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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2024, Vol.44, No.6
  • Publication date：2024-06-25
【Recommended article】LUO Maofang et al. Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

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Current Issue 2024,Vol.44,No.6

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    • 2024,No.6 PDF(whole issue)
      2024,44(6)    [Abstract](386)    [PDF](189)
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      2024,44(6)    [Abstract](358)    [PDF](221)
    • 2024,No.6 Contents
      2024,44(6)    [Abstract](387)    [PDF](181)
      • Special Issue： Ethnic/Medicinal Plants Research and Massive Health
    • CHEN Song1, LEI Peilin1, HUANG Ruisong1*, LI Yunrong1, QU Xincheng2
      Quality control method for Yao medicine Hongniuxi
      Yao medicine Hongniuxi is the root and rhizome of Achyranthes longifolia, which is a commonly used medicinal herb in Yao ethnic areas. Currently, only a few provinces and regions have recorded the method for quality control of Hongniuxi. Microscopic method and thin layer chromatography(TLC)were qualitatively identified on the roots and rhizomes of 14 batches of Yao Medicine Hongniuxi collected in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the study. The content of β-ecdysterone was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The Phenomenex column(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water(15:85), the column temperature was 25 ℃, the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, and the detection wavelength was at 243 nm. The results were as follows:(1)The character and microscopic identification methods of Hongniuxi were obvious. Microscopic identification showed the inner layer of thrombus, vascular bundle, abnormal vascular bundle, duct, ray cell, calcium oxalate sand crystal or square crystal, etc.(2)The TLC identification spots of β-ecdysterone and ginsenoside RO were clear, and the separation effect was good.(3)The β-ecdysterone showed a good linear relationship within the range of 5.606-224.224 μg(r=0.999 9), whose average recovery(n=6)was 97.68%, with the RSD of 1.37%.(4)Among 14 batches of samples, the contents of β-ecdysterone ranged from 0.005% to 0.158%, with an average content of 0.095%. This study establishes a complete method for microscopic identification, thin layer identification, and content determination, providing a scientific basis for rational evaluation of the quality of Hongniuxi and clinical rational drug use.
      2024,44(6):1007-1016    [Abstract](2226)    [PDF](195)
    • ZHANG Xinyu1, LUO Ricuo1, WANG Hongling1*, LIANG Wenjuan2
      Chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity from Ligularia virgaurea
      Ligularia virgaurea is one of the original plants of the Tibetan medicine “Rixiao” for the treatment of clearing heat and removing yellow water. In order to study the chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of L. virgaurea, the compounds were separated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel, ODS gel column chromatography and other column chromatography technologies. The structures of all isolates were identified by spectroscopic methods(NMR and HR-ESI-MS). Their inhibitory activity of the compounds on nitric oxide(NO)was determined by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell model. The results were as follows:(1)Twenty-one compounds were separated and identified from petroleum ether and n-butanol extracts of L. virgaurea, including spiroeuryolide(1), cacalol acetate(2), oplopenone(3), 8-ethyl-palmosalide A(4), 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-(pent-3-enyl)benzofuran(5), syringaresinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6), pinoresinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7), isoeucommin A(8), eucommin A(9), 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin(10), ferulic acid(11), ethyl caffeate(12), methyl caffeate(13), methyl ferulate(14), ethyl ferulate(15), caffeic acid(16), 2-[(2'E)-3',7'-dimethyl-2',6'-octadienyl]-4-methoxy-6-methylphenol(17), 2,8-dimethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4'-methylpent-3'-enyl)-chromene(18), β-sitosterol(19), dodecyl(Z)-9-hexadecenoate(20)and hexacosanal(21). Compounds 1-4, 6, 11-16, 18, 20, 21 were isolated from the whole herbs of L. virgaurea for the first time.(2)The anti-inflammatory activity in vitro showed that compounds 1-3, 6, 11-16, 17, 19 could significantly inhibited releases of NO at concentration ranging from 1.56 to 50.00 μmol·L-1(P<0.05 or P<0.01), Compound 5 had no inhibitory effect on the release of NO at a concentration of 50.00 μmol·L-1, but it could inhibit releases of NO at concentrations of 12.50, 25.00 μmol·L-1(P<0.05). This finding enriches the chemical constituent and biological activity research of L. virgaurea and provides a certain theoretical reference for the future development and utilization of its anti-inflammatory activity.
