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作者简介:

刘永英(1969—),博士,教授,主要从事苔藓植物学研究,(E-mail)jzbotany@163.com。

中图分类号:Q949.35

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2024)04-0657-13

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202304066

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目录contents

    摘要

    该研究以经典分类学方法探讨了中国红蒴真藓复合群(Bryum atrovirens Brid. complex),重点关注根生芽胞特征在分类中的价值。以期厘清中国红蒴真藓复合群的特征和物种组成;明确各物种之间的分类界限和地理分布。结果表明:(1)中国该复合群共有9种,即毛状真藓(B. apiculatum Schwägr.)、红蒴真藓(B. atrovirens Brid.)、瘤根真藓(B. bornholmense Wink. & R. Ruthe)、棒槌真藓 [B. clavatum (Schimp.) Müll. Hal.]、球根真藓(B. radiculosum Brid.)、齿缘真藓(B. rubens Mitt.)、沙氏真藓(B. sauteri Bruch & Schimp.)、星形真藓(B. stellituber Arts)和土生真藓(B. tuberosum Mohamed & Damanhuri),其中星形真藓为中国新分布种,首次观察到该种的孢子体以及红蒴真藓和齿缘真藓的中国标本产生根生芽胞。(2)该类群是适应临时环境的短命植物,主要通过根生芽胞进行无性繁殖,最主要的识别特征是芽胞的位置、颜色、形状、大小、细胞壁厚度和外层细胞是否突起及其程度等。(3)明确了每种的地理分布。综上所述,可根据根生芽胞的形态特征快速进行中国红蒴真藓复合群分类鉴定,新记录种的发现丰富了中国藓类植物新资料。

    Abstract

    The Bryum atrovirens Brid. complex in China was critically revised based on morphological evidence, with a focus on the tubers. The aim of the study is to clarify the morphological delimitation, and geographical distribution for each recognized species of this complex in China. The results show that: (1) Nine species are recognized for the complex in China, namely B. apiculatum Schwägr., B. atrovirens Brid., B. bornholmense Wink. & R. Ruthe, B. clavatum (Schimp.) Müll. Hal., B. radiculosum Brid., B. rubens Mitt., B. sauteri Bruch & Schimp., B. stellituber Arts and B. tuberosum Mohamed & Damanhuri. B. stellituber represents a new record for China, whereas sporophytes are for the first time recorded in two populations of the new record, and the rhizoidal tubers of B. atrovirens and B. rubens are first documented from Chinese material. (2) Species of the B. atrovirens Brid. complex are ‘ephemeral’ colonists adapted to the exploitation of short-lived habitat gaps. Asexual reproduction by means of tubers was observed to be common and numerous. Identification of species within the complex relies heavily on the tuber characteristics, including its distribution (along short or long rhizoids, clustered or not), color, shape, size, cell wall thickness, presence of surface protuberance, and degree of protuberance when present. (3) The distribution at global and Chinese provincial levels for each species is summarized. An identification key to species of the B. atrovirens Brid. complex in China is presented. In conclusion, the species identification of the B. atrovirens Brid. complex can be rapidly accomplished based on the morphological characteristics exhibited by the tuber. The species newly record adds data for the moss in China.

