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作者简介:

崔静娴(1996-),硕士研究生,研究方向为特殊环境园艺疗法,(E-mail)cuijingxian@buaa.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

刘慧,博士,副研究员,研究方向为特殊环境园艺疗法,(E-mail)liuhui87@buaa.edu.cn。

中图分类号:Q948

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2023)09-1646-10

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202204043

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目录contents

    摘要

    碰碰香(Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus)的芳香气味具有改善身心健康的作用,但其挥发物的释放易受到室内环境影响而降低效果。为探究碰碰香挥发物对常见室内环境变化的响应,并为其高效稳定地应用于构建舒适的亲生物环境提供科学依据,该研究采用混合正交设计,使用动态顶空和气相色谱质谱联用技术测定了碰碰香挥发物对温度、湿度、CO2浓度及光照这4种常见室内环境因素的响应。结果表明:(1)在温度、湿度、CO2浓度和光照4个环境因素中,CO2浓度和温度对碰碰香植株挥发物释放量的影响较大,而湿度和光照的影响较弱。(2)正常光周期下培养的碰碰香,在夜晚无光照时,CO2浓度500 μmol·mol-1、温度25 ℃和湿度60%的环境条件最适于碰碰香植株释放挥发物。此环境条件下碰碰香挥发物的释放总量为86.23 μg·L-1·kg-1, 具有改善身心健康的活性成分含量为78.03 μg·L-1·kg-1。综上所述,应用碰碰香构建室内亲生物环境,维持或改善人员身心健康时,应主要注意控制CO2浓度和温度相关的环境条件,从而充分高效地发挥碰碰香的园艺效益。

    Abstract

    The aromatic odor of Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus has been found to have the potential to improve physical and mental health of people in indoor environment, but its effectivess is reduced for that the release of volatile organic compounds from plants is susceptible to indoor environmental changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of volatile organic compounds released by P. hadiensis var. tomentosus to common indoor environmental changes, and to provide a scientific basis for its efficient and sustainable application in building a comfortable pro-biotic environment to improve the physical and mental health of indoor personnel. Thus, the effects of four typical indoor environmental factors, such as air temperature, air relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light variation, on the release of volatile organic compounds from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus were investigated in this study. And the dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques were used to analyze the volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments with an environmental control device based on mixed-level orthogonal array design. The results were as follows: (1) Among the four typical indoor environmental factors of air temperature, air relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light condition, CO2 concentration and air temperature had greater effects on the release of volatile organic compounds from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus, while the effects of air relative humidity and light were weak. (2) For P. hadiensis var. tomentosus cultivated under normal photoperiod, an environmental condition with CO2 concentration of 500 μmol·mol-1, air temperature of 25 ℃ and air relative humidity of 60% was the most suitable for releasing volatile organic compounds from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus in the absence of light. Under this environmental condition, the total amount of volatile organic compounds released by P. hadiensis var. tomentosus was 86.23 μg·L-1·kg-1, and the content of biological active components with potentials for the positive intervention of physical and mental health was 78.03 μg·L-1·kg-1. In summary, the results suggest that when the aroma plant P. hadiensis var. tomentosus is used to build an indoor pro-biotic environment to maintain or improve the physical and mental health of people in indoor, the environmental conditions should be controlled properly, especially CO2 concentration and air temperature, so as to fully and efficiently produce the positive health benefits from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus.

  • 药食同源的芳香植物碰碰香(Plectranthushadiensis var. tomentosus)是唇形科延命草属的多年生灌木状草本植物,原产自西南亚地区及非洲好望角(张玉晶和王连君,2020),为花卉市场常见的小型香草盆栽,常用于装饰室内或工作环境(赵小珍等,2016)。植株茎叶不仅可以作为食用香料在炒菜或凉拌时提味,还可以泡茶、泡酒(张旋等,2019)。植株芳香浓郁,其香气已被证明可显著改善紧张焦虑情绪(荆小洁等,2020)。现代人类80%的时间在室内度过,久处于室内的人们情绪和睡眠问题日益凸显(Mazlan &Abas,2021)。近年来,新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)的隔离防控措施限制了户外活动,并使人们焦虑、抑郁的情绪分别增长了16%和28%(Rajkumar,2020)。将碰碰香应用于构建对身心健康有益的室内环境,是一种用于维护久居室内人群的生理和心理健康的行之有效的方法。

