lowest observed heterozygosity(Ho=0.171 6), nucleotide diversity(Pi=0.180 3), and inbreeding coefficient(Fis=-0.023 0). Estimates of gene flow intensity(Nm)among populations varied between 1.151 3 and 4.557 7, with an average of 2.212 2.(3)Cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and population genetic structure analysis collectively indicated that the 56 samples of C. impressinervis could be grouped into four distinct clusters. In conclusion, C. impressinervis exhibits moderate levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. It is recommended to strengthen in-situ conservation for the CI-BN population, and when feasible, implement reintroduction to promote population recovery and expansion. Additionally, enhancing habitat protection and prohibiting on artificial excavation are crucial for maintaining its genetic diversity. The research results provide a scientific basis for the genetic conservation and effective protection of C. impressinervis.
      2026,46(1):28-38    [Abstract](692)    [PDF](128)
    • PENG Lihui1, YANG Zhe1,2, JIANG Haidu1, WEI Lingzhi1,2, LI Ting3, WEI Xiao1, CHAI Shengfeng1*
      Comparison on growth and physiological characteristics, and leaf microstructure of Camellia nitidissima seedlings under different propagation methods
      This study aimed to explore the growth capacity of Camellia nitidissima seedlings propagated under different methods, Two-year-old C. nitidissima seedlings propagated via three methods(tissue culture, cutting propagation, and seed propagation)were used as materials, and their growth propagated, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll content, and leaf structure were determined. The results were as follows:(1)Tissue-cultured seedlings had the strongest photosynthetic capacity, followed by seed-propagated seedlings, while cutting-propagated seedlings had the lowest. Both the maximum net photosynthetic rate and light intensity adaptation range of tissue-cultured seedlings were significantly higher(P<0.05)than those of the other two types of seedlings. Seed-propagated seedlings exhibited the highest apparent quantum yield value(0.083 9)and the strongest ability to utilize weak light.(2)The chlorophyll content in leaves of cutting-propagated seedlings and tissue-cultured seedlings(30.83 mg·g-1 and 28.26 mg·g-1, respectively)was significantly higher than that of seed-propagated seedlings(22.23 mg·g-1).(3)Seed-propagated seedlings had the lowest stomatal density(115.37 stomata·mm-2)and the largest stomatal area(150.1 μm), making them more suitable for shady environments.(4)Tissue-cultured seedlings had the most developed root system, the largest specific root length, and the lowest root tissue density. In terms of growth indicators, tissue-cultured seedlings showed the best overall performance, with the highest total dry weight(68.87 g), plant height(85.75 cm), and ground diameter(14.27 mm); seed-propagated seedlings ranked second, while cutting-propagated seedlings performed the worst. In conclusion, the growth capacity of C. nitidissima seedlings is closely related to the propagation method; the growth capacity of tissue-cultured C. nitidissima seedlings is significantly superior to that of seed-propagated and cutting-propagated seedlings. Therefore, tissue-cultured C. nitidissima seedlings can be vigorously promoted and applied in practical production. This study provides a scientific basis for the propagation of superior varieties and protection of C. nitidissima.
      2026,46(1):39-51    [Abstract](650)    [PDF](139)
    • WANG Yake1, WU Qiaofen1, CHAI Shengfeng1, JIANG Qiang2, TANG Xiaohua3, DENG Zhenhai2, QIU Shuo1*
      Isolation, identification and growth-promoting effects of endophytic fungi from Bulbophyllum tianguii
      In order to isolate endophytic fungi from different tissues of Bulbophyllum tianguii and explore their growth-promoting properties, and evaluate their effects on seedling growth. B. tianguii distributed in the Guangxi Yachang Orchid National Nature Reserve were used as experimental materials in this study, Endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from B. tianguii using the traditional tissue isolation method, and were further identified through morphological and molecular biological methods. Finally, the abilities of phosphorus solubilization and IAA production of these isolated endophytic fungi were screened, and the growth-promoting effects on B. tianguii seedlings were verified through pot experiments. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 74 strains were obtained from different tissue of B. tianguii. The number of strains collected from roots, rhizomes, pseudobulbs and leaves were 5, 14, 30 and 25, respectively, and the isolation frequencies were 12.5%, 35.0%, 75.0% and 62.5%, respectively.(2)Based on the colony morphology and microscopic structural characteristics, after removing duplicate strains obtained from the same altitude or the same tissue, 16 distinct strains remained. These strains cover 2 phyla, 4 classes, 7 orders, 8 families, and 8 genera identified by molecular biology methods.(3)Among the 16 strains, 4 strains demonstrated the ability to solubilize organic phosphorus, 4 strains could solubilize inorganic phosphorus, and 3 strains were capable of producing IAA.(4)The fermentation broth of some strains was sprayed on the surface of B. tianguii seedlings, and strain YJ2 demonstrated the best overall growth-promoting effects among all tested strains in this study. This study isolated endophytic fungi from various tissues of B. tianguii successfully and identified strains with plant growth-promoting properties, providing valuable microbial resources for seedling cultivation of B. tianguii and laying a foundation for further investigation into their antagonistic effects against pathogens.