    关键词

    星形真藓根生芽胞真藓属新记录分类

  • 全世界现已知真藓属植物有440种(Frey &Stech, 2009),广泛分布于世界各地,常见于丘陵、山地、林缘和路旁,甚至受人类周期性扰动的耕地,配子体形态特征变异幅度较大,是藓类植物中较难鉴定的类群之一。具有根生芽胞的多个真藓属物种曾被认为是一个物种——红蒴真藓(Bryum erythrocarpum Schwägr.,nom. illeg.=B. atrovirens Brid.)(Dixon,1924)。后来,Crundwell和Nyholm(1964)认识到依据这些物种多变的叶片形态、中肋长度和孢蒴形态等很难分类,而其芽胞特征更具有分类价值,并提出了一个非正式的分类单位名称——红蒴真藓复合群(B. erythrocarpum Schwägr. complex=B. atrovirens Brid. complex),包括红蒴真藓及其近缘物种,如沙氏真藓(B. sauteri Bruch &Schimp.)等,最明显的识别特征是假根上产生芽胞。一些学者基于形态学特征对真藓属进行属下分类,将具有假根生芽胞的多数物种置于毛状真藓组(Sect. Apalodictyon Müll. Hal.)或毛状真藓亚组 [Subsect. Apalodictyon(Müll. Hal.)Podp.](Ochi, 1992;Smith, 2004;赵建成和刘永英,2021),或红蒴真藓组 [Sect. Erythrocarpa(Kindb.)J. J. Amann](Spence &Ramsay,1999)。Spence和Ramsay(2005)提出了Gemmabryum J.R. Spence &H.P. Ramsay属,其中包括了红蒴真藓复合群多数种和其他产生有根生芽胞或叶腋处有球形芽胞以及有其他相似配子体特征的真藓属物种。Ochyra 等(2018)提出如果接受具有根生芽胞的种都是一个属,应该使用一个更老的属名Osculatia De Not.。然而,基于分子数据的系统发育研究表明,这些规律性产生芽胞的物种并不是一个单系类群(Holyoak &Pedersen,2007;Pedersen et al.,2007),所以,多数学者既不承认Gemmabryum属或Osculatia属的有效性,也不做真藓属属下单位的划分(贾渝和何思,2013;Hodgetts et al.,2020;Holyoak,2021;Blockeel et al.,2021;Canestraro &Peralta,2022;Spence,2022)。由于迄今为止的分子研究工作没能提供真藓属及其近缘类群分类的明确结果(Shaw,2014),因此本文采用广义真藓属概念,即仅以Bryum为属名。虽然红蒴真藓复合群不是一个自然分类群,但芽胞作为分类特征,可快速准确鉴定物种,所以,被广泛应用于真藓属的分类中(Arts,1997;Hugonnot,2013;Holyoak, 2021;Nair et al., 2022)。类似的分类单位还有比拉真藓复合群(B. billarderii Schwägr. complex)、细叶真藓复合群(B. capillare Hedw. complex)和双色真藓复合群(B. bicolor Dicks. complex)等被应用于真藓属分类研究中(Syed,1973;Mohamed,1979;Vanderpoorten &Zartman,2002)。

  • 现已知中国真藓属植物56种(含种下分类单位)(黎兴江,2006;贾渝和何思,2013;Liu et al.,2021;刘永英等, 2022,2023),近半数的物种可产生芽胞进行无性繁殖(Liu et al., 2020)。本研究旨在探讨以下问题:(1)中国红蒴真藓复合群的特征和物种组成;(2)明确各物种之间的分类界限;(3)明确该类群在中国的生态和地理分布。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 实验材料为中国分布的174份红蒴真藓复合群标本,凭证标本存放于焦作师范高等专科学校植物标本馆(JZNC)和广西植物标本馆(IBK),部分标本借阅于中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(PE)、中国科学院沈阳应用生态所标本馆(IFP)、中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆(KUN)、新疆大学植物标本馆(XJU)、河北师范大学植物标本馆(HBNU)、中国农业大学植物标本馆(BAU)、杭州师范大学植物标本馆(HTC)和内蒙古师范大学植物标本馆(IMNU)等。利用解剖镜(Motic SZ45)和光学显微镜(Olympus BX51)及其图像采集及分析系统(Olympus SC180)进行显微观察、测量、拍照和分析。重点关注根生芽胞的特征,即大小、形态、颜色、在植株上的着生位置、细胞壁的厚度和细胞突起程度在分类中的价值。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 参照文献中欧洲、澳洲等其他地区红蒴真藓复合群的形态特征和物种组成范畴(Crundwell &Nyholm,1964;Spence &Ramsay,1999;Smith,2004;Erzberger &Schröder, 2013),基于对中国分布物种的形态特征研究,结果显示中国该复合群共有9种,分别是毛状真藓(B. apiculatum Schwägr.)、红蒴真藓、瘤根真藓(B. bornholmense Wink. &R. Ruthe)、棒槌真藓 [B. clavatum(Schimp.)Müll. Hal.]、球根真藓(B. radiculosum Brid.)、齿缘真藓(B. rubens Mitt.)、沙氏真藓、星形真藓(B. stellituber Arts)和土生真藓(B. tuberosum Mohamed &Damanhuri),其中采自中国广西乐业县的星形真藓为中国新分布种,并首次观察到孢子体。以往的中国文献中未曾提及红蒴真藓和齿缘真藓产生根生芽胞(黎兴江,2006;左倩孺和徐杰,2021)。首次在中国分布的标本中观察到芽胞,通过芽胞这一标志性特征进一步确认了两物种在中国的分布。

  • 红蒴真藓复合群的主要特征为植株矮小,高3~15 mm。叶卵状披针形至披针形,湿时直立或倾展,干时稍皱缩;叶边缘上部常有细锯齿,下部背卷,有分化边或无;中肋基部微红色;叶中上部细胞长菱形至长六边形,向基部变短而宽,长方形至方形。假根上常有芽胞。雌雄异株。孢蒴圆柱形至卵形,平列至下垂,黄褐色至红色;蒴盖圆锥形,钝尖至有短喙;蒴齿发育完全,内齿层齿条有大穿孔,基膜超过蒴齿长度的一半,齿毛有附片。