  • 然而,芳香植物挥发物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的合成与释放是一个受多种因素影响的复杂生理过程,与光周期、温湿度等影响生理状态的外界环境因素密切相关,许多植物VOCs释放在不同环境下存在较大差异。李莹莹(2012)研究发现,矮牵牛中的苯环类物质在夜间释放,而一些香气物质如异丁子香酚仅在白天释放,白玉兰鲜花在低温下仅释放几种挥发物,大多数萜烯类化合物为痕量或不释放。此外,高光强、高温或湿度增加在一定程度上会刺激植物释放VOCs(Holopainen &Gershenzon,2010),环境湿度增加可使赤松和云杉释放的VOCs成分发生改变,并且湿度增加与芳香物质α-蒎烯的释放呈显著正相关(李洪远等,2015)。然而,也有研究显示一些植物的VOCs释放对于高湿度并不敏感,甚至会受到抑制(李洪远等,2015)。大气中CO2浓度对植物VOCs释放的影响可能因物种而异,目前尚未有统一观点,如高浓度的CO2使花旗松VOCs释放量显著降低,而令洋葱的VOCs释放量显著升高(Jasoni et al.,2018)。因此,不同植物的VOCs释放对环境变化的响应存在较大差异,需进一步研究。

  • 室内环境与通风方式、人员密度、季节更替等密切相关。常见的室内环境具有空间较小、光照强度低、CO2浓度高等特点。室内CO2浓度最低值为573 μmol·mol-1,最高值达4 991 μmol·mol-1(姬长发等,2019);室内平均居住温度在19.78~31.18℃范围内,室内相对湿度季节性变化强,冬季最低,夏季最高,并与室内空气温度密切相关(Tamerius et al.,2013)。环境变化是碰碰香在实际室内应用中需要考虑的主要潜在影响因素,可能会通过影响碰碰香VOCs的释放,进而影响其对生理心理健康的干预效果。但是,以往尚未针对室内环境因素对碰碰香VOCs释放的影响展开系统的研究。本研究采用混合正交试验方法,探究温度、湿度、CO2浓度及光照条件等室内主要环境因素对碰碰香植株VOCs释放的影响,旨在明确影响碰碰香植株VOCs释放的主要因素,进而提供其VOCs高效稳定释放的最佳环境条件,以便针对性地在日常室内工作和生活环境中使用碰碰香植株,充分发挥其应用价值。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 实验材料及装置

  • 碰碰香3盆,种植在泥炭土的圆形花盆(直径27 cm,高18 cm)中,培养环境为碰碰香生长较适宜的环境,即温度(25 ± 2)℃、空气相对湿度(50 ± 10)%、光周期为12 h光照/12 h黑暗(8:00打开光源,20:00关闭光源)。照明光源采用红白LED光源,光谱中红白光比例为1∶1,光强120 μmol·m-2·s-1。培养碰碰香株高至16~18 cm时开展所有的实验处理。

  • 1.2 常见室内环境的实验因素水平设计

  • 经文献调研(王茜等,2019),确定温度、湿度、光照条件、CO2浓度为可能影响碰碰香的VOCs释放的典型室内环境因素。依据室内通风状态及人员密度,室内实地测量结合文献调研(Tamerius et al.,2013;姬长发等,2019),确定变化范围为温度20~30℃,湿度40%~80%。CO2浓度500~4 500 μmol·mol-1,光照强度为光照20 μmol·m-2·s-1或黑暗0 μmol·m-2·s-1。各个环境因子的水平设置见表1。

  • 根据混合正交试验设计原理,选择相近的L18.3.6.6.1正交表,使用拟水平法进行正交试验设计(武凯等,2021),测试顺序随机,每个处理设置3个重复,结果取平均值。

  • 表1 常见室内办公或居家环境的实验因素水平设置

  • Table1 Experimental factor level design of common indoor office or home environment

