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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2026, Vol.46, No.3
  • Publication date：2026-03-25
【Recommended article】LUO Maofang et al. Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

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      2026,46(3)    [Abstract](395)    [PDF]()
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      2026,46(3)    [Abstract](421)    [PDF](70)
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      2026,46(3)    [Abstract](538)    [PDF](68)
      • 专刊：民族/药用植物研究与大健康
    • JIANG Min, XU Xiaofeng, WU Chengli, YU Lan, LUO Hanjiang, CHEN Min*
      Neuroprotective mechanism study of Mogroside V in Parkinson's disease models
      Siraitia grosvenorii, a characteristic plant of Guangxi, is a precious Chinese medicinal material that can be used both as medicine and food. Mogroside V(MV)is a principal bioactive constituent of S. grosvenorii, possesses potential neuroprotective effects whose mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, to establish the Parkinson's disease(PD)primary neurons model, primary cortical neurons were isolated from C57BL/6J fetal mice for 7 days' culture, α-synuclein(α-Syn)preformed fibrils(PFF)were added to the cellular cultural medium. Then, 100 μmol·L-1 MV was used to intervene in the PD primary neurons model. After 48 hours' co-treatment, Western blot and cellular immunofluorescence analysis were applied to clarify the effects of MV on the expression of key proteins in PD, such as α-Syn, dopamine receptor D1(DRD1)and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit(NMDAR1)in PD primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, to clarify the specific mechanism by which MV affects the expression of DRD1, this study established a PD cell model by adding 10 μg·mL-1 α-Syn PFF to the PC12 cell line. In addition, plasmid transfection technology was utilized to overexpress the NMDAR1 level in PC12 cell line. Western blot and cellular immunofluorescence analysis were also used to evaluate the interrelationship among α-Syn, DRD1 and NMDAR1 in PC12 cells. The results were as follows:(1)10 μg·mL-1 α-Syn PFF significantly decreased the expression levels of DRD1 and NMDAR1 in primary neurons(P<0.05).(2)100 μmol·L-1 MV treatment significantly inhibited the down-regulation of DRD1 and NMDAR1 expression induced by α-Syn PFF in primary neurons(P<0.05).(3)The expression of DRD1 and NMDAR1 were both decreased by α-Syn PFF, while overexpression of NMDAR1 reversed the down-regulation of DRD1 level induced by α-Syn PFF. In conclusion, MV alleviates α-Syn PFF-induced down-regulation of DRD1 level by up-regulating NMDAR1 expression. This study provides a new experimental basis for elucidating the neuroprotective effect of MV on PD, provides a theoretical foundation for the development of S. grosvenorii and its active component MV as neuroprotective drugs, and provides a new scientific path for the in-depth development and value enhancement of Guangxi characteristic plants.
      2026,46(3):381-392    [Abstract](433)    [PDF](92)
    • LIU Liwei1,2,3, LI Jian3, ZHANG Jihai1,2, CHEN Jianbing3, WANG Meina3*, LONG Chunlin1,2,4,5*
      Ethnobotany meets bibliometrics: An integrated study on Shixiantao, a medicinal orchid
      The materia medica of Shixiantao holds a prominent place in Chinese folk tradition with a long history of extensive use. It functions both as a traditional medicinal plant commonly used and as a resource possessing significant value in dietary culture. To address issues such as historical confusion in its botanical origin records, discrepancies in provincial standards, and the lack of systematized traditional medicinal knowledge, this study integrated medical ethnobotany on historical herbal texts, local chronicles of Chinese materia medica, and ethnomedical literature. Through this process, traditional knowledge regarding nomenclature, botanical origins, morphological characteristics, and geographical distribution was consolidated. Furthermore, an ethnobotanical inventory of Shixiantao's traditional medicinal knowledge across thirteen ethnic groups was compiled. And based on bibliometrics, this study counted the research reports on Shixiantao in the past 40 years domestically and internationally, analyzed the keywords of the published articles to reveal the correlation between its traditional knowledge and modern research, and integrated progress in chemistry and pharmacology. The results were as follows:(1)The origin of Shixiantao exhibits significant diachronic evolution and confusion: The earliest medicinal documentation, traced to the Tang dynasty, featured Pholidota yunnanensis as a substitute for the materia medica of Dendrobium spp.(Shihu). From the Qing dynasty to the Republican period, diverse sources were involved, including plants from genera like Coelogyne and Bulbophyllum. Modern literature establishes Pholidota chinensis as the accepted origin,yet the folk market continues to see trade in multiple species, including Pholidota cantonensis and Coelogyne fimbriata.(2)Shixiantao is currently incorporated into the medical systems of 13 ethnic groups, primarily utilizing the pseudobulbs to treat headaches, traumatic injuries, lymph node tuberculosis, etc. Records of its traditional property, flavor, meridian tropism, and efficacy are highly consistent with modern pharmacological research.(3)Bibliometric statistics show that research concerning Shixiantao over the past 40 years has focused on chemical components(phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, etc.)and the mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, providing strong evidence supporting its traditional efficacy in treating headaches, inflammation, etc., highlighting the important inspiration of ethnic medicinal experience for modern research. This study represents the first systematic integration of Shixiantao's historical evolution of botanical origin according to historical herbs, multi-ethnic traditional knowledge, and modern scientific evidence, confirming the inspirational value of ethnic medicinal experience for contemporary drug research. Future research should prioritize resolving taxonomic confusion among closely related species and ensuring resource sustainability. Under these premises, a synergistic innovation system integrating traditional knowledge, resource conservation and modern research and development should be constructed to promote the inheritance of ethnic medicinal culture and ecological conservation.