  • 中国红真藓复合群分种检索表

  • 1 . 假根生芽胞梨形,扁平,大量,生于假根短分枝上 ······9. 土生真藓

  • 1 . 假根生芽胞球形或梨形,不扁平,大量或稀少,生于假根短分枝或长假根顶端 ······2

  • 2 . 组成芽胞的表面细胞凸起,细胞厚壁,红棕色 ······3

  • 2 . 组成芽胞的表面细胞不凸起,细胞薄壁或稍厚壁,黄棕色至红棕色 ······5

  • 3 . 芽胞的表面细胞锥形高凸起; 芽胞星形 ······1. 星形真藓

  • 3 . 芽胞的表面细胞圆弧状稍凸起; 芽胞球形 ······4

  • 4 . 芽胞直径很少超过250 μm,在假根短分枝上大量簇生或长枝上单生; 叶腋处常有芽胞 ······ 7. 齿缘真藓

  • 4 . 芽胞直径常超过250 μm,稀少生于假根短分枝上; 无叶腋生 ······4. 瘤根真藓

  • 5 . 芽胞较大,直径常超过120 μm,圆球形、卵形或梨形,细胞薄壁,黄棕色 ······ 6

  • 5 . 芽胞较小,直径常不超过120 μm,梨形或短棒状,细胞薄壁或稍厚壁,黄棕色至红棕色 ······7

  • 6 . 叶无分化边,中肋常长出;芽胞圆球形 ······6. 球根真藓

  • 6 . 叶有分化边,中肋常短出;芽胞卵形或梨形,偶见球形 ······3. 红蒴真藓

  • 7 . 叶有分化边;芽胞短棒状,细胞稍厚壁,黄棕色 ······5. 棒槌真藓

  • 7 . 叶无分化边;芽胞梨形或不规则球形,细胞薄壁或稍厚壁,黄棕色至红棕色 ······8

  • 8. 叶狭长圆形至椭圆状披针形,明显龙骨状内凹,中肋贯顶,但不突出;芽胞大量生于假根短枝上,偶见于长枝,细胞薄壁 ······2.毛状真藓

  • 8 . 叶卵状披针形,平展,中肋贯顶,短出或呈芒状;芽胞大量生于假根短枝上,细胞稍厚壁 ······8. 沙氏真藓

  • Key to the species of Bryum atrovirens Brid. complex in China

  • 1. Rhizoidal tubers pyriform, flattened, abundant on short branches of the main rhizoids······9. B. tuberosum

  • 1. Rhizoidal tubers spherical or pyriform, not flattened, abundant or scattered on short branches or long main rhizoids······2

  • 2. Surface cells of tuber protuberant, thick-walled, reddish-brown······3

  • 2. Surface cells of tuber smooth, thin-walled or slightly thick-walled, yellowish-brown to reddish-brown······5

  • 3. Surface cells of tuber conical, strongly protruded; tubers stellate······1. B. stellituber

  • 3. Surface cells of tuber curved, weakly to moderately protruded; tubers globose······4

  • 4. Tubers rarely exceeds 250 μm in diameter, abundant on short branches or single on long rhizoids; often bearing axillary gemmae······7. B. rubens

  • 4. Diameter of tubers often exceeds 250 μm, scattered on short branches of main rhizoids; axillary gemmae absent······4. B. bornholmens

  • 5. Tubers larger, mostly over 120 μm in diameter, spheroidal, ovoid or pyriform, thin-walled, yellowish-brown······6

  • 5. Tubers smaller, mostly under 120 μm in diameter, pyriform or short-claviform, thin-walled or slightly thick-walled, yellowish-brown to reddish-brown······7

  • 6. Leaf border not differentiated, costa long-excurrent; tubers spherical······6. B. radiculosum

  • 6. Leaf border differentiated, costa short-excurrent; tubers ovoid or pyriform, occasionally spherical······3. B. atrovirens

  • 7. Leaf border differentiated; tubers short-claviform, slightly thick-walled, yellowish-brown ······5. B. calvatum

  • 7. Leaf border not differentiated; tubers pyriform or irregularly spherical, thin-walled or slightly thick-walled, yellowish-brown to reddish-brown······8

  • 8. Leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, distinctly keeled and concave, costa percurrent; tubers abundant on short rhizoid branches, rarely on long ones, thin-walled······2. B. apiculatum

  • 8. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat, costa percurrent, shortly excurrent or aristate; tubers abundant on short branches of main rhizoids, slightly thick-walled······8. B. sauteri

  • 2.1 星形真藓(新拟,图版I)

  • Bryum stellituber Arts, J. Bryol.19: 453, f.1-2.1997.