      2024,44(6):1017-1027    [Abstract](1740)    [PDF](192)
    • PENG Xiaoqi1, WU Wenru1*, LAI Huili2, XING Bingnan1, LU Yaru1, ZOU Heyuan1
      Pharmacognostical study of Sterculia monosperma fruit
      Sterculia monosperma fruit is the dried and mature seed of Sterculia monosperma, which belongs to genus Sterculia. In China, this plant is a widely distributed arbor with a long planting history in Lingnan area. It is mainly cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and Taiwan of China; it is also distributed in India, Vietnam and Indonesia, mostly cultivated artificially. S. monosperma fruit has many functions like warming the stomach and killing pests, but its name and characteristics are easily confused with other plants of genus Sterculia. However, the relevant research foundation is relatively weak. Pharmacognostical study can provide reference for its resource development and quality standard formulation. This study identifies the morphological and microscopic characteristics of S. monosperma fruit, as well as the microscopic identification of seed cross-section and powder. The DNA barcode sequences ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL of S. monosperma were obtained through bidirectional sequencing, Kimura 2-Parameter(K2P)genetic distance was calculated, and the neighbor joining tree was established for clustering analysis. The results were as follows:(1)The morphological characteristics of S. monosperma fruit included dark red fruit shell and reddish brown or dark chestnut surface. It was hard in texture, with two thick yellowish endosperms inside.(2)The micro-morphological characteristics was that the exotesta was reddish brown, extremely thin, and brittle in texture; the mesotesta was black brown, thick, and hard in texture; the endotesta coat was light yellow and soft in texture.(3)The microscopic characteristics included the structure and arrangement of the exotesta stone cell, the grid cell structure of the mesotesta, the bead thickening of the cell wall of the endotesta cells, and the calcium oxalate cluster crystals.(4)Based on the ITS2 sequence, S. monosperma fruit could be effectively distinguished from other plants in genus Sterculia, while the matK sequence could effectively distinguish S. lanceolata from other plants in genus Sterculia. This study obtained the data on the morphological characteristics, micro-morphological characteristics and microscopic characteristics of S. monosperma fruit. Combined with the ITS2 barcode sequence, S. monosperma fruit can be effectively identified, which provides a scientific reference for the development of its germplasm resources and the formulation of relevant quality standards.
      2024,44(6):1028-1041    [Abstract](1562)    [PDF](165)
    • ZHAO Qianqian, ZHU Jingbo*
      Determination of 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol in Taxus yunnanensis by MSPD-HPLC
      This research aimed to establish an analytical method for the quantification of 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ(10-DAB Ⅲ)and Taxol in Taxus yunnanensis. The method of matrix solid phase dispersion coupled with high performance liquid chromatography(MSPD-HPLC)was used for the respective quantification of 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol of T. yunnanensis. The influences of various parameters were investigated, including 12 types of solid-phase dispersants(silica gel, florisil, acid alumina, neutral alumina, alkaline alumina, C18, C18-ME, C18-G1, C18-HC, Diol, Xamide, Xion), the mass of the dispersants, and the type, concentration, and volume of the eluent on the analysis of the two components. After optimization of these conditions, the methodology was validated. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted with the conventional ultrasonic extraction and hot reflux extraction pretreatment methods to ascertain their effectiveness of our novel method. The results were as follows:(1)Among the 12 solid-phase dispersants examined, alkaline alumina yielded a superior extraction detection rate for 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol when used in a 3:1 ratio with the sample mass and 6 mL of methanol as the eluent.(2)The developed 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol analysis method in T. yunnanensis demonstrated that excellent linearity(r≥0.999 9)with limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)for 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol ranging from 0.023 9 to 0.030 1 μg·mL-1 and from 0.142 to 0.178 μg·mL-1, respectively. The average recoveries of the target analytes varied between 93.6% and 109.0%.(3)A comparative analysis revealed that negligible differences in extraction detection of the two taxanes between the three methods. However, the MSPD method stood out due to its lower solvent consumption, simple operation, short analysis time and high purification efficiency, making it more suitable for the rapid analysis of T. yunnanensis raw materials. Therefore, this study presents a rapid and efficient analytical method for the extraction and analysis of 10-DAB Ⅲ and Taxol in T. yunnanensis, using alkaline alumina as a dispersant, providing a significant contribution to the quantitative analysis of taxanes in this species.
