荞麦黄酮及其生物合成调控研究进展

Research progress on buckwheat flavonoids and their biosyntheses and regulations

关键词:  荞麦, 研究历史, 黄酮化合物, 生物合成, 调控

Key words:  Fagopyrum, research history, flavonoid compounds, biosynthesis, regulation

摘要:

荞麦属植物资源丰富,且富含黄酮类成分。通过文献查阅,总结了荞麦黄酮历年研究情况以及热点研究领域。荞麦黄酮研究论文最早发表于1952年,在1952—1999近五十年的时间内,荞麦黄酮的研究论文较少,年发文量少于10篇,荞麦黄酮的研究处于起步阶段。自2000年后,荞麦黄酮逐渐获得更多研究学者的关注,年度发文量逐年上升。近年来,荞麦黄酮研究热点集中在植物学、食品科学技术、农学以及生物化学与分子生物学学科领域中,黄酮抗氧化活性相关的研究论文被引用次数较高,荞麦黄酮的生物活性与营养功能一直备受关注。目前,从荞麦中已经鉴定的黄酮类化合物达80种。槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、鼠李素、异鼠李素、小麦黄素、柚皮素、杨梅素、芹菜素以及橙皮素是荞麦中常见的黄酮苷元结构,芍药色素、花翠素、矢车菊素为荞麦中多见的花青素类型。荞麦黄酮生物合成起源于苯丙烷代谢途径,PAL、CHS、C4H、4CL、CHI、LAR等黄酮合成途径中的多个关键酶基因以及MYB转录因子基因已被克隆鉴定。荞麦MYB转录因子在黄酮生物合成中发挥着重要的诱导调控作用,影响荞麦黄酮合成积累的因素主要有环境因素、植物生长调节剂、生物因素以及品种等,多个因素可相互交叉调控和影响荞麦黄酮的合成。该文通过回顾历年荞麦黄酮研究概况,总结黄酮化合物的种类,归纳黄酮生物合成途径调控机制及主要影响因素,为优质荞麦种植生产和优化提升荞麦产品的营养保健功能奠定理论基础和提供可行方案,为荞麦黄酮的深入研究指明方向。

Abstract:

Fagopyrum plant is rich in resources and contained a large number of flavonoid compounds. Research history and the research hotspots of buckwheat flavonoids were summarized by literature retrieval in this study. As it was revealed, the research paper about buckwheat flavonoids was firstly published in 1952. From 1952 to 1999, the number of publishing papers was less than 10 papers per year, and the research on buckwheat flavonoids was in its infancy. Since the year of 2000, buckwheat flavonoids have gradually gained more attentions from researchers, and the numbers of publishing papers have been increased annually. In the past two decades, researches conducting buckwheat flavonoids studies mainly focused on the fields of botany, food science and technology, agriculture, and biochemistry and molecular biology. Articles referring to the antioxidant activity of buckwheat flavonoids got high citations, and the biological activities and nutritional functions of buckwheat flavonoids attracted much attention. By now, 80 flavonoid compounds have been identified from Fagopyrum. Of them, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, tricin, naringenin, myricetin, apigenin and hesperetin were the common feature flavonoid aglycones from buckwheat. Peonidin, delphinidin and cyanidin were the anthocyanins compounds which were mostly isolated from Fagopyrum. Biosynthesis of buckwheat flavonoids originated from the phenylpropane metabolism pathway, and the key enzymes genes involved in the pathway, such as PAL, CHS, C4H, 4CL, CHI, LAR etc., and the transcription factor MYB genes were cloned and identified. MYB transcription factors played an important role in the induction and regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, and major influence factors for the flavonoids biosynthesis included the environment factors, plant growth regulators, biological factors and varieties, and these factors could have cross regulations effects on the buckwheat flavonoids biosynthesis. In this paper, research overviews of buckwheat flavonoids, flavonoid compounds, flavonoids biosynthesis pathway, mechanism of regulation, and major influence factors are summarized, which can lay a theoretical foundation and a feasible scheme for high quality of buckwheat production during the cultivation process, and promotion of nutritional values of buckwheat products, and point out the research direction of buckwheat flavonoids in the future.