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作者简介:

陈生煜(1997—),硕士研究生,主要从事园林植物资源与应用研究,(E-mail)2247896390@qq.com。

通讯作者:

吴沙沙,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事园林植物资源与应用研究,(E-mail)shashawu1984@126.com。

中图分类号:Q944.42

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2024)04-0682-17

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202212056

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目录contents

    摘要

    利用扫描电镜对14种酢浆草属植物花粉形态及表面纹饰进行观测,对其花粉形态进行聚类分析,并基于孢粉学聚类结果,探讨其种间亲缘关系。结果表明:(1)所观测的14种植物花粉粒为近球形或扁球形,极面观均为三裂圆形,多数为3沟花粉粒,稀2沟(星星酢浆草)和4沟(黄花酢浆草);其中,96.3%花粉粒为中等大小,3.7%为小花粉粒;不同花柱类型都表现为长雄蕊花粉比短雄蕊花粉大;外壁纹饰可分为复网状和网状两类。(2)首次发现3种存在异常花粉粒,分别为桃之辉酢浆草、一片心酢浆草及黄花酢浆草,花粉的异常表现为萌发沟数目和排列异常,其外壁纹饰结构与正常花粉粒未有明显不同。(3)根据外壁纹饰可将14种划分为2大类。一类为复网状花粉,仅构巢酢浆草和果香酢浆草为该类纹饰,二者亲缘关系较近。另一类为网状花粉,对12种具网状花粉酢浆草进行聚类分析可划分为4个类型,其中桃之辉酢浆草、双色冰淇淋酢浆草、藤双色冰淇淋酢浆草亲缘关系较近;扁平酢浆草、黄花酢浆草、纳马夸纳酢浆草及兔耳酢浆草亲缘关系较近;大花酢浆草、星星酢浆草、乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草亲缘关系较近;吉氏酢浆草和一片心酢浆草与其他酢浆草亲缘关系较远。该研究结果表明,花粉形态相近的物种在植株形态上有一定的相似性,花粉形态特征可作为种间亲缘关系研究和分类划分依据,进一步为酢浆草属植物杂交育种亲本选择提供理论基础。

    Abstract

    Most Oxalis are highly ornamentally valuable, but their taxonomy is difficult, which greatly limits the landscape application of this genus. The pollen morphology and exine ornamentation of 14 species of the Oxalis were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and their pollen morphology was clustered and analyzed to explore their interspecific relationship based on the results of palynological clustering. The results were as follows: (1) The pollens of the 14 species observed were subspheroidal or oblatesphere, and in polar view they were all 3-colpate, of which 96.3% were medium-sized and 3.7% were small, with different style types showing the largest grains were produced in stamens with long filaments and the smallest ones in stamens with short filaments; most pollen grains were 3-colpate, sparsely 2-colpate and 4-colpate, O. stellata and O. pes-caprae, respectively; exine ornamentation could be divided into two categories: supra-areolate and reticulate. (2) For the first time, three species with aberrant pollen grains were observed, namely O. glabra, O. simplex and O. pes-caprae. The aberrant pollens exhibited as abnormal number and arrangement of the colpi, but normal exine structure. There were 2-zonocolpate grains in O. glabra, spiralaperturate grains in O. simplex, and 4-zonocolpate grains and spiralaperturate grains in O. pes-caprae. (3) The 14 species could be divided into two categories according to the exine ornamentation, one included O. massonorum and O. nidulans with supra-areolate pollen. The other category included 12 species with reticulate pollen. Species in the latter category could be further divided into four types: O. glabra, O. versicolor, and O. tenuifolia were more closely related; O. compressa, O. pes-caprae, O. namaquana, and O. fabaefolia were more closely related; O. bowiei, O. stellata, and O. perdicaria were more closely related; O. zeekoevleyensis and O. simplex were relatively distantly related to other Oxalis. The results of this study show that species with similar pollen morphology have certain similarity in plant morphology, and the pollen morphology characteristics can be used as the basis for the study of phylogenetic relationship and taxonomic classification, which can further provide a theoretical basis for the selection of parents in Oxalis cross-breeding.