      2026,46(1):52-64    [Abstract](824)    [PDF](145)
    • WANG Xiaoguo1,2, ZHANG Jing1,2, QI Tianfeng1,2, CHEN Wei1,2, LIANG Hongyan1,2, KONG Yuhua3*
      Population genetic structure and gene flow of Cymbidium faberi in the Qinling Mountains
      Cymbidium faberi is a species of the genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae. It is listed in Appendix Ⅱ of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species(CITES)and Information System of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants(ISCREP). The Qinling Mountains are a geographically north-south climate boundary and an important ecological barrier in China. To understand the genetic background of wild C. faberi in this region, 271 samples from 15 populations were subjected to sequence amplification and sequencing, and were analyzed to evaluate the genetic diversity, genetic structure and gene flow among populations based on psbA-trnH and rpl14-rpl36 intergenic spacers of chloroplast DNA. The results were as follows:(1)The mean haplotype diversity was 0.725 and nucleotide diversity was 3.1 × 10-3, indicating a high level of genetic diversity.(2)The results of analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)revealed that as much as 88.84% of molecular variance was distributed within populations, only small percentage of the total genetic variation was attributed to genetic differences among populations(11.16%), and the level of genetic differentiation was low(ΦST = 0.112,P<0.01), and no obvious phylogeography structure was formed.(3)Estimation results of gene flow indicated that unidirectional gene flow moving from these populations to other populations was stronger than that from other populations. However, gene flow intensity(Nm)was superior to 1.0 in most cases, suggesting the presence of frequent seed-mediated gene flow between populations. In conclusion, long-distance dispersal and spread capabilities of C. faberi seeds may result in the lack of population genetic structure. It is recommend that LSZ and NCZ populations should be given priority for in-situ conservation because these two populations have much higher haplotype diversity. This study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation of germplasm resources of this species.
      2026,46(1):65-74    [Abstract](954)    [PDF](125)
    • FAN Rongyuan1, YANG Jisheng2, WANG Renjie1, JIANG Ying1, LI Juan1, JIANG Yi1, HUANG Ronglin1, LIU Xiongsheng1*
      Response of seed germination to high temperature and humidity of extremely small population of wild plant Horsfieldia hainanensis
      In order to investigate the seed germination characteristics and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Horsfieldia hainanensis seeds under high temperatures and humidity(HTH)stress, in this paper, the seeds of H. hainanensis were used as the research objects, the seeds of H. hainanensis were treated with different high temperatures and humidity stress time(0, 1, 3, 5, 7 d). Then the indexes of seed germination and seedling growth were measured, and the substance and antioxidant enzyme activities of seeds were studied. The results were as follows:(1)Compared with CK, high temperature and humidity stress significantly inhibited seed germination percentage(GP), germination energy(GE), germination index(GI)and vitality index(VI), and prolonged the mean germination time(MGT)of seeds. The cumulative germination rates of CK, HTH-1, HTH-3, HTH-5 and HTH-7 treatments were 63.3%, 40.0%, 33.3%, 31.7% and 26.7%, respectively. High temperature and humidity significantly inhibited plant height(PH), root length(RL)and basal diameter(BD)growth, and aboveground biomass(AB), underground biomass(UB)and root-shoot ratio(RSR)of seedlings, and HTH-7 was the lowest.(2)With the increase of stress time, the contents of starch(St), soluble sugar(SS), soluble protein(SP), and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity were significantly decreased compared with CK, while the contents of peroxidase(POD)activity, malondialdehyde(MDA)and proline(Pro)were significantly increased, implying heightened oxidative stress and membrane lipid peroxidation, as well as an upregulated osmotic adjustment mechanism in response to stress.(3)Correlation analysis showed that seed germination parameters(GP, GE, GI, VI)and seedling growth indexes(PH, RL, BD, AB, UB, RSR)were positively correlated with SS, SP and SOD, and negatively correlated with POD, MDA and Pro under high temperature and humidity stress, indicating that oxidative damage and osmotic stress play crucial roles in limiting seed vigor and seedling establishment. In conclusion, with the prolongation of stress time, the decomposition of seed substance, the content of osmotic adjustment, the membrane lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes are increased, and the seed vitality and seedling growth are inhibited, which provides a theoretical basis for the protection of H. hainanensis germplasm resources and the selection of wilderness return environments return environment.