  • 植株疏松丛集或单株着生,淡绿色,常带红色(图版I:A),老时红褐色,叶在茎上均匀着生或在茎顶聚集。假根浅棕色至棕色,有细疣(图版I:Q)。茎高约8 mm,常分枝。叶湿时直立伸展,干时不明显皱缩;茎上部叶较大,(2.6~2.9)mm × (0.6~0.8)mm,下部叶较小,[(1.5)1.9~2.2] mm ×(0.6~0.7)mm,披针形,平展或稍微内凹,叶尖渐尖,叶基狭缩,不下延,叶缘中上部平展,下部稍背卷(图版I:I-K),上部常有细锯齿,中下部全缘(图版I:I-J);有明显分化边,由1~2列狭长的厚壁细胞组成,黄褐色(图版I:I-K);叶上部细胞长菱形至长六边形,薄壁,[46.2~79.8(92.3)] μm × [(11.2)12.1~16.9] μm,中部细胞较上部细胞大,薄壁,(47.6~94.3)μm ×[(12.9)15.3~21.7] μm(图版I:I-J),基部细胞长方形,薄壁,(43.9~94.8)μm × [(17.0)19.1~25.1(30.1)] μm(图版I:K);中肋褐色至红褐色,贯顶至短出,基部宽 66.4~92.4 μm,横切面无主细胞,仅有背面厚壁细胞束(图版I:H)。红色至红棕色的圆球形芽胞大量或零星着生于假根上,直径(95)145~205 μm,表面部分细胞向外延伸为高低不等的疣突,锥形疣突可高出芽胞表面37.6 μm,顶端常圆钝(图版I:L-Q)。雌雄异株。蒴柄长2.1~2.9 cm,细弱,直立,黄棕色(图版I:C)。孢蒴平列至倾垂,圆柱形,长3~4 mm,黄棕色,台部短,较壶部狭,蒴口较蒴壶稍狭缩,淡棕色至深棕色;蒴口处的外壁细胞椭圆形,近口部的2~3行细胞小而横向伸长,其后是4~5行短细胞,下方的细胞纵向成行排列(图版I:C-D)。蒴盖圆锥形,有钝尖,红色或红棕色(图版I:C);外齿层齿片锥形,渐尖,外侧表面有疣,下部约2/3黄棕色,上部1/3狭缩,透明;内齿层表面光滑至稍有细疣,浅黄色,透明,基膜高约为外蒴齿高度的1/2,齿条宽三角状,龙骨脊处形成宽穿孔,齿毛发育完整,2~3条,具长节瘤或附片(图版I:D)。孢子直径15~19 μm,表面分布粗疣。

  • 特殊的芽胞形态使得星状真藓易于与真藓属其他物种区分。虽然牙买加真藓(Bryum jamaicense Syed)的芽胞具有类似突出的外部细胞(Syed,1973),但该种与细叶真藓(B. capillare Hedw.)近缘(Arts,1997),叶卵形至匙形,具有较宽的分化边(2~4列细胞vs.1~2列细胞),芽胞明显较大,直径190~250 μm vs.(95)145~205 μm。

  • 中国分布: 在广西乐业县两地采集的标本为中国首次分布记录。

  • 其他分布: 此前世界分布记录仅有模式标本产地——印度北方邦(Arts,1997)。

  • 2.2 毛状真藓(图Ⅱ: A)

  • Bryum apiculatum Schwägr., Sp. Musc. Frond., Suppl.1 (2) : 102, t.72 [top].1816.

  • ——Gemmabryum apiculatum (Schwägr.) J.R. Spence &H.P. Ramsay, Phytologia87 (2) : 65.2005.

  • ——Osculatia apiculata (Schwägr.) Ochyra, Plášek &Bedn.-Ochyra, Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Nat.67 (1) : 75.2018.

  • 植株黄绿色,常带微红色。叶狭长圆形至椭圆状披针形,明显呈龙骨状内凹,无分化边,中肋贯顶。大量芽胞散生于假根短分枝顶端,偶见于长假根上,梨形或不规则球形,(59~132)μm ×(48~129)μm,黄棕色至红棕色,表面细胞无明显突起,细胞薄壁,等径。

  • 该种与沙氏真藓的芽胞形态相似,但前者的芽胞稍大,较大的长度超过100 μm,叶片明显呈龙骨状内凹,中肋及顶;而后者的芽胞稍小,最大的长度不超过90 μm,叶平展,中肋短出或呈芒状。

