青海种子植物区系研究

Study on the seed plant flora of Qinghai Province, China

关键词:  青海省, 种子植物, 种级层次, 区系特征, 分布区类型系统

Key words:  Qinghai Province, seed plant, species level grade, floristic characteristics, areal-type systems

摘要:

青海省是青藏高原的核心组成部分,其地质、地貌的形成和自然生态系统的演化历史与整个青藏高原一脉相承。全省共有野生种子植物97科、595属、3 558种。该研究在作者多年实地考察和资料积累的基础上,对青海境内所有植物的科、属、种进行了分布区类型的划分和分析。结果表明:(1)吴征镒先生关于“中国种子植物属的分布区类型”中的15个分布区类型在青海均有代表出现,体现出区系成分的丰富程度及其生态地理环境的复杂多样。(2)热带类型多体现出边缘分布的性质,并以泛热带类型为代表,但无木本类型。(3)青海区系的核心成分,在属级层面是以北温带和东亚为主的温寒性质的属为主,而在种一级层面则是以温带亚洲和东亚分布的种为主。(4)中国特有成分体现出青海与我国西南(横断山)区系和喜马拉雅区系的紧密联系,以及青藏高原高寒区系的特色明显。(5)我国西南地区区系和北方区系对青海的影响较大,并且各有侧重。(6)温性湿润的祁连山地、高寒的青南高原和温性干旱的柴达木盆地的“三区”交会,体现出过渡区系性质明显以及各自植物区系的特点迥异,并且各有突出。(7)以许多植物种分布的西界和海拔高度的最高界为标志的分布末梢区或是边缘分布区性质明显。(8)以多年生草本类群为主,但木本类群贫乏的年轻和衍生的区系性质明显。综上认为,青海的植物区系具有以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势,兼具温性、寒温和高寒类型的温带区系性质,并同时体现出“复合型”区系的特征。在此基础上,首次在国内建立起了青海“野生种子植物种一级分布区类型系统”。

Abstract:

Qinghai Province, as a core component of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, shares similar geological and geomorphological formations as well as an evolutionary history of its natural ecosystem with the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Within Qinghai, there exist 97 families, 595 genera, and 3 558 species of wild seed plants. Based on the author's extensive field research and data accumulation, this article presents a classification and analysis of the distribution area types of all plant families, genera, and species in Qinghai. The key findings are as follows:(1)Qinghai hosts all 15 areal-types described in Mr. Wu Zhengyi's “Distribution Area Types of Chinese Seed Plant Genera,” indicating the richness of its floral components and the complexity and diversity of its ecological and geographical environment.(2)Tropical types, primarily represented by pan-tropical distributions, are characterized by marginal distribution within Qinghai, with the absence of woody types.(3)At the genus level, the core components of Qinghai's flora are predominantly warm-cold genera originating from the Northern temperate zone and East Asia. However, at the species level, species distributed in Temperate Asia and East Asia dominate.(4)The unique Chinese type of flora in Qinghai reflects its close affinity with the flora of Southwest China(Hengduan Mountains)and the Himalayas, and exhibits distinct alpine flora characteristics of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.(5)The southwest and northern floras of China has great influence on Qinghai with different extents.(6)Qinghai has three distinct ecological zones in Qinghai: the warm and humid Qilian Mountains, the alpine southern Qinghai Plateau, and the temperate and arid Qaidam Basin, and each zone exhibits distinct and prominent characteristics. Intersection of the three zones reveals the transitional nature of the flora.(7)The terminal or marginal distribution areas of many plant species in Qinghai are particularly evident, marked by the westernmost extent of their distribution ranges and the highest altitudinal limits.(8)Qinghai's flora exhibits a youthful and derived taxonomic nature, primarily consisting of perennial herbaceous species and a paucity of woody types. This analysis concludes that Qinghai's flora is dominated by northern temperate components, particularly those endemic to the temperate and cold zones of Eurasia. Qinghai possesses the temperate flora attributes of warmth, cold, and alpine types, reflecting the complexity of its flora. For the first time in China, a “species-level” distribution area type system for wild seed plants in Qinghai has been established.