云南入侵植物的生物学性状初步研究

Biological trait of alien invasive plants in Yunnan Province

关键词:  入侵植物, 生物学性状, 传播体, 入侵等级, 云南

Key words:  alien invasive plants, biological traits, diaspores, invasive grades, Yunnan

摘要:

该研究基于文献、数据库和标本记录等资料的查询,统计得出云南省入侵植物共247种,隶属51科149属。菊科、禾本科和豆科是优势科,超过一半的入侵植物起源于美洲,入侵植物的生物学性状主要体现为一年生或短期多年生草本的生活型、种子繁殖、分蘖型的克隆方式、花果期集中于夏秋两季、短花期、黄白的花色及具有表面结构和附属物的特殊性状等。按照云南省入侵植物分布的县(市、区)的数量、生物学性状、对环境的危害程度以及是否列入“世界100种危害最严重的入侵种名单”和是否列入“国家环保总局和中国科学院联合发布的四批中国外来入侵物种名单” 5个指标进行赋值。把入侵植物分为四个风险等级,其中恶性入侵植物有18种。严重入侵植物有23种,一般入侵植物有188种,有待观察类有18种,恶性和严重入侵植物与云南全部入侵植物的主要生物学性状表征具有一致性。结合入侵植物的生物学性状特征和风险等级,及时开展对云南入侵植物的有效防控管理极为重要。

Abstract:

The harmful effects caused by alien invasive plants are becoming more severe under the background global warming and human interference in Yunnan Province. Research on the biological traits of alien invasive plants is an effective method to reduce the invasion risk and improve the prevention management. In this paper, we concluded that there were 247 alien invasive plant species in Yunnan, which belonged to 149 genus and 51 families based on literature reading, database and specimen records studying. The results showed that the dominated families of alien invasive plants were Compositae, Gramineas and Leguminosae in Yunnan, and more than half of the alien invasive plants originated from America. The biological characters of alien invasive plant were mainly annual or short-lived perennial herb, seed reproduction, main clonal reproduction is tiller. The time of flowering and fruiting mainly concentrated in summer or autumn. The dominant dispersal traits of the alien invasive plants depended on the special type/color/shape/size/surface structure and appendage of propagule, etc. We divided alien invasive plants into four grades based on the following five aspects: the distribution area in the county level of Yunnan Province, biological characteristics, harmful degree to the environment, whether listed in “Top 100 the Worst Alien Invasive Species in the World” and “Four Batches of Alien Invasive Plant in China Jointly Issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration and Chinese Academy of Sciences”. The four grades of alien invasive plants included 18 malignant, 23 serious, 188 general and 18 need to be observed species. The results showed that the malignant and serious alien invasive plants had high stable biological traits consistency with alien invasive plants in Yunnan. The problem caused by alien invasive plants in Yunnan is very serious with the increase of human disturbance to land. It is important to reduce the impact of invasive plants by understanding the biological traits and risk grade of alien invasive plants. The management ways of the alien invasive plants in Yunnan are also proposed through this study.