  • 1.3 碰碰香VOCs采样方法

  • 用于碰碰香VOCs采集的实验装置(图1)上部为有机玻璃罩,在植物茎基部使用有机玻璃板和聚四氟乙烯薄膜将土壤上部的植株与下方的土壤隔开,用硅胶圈密封固定(Daussy &Staudt,2020),构成上方密封空间以避免土壤VOCs的干扰。采样时间为每日9:00—16:00,采样前先将碰碰香放置在实验装置中,使用经过过滤的空气冲洗(4 L·min-1)有机玻璃罩10 min,以消除安装过程中残留的VOCs。空气的过滤净化使用GDX-101和活性炭两种吸附管(Li et al.,2019),以避免外界空气中VOCs的干扰。

  • 环境条件控制通过向装置内通入不同温度、湿度、CO2浓度的空气,以及控制外界光源的开闭来实现。使用温湿度控制器来控制温湿度,气体流量调节器控制装置内CO2气体的浓度。当装置内CO2传感器示数保持相对稳定不变3 min以上时,判定植株已适应了此环境条件,即此环境下碰碰香植株的光合作用强度已经达到稳定状态,继续稳定30 min后进行VOCs吸附采样(Daussy &Staudt,2020)。在装置出气口接Tenax-TA吸附管,以100 mL·min-1的恒定流量采样30 min,重复3次。采样结束后,称量碰碰香植株地上部分鲜重质量,用于计算碰碰香植株单位鲜重生物量的VOCs释放量。

  • 1.4 GC-MS检测与VOCs成分分析

  • 采集的样品使用热解析仪(TD-20,中国)进行热脱附,进行气相色谱质谱联用分析(QP2020气质联用仪,日本)。具体条件如下:HP-5MS 色谱柱(60 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm),初始温度50℃,保持10 min,以5℃·min-1 速率程序升温到250℃,保持5 min;载气为高纯氦气(99.999 9%)。MS离子源在70 eV、200℃,全扫描模式下运行,质量扫描范围为30~800 amu。通过NIST化合物数据库,具有保留指数或将质谱与已发表的数据进行比较来鉴定化合物。使用北京坛墨质检标准物质中心的混合VOCs作为标样并绘制标准曲线,进行现化合物的定量计算。

  • 图1 用于测量碰碰香VOCs释放的装置

  • Fig.1 Device for measuring VOCs released by Plectranthushadiensis var. tomentosus

  • 依据网络药理学方法(钟钰等,2019),利用TCMSP中药系统药理学数据库(http://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php)、Pubchem 有机小分子生物活性数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)、TGSC香料信息数据库(http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/)预测筛选碰碰香VOCs中具有抗焦虑抑郁,镇静催眠等生理活性的成分。

  • 1.5 统计分析

  • 根据混合正交试验设计原理,计算极差R并按大小进行排序,筛选出最佳适用环境条件(武凯等,2021),计算分析各环境因素的影响趋势:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ分别为每个环境因素不同水平的实验值之和。K1~K5分别是每个因素第1至第5个水平的值,根据各个因素的2个、3个或5个的水平值设置,分析该因素对试验指标的影响趋势。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 VOCs释放总量及其主要成分的变化

  • 表2为不同环境组合下碰碰香植株VOCs释放总量的结果,光照(A)、温度(B)、湿度(C)和CO2浓度(D)的极差RD>RB>RC>RA,说明CO2浓度对碰碰香VOCs释放总含量的影响最大,其次是温度和湿度,而光照对VOCs释放的影响较小。各环境因素对VOCs释放总含量的影响趋势如图2:A。黑暗条件下碰碰香VOCs释放量要高于有光照环境下。碰碰香VOCs的释放总量先随温度、湿度的升高而增加,但是当温湿度超过一定限度时,VOCs释放总量会明显降低。随着CO2浓度的升高,碰碰香VOCs的释放总量呈降低的趋势,释放量在500 μmol·mol-1 CO2浓度时最高,在3 500 μmol·mol-1时最低,在4 500 μmol·mol-1时表现出明显的升高趋势,但仍低于500 μmol·mol-1时VOCs的释放量。由图2:A可知,促使碰碰香VOCs释放的较佳环境条件为 A2B2C2D1,即黑暗、温度25℃、湿度60%、CO2浓度500 μmol·mol-1,碰碰香VOCs释放总量可达到86.23 μg·L-1·kg-1,即每千克碰碰香植物释放到每升空气中的挥发物质量为86.23 μg。

  • 表2 不同环境对碰碰香VOCs释放总含量影响的正交试验结果

  • Table2 Orthogonal test results of different environment effects on total content in VOCs released by Plectranthushadiensis var. tomentosus