  • 酢浆草属(Oxalis)隶属于酢浆草科(Oxalidaceae),约800种,主要分布于南美洲、中美洲温带和热带地区及非洲南部(Oberlander et al.,2004)。Flora of China记载中国有酢浆草属植物8种,其中6个原生种和2个引进种(Editorial Board of Flora of China,2008),而后又发现了3新种,即珠芽酢浆草(O. bulbillifera)(沈显生和孙灏,2003)、武陵酢浆草(O. wulingensis)(Deng et al.,2013)和石碑山酢浆草(O. shibeishanensis)(Tian et al.,2020)。该属植物为异型花柱植物,主要包括二型和三型花柱类型,并且一般认为二型花柱由三型花柱演化而来(Weller,1992; Marco &Arroyo,1998; Endree,2010)。该属植物还包含不同生活型,从草本到灌木,几乎能适应所有环境且栽培繁殖容易,花色丰富,具有较高的园林应用价值(Oberlander et al.,2004; Lopez et al.,2013; János,2017)。但是,由于高度的形态变异和表型可塑性,加上缺少系谱方面背景资料,分类鉴定困难,各组之间关系不清楚(Vaio et al.,2013; 董钠等,2020),因而大大限制了该属植物的开发应用。

  • 花粉具有极强的遗传保守性,受环境影响很小,因此花粉形态在一定程度上能够反映植物演化和亲缘关系,是鉴定植物物种的重要依据(彭焕文等,2018; 李洪池等,2021)。Dreyer(1996)对南非原生酢浆草属物种进行了详细的孢粉学研究,确定了4大类型和19个亚型,发现孢粉学分类与形态学分类不完全一致,建议修订酢浆草属植物分类。Abun(2003)对部分美国酢浆草属植物进行孢粉学研究,发现两种花粉类型即网状纹饰和疣状纹饰且认为网状花粉为该属最原始类型。Rosenfeldt和Galati(2007)根据沟膜结构把阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯省 [Buenos Aires province(Argentina)]9种和2变种的花粉分成4种类型,认为酢浆草属种间形态相似性也反映在花粉形态上。Lopez和Rosenfeldt(2015,2016)对Palmatifoliae组中5种植物的花粉形态进行研究,发现花粉粒同质性可加强该组单系起源假设,而乌氏体(花药内绒毡层内表面上的一种仅数微米大小的颗粒物)类型变化可能有助于种间分化,次年对南美洲Alpinae组13种酢浆草属植物乌氏体特征和花粉形态研究提出了6个组别。国内对酢浆草属花粉形态研究相对较晚且有限,仅对几个种进行了花粉形态观察(杨德奎和关晓霞,2004; 陈明林等;2007)。前人对酢浆草属植物孢粉学研究主要针对少数分类群或某一特定地区,并且未见利用孢粉学对酢浆草属植物进行亲缘关系研究。

  • 因此,本研究借助扫描电镜对福建农林大学酢浆草属植物种质资源库14个物种进行详细花粉形态观察并进行聚类分析,并对该属同种不同花柱类型进行花粉形态观察,拟探究以下问题:(1)在酢浆草属植物中具不同花柱类型的种在花粉形态上有何异同;(2)14种酢浆草属植物其花粉形态进化趋势及亲缘关系分析。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 实验材料

  • 供试材料为引种的14种酢浆草属植物(表1,图1),采自福建农林大学酢浆草属植物种质资源库。凭证标本保存于福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院标本室。

  • 1.2 实验方法

  • 在酢浆草属植物盛花期,分别取同朵花中长雄蕊、短雄蕊(图2)于5%戍二醛溶液中固定4 h,磷酸缓冲液清洗3遍,每遍间隔10~15 min,1%锇酸固定4 h,蒸馏水清洗3遍,每遍间隔10~15 min,乙醇逐级脱水(50%、70%、80%、90%、100%),每遍间隔10~15 min,其中100%置换3次,环氧丙烷置换2遍,临界点干燥 [日立(HITACHI)HCP-2],上台喷金(EIKO IB-5),并在JSM-6380LV型扫描电镜下观察、拍照记录。