      2026,46(3):393-410    [Abstract](444)    [PDF](91)
    • LIU Liwei1,2,3, LI Jian3, ZHANG Jihai1,2, CHEN Jianbing3, WANG Meina3*, LONG Chunlin1,2,4,5*
      Ethnobotany meets bibliometrics: An integrated study on Shixiantao, a medicinal orchid
      The materia medica of Shixiantao holds a prominent place in Chinese folk tradition with a long history of extensive use. It functions both as a traditional medicinal plant commonly used and as a resource possessing significant value in dietary culture. To address issues such as historical confusion in its botanical origin records, discrepancies in provincial standards, and the lack of systematized traditional medicinal knowledge, this study integrated medical ethnobotany on historical herbal texts, local chronicles of Chinese materia medica, and ethnomedical literature. Through this process, traditional knowledge regarding nomenclature, botanical origins, morphological characteristics, and geographical distribution was consolidated. Furthermore, an ethnobotanical inventory of Shixiantao's traditional medicinal knowledge across thirteen ethnic groups was compiled. And based on bibliometrics, this study counted the research reports on Shixiantao in the past 40 years domestically and internationally, analyzed the keywords of the published articles to reveal the correlation between its traditional knowledge and modern research, and integrated progress in chemistry and pharmacology. The results were as follows:(1)The origin of Shixiantao exhibits significant diachronic evolution and confusion: The earliest medicinal documentation, traced to the Tang dynasty, featured Pholidota yunnanensis as a substitute for the materia medica of Dendrobium spp.(Shihu). From the Qing dynasty to the Republican period, diverse sources were involved, including plants from genera like Coelogyne and Bulbophyllum. Modern literature establishes Pholidota chinensis as the accepted origin,yet the folk market continues to see trade in multiple species, including Pholidota cantonensis and Coelogyne fimbriata.(2)Shixiantao is currently incorporated into the medical systems of 13 ethnic groups, primarily utilizing the pseudobulbs to treat headaches, traumatic injuries, lymph node tuberculosis, etc. Records of its traditional property, flavor, meridian tropism, and efficacy are highly consistent with modern pharmacological research.(3)Bibliometric statistics show that research concerning Shixiantao over the past 40 years has focused on chemical components(phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, etc.)and the mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, providing strong evidence supporting its traditional efficacy in treating headaches, inflammation, etc., highlighting the important inspiration of ethnic medicinal experience for modern research. This study represents the first systematic integration of Shixiantao's historical evolution of botanical origin according to historical herbs, multi-ethnic traditional knowledge, and modern scientific evidence, confirming the inspirational value of ethnic medicinal experience for contemporary drug research. Future research should prioritize resolving taxonomic confusion among closely related species and ensuring resource sustainability. Under these premises, a synergistic innovation system integrating traditional knowledge, resource conservation and modern research and development should be constructed to promote the inheritance of ethnic medicinal culture and ecological conservation.