      2024,44(6):1042-1051    [Abstract](1530)    [PDF](181)
    • LIU Zhinian1,2, WU Yuping1,2, WANG Xinying3, TIAN Yifu2, LIN Jian2, YU Deshun1,2*
      Technical study of removing tannins from Rosa roxburghii juice using ginger protein
      With the aim of effectively removing tannin from Rosa roxburghii juice, reducing astringency, and enhancing its taste, chemical precipitation was applied, and ginger protein was used as the tannin remover. Besides, tannin removal rate and vitamin C(VC)retention rate were adopted as the key analytical parameters. In addition, single-factor experiment and orthogonal test were used to determine the optimal tannin removal process for ginger protein. The results were as follows:(1)The optimal conditions for removing tannin from R. roxburghii juice with ginger protein were a liquid-solid ratio of 30:1.2(mL:g), R. roxburghii juice pH of 3.0, a stirring temperature of 5 ℃, and a stirring time of 30 min.(2)According to orthogonal test analysis, the degree of influence of various factors on removing tannin from R. roxburghii juice was liquid-solid ratio > stirring temperature > R. roxburghii juice pH > stirring time.(3)Under the optimal process conditions, the tannin removal rate and VC retention rate were(47.451±0.608)% and(75.904±1.244)% respectively.(4)Under the optimal process conditions, juice transmittance rate increased from(8.44±0.662)% to(92.47±0.397)%, the astringency of R. roxburghii juice was significantly reduced, and its flavor was improved. In summary, this study provides a novel approach and a new technological route for solving common key technical problems faced by the deep processing industry of R. roxburghii juice and also provides a certain technical reference for exploiting ginger resources comprehensively.
      2024,44(6):1052-1059    [Abstract](2159)    [PDF](167)
    • WU Haofen1, ZHOU Jialin1, LI Wenyan2, ZHONG Guoyue1, JIANG Wei1, REN Gang1*
      Chemical constituents of n-butanol extract of Astragalus rigidulus
      To study the chemical constituents of n-butanol extract from Astragalus rigidulus, HP-20 macroporous adsorption resin, Sephadex LH-20 gel, ODS gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used to separate the chemical constituents. The structures of all isolates were identified by spectroscopic methods, including NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The results showed that twenty compounds including nineteen flavonoid derivatives and one sesquiterpene glycoside were isolated and purified from n-butanol extract of A. rigidulus. Their structures were identified as 7-O-methylorobol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1), mildiside A(2), naringenin(3), purine 4'-O-β-D-glucoside(4), orobot(5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6'-acetyl)glucopyranoside(6), 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone-2'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7), amarantholidoside IV(8), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside(9), kaempferol(10), 5,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone(11), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(12),(S)-mucronulatol(13), calycosin(14), quercetin(15), pratensein-7-O-β-D-glucoside(16), 2'-hydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucoside(17), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside(18), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavonol-3-O-rutinoside(19), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside(20). It is the first report for the compounds 1-9 found in the genus Astragalus. The other compounds are isolated from the title plant for the first time. The results of this study provide basic data for the pharmacodynamic material study of A. rigidulus, and provide a theoretical reference for the rational development and utilization of the plant resources in the future.