  • 1.3 花粉形态描述

  • 分别对具有代表性的视野2 000×观察花粉赤道面和极面,2 000×~4 000×观察花粉萌发沟,10 000×观察花粉表面纹饰进行拍照。在照片上随机抽取20粒花粉,用Image J软件测量极轴(polar axis,P)、赤道轴长(equatorial axis,E)、网眼长、网眼宽、网眼直径、网脊宽,测量相关指标后,用SPSS 23.0软件对相关指标进行聚类分析及显著性分析,得到孢粉学聚类结果。

  • 花粉形状: 1.14<P/E<2为长球形;0.88<P/E< 1.14为近球形;0.50<P/E<0.88为扁球形(王伏雄等,1995)。

  • 花粉大小:以最长轴的长度来表示。10~25 μm为小花粉粒;25~50 μm为中等大小花粉粒;50~100 μm为大花粉粒(埃尔特曼,1978)。

  • 网眼类型:以网眼直径来表示。网眼直径<1 μm为微细网状(micro-reticulata);1≤网眼直径<1.5 μm为细网状(finely reticulate);1.5≤网眼直径<2.5 μm为网状(reticulate)(Lopez et al.,2016)。

  • 网眼大小:网眼长 × 网眼宽。

  • 花粉外壁纹饰:根据Dreyer(1996)确定的花粉类型来表示。分为皱波网状花粉(rugulate-reticulate pollen)、微皱具刺花粉(micro-rugulate-spinose pollen)、网状花粉(reticulate pollen)、复网状花粉(supra-areolate pollen)。

  • 异常花粉描述:根据Dreyer和van Wyk(1998)对酢浆草属植物异常花粉的分类来表示。分为2-环沟花粉粒、螺旋萌发孔花粉粒、4-环沟花粉粒。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 花粉形态特征

  • 2.1.1 萌发沟

  • 本研究中14种酢浆草属植物花粉主要为3沟花粉粒,稀2沟和4沟,其中在星星酢浆草(O. stellata)中发现2沟花粉粒(图3:A),在黄花酢浆草中发现4沟花粉粒(图3:B),花粉沟长达极区(图4-图9:1A-16A、1A ′-16A ′)。根据萌发沟沟膜结构可以分为以下4个类型。类型I:小颗粒以不规则的方式排列在沟膜边缘,颗粒或多或少聚成团不规则地排列在沟膜上(图6:9C、9C ′;图8:14C、14C ′);类型Ⅱ:颗粒物聚成块状,块状颗粒物不规则地填满整个沟膜(图6:7C、7C ′);类型Ⅲ:颗粒物在沟膜边缘排列,在沟膜中央聚成小簇(图8:15C、15C ′;图9:16C、16C ′);类型IV:颗粒物在边缘排成一排,并在中央明显地聚成块状(图4:1C、1C ′、3C、3C ′;图5:6C、6C ′;图7:10C、10C ′、11C、11C ′、12C、12C ′;图8:13C、13C ′)。其中,类型I有2个种,类型Ⅱ有1个种即大花酢浆草(O. bowiei),类型Ⅲ有2个种,类型IV有7个种。