      2026,46(3):393-410    [Abstract](360)    [PDF](82)
    • HU Renchuan1, LUO Binsheng2, CHEN Yongjing3, HU Qimin1, DUAN Zhongxin2, ZHANG Yan4*
      Urban ethnobotany of beverage plants: A case study from Nanning, China
      Beverage plants represent a crucial interface between human dietary culture and natural resources, possessing abundant nutritional and medicinal values. As a multi-ethnic city in Southwest China, Nanning lies in subtropical region, characterized by high ecological diversity and complex cultural backgrounds. These conditions have nurtured a unique tradition of plant use. Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, to gain a deeper understanding of urban residents' utilization of beverage plants and their associated traditional knowledge, from June 2022 to March 2024, this study conducted systematic ethnobotanical fieldwork in both urban and peri-urban areas of Nanning, employing methods such as semi-structured interviews, market surveys, and voucher specimen collection. The investigation was designed to document species diversity, plant parts used, preparation methods, and perceived health benefits, as well as to understand the socio-cultural contexts in which these plants are used. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 185 beverage plant species were recorded, belonging to 71 families and 143 genera, with a predominance of herbaceous species.(2)The most commonly used parts were whole herbs and leaves, with hot water infusion and decoction as the main processing methods.(3)The reported health functions included clearing heat and toxins, tonifying the body, aiding digestion, and relieving diarrhea — reflecting traditional concepts aligned with local health needs. The results of this study demonstrate that Nanning City possesses a rich variety of beverage plant resources, reflecting the close integration of biodiversity and multiculturalism. Moreover, relevant traditional knowledge remains preserved among certain urban populations. From the perspective of urban ethnobotany, this paper reveals the current status and intergenerational trends in the utilization of beverage plant knowledge in urban environments. It calls for promoting the coordinated development of plant resource conservation and knowledge inheritance within urban contexts, providing theoretical foundations and practical references for local cultural revitalization and the healthy beverage industry.
      2026,46(3):411-422    [Abstract](456)    [PDF](79)
    • HU Renchuan1, LUO Binsheng2, CHEN Yongjing3, HU Qimin1, DUAN Zhongxin2, ZHANG Yan4*
      Urban ethnobotany of beverage plants: A case study from Nanning, China
      Beverage plants represent a crucial interface between human dietary culture and natural resources, possessing abundant nutritional and medicinal values. As a multi-ethnic city in Southwest China, Nanning lies in subtropical region, characterized by high ecological diversity and complex cultural backgrounds. These conditions have nurtured a unique tradition of plant use. Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, to gain a deeper understanding of urban residents' utilization of beverage plants and their associated traditional knowledge, from June 2022 to March 2024, this study conducted systematic ethnobotanical fieldwork in both urban and peri-urban areas of Nanning, employing methods such as semi-structured interviews, market surveys, and voucher specimen collection. The investigation was designed to document species diversity, plant parts used, preparation methods, and perceived health benefits, as well as to understand the socio-cultural contexts in which these plants are used. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 185 beverage plant species were recorded, belonging to 71 families and 143 genera, with a predominance of herbaceous species.(2)The most commonly used parts were whole herbs and leaves, with hot water infusion and decoction as the main processing methods.(3)The reported health functions included clearing heat and toxins, tonifying the body, aiding digestion, and relieving diarrhea — reflecting traditional concepts aligned with local health needs. The results of this study demonstrate that Nanning City possesses a rich variety of beverage plant resources, reflecting the close integration of biodiversity and multiculturalism. Moreover, relevant traditional knowledge remains preserved among certain urban populations. From the perspective of urban ethnobotany, this paper reveals the current status and intergenerational trends in the utilization of beverage plant knowledge in urban environments. It calls for promoting the coordinated development of plant resource conservation and knowledge inheritance within urban contexts, providing theoretical foundations and practical references for local cultural revitalization and the healthy beverage industry.
      2026,46(3):411-422    [Abstract](496)    [PDF](85)
    • WEI Meiqin1, LIU Meiyu1, QUAN Jialing1, LIAO Guangfeng1, ZHANG Jinyan1, LI Weifeng1, LUO Yi2, LU Rumei1*
      A new sesquiterpene from Zhuang medicine Streptocaulon juventas
      To investigate the chemical constituents and their cytotoxic activities of Streptocaulon juventas, a plant used in Zhuang medicine. Chemical isolation was performed using a combination of chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, medium-low pressure C18 and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved through comprehensive analysis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data, such as mass spectrometry(MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR)and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The cytotoxic activities of the isolated monomeric compounds against five human tumor cell lines were assessed using the MTS assay to determine their inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. The results were as follows:(1)Sixteen compounds were successfully isolated and identified from S. juventas, which were strejuvdione A(1*), 6-shogoal(2), curcumenol(3), curcuzedoalide(4), 16-dehydropregnenolone(5), neridienone A(6), 12β-hydroxy-pregna-4,16-diene-3,20-dione(7), periplogenin(8), acovenosigenin A(9), digitoxigenin(10), digitoxigenin-3-O-β-D-glucoside(11), periplogenin glucoside(12), 8-hydroxypinoresinol(13), blumenol A(14), blumenol B(15), and scopoletin(16). Notably, Compound 1* was a new compound. Furthermore, compounds 2-4, 6, 7, and 13-15 were isolated from this plant for the first time.(2)Results of in vitro activity experiments revealed that compounds 2, 6-12 exhibited significant proliferation inhibitory activities against leukemia HL-60, lung cancer A549, liver cancer SMMC-7721, and colon cancer SW480 cells, with IC50 values of 0.97-23.77 μmol·L-1, 0.87-29.43 μmol·L-1, 0.07-13.77 μmol·L-1, and 0.09-16.47 μmol·L-1, respectively.(3)Compounds 2, 6-10 and 12 demonstrated inhibitory effects on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, with IC50 values of 0.07-27.73 μmol·L-1. The research result enriches the chemical components of S. juventas and provides a reference for the research on its anti-tumor activity.