      2024,44(6):1060-1069    [Abstract](2158)    [PDF](157)
    • FANG Zhenfeng*, CAO Xiaoqin, CHEN Zhongqiang, FANG Hui
      Chemical constituents of the anti-liver cancer active site of Scutellaria barbata
      In previous study, the ethanol extract of Scutellaria barbata was partitioned with petroleum ether and EtOAc, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract site was subjected to column chromatography over macroporous adsorption resin eluting with gradient ethanol. The 70% ethanol elution fraction exhibited good anti-liver cancer activity. To clarify the active ingredients, the active site was separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, preparative TLC, and semi preparative liquid chromatography, etc. Multiple spectroscopic analysis methods were used to identify the structure of the monomer compounds, and CCK-8 method was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of all compounds on the proliferation of human liver cancer HepG2 cells in vitro. At the same time, molecular docking technology was used to investigate the binding of the most active compounds with target proteins VEGF-2 and FGFR-1, which were obtained from targeted drug for liver cancer. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 14 compounds were isolated from the active site, including 12 neo-clerodane diterpenoids and 2 flavonoids, which were identified as scuefolide C(1), 6-acetoxy-7-nicotinoyloxyscutebarbatine G(2), scutestrigillosin D(3), scutehenanine D(4), scutebarbatine A(5), scutebarbatine B(6), 7-O-nicotinoyloxyscutebarbatine H(7), scutebarbatine N(8), scutebarbatine Y(9), barbatin A(10), barbatin B(11), barbatin D(12), 5, 7, 6'- trihydroxy-2'-methoxyflavonol(13)and 5, 8-dihydroxy-6, 7-dimethoxyflavone(14). Compounds 1-3 and 13, 14 were isolated from this plant for the first time.(2)The results of cell proliferation inhibition activity test showed that compounds 4, 7, 10-12 exhibited weaker cell proliferation inhibitory activity against HepG2, and Compound 6 exhibited similar cell proliferation inhibitory activity to the positive control(cisplatin), while Compound 5 exhibited stronger cell proliferation inhibitory activity than cisplatin.(3)The molecular docking results showed that Compound 5 and Compound 6 had good binding affinity with target protein VEGF-2, which binded to residues such as GLY-841, LEU-840, ASN-923, ARG-1032 in VEGF-2 protein through hydrogen bonding. At the same time, Compound 5 and Compound 6 exhibited poor binding affinity with target protein FGFR-1. The results of this study not only enrich the chemical groups of S. barbata, but also provide a reference for further study on the mechanism of active compounds against liver cancer.
      2024,44(6):1070-1081    [Abstract](1679)    [PDF](157)
    • ZHANG Bao1,2, YANG Hong1,2, KUANG Weimi3,4, CHEN Tingting1,2, JIN Qianqian3,4, LI Yongjun3,4, LI Yue1,2*
      Lignans from Potentilla kleiniana and their cytotoxicity
      Potentilla kleiniana belongs to the family Rosaceae, which distributes in Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In China, this plant is mainly found in east, south and southwest provinces. P. kleiniana has been prescribed for the treatment of various diseases in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, such as cough, fever, tuberculosis, mastitis, rheumatoid arthritis. Our previous study found that P. kleiniana had a certain cytotoxicity on tumor cells. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the chemical constituents of P. kleiniana and their cytotoxicity on tumor cells. The 60% ethanol extract of P. kleiniana were isolated by D-101 macroporous adsorptive resins, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40F, semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography and other methods, and their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties, NMR and HR-ESI-MS analysis. Meanwhile, all these compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell line Hela. The results were as follows:(1)Thirteen lignans were isolated and identified as(+)-pionresinol(1),(+)-8-hydroxypinoresinol(2),(+)-syringaresinol(3),(+)-medioresinol(4),(+)-pionresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(5),(+)-8'-hydroxypinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),(+)-8'-hydroxypinoresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7),(+)-pinoresinol-8'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(8), schilignan F(9),(+)-pionresinol-4, 4'-O-bisglucopyranoside(10),(+)-lariciresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(11), neoolivil-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(12), 3,3'-bis [3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran](13). Among them, compounds 1-4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 were isolated from genus Potentilla for the first time, and compounds 5, 6, 9, 11 were isolated from P. kleiniana for the first time.(2)Cytotoxicity studies showed that compounds 1, 3 and 4 display certain inhibitory activities against Hela cells with IC50 values of(69.94 ± 1.89),(66.25 ± 2.11),(59.81 ± 1.73)μmol·L-1, respectively. Therefore, the study enriches the chemical constituents of P. kleiniana, and provides a material basis for the development of anti-cervical cancer drugs.