  • 2.1.2 外壁纹饰

  • 本研究14种中发现2种花粉类型,分别为网状花粉和复网状花粉。其中,网状花粉类型有12种。复网状花粉仅在果香酢浆草(O. massonorum)和构巢酢浆草(O. nidulans)中发现,根据沟膜结构可区分这2种,果香酢浆草沟膜上无颗粒物(图4:2C、2C ′),而构巢酢浆草沟膜上颗粒物聚成块状排列在沟膜中央(图5:4C、4C ′、5C、5C ′)。对12种具网状花粉物种,进行网眼大小、网脊宽度、网眼直径测量,发现网眼最大的是黄花酢浆草(O. pes-caprae)长雄蕊上花粉粒,大小为(1.60±0.47)μm,最小的是乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草短雄蕊花粉粒,大小为(0.53±0.13)μm。网脊宽度最宽为兔耳酢浆草(O. fabaefolia)长雄蕊上花粉粒,宽为(0.70±0.41)μm,最窄为乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草短雄蕊上花粉粒,宽为(0.36±0.07)μm(表3)。根据网眼直径可将网状花粉粒划分为2种网眼类型,即细网状和微细网状,其中微细网状为主要网眼类型(表3)。根据网眼内颗粒物密度可分为无颗粒物、低密度颗粒物、中密度颗粒物和高密度颗粒物(图4-图9:1D-16D、1D′-16D ′),12种网状花粉中网眼内无颗粒物2种,低密度有3种,中密度有4种,高密度有5种,其中在吉氏酢浆草中不同的花柱类型中发现2种网眼类型,长花柱型网眼内无颗粒(表3;图6:9D、9D ′),而中花柱型网眼内有低密度颗粒物(表3;图7:10D、10D ′)。

  • 表1 试验材料信息

  • Table1 Information of materials tested

  • 注:编号4、5和9、10为同种的不同花柱类型。—表示该种未被分组。

  • Note: Numbers 4, 5 and 9, 10 are different style types of the same species. — means the species is not grouped.

  • 2.1.3 花粉粒大小和形状

  • 14种中93.7%花粉粒为中等大小。特别的是,中花柱型吉氏酢浆草(O. zeekoevleyensis)上发现有2种大小的花粉粒,其中长雄蕊上花粉粒为中等大小,短雄蕊上花粉粒为小花粉;最大花粉粒为桃之辉酢浆草(O. glabra)长雄蕊上花粉粒,花粉大小为(42.51± 0.86) μm × (36.99±1.65) μm;最小为乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草(O. perdicaria)短雄蕊上花粉,大小为(18.74±3.6) μm × (21.26±0.8) μm;在14种酢浆草属植物中发现,长雄蕊均比短雄蕊花粉粒大(表2)。14种酢浆草属植物花粉形态赤道面观均为近球形或扁球形,其中,近球形为花粉主要形状,长雄蕊花粉与短雄蕊花粉形状基本保持一致(表2)。同一种(表2:编号4、5和编号9、10)中不同花柱类型,其花粉形状大小之间无明显差异。14种酢浆草极面观均为三裂圆形(图4-图9:1B-16B、1B ′-16B ′)。

  • 图1 14种酢浆草属植物花部形态

  • Fig.1 Floral morphology of 14 Oxalis species

  • 图2 酢浆草属植物3种花柱类型

  • Fig.2 Three style types of Oxalis species

  • 2.1.4 异常花粉

  • 首次在桃之辉酢浆草(O. glabra)、一片心酢浆草(O. simplex)、黄花酢浆草中发现存在花粉异常现象,具异常花粉种类占所观测14种植物的21.4%。其中,桃之辉酢浆草中存在2-环沟花粉粒(图10:A),一片心酢浆草中存在螺旋萌发孔花粉粒(图10:B),黄花酢浆草中发现两种异常花粉类型,即螺旋萌发孔花粉粒和4-环沟花粉粒(图10:C、D)。本研究发现酢浆草属植物中花粉的异常表现为萌发沟数目和排列,其外壁纹饰结构与正常花粉粒未有明显不同。

  • 表2 14种酢浆草属植物花粉大小与形状

  • Table2 Pollens size and shape of 14 Oxalis species

  • 注:同列中不同字母表示显著性差异(P<0.05)。下同。

  • Note: Different letters within the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05) . The same below.