      2026,46(3):423-434    [Abstract](383)    [PDF](72)
    • ZHOU Xiaolong1, LIU Pengxin1, PU Rui2, CHEN Huijian1, HUANG Mi1, YANG Xinzhou1,2*
      Chemical constituents of Swertia chirayita
      Swertia chirayita, referred to as “Jati” in Tibetan medicine, is traditionally employed for the treatment of hepatic and biliary disorders and has demonstrated significant efficacy in managing diabetes. To explore the chemical constituents and biological activities of the medicinal plant S. chirayita, various chromatographic techniques were applied to isolate and purify the ethyl acetate fraction of the plant extract. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified using modern spectroscopic methods(NMR, MS). Furthermore, the glucose uptake and antioxidant activities of the isolated some compounds were evaluated.(1)Twenty compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract, including twelve xanthone derivatives, two iridoids, and two flavonoids. Twenty compounds were identified as bellidifolin(1), 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthenone(2), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone(3), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone(4), 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone(5), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone(6), 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone(7), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone(8), 1,3,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone(9), norswertianin(10), 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone(11), 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone(12), amaroswerin(13), amarogentin(14), luteolin(15), quercetin(16),(+)-syringaresinol(17), gentianine(18), swerimilegenin C(19), and dehydroxyl-swerimilegenin H(20). Among them, compounds 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20 were isolated for the first time from S. chirayita. Distinct from congeneric species such as S. mileensi (characterized by monoterpene glycosides and polyhydroxy xanthones), S. chirayita exhibits a unique phytochemical profile dominated by polymethoxylated xanthones and iridoid glycosides. This chemotaxonomic divergence likely reflects ecological adaptations to its high-altitude habitat and underpins its traditional therapeutic efficacy in treating metabolic disorders.(2)The glucose uptake assay showed that compounds 2, 4, 6, and 10-14 had good glucose uptake activities; the intracellular ROS measurement results indicated that compounds 1 and 7 had strong inhibitory effects, while compounds 10 and 14 had good promoting effects. This study enriches the chemical profile of S. chirayita and further clarifies its constituents that affect glucose uptake and exhibit antioxidant activities, providing a chemical foundation for further pharmacological research.
      2026,46(3):435-445    [Abstract](572)    [PDF](69)
    • DAI Hongmei1, WANG Wenzhe1, ZHANG Huizi1, ZHAO Yanjun2, TIAN Shengle1, BAI Xianguang1*
      Chemical constituents and their anti-breast cancer activities of Trillium tschonoskii
      In order to investigate the chemical constituents of Trillium tschonoskii and their effects on breast cancer cells. The extract of T. tschonoskii was isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 and the structures of the compounds were identified based on physicochemical properties and spectral data. The inhibitory activities of the compounds against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 were evaluated by the MTT method. The results were as follows:(1)Twenty-four compounds been identified from T. tschonoskii as lysicamine(1), hydroxyframoside(2), goniothalamusin(3), pyrocatechol(4), 6-hydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxycoumarin(5), norisoboldine(6), 4,6-dihydroxy-2-methoxyacetophenone(7), hinokiresinol(8), sedanolide(9), rostratamine(10), cinnamicacid(11), magnolioside(12), platypterophathalide(13), transtorine(14), capillasterolide(15), globularin(16), ononin(17), ethyl p-hydroxycinnamate(18), cirsilineol(19), loliolide(20), acetoisovanillone(21), rubrosterone(22), didehydroconicol(23), dehydrovomifoliol(24); all compounds were isolated and identified from T. tschonoskii for the first time.(2)Compounds 1, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 19, 23 had inhibitory effects of varying degrees on MDA-MB-231 cells. Among them, the inhibitory effect of Compound 9 on MDA-MB-231 cells was comparable to that of cyclophosphamide(P>0.05). This study result reveals the chemical constituents of T. tschonoskii, among which Compound 9 has potential anti-breast cancer activity.