      2024,44(6):1082-1090    [Abstract](1601)    [PDF](180)
    • LI Haibo1, SHI Jidong2, ZHANG Kai1, XIE Libo1, HUA Yangguang3, CAO Yu3, LI Junyi3, WANG Dekai3*
      Identification and analysis of ARF gene family in Huperzia serrata basedon full-length transcriptome
      Auxin response factor(ARF)is a transcription factor family that mediates auxin signaling and regulates various biological processes. To investigate the ARF gene family members and their roles in response to high temperature and drought stress, the phylogenetic and expression patterns of the ARF gene family members in Huperzia serrata were analyzed using full-length transcriptome and RNA-seq data. Based on bioinformatics analysis, the physicochemical properties, domains, conserved motifs, phylogeny, tissue expression patterns, and expression patterns of the ARF gene family under high temperature and drought stress were analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 24 ARF family members were screened in the full-length transcriptome of H. serrata, all of which were acidic proteins and hydrophilic proteins.(2)Subcellular localization prediction revealed that 24 HsARF were all localized in nucleus.(3)Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HsARF had a distant genetic relationship with angiosperms Arabidopsis and rice, and only share two common ARF ancestors with higher flowering plants.(4)Domain analysis revealed that, except for HsARF18/23/24, most HsARF had B3 domains. Analysis of secondary structure found that the highest proportion of HsARF protein was random curling, followed by elongated chains and α-helix. Three-dimensional(3D)protein structure prediction model used in the 24 HsARF proteins was only four.(5)RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression levels of 7 HsARF were high in all detected organs. The expression levels of 10 HsARF in stems were higher than those in roots and leaves. Otherwise, the expression levels of HsARF13 and HsARF14 in leaves were lower than those in roots and stems.(6)The expression levels of HsARF undergo significant changes under high temperature and drought stress, with 18 HsARF being induced to varying degrees by high temperature stress, 7 HsARF responded to drought stress, with 3 HsARF induced by drought, while 4 HsARF inhibited by drought. The results provide theoretical references for the functional and biological breeding study of ARF gene family in H. serrata.
      2024,44(6):1091-1104    [Abstract](2145)    [PDF](179)
    • HUANG Yumei, TENG Jianbei, TU Dongping*, LIANG Liuguan
      Molecular bioinformatics and expression analysis of the COBRA gene family in Huperzia serrata
      In order to clarify the molecular bioinformatics characteristics and tissue expression patterns of the COBRA gene family members of Huperzia serrata, the physicochemical properties, domains, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, and genes expression of the family members(HsCOBRAs)were analyzed by bioinformatics techniques, based on the full-length transcriptome data of the H. serrata. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 24 HsCOBRAs family members were screened in the full-length transcriptome of H. serrata, including 9 acidic proteins, 11 stabilizing proteins, 5 hydrophobic proteins, 7 proteins with transmembrane structures, and 3 proteins with signal peptides.(2) Subcellular localization was found in the cell wall, chloroplast, nucleus, and cell membrane.(3)Structural analysis revealed that HsCOBRAs had 7 domains and 6 conserved motifs, and partial members had a highly conserved CCVS structure.(4)HsCOBRAs had 45 cis-acting elements such as CAAT-box and TATA-box.(5)HsCOBRA2 had the highest expressions in leaves, spores, stems and gemma. The study results can provide theoretical basis for further research and biological function verification of HsCOBRAs.
      2024,44(6):1105-1117    [Abstract](2096)    [PDF](171)
    • KANG Liang1, LU Qinpei1, WANG Debao3, ZHU Dan1, ZHU Kaiming1, HUANG Xuejing1, GUO Hongwei1,2*
      Changes of endogenous hormone content and enzyme activities during seed germination of Paris polyphylla
      To investigate the germination physiological mechanism of Paris polyphylla seeds, different stages of the germination process were divided based on the seed embryo morphology and the changing rules in endogenous hormone content and related enzyme activities were analyzed at different stages. The results were as follows:(1)The germination process of the seeds could be divided into eight stages based on seed embryo morphology: non-germinating embryo stage(S1), heart-shaped embryo stage(S2), embryo swelling stage(S3), radicle not breaking through seed coat stage(S4), cotyledon petiole elongation and radicle breaking through seed coat stages(S5), lower hypocotyl breaking through seed coat stage(S6), upper hypocotyl elongation stage(S7), and radicle elongation stage(S8).(2)The α-amylase activity in the seeds was significantly higher than β-amylase activity at all germination stages.(3)Superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was the highest at stage S5 and the lowest at stage S1; peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities generally increased with seed germination progress; soluble protein content initially decreased and then increased with seed germination progress.(4)The contents of hormones such as indoleacetic acid(IAA), gibberellin(GA3), abscisic acid(ABA), and salicylic acid(SA)decreased overall, while 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC), jasmonic acid(JA), brassinolides(BRs)increased overall during seed germination. Cytokinins(CTKs)content showed no significant change. The ratios of IAA/ABA and GA3/ABA decreased initially and then increased, while CTKs/ABA continuously increased with seed germination progress.(5)The contents of ABA, IAA, GA3 were negatively correlated with embryo rate, while ACC, JA, BRs, POD, CAT, and β-amylase activity were positively correlated with embryo rate. In conclusion, the germination process of the seeds can be subdivided into eight stages based on seed embryo morphology, with varying endogenous hormone content and related enzyme activities at different stages. The activities of α-amylase and POD may be related to radicle elongation, while GA3 may affect the embryo formation, and ABA may inhibit the growth and development of the embryo.