  • 2.2 以花粉形态为依据的14种酢浆草属植物检索表

  • 依据所观察到的花粉形态特征编写了14种酢浆草属植物检索表,结果如下。

  • 基于花粉形态14种浆草属植物检索表

  • 1 . 花粉粒具复网状

  • 2 . 沟膜上颗粒物聚成块状排列在沟膜中央······构巢酢浆草Oxalis nidulans

  • 2 . 沟膜上无颗粒物······果香酢浆草O. massonorum

  • 1 . 花粉粒具网状

  • 3 . 沟膜上颗粒物不规则排列

  • 4 . 小颗粒以不规则的方式排列在沟膜边缘,颗粒或多或少聚成团不规则的排列

  • 5 . 网眼内具高密度附属物······一片心酢浆草O. simplex

  • 5 . 网眼内无或具低密度附属物······吉氏酢浆草O. zeekoevleyensis

  • 4 . 颗粒物聚成块状,块状颗粒物不规则地填满整个沟膜······大花酢浆草O. bowiei

  • 3 . 沟膜上颗粒物规则排列

  • 6 . 颗粒物在沟膜边缘排列,在沟膜中央聚成小簇

  • 7 . 中等大小花粉粒,网眼内具中等密度附属物······黄花酢浆草O. pes-caprae

  • 7 . 小花粉粒,网眼内无附属物······乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草O. perdicaria

  • 6 . 颗粒物在沟膜边缘排成一排,并在中央明显的聚成块状

  • 8 . 网眼内具低密度或中密度附属物,细网状或微细网

  • 9 . 网眼内具中密度附属物

  • 1 0.近球形,长短雄蕊花粉粒皆为微细网······扁平酢浆草O. compressa

  • 1 0.扁球形,长短雄蕊花粉粒外壁纹饰不一致······纳马夸纳酢浆草O. namaquana

  • 9 . 网眼内具低密度附属物······星星酢浆草O. stellata

  • 8 . 网眼内具高密度附属物

  • 1 1.长短雄蕊花粉粒皆为微细网

  • 12 . 花粉粒大小大于30 μm

  • 13 . 长短雄蕊花粉粒皆为近球形······桃之辉酢浆草O. glabra

  • 13 . 长短雄蕊花粉粒形状不一致······双色冰淇淋酢浆草O. versicolor

  • 12 . 花粉粒大小小于30 μm······藤双色冰淇淋酢浆草O. tenuifolia

  • 1 1.扁球形,长短雄蕊花粉粒外壁纹饰不一致······兔耳酢浆草O. fabaefolia

  • 2.3 聚类分析

  • 根据花粉粒网眼大小、网眼直径、网脊宽度、网眼附属物密度及沟膜结构指标,对12种具网状纹饰花粉粒进行聚类分析,其中网眼附属物密度及沟膜结构为定性指标,按其类型进行编号并进行聚类分析,当遗传距离为10时,根据沟膜结构12种聚为4类(图11)。类型I有7种,根据网眼内附属物密度又可以分为a、b2类,其中a类有纳马夸纳酢浆草(O. namaquana)、黄花酢浆草、兔耳酢浆草和扁平酢浆草(O. compressa),其花部形态相似,均为黄色花(图1),这4种亲缘关系更近。b类有桃之辉酢浆草、双色冰淇淋酢浆草(O. versicolor)和藤双色冰淇淋酢浆草(O. tenuifolia)。类型Ⅱ为吉氏酢浆草的2种花柱类型,在对其不同花柱类型花粉的观察中,发现吉氏酢浆草长花柱类型花粉粒网眼内无附属物,萌发沟结构为类型I,而中花柱型花粉粒网眼内有低密度的颗粒物,萌发沟结构为类型IV。类型Ⅲ有3种,其中星星酢浆草和大花酢浆草聚为c类;d类为乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草。类型IV仅一片心酢浆草一种,其在形态上表现为白花(图1),心形叶。