      2026,46(1):75-85    [Abstract](934)    [PDF](137)
    • CHEN Wenlong1, AKBERJAN Erfan2, 3, ZHANG Yusi1, MAIMAITI Mierkamili4, AIMIER Yimireni1, LI Donghong1, TIAN Zhongping1*
      Correlation analysis of environmental factors with the growth and survival of Malus sieversii seedlings
      The seedling stage is the most vulnerable and environmentally sensitive period in the life history of plant resources. However, previous studies on the growth and survival of plant seedlings mainly relied on the macroclimate data provided by meteorological stations, but failed to fully consider the potential impact of dynamic changes in the understory microclimate on seedling growth. In this study, Malus sieversii, the category Ⅱ key protected wild plants in China, was used as the research object. The effects of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on the growth and survival of seedlings for M. sieversii were investigated by monitoring their seedlings and microclimate for three consecutive years, combined with the investigation of environmental factors such as soil pH, herbaceous coverage and canopy cover. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for the scientific conservation and management of this wild plant resource. The results were as follows:(1)The increase of mean temperature and mean soil moisture of growing season was helpful to improve the survival rate and promote the growth of seedlings, and the mean temperature of growing season had a significant positive effect on the number of leaves of seedlings for M. sieversii.(2)Soil pH was the most important environmental factor for the death rate and survival rate of seedlings for M. sieversii, and the contribution rate was 47.6%.(3)Canopy cover was the key factor affecting the height, basal diameter and leaf number of seedlings, and the contribution rates were 32.5%, 61.0% and 52.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the seedling traits had a downward trend with the increase of canopy cover.(4)The mean temperature of growing season was the most important environmental factor affecting seedling coverage, and its contribution rate was 39.5%. In all, canopy cover, understory temperature and soil pH mainly affect the growth and survival of M. sieversii seedlings, which should be focused on in the later protection and management. This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific protection and management of M. sieversii in Xinjiang.