      2024,44(6):1118-1128    [Abstract](1692)    [PDF](172)
    • WU Qiaofen1, MA Xiaoya1,2, XIA Ke1, LU Xi1,2, LIU Qiao1, ZHAO Zhiguo1, ZHENG Wenjun2*, QIU Shuo1*
      Identification of Bletilla striata rust pathogen and resistance resources screening
      In order to identify the pathogen that caused rust of Bletilla striata in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and to screen resistance resources for B. striata, the rust pathogen was isolated from infected leaves of B. striata and identified using morphology and molecular methods. At the same time, the resistance of 23 B. striata from different regions was evaluated by artificial inoculation of pathogen. The results were as follows:(1)The urediopores of strain X2 isolated from diseased leaves in B. striata were golden yellow, oval,(21.43-30.95)μm ×(13.10-19.05)μm. The teleutospores were golden yellow, obovate or clavate,(17.25-30)μm ×(5.5-6.65)μm.(2)The length of ITS sequence of strain X2(OQ826009)was 689 bp, which were compared with other ITS sequences in the GenBank, and the similarity reached 95.86% compared with Coleosporium sp.(KY783686.1). But the phylogenetic tree showed that the sequence was clustered together with two sequences of Coleosporium bletiae (MN108161.1, OP363680.1). The strain X2 was identified as Coleosporium bletiae by combining morphology and molecular methods.(3)After 14 days of artificial inoculation with strain X2, the disease index of 23 Bletilla striata ranged from 0 to 70.7. And the resistance of strain X2 from 23 B. striata were divided into six different levels according to the disease index. Among them, one immune materials was identified for the disease index was 0. Four highly resistant materials were identified for the disease index was 1.7-4.7. Six disease-resistant materials were identified for the disease index was 5.6-9.4. Five medium-resistant materials were identified for the disease index was 12.7-18.3. Five susceptible materials were identified for the disease index was 32.0-49.1 and two highly susceptible materials were identified for the disease index was 62.2-70.7. In conclusion, five materials(one immune material and four highly resistant materials)of B. striata from different places(Honghe City in Yunnan Province, Gongcheng County and Baise City in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Zunyi City in Guizhou Province and Yichang City in Hubei Province, respectively)can be promoted directly or applied as parent materials for creating excellent germplasm to resist the rust in B. striata for they express immune or highly resistance. This study provides the basis for further research on pathogenesis and control of rust in B. striata.
      2024,44(6):1129-1137    [Abstract](1660)    [PDF](172)
    • PENG Yidan1,2, MA Nan1,2, YE Yihan1,2, LIU Yixin1, TAN Qiyi1, CHEN Ying1,2, ZHANG Yuqu1,2, YANG Xinjie1,2*
      Analysis of chloroplast genome characteristics of three medicinal plants of Panax in Qinba Mountains
      In order to clarify the phylogenetic relationship between the chloroplast genome characteristics of three medicinal plants, Panax japonicus var. major, P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus, P. pseudoginseng var. elegantior in Qinba Mountains, we analysed the chloroplast genome characteristics and codon usage preferences by using bioinformatics techniques. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genomes of three species of Panax were typical tetrad structure, the genome full size was between 156 071 to 156 104 bp, and the total GC-content was 38.10% with a high degree of genome size similarity.(2)A total of 133 coding genes were annotated, including 88 protein coding genes(PCGs), 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes with a high degree of genome size similarity.(3)The chloroplast codon usage preferences of the three medicinal plants were comparable, with the third base of codon predominantly ending in A/U. Despite being affected by mutations, the codon usage patterns of the three medicinal plants were found to be mainly influenced by natural selection.(4)The phylogenetic results showed that the three Panax species were closely related, and P. pseudoginseng var. elegantior was more closely related to P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus. In conclusion, this study presents a significant relationship between P. pseudoginseng var. elegantior and the original pharmacopeial plants of P. japonicus var. major. This finding has great importance for the development, utilization, and molecular identification of traditional Chinese medicinal material resources from P. japonicus var. major, and provides an important basis for further studies on the classification, phylogeny and evolutionary mechanisms of Panax species.
