【专题：红豆属植物多样性保育研究】中国红豆属植物的地理分布与区系特征研究

Geographical distribution and floristic characteristics of Ormosia in China

关键词:  红豆属，地理分布，区系特征，特有性，相似性系数

Key words:  Ormosia  Geographical distribution  Flora  Endemic  Similarity coefficient

摘要:

中国红豆属(Ormosia Jacks.)所有物种均为国家重点保护野生植物，具有重要的生态、经济与文化价值。该文基于文献资料、标本记录及部分野外调查，对中国红豆属植物的地理分布格局与区系特征进行系统分析，主要结果如下：（1）中国红豆属植物现记录36种，2变种。水平分布上，物种多样性明显由南向北减少，分布中心位于广西（23种）、广东（19种，2变种）和云南（17种），贵州则存疑分布物种数最多（8种）；垂直分布上，物种多样性总体随海拔升高而降低，峰值（72.22%）出现在[0，500 m）区间。跨境分布种（9种）主要见于越南（7种）与泰国（6种），境内则集中于云南、广西与广东（各7种）、海南（5种）等华南、西南地区的边境与沿海省份。（2）区系成分可划为2型，中国特有分布型占绝对优势（75.00%）。（3）生境类型主要为河谷（75.00%）与山坡（58.33%）。（4）地理邻近省份间物种组成相似性普遍较高，湖南和贵州（87.50%）、贵州和福建（80.00%）、广西和广东（71.43%）、湖南和福建（70.59%）以及湖南和江西（70.59%）均达70%以上。综上认为，中国红豆属植物区系特有成分突出，其物种多样性从桂、粤、滇向周边国家（越南、泰国）及北部内陆省份明显降低，中国南部（尤其是桂、粤、滇，并可能包括黔）可能是红豆属在亚洲的一个潜在次级分化与多样化中心。建议通过优先保护物种多样性热点地区的中低海拔河谷生境，加强极危物种保育与评估不足物种野外调查，并结合气候变化情景预测未来适生区等措施，维系其种群延续与演化潜力。

Abstract:

All species of Ormosia Jacks. in China are classified as national key protected wild plants, possessing significant ecological, economic, and cultural value. This study systematically analyzed the geographical distribution patterns and floristic characteristics of Ormosia in China through literature review, specimen examination, and field investigations. The main results are as follows: (1) A total of 36 species and 2 varieties of Ormosia have been recorded in China. Horizontally, species diversity decreases distinctly from south to north. The distribution centers are located in Guangxi (23 species), Guangdong (19 species, including 2 varieties), and Yunnan (17 species), with Guizhou having the most species of unconfirmed distributions (8). Vertically, Ormosia species are mainly concentrated in mid-low elevation regions. Most species (72.22%) are distributed at low elevations (0–500 m), with overall diversity declining as altitude increases. Transnational species (9) are primarily found in Vietnam (7 species) and Thailand (6 species). Within China, these species are particularly rich in border and coastal provinces of southern and southwestern China, such as Yunnan (7 species), Guangxi (7 species), Guangdong (7 species), and Hainan (5 species). (2) Floristic composition can be classified into two types, with Chinese endemics comprising the overwhelming majority(72.22%). (3) The primary habitats are river valleys (75.00%) and slopes (58.33%). (4) Species composition is highly similar among most adjacent provinces, with coefficients between Hunan and Guizhou (87.50%), Guizhou and Fujian (80.00%), Guangxi and Guangdong (71.43%), Hunan and Fujian (70.59%), and Hunan and Jiangxi (70.59%) all exceeding 70%. The floristic composition of Ormosia in China is characterized by a high proportion of endemic components, shows a clear decreasing trend from Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan to the neighboring countries (Vietnam, Thailand) and inland provinces in the north. These findings indicate southern China (particularly Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, and potentially Guizhou) may serve as an important secondary differentiation and diversification center for Ormosia in Asia. It is recommended to adopt a multi-pronged approach for maintaining population viability and evolutionary potential, focusing on protecting key mid-low elevation valley habitats in hotspots and endemic centers, enhancing conservation and survey efforts for critically endangered and data-deficient species, and forecasting future habitat shifts under climate change scenarios.