      2026,46(1):86-97    [Abstract](508)    [PDF](126)
    • QIU Siting1,2, PAN Yuanfang1,2, SU Zhinan1,2, QIU Guanglong1,2*
      Spatiotemporal variation in biomass of threatened seagrass Halophila beccarii and its key influencing factors
      To enhance the understanding of biomass distribution and its driving factors in the threatened seagrass Halophila beccarii along the South China coast, this study systematically investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of its biomass and key environmental variables across six regions(Huachangwan, Yangpu, Shajing, Tangjiawan, Yifengxi, and Zhao'an), located in four coastal provinces(regions)of South China. Seasonal field sampling was conducted to capture intra-annual variations. The results were as follows:(1)The mean aboveground, belowground, and total biomass values of H. beccarii were(11.98 ± 13.06)g·m-2 DW(x±s, the same below),(12.06 ± 12.96)g·m-2 DW, and(24.05 ± 23.70)g·m-2 DW, respectively, in which biomass at Tangjiawan was significantly lower than that at other research sites(P<0.05). Distinct seasonal patterns were observed, with lower biomass during winter and spring and higher values in summer and autumn.(2)Except for pH and nitrite, all other environmental factors(water temperature, salinity, inorganic phosphorus, nitrate, and ammonia nitrogen )differed significantly among sites(P<0.05), indicating substantial spatial heterogeneity in habitat conditions.(3)Correlation analyses revealed that aboveground biomass was significantly positively correlated with water temperature and inorganic phosphorus(P<0.05), and negatively correlated with ammonia nitrogen(P<0.05). Belowground biomass was positively correlated with inorganic phosphorus and nitrate(P<0.05). Total biomass showed positive correlations with inorganic phosphorus and nitrate(P<0.05), and a negative correlation with ammonia nitrogen(P<0.05), suggesting that both nutrient availability and temperature play key roles in regulating productivity.(4)Principal component analysis(PCA)result showed that water temperature and nitrite were the main positive factors affecting total biomass, whereas ammonia nitrogen exhibited an inhibitory effect, underscoring the importance of nutrient balance and thermal environment.(5)Linear regression further confirmed a significant linear relationship(R2=0.118, P<0.001)between pore water physicochemical factors and total biomass, indicating that other unmeasured variables may also influence biomass variability. The results of this study have important scientific value for understanding the ecological characteristics, environmental adaptation mechanism, and causes of endangerment of H. beccarii, and offer a theoretical foundation for its conservation and management of this species.
      2026,46(1):98-109    [Abstract](992)    [PDF](125)
    • YUAN Yuan1,2, DONG Jiabang1,2, XU Yanjiao1,2, LI Yan1,2, ZHANG Xiaoyu1,2, WU Liang1,2, CHEN Yongsheng3, LIANG Yanli1,2*
      Identification and expression analysis of C3H gene family during low-temperature germination of Fritillaria taipaiensis seeds
      To analyze the role of C3H genes germination of Fritillaria taipaiensis seeds, this study utilized low-temperature germination transcriptome data and bioinformatics methods to systematically identify and analyze the expression of the C3H gene family in F. taipaiensis. Five cold-inducible high expression candidate genes were identified and characterized to elucidate their regulatory mechanisms in response to gibberellic acid(GA3)and abscisic acid(ABA). The results were as follows:(1)Among 65 identified C3H family members, 7 were classified as stable hydrophilic proteins and 58 exhibited instability, with significant variation in protein length(197-1 451 aa). Only FtC3H43 and FtC3H50 were localized to chloroplast/endoplasmic reticulum, while the majority were nuclear-localized.(2)Conserved motif analysis revealed that Motif1 and Motif3 were widely present in C3H proteins. Phylogenetic analysis results showed that 196 C3H proteins were clustered into five distinct clades(I-V), with F. taipaiensis C3Hs showing close evolutionary relationships to those in Arabidopsis and rice.(3)Under GA3 treatment, FtC3H22 and FtC3H35 promoted germination during early-to-mid stages(A-C), while FtC3H40 and FtC3H46 exhibited stage-specific expression at stages A and E, respectively. ABA treatment significantly upregulated FtC3H46 but downregulated FtC3H22 and FtC3H35, suggesting FtC3H46 might mediate ABA-dependent cold stress responses, whereas FtC3H22 and FtC3H35 played positive roles in germination regulation. This study reveals the important role and complex regulatory mechanism of the C3H protein family in the seed germination of F. taipaiensis.
