峨眉山世界遗产地植物多样性全球突出普遍价值及保护

Outstanding universal value of plant diversity and conservation in Emeishan World Heritage Site

关键词:  峨眉山世界遗产地, 全球突出普遍价值, 植物多样性, 珍稀濒危物种, 保护

Key words:  Emeishan World Heritage Site, outstanding universal value, plant diversity, rare and endangered species, protection

摘要:

该研究在申遗文本和大量文献资料的基础上,以峨眉山世界遗产地原生植物及植被群落为研究对象,从物种多样性、物种组成、植物区系、植被类型及垂直分布格局等方面,分析论证了峨眉山世界遗产地植物多样性的全球突出普遍价值,并简要概述了当前峨眉山世界遗产地植物受威胁状况以及在保护与发展中出现的问题。结果表明:(1)峨眉山世界遗产地目前拥有高等植物242科3 200种以上,特有植物、孑遗植物种类丰富。(2)与中国其他湿润性亚热带山地森林垂直带谱相比,峨眉山亚热带森林植被类型完整,常绿阔叶林东部类型在山地垂直带谱中占据显著地位,海拔上限最高,跨度最大,具有典型的亚热带常绿阔叶林东部亚区森林群落特点。(3)植物区系复杂,既有热带、亚热带和温带植物区系成份,又有中国—日本与中国—喜马拉雅植物区系分布。(4)受人为活动(旅游发展、基础设施建设等)和自然扰动(气候变暖、地质灾害等)影响,峨眉山世界遗产地植物多样性下降明显,珍稀濒危植物受威胁程度增加,典型群落面积退化,稳定性降低。建议在划定珍稀植物保护区,对植物栖息地进行专门保护的基础上,开展植物多样性、环境因子、人为活动动态监测,预见性地保护其突出普遍价值,实现世界遗产地的可持续发展。

Abstract:

We took the original plants and vegetation communities of Emeishan World Heritage Site as the study object and assessed the outstanding universal value from the aspects of species diversity, species composition, floristic composition, vegetation type and vertical distribution pattern, and briefly summarized the current situation of the endangered plants and the problems in protection and development in Emeishan World Heritage Site, based on the world heritage documents and vast literature. The results were as follows:(1)Emeishan World Heritage Site had more than 3 200 plant species belonging to 242 families as well as a large number of endemic species and tertiary-relic species.(2)Compared with the vertical band spectrum of other humid subtropical mountain forests in China, the subtropical forest vegetation types of Emeishan World Heritage Site was complete. Moreover, the eastern type of evergreen broad-leaved forest occupied a significant position in the vertical forest zones of Emeishan. It was particularly important that its upper limit of altitude was the highest and the span was the largest. The characteristics of the forest community in the eastern subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest were typical.(3)The flora was complex and diverse, including tropical, subtropical and temperate plant elements, and the geographical distribution of China-Japan and China-Himalaya.(4)However, due to the effects of human being activities, such as tourism development, infrastructure construction, and natural disturbances including climate warming, geological disasters on the vegetations and communities of the world heritage site, the plant diversities decreased obviously, the rare and endangered plants were increasingly threatened, the typical community area degenerated and the stability was reduced in the Emeishan World Heritage Site. Therefore, for the purpose of protecting its outstanding universal value and realizing the sustainable development of the world heritage site, we suggest that plant diversities, environmental factors and anthropogenic activities should be monitored dynamically in Emeishan area, on the basis of delineating rare plant protected areas and specialized protection of the plant habitats.