  • 由表3可知,不同环境条件下碰碰香植株释放的VOCs成分差异较大。在黑暗条件下,大多数实验组VOCs中含量最多的物质均为d-柠檬烯,且部分处理组的柠檬烯含量超过了50%(组2、组4、组5、组17),推测可能在黑暗条件下碰碰香VOCs中d-柠檬烯的合成与释放较为稳定。

  • 2.2 VOCs中有效活性成分含量的变化

  • 利用相关数据库,结合文献(Zhang &Yao,2019)预测筛选出抗焦虑抑郁或镇静催眠的有效活性成分,得到碰碰香VOCs中与身心健康相关的41种有效活性成分,见表4。由表4可知,在筛选得到的有效活性成分中,多数为既可以缓解失眠症状亦可以缓解焦虑抑郁情绪的单萜类或倍半萜类物质,如含氧单萜烯(α-松油醇,芳樟醇等),单环单萜烯(d-柠檬烯,伞花烃等)等。

  • 碰碰香VOCs中有效活性成分含量的变化与总含量变化趋势总体相似(表5,图2:B),黑暗条件下有效活性成分的释放量要高于光照条件。各环境因素的极差RD>RB>RC>RA,说明CO2浓度对VOCs中的活性成分合成和释放影响最大。由表5可知,在黑暗、温度25℃、湿度60%、CO2浓度500 μmol·mol-1环境下,碰碰香植株释放的VOCs中有效活性成分含量最高,为78.03 μg·L-1·kg-1

  • 表3 不同环境条件下碰碰香植株释放的VOCs中含量前三的成分及其百分含量

  • Table3 Components and percentages of the top three in VOCs released by Plectranthushadiensis var. tomentosus under different environmental conditions

  • 3 讨论

  • 常见芳香盆栽碰碰香的香气广受人们喜爱(荆小洁等,2020),具有改善情绪和睡眠的巨大应用潜力(赵小珍等,2016; Zhang &Yao,2019)。但是,针对不同室内的环境条件,碰碰香VOCs的释放量可能存在较大变化(李洪远等,2015)。本研究从碰碰香VOCs组分及其释放量变化的角度,探究了温度、湿度、CO2浓度及光照条件等典型室内环境对其VOCs释放的影响。结果发现碰碰香VOCs的释放对CO2浓度和温度较为敏感,而对湿度变化和有无光照的敏感度较低。

  • 大气中CO2浓度的升高会一定程度上抑制碰碰香光合作用速率和VOCs的释放。推测高浓度CO2抑制碰碰香VOCs释放可能归因于两方面:一方面,萜类物质合成之后需储存于特定的分泌器官中,此类器官的分化和维护的代谢成本较大(Staudt et al.,2001);另一方面,高浓度CO2提升了光合速率,初级代谢增加,引起次生代谢物的糖基化和氧化,从而降低了碰碰香萜类化合物的挥发性(Yazaki et al.,2017)。碰碰香VOCs中的单萜物质芳樟醇,经Cyt P450s氧化为8-羟代、8-氧代或8-羧基芳樟醇,从而挥发性降低,以非挥发性物质的形式积累在叶片中(Yazaki et al.,2017)。此外,糖基化和氧化反应可能导致亲水性和分子质量的增加,同时引起叶片干物质密度增加,含水率降低等变化。CO2浓度过高甚至可以改变叶绿体的超微结构,造成植物叶片损伤(Velikova et al.,2009)。此外,室内CO2浓度升高也会对情绪和睡眠造成负面影响,显著降低睡眠质量(Zhang et al.,2021)。因此,室内保持较低水平的CO2浓度既有利于碰碰香VOCs的稳定释放,亦能维持具有较高人体舒适感的活动环境。

  • 表4 应用网络药理学方法预测和筛选出碰碰香植株释放的VOCs中有效活性成分

  • Table4 Prediction and screening of effectively active components in VOCs released by Plectranthushadiensis var. tomentosus using a network pharmacology method

  • 注:预测筛选有效活性成分依据TCMSP中药系统药理学数据库、Pubchem有机小分子生物活性数据库、TGSC香料信息数据库。

  • Note: Prediction and screening of effectively active components according to database of TCMSP, Pubchem and TGSC.