      2026,46(3):446-454    [Abstract](504)    [PDF](65)
    • YUAN Hongjing1,2, PANG Nao2, WANG Yafeng2, HE Ruijie2, LIU Zhangbin2, LI Guiqin2, HUANG Yonglin2*
      Isolation and identification of constituents from the leaves of Castanopsis delavayi and their inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase
      A phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Castanopsis delavayi was conducted to isolate and characterize its constituent compounds and evaluate their inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase. The 80% methanol extract of the leaves was sequentially purified using multiple chromatographic columns, including Sephadex LH-20, MCI gel CHP 20P, Diaion HP20SS, and Toyopearl HW-40F. The structure of isolated compounds was identified by pop analysis(NMR, MS)in comparison with literature data. An in vitro screening model for pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was established utilizing the 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate(4-MUO)fluorescence assay, with orlistat serving as the positive control(IC50=0.001 4 mmol·L-1). The results were as follows:(1)Nineteen compounds were successfully isolated and structurally characterized from the 80% methanol extract: gallic acid(1), syringic acid(2),(Z)-3, 5-dihydroxycinnamic acid(3), (E)-3, 5-dihydroxycinnamic acid(4), dehydrodigallic acid(5), 3-O-β-D-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside(6), gentisic acid-5-O-β-D-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside(7), macarangioside E(8), chesnatin(9), theogallin(10), 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid(11), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid(12), methyl chlorogenate(13), quercetin(14), myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(15), quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside(16), quercetin-3-O-glucuronopyranoside(17), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide-6″-methyl ester(18), and quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside(hyperin 6″-gallate)(19).(2)Twelve compounds exhibiting differential inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase, which compounds 6, 7, 12, and 17 demonstrated significant inhibitory activity. All compounds were isolated from C. delavayi for the first time, providing a theoretical basis for further research on its lipid-lowering effects.
      2026,46(3):455-464    [Abstract](510)    [PDF](75)
    • LIU Junna1, JIN Cheng1, LU Qingyu1, ZHANG Xiaoyan2, XU Zhi3*, ZHOU Wei1*
      Pharmacological substances and preliminary action mechanism of compound essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus
      In order to elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanisms of underlying the anti-bacterial efficacy of compound essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, this study employed steam distillation method to prepare single essential oils of Artemisia argyi, Mentha spicata and Origanum vulgare, and two compound essential oils(Compound essential oil 1 and Compound essential oil 2); gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis was performed to identify the active constituents of the essential oils exhibiting anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity; the filter paper diffusion method assay was utilized to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity of each essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus; network pharmacology and molecular docking simulations were integrated to investigate the potential anti-bacterial mechanism of the most bioactive compound essential oil(Compound essential oil 2). The results were as follows:(1)Compound essential oil 2 comprised 41 chemical constituents, with its primary bioactive components including thymol(29.33%)and carvacrol(9.13%).(2)The order of anti-bacterial efficacy among single and compound essential oils was Compound essential oil 2 [(40.18±1.67)mm] > Origano vulgare essential oil [(38.64 ± 1.47)mm] > Compound essential oil 1 [(24.87±0.85)mm] > Artemisia argyi essential oil [(13.12 ± 0.56)mm] > Mentha spicata essential oil [(11.28 ± 0.75)mm]. Compound essential oil 2 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus.(3)Compound essential oil 2 exerted inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus through multi-target synergistic effects, modulating core protein targets including SRC and MAPK3, and regulating signaling pathways of notably neutrophil extracellular trap formation, drug resistance of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR-TKI)and so on. Several bioactive components showed favorable binding energies with core targets. These collective findings demonstrate that Compound essential oil 2 is a novel plant-derived anti-Staphylococcus aureus candidate, and its unique chemical constituents, multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic mechanism provide important basis for the in-depth development and application as a natural anti-bacterial agent.