  • 中国分布: 福建、广西、河北、河南、新疆、云南、青海、四川、西藏和浙江等省区(赵建成和刘永英,2021)。

  • 其他分布: 毛状真藓广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区,美洲(美国、巴西、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加、巴拿马和墨西哥)(Ochi,1994;Allen,2002;Spence,2014;Canestraro &Peralta,2022)、非洲(埃及、布基纳法索、中非共和国、喀麦隆、佛得角、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、几内亚、肯尼亚、利比里亚、莱索托、马达加斯加、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、毛里求斯、南非、塞舌尔、塞拉利昂、坦桑尼亚、多哥、乌干达、刚果和赞比亚)(O′Shea,2006)、南亚和东南亚(印度、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、孟加拉国、泰国、柬埔寨、缅甸、越南、菲律宾和新加坡)(Koponen &Norris,1984;Tan &Iwatsuki,1991,1993;Touw,1992;Ros et al,1999;O′Shea,2002,2003;Allen,2002;Pradhan &Joshi,2008;Yong et al.,2013)、澳洲(澳大利亚)、大洋洲(新西兰)和欧洲(英国)(Holyoak,2009)。

  • 2.3 红蒴真藓 (图Ⅱ: B)

  • Bryum atrovirens Brid., Muscol. Recent.2 (3) : 48.1803.

  • ——B. erythrocarpum Schwägr., Sp. Musc. Frond., Suppl.1 (2) : 100.1816, nom. illeg.

  • ——B. microerythrocarpum Müll. Hal. &Kindb. in Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl., Musci124.1892.

  • 叶在茎上均匀排列,卵状披针形,分化边由1~2列长细胞组成,中肋贯顶至短出。孢蒴圆柱状,黄褐色。芽胞生于假根短分枝上,稀少,卵形或梨形,偶见球形,(135~258)μm ×(109~189)μm,黄棕色,表面细胞无明显突起,细胞薄壁。

  • 该种与球根真藓的芽胞相似,但后者圆球形,较小(ϕ=120~190 μm)。球根真藓的叶无分化边、中肋长出,与该种的叶有分化边、中肋短出易于区别。

  • Crundwell和Nyholm(1964)曾将Bryum erythrocarpum作为B. microerythrocarpum Müll. Hal. &Kindb.的异名对该种的形态特征和地理分布进行讨论,配子体和芽胞特征与B. atrovirens的完全一致。由于B. erythrocarpum不合法,并且学名B. atrovirens(1803)早于B. microerythrocarpum(1892),所以该文中的物种应是B. atrovirens

  • 中国分布: 河南、新疆、山东、江苏、浙江、西藏、香港、台湾、广西、江西、贵州、甘肃、河北、湖北、四川和澳门(魏倩倩等,2018)。

  • 其他分布:亚洲(巴基斯坦、缅甸、越南、印度和日本)(Bansal &Nath,2013;Suzuki,2016)、非洲(埃及)、欧洲(英国、挪威、瑞典、丹麦、德国、荷兰、比利时、法国、瑞士、奥地利和波兰)、美洲(加拿大和美国)和大洋洲(新西兰)(Crundwell &Nyholm,1964 as Bryum microerythrocarpum; Ros et al.,1999)。

  • 2.4 瘤根真藓 (图Ⅱ: C)

  • Bryum bornholmense Wink. &R. Ruthe, Hedwigia38 (Beibl.3) : 120.1899.

  • ——Ptychostomum bornholmense (Wink. &R. Ruthe) Holyoak &N. Pedersen, J. Bryol.29: 119.2007.

  • ——Osculatia bornholmensis (Wink. &R. Ruthe) Ochyra, Plášek &Bedn.-Ochyra, Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Nat.67 (1) : 75.2018.

  • 叶常在茎上均匀排列,卵形或卵状披针形,分化边由2~3列长细胞组成,中肋突出呈芒尖。芽胞生于茎基部的假根短分枝上,稀少,球形,[XC直径.eps; P]=180~390 μm,红棕色,表面细胞稍微凸起,细胞厚壁。

  • 该种与齿缘真藓的配子体相似,两种的芽胞比红蒴真藓复合群其他物种的大。区别是瘤根真藓的芽胞较大、颜色较深、表面细胞不明显凸起,且仅生于假根上,齿缘真藓的芽胞相对小(153~291 μm),鲜红色至红棕色,表面细胞明显彭起,除假根外,茎上叶腋处也常有芽胞。

  • 中国分布: 河北、河南、四川、山东、江苏、浙江、广西和新疆。

  • 其他分布: 欧洲多国(英国、挪威、瑞典、丹麦、匈牙利和法国)及美洲(美国和墨西哥)(Anderson et al.,1990;Crundwell &Whitehouse,2001;Smith,2004;Papp et al., 2010; Holyoak,2021)。

  • 2.5 棒槌真藓(图Ⅱ: D)

  • Bryum clavatum (Schimp.) Müll. Hal., Syn. Musc. Frond.1: 292.1848.