      2026,46(1):110-122    [Abstract](444)    [PDF](147)
    • HU Guojin1, ZENG Siheng1, DU Mingyang1, DUO Jiecuo2, XIONG Huiyan3, DUAN Ruijun1*
      Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GPAT gene family in Saussurea medusa
      Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase(GPAT)plays essential roles in plant growth and development and stress adaptation. To investigate the role of SmGPAT gene family members in Saussurea medusa's adaptation to alpine extremes, we performed genome-wide identification using HMM and BLASTp methods and analyzed physicochemical properties, chromosome localization, gene structures, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements. We also examined expression patterns across tissues using transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR validation. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 15 SmGPAT family members were identified which randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes. These genes encoded 357-566 amino acid proteins(relative molecular mass of 40.16-63.86 kD)with isoelectric points of 5.93-10.02. Their aliphatic index ranged from 79.56 to 104.60. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that the SmGPAT gene was predominantly localized to mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum(except for SmGPAT7).(2)Phylogenetic analysis divided SmGPATs into three subgroups(Group 1 - Group 3), with members within subgroups shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs. The secondary structure of SmGPAT family protein mainly contained α-helix and random coil, and the tertiary structure models were similar across subgroups.(3)The prediction analysis of cis-acting elements revealed abundant stress-responsive, hormones-responsive, and light-responsive elements of SmGPAT family.(4)Transcriptomic data analysis showed higher SmGPATs expression levels in leaf and flower than in stem and root. qRT-PCR results were largely consistent with the transcriptomic results. In conclusion, the expression patterns of the 15 SmGPAT family members indentified in S. medusa vary among different tissues, with higher expression levels in flower and leaf. These findings suggest that SmGPAT members may play key roles in leaf and flower development in S. medusa. This study provides a theoretical basis for further functional investigations of SmGPAT genes adapting to the alpine extreme environment.
      2026,46(1):123-136    [Abstract](478)    [PDF](133)
    • JIANG Huizhong1, WU Hongjia1, WANG Yangyan1, ZHANG Jun1, ZHANG Hui2, ZHANG Zijing2, ZHU Shidan1*
      Variation in branch and leaf traits among different diameter classes of the rare and endangered tree species Hopea hainanensis
      Hopea hainanensis is a national first-class protected plant species in China. Functional traits of branches and leaves and their intraspecific variation are widely used to analyze plants' environmental adaptability. Understanding its adaptive strategies across different growth stages is critical for formulating effective ex situ conservation measures. However, research on the functional traits of H. hainanensis remains scarce. To investigate the adaptability of branch and leaf structures at different diameter classes in H. hainanensis, in this study, we selected individuals planted at different time in the Xinglong Tropical Garden, Hainan, China, with diameter at breast height(DBH ranged from 1 cm to 17 cm), and measured canopy branch xylem structural traits(vessel lumen proportion, vessel wall proportion, axial parenchyma proportion, ray parenchyma proportion, fiber proportion, vessel density, vessel wall reinforcement coefficient), hydraulic traits(hydraulic vessel diameter, theoretical hydraulic conductivity), leaf morphological and anatomical traits(thickness of leaf tissues and specific leaf area), and mechanical resistance. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to explore the correlation between traits and diameter classes, as well as among branch and leaf traits. The results were as follows:(1)As the DBH increased, the proportion of vessel lumen and wall, and parenchyma cell per branch xylem cross-section area, hydraulically-weighted vessel diameter, and theoretical hydraulic conductivity significantly increased, while the fiber tissue proportion, vessel density, and vessel wall reinforcement coefficient significantly decreased.(2)The thickness of individual leaf tissues(epidermis, cuticle, and mesophyll)and the mechanical resistance of the leaf blade increased significantly with DBH.(3)At the individual level, the branch hydraulic efficiency was positively correlated with leaf tissue thickness. In conclusion, large diameter individuals of H. hainanensis enhance their xylem hydraulic capacity by adjusting branch xylem structure, while increacing leaf thickness to reduce transpirational water loss. The structural coordination between branch and leaf could maintain water balance. The results reveal the adaptive adjustment of branch and leaf structure with increasing DBH(corresponding to increasing transpirational water demand, light intensity, and vapor pressure deficit)in H. hainanensis, thus offering valuable implications for the species' conservation and cultivation.
