生物多样性保护背景下云南省野生食用菌产业可持续发展探讨

conservation in mountainous villages: a case

关键词:  生物多样性保护, 野生食用菌, 产业化, 可持续发展, 法律规范

Key words:  biodiversity conservation, wild edible fungus, industrialization, sustainable development, legal regulation

摘要:

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》要求坚持生物多样性保护和可持续维持机制的原则,探寻“人与自然和谐共生”美好愿景的实现路径。云南拥有全国乃至全球都极为丰富的野生食用菌资源,形成了独特的“菌文化”。然而,随着天然菌类产品越来越受欢迎,野生食用菌的采集销售量大增、产值高涨,背后潜藏野生食用菌数量锐减,部分野生食用菌类群处于濒危、易危的境地。该研究在调查云南野生食用菌资源保护利用现状的基础上,梳理了国家和地方的相关法律法规及政策文件。人们的生态保护意识薄弱、无序采集、乱采、滥采等因素都危及野生食用菌资源的生存和发展; 与此同时,相关产业标准的缺失也极大阻碍了云南野生食用菌产业的发展。鉴于此,该文提出以下三点建议:(1)加快野生食用菌资源保护与发展的专门立法,不能停留在目前碎片化或者混同化的立法状态,也不能只满足于本地的政策性保护。(2)构建野生食用菌采集、销售(包括国际贸易)、加工、运输等标准体系,对野生食用菌进行分类分级精准保护,尤其对采集国家保护类群应当逐步建立起采集许可证体系。(3)强化全产业链技术支撑,推进野生食用菌种质保藏、人工培育、精深加工等科技体系建设。期望该研究有助于野生食用菌的采集、加工和流通有标准可依,资源的保护利用有政策可查,并为野生食用菌的保护、利用和产业可持续发展提供支撑和保障。

Abstract:

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework requires adherence to the principles of biodiversity conservation and sustainable maintenance mechanisms, exploring the path for realizing the beautiful vision of “coexisting harmoniously with nature.” Yunnan has extremely rich wild edible fungus resources, forming a unique “edible fungus culture.” In order to improve people's ecological conservation awareness, to promote the survival and development of wild edible fungus resources, and to further promote the development of Yunnan's wild edible fungus industry, we investigated the current status of protection and utilization of Yunnan's wild edible fungus resources based on the sorting of relevant laws and regulations and policy documents at both the national and local levels through the literature review and questionnaire survey. With the increasing popularity of natural mushroom products, the production and output value of wild edible fungus have increased significantly, but the number of wild edible fungus has sharply reduced, and some wild edible fungus populations are in a state of endangered and vulnerable. Weak ecological conservation awareness, disorderly collection, and other factors all endanger the survival and development of wild edible fungus resources. Meanwhile, the lack of relevant industry standards also greatly hinders the development of wild edible fungus industry in Yunnan. In view of the above problems, we propose the following suggestions:(1)To accelerate the special legislation for protection and development of wild edible fungus resources, not staying in the current fragmented or confused legislative state, and not only satisfying local policy protection.(2)To construct a standard system for wild edible fungus collection, sales(including international trade), processing, transportation, etc., accurately protecting wild edible fungus, especially for the collection of nationally protected populations, a collection license system should be gradually established.(3)To strengthen the technical support for the whole industry chain and to promote the construction of science and technology systems, such as wild edible fungus germplasm preservation, artificial cultivation, and advanced processing. This study is expected to push forward the further supplement and improvement of the standards for wild mushroom collection, processing and circulation, and the policies for protection and utilization of resources, and provide the support and guarantee for protection, utilization and sustainable development of wild mushroom industry.