  • ——Gemmabryum clavatum (Schimp.) J.R. Spence &H.P. Ramsay, Phytologia87 (2) : 66.2005.

  • ——Osculatia clavatum (Schimp.) Ochyra, Plášek &Bedn.-Ochyra, Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Nat., 67 (1) : 75.2018.

  • 植株有光泽,微红色。叶狭长圆形至披针形,分化边明显,中肋短出,叶中上部细胞狭长菱形至狭六边形。芽胞常单生于假根顶端,偶见2个聚集于短分枝上,稀少,棒槌形,(84~127) μm ×(73~98)μm,棕色;表面细胞平滑无凸起,近柄端的细胞常伸长,顶端的细胞近等径,稍厚壁。

  • 毛状真藓的配子体与该种的相似,但前者的叶无明显的分化边、中肋不突出叶尖,通过芽胞形态差异可以快速区别两者。

  • 中国分布: 海南、云南和新疆。

  • 其他分布: 澳洲(澳大利亚)、大洋洲(新西兰)、南美洲(秘鲁、智利)及东南亚(巴布亚新几内亚、印度尼西亚、尼泊尔和菲律宾)(Ochi,1980;Koponen &Norris,1984;Pradhan &Joshi,2008)。

  • 2.6 球根真藓(图Ⅱ: E)

  • Bryum radiculosum Brid., Muscol. Recent. Suppl.3: 18.1817.

  • ——Gemmabryum radiculosum (Brid.) J.R. Spence &H.P. Ramsay, Phytologia87 (2) : 68.2005.

  • ——Osculatia radiculosa (Brid.) Ochyra, Plášek &Bedn.-Ochyra, Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Nat., 67 (1) : 76.2018.

  • 叶三角状披针形至狭披针形,无分化边,中肋短出,细胞狭长。芽胞生于假根短分枝上,稀少,球形,ϕ=120~190 μm,黄棕色,表面细胞平滑无凸起,薄壁。

  • 球根真藓与红蒴真藓的区别见前文。

  • 中国分布: 河南、江苏、福建、西藏、广西、浙江、云南、河北和新疆。

  • 图版 Ⅰ 星形真藓

  • Plate Ⅰ Bryum stellituber Arts

  • 其他分布: 遍布欧洲大陆主要国家和岛屿(英国、丹麦、斯洛伐克、罗马尼亚、德国、俄罗斯高加索地区和匈牙利)、东北亚(日本和俄罗斯远东地区)、西南亚(土耳其、以色列、巴勒斯坦、黎巴嫩和沙特阿拉伯)、美洲(美国、墨西哥、秘鲁、委内瑞拉、巴西和阿根廷)、非洲(阿尔几内亚、埃及、利比亚、摩洛哥、突尼斯、南非、津巴布韦和纳米比亚)、大西洋诸岛 (百慕大群岛等) 和大洋洲 (新西兰)等(Ros et al.,1999;Smith,2004;O′Shea,2006;Holyoak, 2021;Canestraro &Peralta, 2022)。

  • 图版 Ⅱ 红蒴真藓复合群芽胞

  • Plate Ⅱ Tubers of Bryum atrovirens Brid. complex

  • 2.7 齿缘真藓(图版Ⅲ: A-C)

  • Bryum rubens Mitt., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc., 8: 232.1856.

  • ——Gemmabryum rubens (Mitt.) J.R. Spence &H.P. Ramsay, Phytologia87 (2) : 68.2005.

  • ——Ptychostomum rubens (Mitt.) Holyoak &N. Pedersen, J. Bryol., 29: 120.2007.

  • ——Osculatia rubens (Mitt.) Ochyra, Plášek &Bedn.-Ochyra, Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Nat., 67 (1) : 76.2018.