      2026,46(1):137-149    [Abstract](490)    [PDF](126)
    • WANG Wanshuang1, CHEN Shiming1, LI Jinpeng1, WEN Xiangying3, WANG Jing4, YAO Zhiqiang5, WANG Yaling1,2*
      Flowering biology and breeding characteristics of Michelia sirindhorniae under ex situ condition
      To investigate the flowering and reproductive characteristics of Michelia sirindhorniae under ex situ conservation conditions, to clarify the reasons for the low seed setting rate in its natural state, and to promote the sustainable utilization of germplasm resources, this study conducted systematic observations on floral morphological characteristics, flowering phenology dynamic, and pollinator behavior of cultivated M. sirindhorniae from 2023 to 2024, and analyzed the variation patterns of pollen viability and stigma receptivity at different flowering stages, and systematically evaluated stigma activity and pollination compatibility through controlled pollination experiments. The results were as follows:(1)The flowering period of M. sirindhorniae mainly concentrated from late April to mid-late May, with some individuals exhibiting a secondary flowering phenomenon from October to December.(2)The lifespan of individual flower was 3-4 d, progressing through seven consecutive developmental stages: green bud stage, yellow bud stage, white bud stage, initial opening stage, full blooming stage, withering stage, and young fruit stage. The tepal unfolding process exhibited a significant temporal rhythm, primarily completing unfolding between 5:00-7:00 am, with its posture influenced by environmental factors.(3)The pistil matured before the stamen, with the stigma receptivity being optimal during the white bud stage. Anthers dehisced during the full blooming stage, and the in vitro pollen germination rate was 65.30%.(4)The main flower-visiting insects were Polyrhachis dives, Thysanoptera sp., Apis mellifera ligustica. However, observations of insect behavior and the fruit set of visited flowers indicated that the pollination behavior of these insects was ineffective.(5)Paraffin sectioning of flower buds revealed severe abortion during microspore development: premature disintegration of the tapetum led to a tetrad abortion rate as high as 85.55%; at the unicellular stage, approximately 29.51% of microspores exhibited shrinkage and deformation, indicating abortion characteristics.(6)Controlled pollination experiments demonstrated strict self-incompatibility of Michelia sirindhorniae, absence of apomixis, and varying degrees of interspecific isolation with other Michelia species. In summary, the breeding system of M. sirindhorniae is obligate outcrossing, and lack of effective pollinators and microspore abortion are the key factors affecting its low seed setting rate under ex situ conditions. This study reveals the breeding barriers of M. sirindhorniae in ex situ conditions, provides a scientific basis for its conservation and propagation.
      2026,46(1):150-162    [Abstract](502)    [PDF](153)
    • SUONAN Dengdeng1,2, LIU Qi1, HE Jing1, QI Liping1, REN Qingji3*
      Population structure and community characteristics of endangered medicinal plant Dactylorhiza hatagirea in the eastern source region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
      Dactylorhiza hatagirea is an endangered medicinal plant with significant ecological and cultural value in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To clarify the population structure and community characteristics of Dactylorhiza hatagirea in Tongde County, Haiyan County, and Zeku County of Qinghai Province, China, this study analyzed the quantitative characteristics such as its population density, height, and the species composition of its associated communities. Species importance value, interspecific correlation, and species diversity indices were employed to analyze the interspecific correlations between Dactylorhiza hatagirea and its associated species. The results were as follows:(1)Population density and height of Dactylorhiza hatagirea was relatively low across all three sites(average population density<10 ind.·m-2), with population height dominanted by individuals < 20 cm and 20 - 30 cm.(2)Associated communities mainly comprised Kobresia capillifolia, Iris lactea, Kobresia humilis, Ligularia virgaurea, and Carex parva.(3)In terms of interspecific relationships, Dactylorhiza hatagirea showed no signilicant correlation with the majority of species in the community, and had positive correlations with Kobresia capillifolia a and Iris lactea (P<0.05), but negative correlations with Ligularia virgaurea and Euphrasia pectinata(P<0.05). This study suggests that Dactylorhiza hatagirea has a narrow suitable habitat and limited self-renewal capacity. Climate factors and human activities may be the primary reasons for its endangerment. For conservation, in-situ protection and natural restoration measures are recommended to enhance its population. In practical applications, Ligularia virgaure and Euphrasia pectinata can serve as indicator species for unfavorable habitats, while Kobresia capillifolia is a reliable indicator of favorable habitats for Dactylorhiza hatagirea, and Iris lactea is not suitable as an indicator species due to its inconsistent relationship with the target plant. This study provides a framework for identifying critical habitats and designing targeted conservation and habitat management of Dactylorhiza hatagirea in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
      2026,46(1):163-172    [Abstract](518)    [PDF](117)
    • WANG Yu1, CHEN Bangqing1, GAO Han2, WANG Yimin2, TAN Yan1, YAO Yi2, GAO Benwang1*