  • 温度是CO2浓度之外另一个影响碰碰香VOCs释放的重要环境因素。碰碰香VOCs主要成分为萜烯类物质,其可能是由萜烯合酶超家族(terpene synthase superfamily,TPSs)进行催化合成;TPSs酶将顺式或反式异戊二烯二磷酸酯转化为多种单萜或倍半萜(Muchlinski et al.,2019),然后释放到空气中。碰碰香VOCs中β-蒎烯、月桂烯、柠檬烯和β-水芹烯等萜类物质明显依赖于温度水平(Kopaczyk et al.,2020),可能是由于低温或高温直接影响到TPSs酶活性,即随温度上升VOCs合成和释放速率逐渐增加;当温度超过一定限度之后,高温降低TPSs酶活性,碰碰香VOCs合成和释放速率也随之降低(李洪远等,2015),甚至持续的高温可能对TPSs酶造成不可逆转的结构损伤。温度还可能通过提高碰碰香萜烯的蒸气压和降低排放途径的阻力,进而提高大多数萜烯物质的排放速率(Llusia et al.,2012)。此外,低温还可能通过影响碰碰香初级代谢,导致次级代谢过程底物不足,从而影响VOCs合成这一次级代谢过程(Kopaczyk et al.,2020)。因此,碰碰香植株在实际的应用中,低温或过于闷热的环境均可能通过降低碰碰香VOCs的释放,进而降低其园艺干预效果,应尽量保持室内温度稳定适宜,避免高温对碰碰香植物可能造成的损伤。

  • 表5 碰碰香植株释放的VOCs中有效活性成分含量正交试验结果

  • Table5 Results of orthogonal test on effectively active components in VOCs released by Plectranthushadiensis var. tomentosus

  • 在本研究中,碰碰香VOCs的释放对湿度变化的响应敏感度较低,这可能是由于碰碰香VOCs储存在如油腺和腺毛等特殊类型的组织中,而环境中空气相对湿度主要影响碰碰香叶片气孔的开闭(李佳佳等,2020),而对储存VOCs的油腺无影响(Yazaki et al.,2017)。有无光照是碰碰香VOCs释放响应不敏感的另外一个环境变化因素。推测这可能是因为其VOCs的成分多数为单萜或者倍半萜类物质。碰碰香叶片内萜类合成酶的活性受光照强度的影响较小(李洪远等,2015),有无光照通常不影响碰碰香VOCs中倍半萜物质的释放(Leung et al.,2010),因此在本研究中碰碰香植株VOCs的释放对有无光照的响应较小。此外,在黑暗条件下碰碰香VOCs中含量最高的成分基本稳定为一种具有镇静催眠作用的物质d-柠檬烯(Lu et al.,2020),推测在黑暗条件下d-柠檬烯的合成与释放较为稳定,可能比较适合应用于夜晚室内环境改善睡眠,高效地发挥其对身心健康干预效用。

  • 4 结论

  • 在室内环境中,影响碰碰香植株VOCs释放的关键环境因素为CO2浓度和温度。碰碰香植株应用于构建亲生物环境,改善人员身心健康时,最佳的环境条件为黑暗、CO2浓度500 μmol·mol-1、温度25℃和湿度60%。此环境条件下碰碰香植株VOCs释放量较高且稳定,其释放总量为86.23 μg·L-1·kg-1,活性成分含量为78.03 μg·L-1·kg-1。本研究为碰碰香植株应用于室内亲生物构建的环境控制提供了科学依据,同时补充了芳香类植物VOCs释放的理论知识。

  • 图2 各因素水平对碰碰香植株VOCs释放量的影响趋势

  • Fig.2 Influence trend of each factor on the VOCs released by Plectranthushadiensisvar. tomentosus

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    • LI HY, WANG F, XIONG SG, et al. , 2015. Research review on the role and the influential factors of the biogenic volatile organic compounds [J]. J Saf Environ, 15(2): 292-296. [李洪远, 王芳, 熊善高, 等, 2015. 植物挥发性有机物的作用与释放影响因素研究进展 [J]. 安全与环境学报, 15(2): 292-296. ]

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    • MAZLAN SM, ABAS A, 2021. Systematic review on ecosystem services for indoor environment towards livable human indoor environment [J]. Fresen Environ Bull, 30(4A): 4177-4188.

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