  • 植株深绿色,老时红棕色。叶三角状披针形,分化边由1~2(3)列厚壁细胞组成,近叶尖处边缘有锯齿,中肋贯顶至短出。芽胞球形,在茎基部假根短分枝上簇生或长枝末端单生,通常较小,ϕ=36~96 μm,较大的与叶腋处较小的相近,单个着生于茎上叶腋处的芽胞(实为起始于假根)较大,ϕ =(153)202~291 μm,亮红棕色,表面有明显膨起的细胞,使得芽胞形似覆盆子,细胞厚壁。

  • 该种与瘤根真藓的区别见前文。

  • 中国分布: 内蒙古和河南(左倩孺和徐杰,2021)。

  • 其他分布: 广布于欧洲各地(英国、挪威、芬兰、瑞典、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、俄罗斯、德国、瑞士、西班牙、葡萄牙和匈牙利)、亚洲(土耳其、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、巴基斯坦、印度、印度尼西亚和日本)、非洲(南非和突尼斯)、美洲(美国和巴西)、澳洲及大洋洲(新西兰)(Crundwell &Nyholm,1964;Ros et al.,1999;Smith,2004;Spence, 2014; Holyoak, 2021)。

  • 2.8 沙氏真藓 (图Ⅲ: D)

  • Bryum sauteri Bruch &Schimp. in Bruch et al., Bryol. Eur., fasc.32 (suppl.1) : 10, t.10.1846.

  • ——Gemmabryum sauteri (Bruch &Schimp.) J.R. Spence &H.P. Ramsay, Phytologia87 (2) : 68.2005.

  • ——Osculatia sauteri (Bruch &Schimp.) Ochyra, Plášek &Bedn.-Ochyra, Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Nat.67 (1) : 76.2018.

  • 叶卵状披针形,平展,无分化边,中肋短出或呈芒状。芽胞大量,生于假根短分枝上,梨形或不规则球形,(51~90)μm ×(43~76)μm,棕色至红棕色,表面细胞无明显突起,细胞壁稍厚;组成芽胞的细胞大而数量少,仅有1~3(4)细胞宽。

  • 在红蒴真藓复合群中,该种与土生真藓和毛状真藓的芽胞较小,与毛状真藓的区别见前文;土生真藓的芽胞扁平、叶有分化边、在茎顶聚集呈莲座状与该种区分。该种的芽胞与齿缘真藓的根生芽胞相似,但无叶腋生芽胞,配子体形态也有明显差异。

  • 中国分布: 河南、浙江、广西、贵州、山东、新疆、西藏和云南(赵建成和刘永英,2021)。

  • 其他分布: 欧洲(英国、冰岛、葡萄牙、西班牙、挪威、斯洛伐克、黑山共和国、奥地利、比利时、法国、捷克共和国、瑞士、意大利和俄罗斯高加索地区)、南亚洲(印度)、非洲(埃及和南非)、南美洲(厄瓜多尔和智利)、大洋洲(新西兰)及澳洲(Smith,2004;O′Shea,2006;Holyoak,2021)。

  • 2.9 土生真藓 (图Ⅲ: E)

  • Bryum tuberosum Mohamed &Damanhuri, Bryologist 93: 288, f.1-10.1990.

  • ——Osculatia tuberosa (Mohamed &Damanhuri) Ochyra, Plášek &Bedn.-Ochyra, Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Nat.67 (1) : 76.2018.

  • 茎顶的叶大,密集排列成莲座状,狭卵形至卵形,分化边由3~4列细胞组成,中肋短出。芽胞大量,生于假根短分枝末端,梨形或不规则圆形,扁平,(40~70)μm ×(35~57)μm,黄棕色至红棕色,表面细胞不突起,细胞稍厚壁;芽胞表面仅有数个细胞宽。

  • 近土生真藓(B. riparium I. Hagen)有与该种相似的扁平状芽胞,但前者的植株高可达3 cm、叶在茎上均匀排列,后者的植株较小、叶在茎端聚集呈莲座状。

  • 中国分布: 河南、新疆、广西、浙江和云南。

  • 其他分布: 马来西亚和印度(Mohamed &Damanhuri, 1990;Nair et al., 2022)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 中国红蒴真藓复合群的物种组成范畴

  • 产生根生芽胞是红蒴真藓复合群的最典型特征,但不局限于此。在Crundwell和Nyholm (1964)、Ochi(1992)和Smith(2004)界定的复合群核心物种中,包括中国分布的红蒴真藓、沙氏真藓、瘤根真藓、球蒴真藓、毛状真藓和齿缘真藓。无论是Koponen和Norris (1984)将棒槌真藓与毛状真藓和红蒴真藓(Bryum microerythrocarpum=B. atrovirens)置于毛状真藓组,或是Spence和 Ramsey(2013) 基于有根生芽胞和狭长叶细胞等毛状真藓类群(group ‘Apiculata’)的特征将土生真藓转移至Gemmabryum属,亦或是植株矮小、叶细胞伸长等配子体特征和具有根生芽胞与红蒴真藓复合群的特征一致,棒槌真藓和土生真藓均应属于该类群。星形真藓在发表时就被认为是红蒴真藓复合群的近缘物种(Arts,1997),在中国标本中首次观察到该种的孢子体且与复合群的特征一致。黑龙江五大连池的齿缘真藓实为细叶真藓(B. capillare Hedw.)的错误鉴定(白学良和赵东平,2018)。在采自内蒙古自治区的齿缘真藓标本(内蒙古赤峰市宁城县黑里河国家级自然保护区,徐杰20200717037、20200717071)中没观察到芽胞(左倩孺和徐杰,2021),而在河南分布的标本中发现了大量芽胞,进一步确认了该种在中国的分布。