      2024,44(6):1138-1150    [Abstract](1688)    [PDF](203)
    • HOU Ping1,2, REN Chenyang1,2, HUANG Yan1,2, PAN Liwei1,2, PENG Liuting1,2, GAN Chunqiu1,2, LI Jun1,2*
      Lignans from the leaves of Mallotus paxii
      ex LH-20 and preparative RP-HPLC methods. The structures of the isolated lignans were determined on the basis of analyses of spectroscopic methods(1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), and comparison of their spectroscopic data with previously reported data. The lignans were identified as 7″,8″-threo-buddlenol D(1), buddlenol D(2), 7″,8″-threo-buddlenol C(3), buddlenol C(4),(+)-syringaresinol(5), epipinoresinol(6), pinoresinol(7), 1-acetoxyl-2e,6e-dipiperonyl-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]-octane(8), ciwujiatone(9), lariciresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(10), rel-(2α,3β)-7-O-methylcedrusin(11), and dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl-alcohol 4'-O-β-D-glucoside(12). All compounds were isolated from M. paxii for the first time. Some lignans have good pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-virus. The results of this study show that the leaves of M. paxii are rich in lignans with good activity, indicating that its good medicinal value may be related to these lignans.
      2024,44(6):1151-1158    [Abstract](1663)    [PDF](160)
    • ZHANG Weiqing1, ZHU Chengguang1, 2, LIANG Wei1, YAN Chen1*
      Chemical constituents from Chloranthus henryi and their antitumor activities in vitro
      In order to study the chemical constituents from Chloranthus henryi and their antitumor activities in vitro. The chemical constituents of ethyl acetate fraction, extracted with 95% ethanol from C. henryi were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, reversed phase column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparation liquid chromatography, and their structures were identified by the physicochemical properties, spectral data combined with relevant literatures. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated by MTT method. The results were as follows:(1)Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as pipercyclobutanamide C(1), chololactone A(2), sarcanolide B(3), oxacol A(4), chloramultiol D(5), chlorasessilifol B(6), chlorajaponol(7), tianmushanol(8), spicachlorantins B(9), spicachlorantins A(10), serrachlorin A(11), chloramultiols A(12). Among them, Compound 1 was identified as a new compound, and except for Compound 8, all the other compounds were isolated from the C. henryi for the first time.(2)The cytotoxic activity test results showed that only compounds 2 and 7 had good inhibitory effects on HeLa cells in vitro, while the other compounds showed no inhibition effects. The IC50 of the two compounds were(4.50±0.27)μmol·L-1 and(4.25±0.08)μmol·L-1 respectively. In conclusion, the study enriches the chemical constituents of C. henryi, and provides a reference for the further exploration and utilization of this Chloranthus herb plants.
      2024,44(6):1159-1169    [Abstract](1604)    [PDF](166)
    • LI Zhirong1,2, SHAO Qiju3, WU Qimei3, LI Ying3, LI Wenyang1, FANG Cancan1, XIAO Shiji3, CHEN Rongxiang1*
      Contents and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds in Hawk tea with different maturity levels
      To study the difference in the contents of phenolics and the antioxidant activities between two kinds of Hawk tea of different maturity levels, and to evaluate their qualities, the contents of 15 phenolic compounds were determined using LC-MS/MS method. Then, the antioxidant activities of two types of tea were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging rate, ABTS+ radical scavenging rate, and Fe3+ ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP). And then, the contents of 15 phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activities between two kinds of Hawk tea of different maturity levels were analyzed by analysis of variance(ANOVA). Based on the contents of 15 phenolic compounds, hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)were used to classify two kinds of Hawk tea. Finally, the contribution of different phenolic compounds in Hawk tea to antioxidation was discussed by partial least square regression analysis(PLSR). The results were as follows:(1)The contents of catechin, p-coumaric acid, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, nicotiflorin, astragalin, kaempferol, quercetin, and afzelin in tender leaf tea were significantly higher than those in old leaf tea, among which the average contents of catechin, isoquercitrin, and astragalin were higher than those in old leaf tea by 1 039.43, 169.12 and 257.35 mg·100 g-1, respectively. The results of HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA could distinguish two kinds of Hawk tea.(2)The ANOVA showed significant differences in DPPH radical scavenging rate, ABTS+ radical scavenging rate, and FRAP between two kinds of tea, with the tender leaf tea superior to the old leaf tea.(3)The PLSR suggested that isoquercitrin, catechin, astragalin, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, p-coumaric acid, and kaempferol were the main phenolic compounds those contributed to the antioxidant activity of Hawk tea. This study can provide a reference for Hawk tea's quality control and application promotion.