      2026,46(3):465-478    [Abstract](380)    [PDF](90)
    • WANG Jiarui, WANG Fuhua, LIU Yiting, YUAN Xinyi, GAO Jihai, HOU Feixia*
      Identification and expression pattern analysis of Magnolia officinalis terpenoid synthase gene family
      Terpenoid synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis, catalyzing the formation of diverse terpene skeletons from common precursors to produce a wide array of terpenoid compounds. In this study, we identified MoTPS gene family members in Magnolia officinalis using bioinformatics approaches and systematically analyzed their physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and cis-acting elements. Based on transcriptome data from roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and flowers at different developmental stages, we further investigated their tissue-specific and expression patterns of flowers at different developmental stages. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 55 MoTPS family members were identified, and 47 members distributed on 10 chromosomes.(2)Conserved motif and gene structure analyses revealed that MoTPS proteins belong to Class I TPS, containing 1-11 motifs, with all members harboring typical TPS conserved motif. However, the number of introns varied significantly among different MoTPS genes.(3)Phylogenetic analysis showed that MoTPS were divided into five subfamilies, with the TPS-a subfamily having the highest proportion of members at 58.18%.(4)Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region included cis-acting elements for light response, hormone regulation, environmental stress, plant growth and development, and metabolism, etc. Expression profiling showed significant variations in MoTPS genes expression across different tissues and floral developmental stages, suggesting functional diversification of MoTPS genes in M. officinalis. This study provides a foundation for further functional characterization of MoTPS genes in M. officinalis and elucidates their roles in the biosynthesis and regulation of floral fragrance compounds.
      2026,46(3):479-491    [Abstract](509)    [PDF](91)
    • HUANG Minghui1,2, LUO Qiumei1, LIU Chang1, WEI Shenghua1, LI Tao1, SANG Sihong1*
      Cloning and expression analysis of hook development- related SEPALLATA-like genes in Uncaria rhynchophylla
      The hook is a distinctive structure of the medicinal plant Uncaria rhynchophylla, and serves as its primary medicinal part. Although the hook and inflorescence are considered to be homologous organs, the developmental mechanism of the hook remains unclear. To investigate the origin and the developmental mechanism of the hook, this study cloned the complete coding sequences of three SEPALLATA(SEP)-like genes, belonging to the MADS-box transcription factor family, by using RT-PCR and RACE techniques. The functions of these SEP-like genes were preliminarily characterized through bioinformatic prediction, subcellular localization, transcriptional activation assays, and RT-qPCR methods. The results were as follows:(1)The full-length cDNA of the three genes, UrSEP1, UrSEP3.1 and UrSEP3.2, were 931, 981, 1 097 bp in length, which contained the coding sequences(CDS)of 738, 726, 729 bp, encoding 245, 241, and 242 amino acid residues, respectively. All proteins contained conserved domains, including MADS domain, K-box, SEP Ⅰ and SEP Ⅱ motifs.(2)Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that UrSEPs exhibit the closest relationship to CaSEPs from Coffea arabica. UrSEP1 clusters within the SEP1/2 clade of the LOFSEP subgroup, while UrSEP3.1 and UrSEP3.2 belong to the SEP3 subgroup.(3)Subcellular localization found UrSEPs all localized in the nucleus and confirmed the nuclear activity of UrSEPs. Transcriptional activation assays suggested that UrSEP1 and UrSEP3.2 might exhibited transcriptional activation activities, which remindering can bind DNA directly.(4)Results of RT-qPCR revealed potential homology between hook and inflorescence, alongside developmental divergence. UrSEP3.1 and UrSEP3.2 showed higher transcriptional levels in hook than in root, stem or leaf, with similar expression patterns in inflorescence; the expression level of UrSEP1 peaked in hook bud, surpassing levels in other vegetative tissues and inflorescence bud, and displayed opposing expression patterns during hook versus inflorescence development. In summary, the three UrSEPs genes encode nuclear-localized proteins from SEP1/2 and SEP3 clades, implicating their roles in hook development and early-stage fate divergence between hook and inflorescence. These results provide genetic insights into origin of the hook and establish a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying hook morphogenesis in Uncaria rhynchophylla.