      Characteristics and functional analysis of rhizosphere microorganisms and root endophytes of endangered plant Davidia involucrata
      To investigate the characteristics and functional patterns of rhizosphere and root endophytic microbial communities in different provenances of Davidia involucrata, this study took rhizosphere soil and root tissues as research materials, systematically examined community composition, diversity, physicochemical factor correlations, co-occurrence networks, and curried out the function prediction through 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequence amplicon sequencing technology. The results were as follows:(1)No significant α diversity differences were observed, but distinct β diversity patterns existed between provenances across compartments.(2)The dominant bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota, while the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota; genus-level analysis revealed provenance-specific enrichment patterns.(3)Co-occurrence network analysis revealed bacterial communities exhibited greater interaction complexity compared to fungi, as evidenced by a higher average degree and modularity in network topology, reflecting the greater ecological conservatism of fungal communities.(4)LEfSe analysis identified 39 bacterial and 30 fungal taxa that demonstrated significant provenance-driven differentiation.(5)Physicochemical factor and microbial community correlation analysis indicated that soil organic carbon significantly positively correlated with the dominant bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil, while soil available potassium was significantly positively correlated with endophytic fungal communities within roots, with no other physicochemical factor and microbial community correlations observed.(6)Functional prediction indicated that dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere and roots endosphere primarily engage in functions such as metabolism, while fungi were predominantly saprotrophic. The rhizosphere bacterial communities from the two provenances exhibited significant differences in 11 functions, including the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, transcription, folding, sorting and degradation. For rhizosphere fungi, only the function of lichen symbiotic fungi showed significant differences. In conclusion, provenance can affect the composition and interactions of microorganisms, and shape differentiated functions which may influence the ecological adaptability of D. involucrata, therefore, the findings of this study can provide theoretical support at the microbiome level for the ex-situ conservation of the endangered plant D. involucrata.
      2026,46(1):173-185    [Abstract](612)    [PDF](127)
    • DAI Yingchao1, TONG Genping1, CHEN Rubing2,3,4, LOU Kelang2,3,4, WU Xiaojun2,3,4, LIANG Weiqing2,3,4, PU Jinbao2,3,4, CHEN Cuiting2,3,4*
      Microbial community diversity in roots and rhizosphere soils of Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala with different growth years
      To investigate the characteristics and diversity of microbial communities in roots and rhizosphere soils of Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala with different growth years, this study employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to sequence the roots and rhizosphere soils of 1-year-old, 2-year-old, and perennial plants. The results were as follows:(1)The α diversity indices(Shannon, Ace, Chao 1)and the number of total operational taxonomic units(OTUs)in the rhizosphere soils of microbial communities were significantly higher than those in the root tissue samples of the same growth year.(2)Microorganisms in roots were predominantly composed of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Ascomycota as the dominant phyla, with Bradyrhizobium, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Actinoplanes, and Leptodophora as predominant genera; in contrast, the rhizospheric soils exhibited Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota as the dominant phyla, while norank_f_Xanthobacteraceae, Bradyrhizobium, norank_f_norank_o_Vicinamibacterales, Epicoleosporium, and Mortierella were identified as the dominant genera.(3)The microbial diversity in both roots and rhizosphere soils of Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala exhibited significant changes with growth years, especially during the critical transition from the first to the second year.(4)LEfSe analysis demonstrated dynamic shifts in signature microbial communities in roots and rhizosphere soils across the growth stages of Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala. 1-year-old roots were significantly enriched with Actinoplanes, Pseudonocardia and Epicoleosporium, while their rhizosphere soils were notably enriched with MND1, Sphingomonas and Epicoleosporium; in contrast, Bradyrhizobium, Steroidobacter and Saccharomycopsis were significantly enriched in perennial roots, and Bradyrhizobium, Candidatus_Xiphinematobacter and Trichoderma were preferentially enriched in perennial rhizosphere soils. Through this project, the structural characteristics and succession patterns of microbial communities in roots and rhizosphere soils of Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala are preliminarily elucidated, providing a theoretical foundation for developing microbial agents to enhance growth and disease resistance.
      2026,46(1):186-198    [Abstract](444)    [PDF](147)

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