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 3.1 不同花柱类型花粉形态

  • 异型花柱是基因控制的花多态性,其特征为花形态中雌雄异位的形式,已知存在被子植物25科中,其中三型花柱植物仅存在于雨久花科(Pontederiaceae)、千屈菜科(Lythraceae)、酢浆草科、石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)、牛栓藤科(Connaraceae)(Ganders,1979)。二型花柱中有2种形态,即长花柱型和短花柱型,三型花柱植物有3种形态,即长花柱型、中花柱型和短花柱型。异型花柱是独立进化的结果,在植物花形态多样性方面具有促进作用(Ganders,1979; Barrett &Shore,2008)。在三型花柱中,花粉粒大小和数量有所不同,并且可能在花粉外壁纹饰、花粉颜色、花粉中淀粉类型、柱头乳突或花冠大小或形态上有所不同(Ganders,1979; Dulberger,1992)。本研究发现同一种植物的不同花柱类型其花粉外壁纹饰有所不同,但花粉形状并无差异,其中花粉大小表现为长花柱型要比短花柱和中花柱类型更小,这与其他异型花柱植物中发现的结果一致(Massinga et al.,2005; Luo et al.,2006; Wolff et al.,2007),此外,刘红霞等(2009)在连翘(Forsythia suspensa)的研究中发现,不同花柱类型花粉除形态不同外,花粉生活力和花粉萌发率也有显著不同,短花柱型花粉活力和萌发率都明显高于长花柱型且花粉的赤道轴长度影响着花粉的发芽率,Wolff和Liede-schumann(2007)在茜草科(Rubiaceae)的研究中同样也有类似结论,短花柱结实率和繁殖成功率要高于长花柱。然而,在酢浆草属植物相关研究中还未见对不同花柱类型的花粉活力及其萌发率的相关报道,为更好地促进酢浆草属植物的育种研究,该方面值得深入研究。

  • 表3 14种酢浆草属植物花粉形态特征

  • Table3 Characteristic of 14 Qxalis species pollens morphology

  • 注: — 表示该种花粉不具备网状结构。

  • Note: — indicates that the pollen of this species does not have reticulate structure.

  • 图3 2沟和4沟花粉粒

  • Fig.3 2-colpate and 4-colpate pollens

  • 3.2 异常花粉产生及意义

  • 异常花粉粒在大小、形状、萌发孔的数量和排列上与正常花粉粒表现不同(Halbritter et al.,2018)。常见于被子植物中,如睡莲科(Nymphaeaceae)和莲科(Nelumbonaceae)(Bhowmik &Datt,2012),桉属(Eucalyptus)(Kailas et al.,2016),欧亚山茱萸(Cornus mas)(Mert,2009)。本研究所观测的14种酢浆草属植物中,首次发现3个种存在3种不同的变异类型,分别在桃之辉酢浆草发现2-环沟花粉粒,一片心酢浆草中发现螺旋萌发孔花粉粒,黄花酢浆草中发现两种异常花粉,即螺旋萌发孔花粉粒和4-环沟花粉粒,而前人对这3种花粉形态研究中并未发现存在异常花粉粒。产生这一现象原因可能与遗传或环境因素有关。一个原因可能是遗传方面,植物多倍性能够引起花粉异常(Halbritter et al.,2018),本研究发现具异常花粉粒的黄花酢浆草具多种倍性,分别是二倍体、四倍体和五倍体(Castro et al.,2007),因此推测该种可能为四倍体或五倍体。另一原因则可能为环境因素,在对西藏长叶松(Pinus roxburghii)花粉粒研究中发现环境因素——包括关照强度、温度、湿度以及大气中污染物水平,都能够引起异常花粉粒的产生(Dixit et al.,2016)。本研究还发现异常花粉粒较正常花粉粒而言,仅改变萌发沟数目和排列,不改变其外壁纹饰,这与Dreyer和van Wyk(1998)对该属植物南非种研究一致。异常花粉的形成可以看作是个随机的过程,并非所有的发育都在遗传的直接控制之下,环境因素可能在形态的发展上起一定作用,异常花粉的形成可能具有进化意义。