      2026,46(3):492-506    [Abstract](349)    [PDF](91)
    • LONG Yanyan1, HUANG Ziyi1, ZENG Fenghua1, ZHANG Yan1, XIE Fei2, ZHAO Huili1, XIE Ling1*
      Diversity, environmental adaptation, and medicinal component accumulation of endophytic fungi in different tissues of Curcuma kwangsiensis
      Curcuma kwangsiensis is a Daodi medicinal material of Curcuma in Zingiberaceae, yet the mechanism underlying its quality formation remains unclear. To elucidate the interaction relationships between endophytic fungal communities, soil environments, and medicinal material quality and to reveal the microbiological basis of its geographical authenticity. C. kwangsiensis samples were collected from three major production areas in Qinzhou City(Pubei County, Lingshan County, and Qinnan District). Using ITS high-throughput sequencing and chemical analysis methods, the endophytic fungal community structures across five tissues(root, rhizome, stem, leaf, and flower)were systematically studied, and the physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil and quality markers of the medicinal materials were analyzed. Redundancy analysis(RDA)and correlation analysis were employed to explore the relationships between microbial communities, environmental factors, and medicinal material quality. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 2 357 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)(902 species of fungi)were obtained from 45 samples; the distribution of OTUs among the three regions differed significantly, with only 19.4% being common core OTUs across regions; leaf tissues harbored the highest number of total OTUs(1 205)and unique OTUs(415), while the shared OTUs among the five tissue types accounted for only 6.9%.(2)Above-ground tissues(leaf and flower)exhibited significantly higher fungal richness(ACE and Chao 1 indexes)and diversity(Shannon index)than below-ground tissues(root and rhizome). Additionally, NMDS analysis revealed distinct differences in community structures between above-ground and below-ground tissues.(3)The core genus analysis indicated that the below-ground tissues were dominated by taxa such as unclassified-c—Sordariomycetes and wood-decomposing fungi, while the above-ground tissues were characterized by dominant genera like Cladosporium and Alternaria. The stem tissues displayed transitional characteristics in their fungal composition.(4)The RDA demonstrated that soil pH, organic matter, and nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium)significantly influenced the fungal community composition; rhizome samples from Pubei County showed the highest olibanum alcohol-soluble extract content(ASEC). Notably, the rhizome fungal community was closely associated with ASEC levels, and unclassified-c—Sordariomycetes in rhizomes showed a positive correlation with ASEC, whereas Acremonium exhibited a negative correlation with ASEC. The above results indicate that the endophytic fungal community in Curcuma kwangsiensis exhibits significant regional specificity and tissue niche differentiation characteristic. Specific fungal taxa may participate in the accumulation of medicinal compounds through microenvironmental regulation, providing new insights into the microbial mechanisms underlying the formation of Daodi medicinal material quality.
      2026,46(3):507-520    [Abstract](400)    [PDF](69)
    • WU Chunfeng1, LUO Zhuofang1, LIANG Zining1,2,3,4,5*, XIE Zebi1, ZHANG Ruirong1, SHEN Xiaolie1
      Effects of endophytic Phomopsis sp. microbial agent on growth and soil microecology of Zanthoxylum nitidum
      To investigate the effects of the endophytic Phomopsis Y118 agent on the growth of Zanthoxylum nitidum and soil microecology, this study measured and analyzed the biomass, active ingredient content, soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities and soil microbial composition structure using Z. nitidum as the experimental material. A pot experiment was conducted with five dosage levels of the microbial agent. The results were as follows:(1)The application of Y118 agent significantly increased the biomass of Z. nitidum. Compared to the control, the leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight achieved their maximum values under 25 g·plant-1, showing increases of 118.4%, 73.5%, 192.2% and 89.4%, respectively.(2)The application of Y118 agent improved the accumulation of active ingredients. The contents of nitidine chloride and chelerythrine reached their peak levels at the dosage of 35 g·plant-1, increasing by 160.9% and 53.8% compared to the control, respectively.(3)The application of Y118 agent modulated soil fertility to varying degrees. At a dose of 25 g·plant-1, the contents of alkaline nitrogen and available phosphorus reached their peak levels, increasing by 13.6% and 17.9% compared to the control, respectively.(4)The application of Y118 agent increased the activity of soil enzyme to varying degrees. At a dose of 25 g·plant-1, the activities of sucrase and catalase in the soil reached maximum values, which were 42.9% and 13.4% higher than the control, respectively.(5)The application of Y118 agent regulated the soil microbiome structure to some extent, with Saitozyma, Pseudomonas and Aspergillus emerging as the predominant genera. In conclusion, Y118 agent promotes the growth and accumulation of active ingredients in Zanthoxylum nitidum, which may be related to improving soil fertility and enzyme activity, and influencing the soil micro-ecological environment. Our findings provide a scientific foundation for the green cultivation and scientific fertilization of Z. nitidum.
