新疆野苹果的生存现状、问题及保护策略

Survival status, problems and conservation strategies of Malus sieversii

关键词:  濒危植物, 种群分布, 种群更新, 虫害, 人为干扰, 保护策略

Key words:  endangered plant, population distribution, population regeneration, insect pests, human disturbance, conservation strategies

摘要:

新疆野苹果是天山野果林的优势种,遗传多样性极其丰富,是世界苹果基因库的重要组成部分。自20世纪60年代以来,新疆野苹果种群分布面积急剧下降。然而,导致新疆野苹果种群衰退的原因尚不明确,尚无行之有效的保护措施。该文在总结前人研究的基础上,结合实地考察,进一步分析和探讨野苹果的分布现状及面对虫害、干扰和种群更新困难等问题。发现新疆野苹果在保护和研究过程中仍然存在以下问题:第一,新疆野苹果的起源和演化,仍然存在分歧。第二,新疆野苹果种群的分布面积锐减,其中3个县的分布面积减少到60年前的三分之一。第三,虽然新疆野苹果的虫害问题得到了有效控制,但是虫害预防监测体系未能全面建设。第四,新疆野苹果过度干扰的问题仍然存在,即使农田开垦和人类砍伐得到一定控制。第五,新疆野苹果更新困难的问题仍然突出,现有研究仍处于初级阶段,缺乏深入研究。针对其存在的问题,建议采取以下措施:第一,利用分子生物学等技术进一步研究新疆野苹果的起源和演化。第二,建立新疆野苹果资源监测体系,运用先进的监测技术及时有效监测新疆野苹果的资源现状。第三,建立虫害预防监测系统,及时有效监测和防治病虫害的爆发。第四,建立新疆野苹果保护区,加强原位保护和法律宣传,强化当地居民对濒危植物的保护。第五,开展新疆野苹果更新机理方面的研究,同时加强迁地保护等措施。该文提出了一些解决现存问题的方法和建议,可为新疆野苹果的科学保护与有效管理提供参考。

Abstract:

Malus sieversii(wild apple)is a well-recognized Apple Gene Pool in the world, which is the dominant species of wild fruit forests in the Tianshan Mountains. From the 1960s, the population area of M. sieversii declined sharply in Xinjiang, but the reasons are still unclear. The conservation strategies of M. sieversii are also not clear. Based on summarizing previous studies and combining field investigation, in this paper, we further analyze and discuss current situations and problems of pests, disturbance and population regeneration difficulties of M. sieversii. There are still some problems in the protection and research of M. sieversii. Firstly, the origin and evolution of M. sieversii are still divergent. Secondly, the distribution area of the M. sieversii population in Xinjiang is further shrinking, and the distribution areas of the three counties are one-third of 60 years ago. Thirdly, the pest problem of M. sieversii has been effectively controlled, but the pest prevention and monitoring system has not been fully constructed. Forthly, the issue of excessive interference of M. sieversii still exists. Farmland reclamation and human deforestation have been controlled to some extent, but overgrazing still exists. Fifthly, the M. sieversii update difficult problem is still significant, and the existing research is at the primary stage, lacking in-depth study. Given the current issues, we put forward several suggestions. Firstly, the origin and evolution of M. sieversii need to be further studied by technologies like molecular biology. Secondly, establish a monitoring system of M. sieversii resources in Xinjiang and use advanced monitoring technology to monitor the status of M. sieversii resources in Xinjiang quickly and effectively. Thirdly, to establish pest prevention and monitoring system to timely and effectively monitor and control of pest outbreaks. Forthly, develop M. sieversii natural reserve in Xinjiang, strengthen in-situ protection and legal publicity, and strengthen residents, protection on endangered plants. Fifthly, develop the researching of renewal mechanism of M. sieversii and enhance the measures of relocation protection. We put forward some solutions and suggestions to solve the existing problems, whichprovides the reference for the scientific protection and effective management of M. sieversii.