  • 3.3 花粉形态的进化趋势及亲缘关系分析

  • 本试验中所有材料的花粉形态与前人观测结果(Walker,1974; Lopez &Rosenfeldt et al.,2016)基本吻合。在花粉形状上表现为近球形或扁球形,极面观均为三裂圆形具3沟,稀2沟和4沟,网状花粉外壁为细网状或微细网状,孢子花粉素一般形成群组,在萌发沟边缘或在沟的中心成行。

  • 在被子植物中,花粉大小是由小花粉向中等大小花粉进化,花粉形状由长球形到近球形到球形进化;外壁纹饰从微穴到具穿孔到细网状到粗网状进化(Walker,1974),此外,外壁纹饰越复杂代表进化程度越高。本研究14种酢浆草属植物花粉中,96.3%为中等大小花粉粒,花粉形状以近球形为主,外壁纹饰为复网状和网状两种,其中复网状花粉粒外壁纹饰较网状花粉粒纹饰更为复杂,由此,推测该属植物可能处在一个中等进化位置。其中,乳白酢浆草为小花粉粒较为原始,构巢酢浆草和果香酢浆草具复网状花粉相对最进化,其他种为中等进化类型,而在该属中发现异常花粉粒,说明该属植物可能仍然在积极进化。

  • 构巢酢浆草和果香酢浆草,在形态学研究中,构巢酢浆草划分在Sagittatae组而果香酢浆草未被进行分类处理且均未见分子研究报道。尽管二者在形态外观上有较大差异,但本研究结果表明二者花粉形态相似,花粉粒均为近球形,中等大小,外壁纹饰为复网状花粉粒,因此本研究支撑二者为近缘。

  • 桃之辉酢浆草、双色冰淇淋酢浆草和藤双色冰淇淋酢浆草,花部形态特征相似,在形态学分类上皆被划分在Angustatae组,同样这种相似性还表现在花粉形态上,其花粉形态表现为网眼附属物密度高,微细网,萌发沟内颗粒物在边缘排成一排,并在中央明显聚成块状。同样在分子系统研究中表明它们为姐妹类群,并处于光叶酢浆草分支(O. glabra Clade)(Oberlander et al.,2004)。综合形态学、分子系统研究及孢粉学研究结果,表明桃之辉酢浆草、双色冰淇淋酢浆草、藤双色冰淇淋酢浆草这3个种间亲缘关系较近。

  • 图4 扁平酢浆草、果香酢浆草、纳马夸纳酢浆草花粉形态

  • Fig.4 Pollen morphology of Oxalis compressa, O. massonorum, and O. namaquana

  • 图5 构巢酢浆草(长花柱)、构巢酢浆草(短花柱)、兔耳酢浆草花粉形态

  • Fig.5 Pollen morphology of Oxalis nidulans (long-style) , O. nidulans (short-style) , and O. fabaefolia

  • 图6 大花酢浆草、星星酢浆草、吉氏酢浆草(中花柱)花粉形态

  • Fig.6 Pollen morphology of Oxalis bowiei, O. stellata, and O. zeekoevleyensis (mid-style)

  • 图7 吉氏酢浆草(长花柱)、桃之辉酢浆草、双色冰淇淋酢浆草花粉形态

  • Fig.7 Pollen morphology of Oxalis zeekoevleyensis (long-style) , O. glabra, and O. versicolor