      2026,46(3):521-533    [Abstract](548)    [PDF](81)
    • LIU Jianli1, CUI Liyan2, WANG Yufen2, YANG Jiaoli2, YUAN Yingxin2, WANG Defu2, NIU Yanbing2*
      Preliminary screening of key genes for callus formation induced by exogenous hormones in Scutellaria baicalensis
      Scutellaria baicalensis is a perennial herb of the genus Scutellaria in the family Lamiaceae. It exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities due to its various active substances, and has high medicinal value and development prospects. In order to explore the formation mechanism of S. baicalensis callus, this study used stem segments of S. baicalensis tissue culture seedlings as materials and employed transcriptome sequencing and enzyme activity determination methods based on a high-throughput sequencing platform to screen key genes related to callus formation in S. baicalensis. The results were as follows:(1)After the callus of S. baicalensis was treated with different hormone groups, there were 33 differentially expressed genes in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Using WGCNA analysis, nine key differentially expressed genes that may respond to different hormone signals during callus formation in S. baicalensis were screened, namely PP2C, JAZ, DELLA, ABF, BRI1, EIN3, ERF1, GID1, and MYC2.(2)Except for superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity in the BA-NAA treatment group and peroxidase(POD)activity in the BA-2,4-D treatment group reaching their maximum levels on the 21st day, the maximum enzyme activities of SOD, POD, catalase(CAT)and phenylalnine ammonialyase(PAL)in the other treatment groups were observed on the 7th or 14th day, during which the callus proliferated rapidly. Meanwhile, the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in highly differentiated or green callus were higher than those in yellow callus.(3)Through correlation analysis between explant enzyme activities and differentially expressed genes in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway in the control group and explants treated with different hormones for 7 d, two differentially expressed genes related to CAT and POD enzyme activities in S. baicalensis callus were screened, namely EIN3 and DELLA. The results provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of callus formation in S. baicalensis.
      2026,46(3):534-548    [Abstract](570)    [PDF](84)
    • WANG Fei1, WANG Bihai1, DUAN Jianyang1, ZHOU Yuanjie1, RUAN Changming1, LIU Yixian1, CHEN Jianxiong1, DU Chunhua2, LU Bin2*
      Chloroplast genome comparison and codon usage bias analysis of major cultivated Zanthoxylum species
      Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Z. armatum are significant woody oil and spice tree species, which have a wide cultivation range and large planting area in China. To elucidate the characteristics of their chloroplast genomes, we employed bioinformatics methods on publicly available sequences to analyze chloroplast genome structure, gene function, sequence features, and codon usage bias. Comparative genomics was used to identify sequence variations and screen hypervariable regions for phylogenetic tree construction. The results were as follows:(1)The chloroplast genome structures of the two species of Zanthoxylum had high consistency, the numbers of coding genes were basically the same, and the gene function category was similar.(2)Multiple scattered repeats and tandem repeats were detected in chloroplast genome sequences of Z. bungeanum and Z. armatum, and 95 and 98 SSRs sites were selected, respectively, about 79% of SSRs were single nucleotide repeats with A/T motif.(3)The chloroplast genome codon GCall contents of Z. bungeanum and Z. armatum were less than 40%, and the average ENC(effective number of codon)was 48.5%, indicating that the codon preferred to use A/T base, the bias was weak, and both were more affected by natural selection. All the 11 selected optimal codons ended in A/U, among which UAU was the common optimal codon.(4)Using chloroplast genome of Z. bungeanum as the reference, a total of 130 SNP were detected in the coding region of chloroplast genome of Z. armatum. Among them, 24 SNP of ycf1 gene accounted for 18.5% of the total variation sites. At the same time, a total of 14 indel sites were detected in the intron region of 8 coding genes. Three highly variable regions were selected with Pi>0.010 as the standard, namely rpoB-trnC-GCA-petN, trnH-GUG-psbA and ycf1. Among them, the gene spacer region rpoB-trnC-GCA-petN had the highest degree of variation.(5)The phylogenetic tree constructed based on hypervariable regions accurately classified six species and cultivars within the genus Zanthoxylum with a strong bootstrap support(>95%). The chloroplast genomes of major cultivated Zanthoxylum species exhibit high similarity in structure, number and function, while containing abundant repetitive sequences and SSR loci, and their codons have a relatively obvious A/T bias. Notably, sequence hypervariable regions are predominantly distributed within a few coding genes and intergenic spacers, and have high specificity within the genus. This study provides a theoretical foundation for molecular marker development, germplasm identification, and investigations into the genetic evolutionary mechanisms of cultivated Zanthoxylum species.
      2026,46(3):549-562    [Abstract](341)    [PDF](89)

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