      2024,44(6):1170-1181    [Abstract](276)    [PDF](175)
    • ZHENG Huachan1,2, MENG Lingru1,2, HE Miao1,2, HUANG Wenli1,2, DAN Linwei1,2, XU Hong1,2, DENG Chong1,2, ZHANG Huawei1,2, JIANG Yi1,2*, SONG Xiaomei1,2
      Inhibition mechanisms and hypolipidemic effects on lipase of saponins from Panax japonicas var. major leaves
      The dry aerial part of Panax japonicus var. major is called “Zhuzishen Ye”, it is a characteristic Chinese herbal medicine in Qinba area. In order to rationally develop and utilize “Zhuzishen Ye” and clarify its chemical constituents, the main chemical constituents of the saponin fractions from “Zhuzishen Ye” were analyzed with HPLC, the inhibitory activities and inhibition types of the saponin fractions of “Zhuzishen Ye” on lipase were determined, and the lipase inhibition mechanisms and hypolipidemic effects were verified with molecular docking and animal experiments. The results were as follows:(1)The chemical constituents of saponin fractions from “Zhuzishen Ye” were 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rh2.(2)The saponin fractions of “Zhuzishen Ye” and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 had strong inhibitory effects on lipase with IC50 values of 0.14 and 2.30 μmol·L-1, respectively.(3)The saponin fractions of “Zhuzishen Ye”, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 and ginsenoside Rb3 were all reversible inhibition, and the inhibition type was non-competitive inhibition.(4)The binding of ligands to ARG337B, ASP331B and ILE248B residues might help to improve the lipase inhibitory activity of ligands.(5)Saponins of “Zhuzishen Ye” could significantly reduce the content of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum of hyperlipidemia mice. This study provides the theoretical references for the further development and utilization of “Zhuzishen Ye”.
      2024,44(6):1182-1194    [Abstract](1717)    [PDF](176)
    • ZENG Yuxian, LIAO Guangfeng, LI Jinling, LI Min, LI Bing, ZHU Xiaoyong, LU Rumei*
      Chemical constituents and cytotoxic activity of Ludwigia octovalvis
      To study the chemical constituents of Ludwigia octovalvis, the 80% ethanol extract from L.octovalvis was isolated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Flash C18 and semi-preparative liquid chromatography, and the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data. The cytotoxic activity of the isolates were evaluated by MTS method. The results were as follows:(1)Twenty compounds were isolated from L. octovalvis, and their structures were identified as(-)-lyoniresinol(1), 8,8'-bisdihydrosiringenin(2), 5-methoxy-(-)-isolariciresinol(3),(-)-isolariciresinol(4), 3,4'-di-O-methylellagic acid(5), 3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagic acid(6), 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-glucospyranose(7), corilagin(8), methyl gallate(9), ethyl gallate(10), terminaliate A(11), syringic acid(12), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone(13), luteolin(14), kaempferol(15), 5,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone(16), nobiletin(17), tangeretin(18), α-tocopherolquinone(19), 5-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl quinic acid ethyl ester(20). Compounds 1-5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 16-20 were isolated from Ludwigia for the first time. Compounds 6, 9, 10, 12, 15 were isolated from this plant for the first time.(2)Compound 19 showed inhibitory activity against the leukemia HL-60 with the IC50 value of 10.31 μmol·L-1. Compounds 6-8, 19 showed inhibitory activity against the lung cancer cells A549 with the IC50 values of 25.82, 42.05, 36.94, 17.54 μmol·L-1, respectively. Compounds 6, 7, 11, 14, 19 showed inhibitory activity against the liver cancer SMMC-7721 with the IC50 values of 24.24, 26.35, 26.51, 33.34, 20.44 μmol·L-1, respectively. Compounds 6, 19 showed inhibitory activity against the breast cancer MDA-MB-231 with the IC50 values of 34.91, 21.13 μmol·L-1, respectively. Compounds 6, 7, 19 showed inhibitory activity against the colon cancer SW480 with the IC50 values of 36.03, 39.97, 5.52 μmol·L-1, respectively. The results of this study enrich the chemical constituents of L. octovalvis and provide a basis for the development of anti-tumor activity.
      2024,44(6):1195-1204    [Abstract](1654)    [PDF](176)

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