  • 图版Ⅲ 红蒴真藓复合群芽胞

  • Plate Ⅲ Tubers of Bryum atrovirens Brid. complex

  • 虽然赵建成和刘永英(2021)认为近土生真藓是属于毛状真藓组的物种,但因植株较大而健壮等特征被Smith(2004)置于Alpiniformia亚组,既非毛状真藓组也非红蒴真藓复合群成员,明显区别于红蒴真藓复合群的植株多是小而柔弱,所以,本研究将其排除在外。

  • 3.2 根生芽胞是红蒴真藓复合群稳定的分类识别特征

  • 真藓属的根生芽胞常出现在地下假根上,偶见于土面之上的叶腋处,如齿缘真藓的部分芽胞生于地面上叶腋处很短的假根上或假根初始细胞上。芽胞成熟时常为球形、亚球形或梨形,当生于假根短分枝上时有芽胞柄,发育初期常透明或灰白色,成熟时为黄色、橘黄色、红色或棕色,大小从几十微米至几百微米,无叶原基。芽胞的组成细胞常含有半透明、大小不等的球形油体。在红蒴真藓复合群中,芽胞的大小、形态、颜色、位置和组成芽胞的细胞是否突起在种内相对稳定。曾有人在培养基上培养了29种有根生芽胞的藓类植物,其中包括9种红蒴真藓复合群的物种,实验结果显示每个物种芽胞的形态特征几乎没有因环境因素而发生改变(Whitehouse,1966)。虽然红蒴真藓复合群具有根生芽胞的特征可能是趋同进化的结果,在曲尾藓科(Dicranaceae)、牛毛藓科(Ditrichaceae)、凤尾藓科(Fissidentaceae)和丛藓科(Pottiaceae)等其他藓类中也有相似的芽胞(Risse,1987),但是基于配子体特征而真藓属易与上述类群区分。在此基础上,根生芽胞可作为红蒴真藓复合群稳定的分类识别特征。

  • 3.3 产生根生芽胞是红蒴真藓复合群对不利生境的生态适应

  • 红蒴真藓复合群的物种为雌雄异株,多生长在草地、林缘、农田或园林绿地等,干旱或周期性地扰动导致该类群植物很少产生孢子体。生殖策略由能量消耗较高、周期较长的有性生殖转换为能量消耗较低、周期较短的无性繁殖,以便快速而成功地占据新的栖息地(权玉萍等,2020)。相对于叶腋生球形芽胞和丝状芽胞的细胞薄壁、叶绿体含量高、含大量淀粉,而根生芽胞的细胞常为厚壁、叶绿体含量低、含有大量的脂类储藏物(Duckett &Ligrone,1992),使其可以最大程度地对抗干旱、具有更强的长期休眠能力。新的间隔期形成或有利条件的出现可能需要很长时间,所以,长寿的繁殖体才能再度占领栖息地。在干旱环境中,大多数苔藓植物物种的芽胞可存活超过1年时间,瘤根真藓的根生芽胞在标本馆储藏12年之久后仍可萌发(Hock et al., 2004)。因此,在短暂和多变的环境中,根生芽胞的休眠是一种适应策略(Laaka-lindberg et al., 2003)。

  • 4 结论

  • 红蒴真藓复合群的物种是适应临时环境的短命植物,主要通过根生芽胞进行无性繁殖。目前中国该类群植物有9种,其中星形真藓是中国新记录种,首次发现该种的孢子体,红蒴真藓和齿缘真藓首次在中国分布的标本中观察到根生芽胞。最主要的识别特征是根生芽胞的位置、颜色、形状、大小、细胞壁厚度和外层细胞是否突起等。

  • 致谢 感谢河北师范大学的赵建成教授、新疆大学的买买提明·苏来曼教授、中国农业大学的邵小明教授、杭州师范大学的吴玉环教授、内蒙古师范大学的徐杰教授、中国科学院植物研究所的于宁宁博士、中国科学院沈阳应用生态所的李微博士和中国科学院昆明植物研究所的马文章博士在标本借阅时提供的帮助。同时感谢中国乐业·凤山世界地质公园乐业园区管理局和雅长兰科植物国家级自然保护区管理中心在野外考察工作中给予的帮助。

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