  • 图8 藤双色冰淇淋酢浆草、一片心酢浆草、黄花酢浆草花粉形态

  • Fig.8 Pollen morphology of Oxalis tenuifolia, O. simplex, and O. pes-caprae

  • 图9 乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草花粉形态

  • Fig.9 Pollen morphology of Oxalis perdicaria

  • 图10 酢浆草属植物异型花粉粒

  • Fig.10 Aberrant pollen grains of Oxalis species

  • 大花酢浆草、星星酢浆草和乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草,其形态特征具一定差异,其中大花酢浆草和星星酢浆草被划分在Cernuae组,乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草为Perdcara组,花粉聚类结果将其被划分为类型Ⅲ中不同类别。其中,大花酢浆草和星星酢浆草为类型Ⅲ中的c类,花粉形态表现为网眼内具低密度颗粒物,长雄蕊花粉为细网状,短雄蕊花粉为微细网状,同样分子研究表明它们为姐妹类群(Oberlander et al.,2011);而乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草为类型Ⅲ中的d类,其花粉形态表现为网眼内不具颗粒物,长短雄蕊花粉皆为微细网状。综合形态学、分子系统研究及孢粉学研究结果支持大花酢浆草和星星酢浆草种间关系较近,而乳白蝴蝶叶酢浆草较前二者亲缘关系较远。

  • 吉氏酢浆草和一片心酢浆草在形态学上分别划分在Oppositae组和Campannlatae组,孢粉学研究中划分为类型Ⅱ和类型IV,在孢粉学、形态学及分子系统中都未能与其他种归为一类,说明吉氏酢浆草和一片心酢浆草与其他种亲缘关系较远。

  • 扁平酢浆草、黄花酢浆草、纳马夸纳酢浆草及兔耳酢浆草在孢粉学上聚为一类,花粉形态表现为网眼内具高密度或中密度附属物,细网状或微细网状,花粉粒为中等大小,近球形或扁球形。分子系统研究中将扁平酢浆草和黄花酢浆草归为Clade2,纳马夸纳酢浆草及兔耳酢浆草归为Clade8 (Oberlander et al.,2011)。形态学分类将纳马夸纳酢浆草及兔耳酢浆草归为Crassulae组,扁平酢浆草和黄花酢浆草为Cernuae组。综上可知,形态学分类、分子系统及孢粉学研究并不一致。

  • 图11 酢浆草属植物孢粉学聚类结果

  • Fig.11 Results of palynology clustering in Oxalis species

  • 总之,供试的14种酢浆草属植物种间花粉形态存在一定差异,在一定程度上能够反映植物演化和亲缘关系,同时也是鉴定植物物种的重要依据。然而植物分类是一门非常复杂的学科,因此要厘清植物种间亲缘关系,仍然需要结合形态特征、分子生物学等方面综合考虑。

  • 参考文献

    • ABUN WA, 2003. A palynological study of selected American members of Oxalis L. [D]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University: 44-51.

    • BARRETT SCH, SHORE JS, 2008. New insights on heterostyly: comparative biology, ecology and genetics [M]// Self-incompatibility in lowering plants. Berlin: Springer: 3-32.

    • BHOWMIK S, DATT BK, 2012. Pollen dimorphism of several members of Nymphaeaceae and Nelumbonaceae: an index of geographical and ecological variation [J]. Not Sci Biol, 4(3): 38-44.

    • CASTRO S, LOUREIRO J, SANTOS C, et al. , 2007. Distribution of flower morphs, ploidy level and sexual reproduction of the invasive weed Oxalis pes-caprae in the western area of the Mediterranean region [J]. Ann Bot, 99(3): 507-517.

    • CHEN ML, LIU DY, LI SS, 2007. Observation of micromorphological characters of five species in Oxalis [J]. J Plant Resour Environ, 16(3): 7-18. [陈明林, 刘登义, 李珊珊, 2007. 酢浆草属5种植物的微形态特征观察 [J]. 植物资源与环境学报, 16(3): 7-18. ]

    • DENG T, ZHANG DG, LIU Z, et al. , 2013. Oxalis wulingensis (Oxalidaceae), an unusual new species from central China [J]. Syst Bot, 38(1): 154-161.

    • DIXIT P, SAXENA G, KUMAR D, et al. , 2016. Behavioural studies on the pollen grains of Pinus roxburghii collected from Lucknow, India — A report [J]. The Palaeobotanist, 65: 285-296.

    • DONG N, LI CR, CHEN L, et al. , 2020. Establishment andapplication of ornamental evaluation system for Oxalis [J]. Chin J Trop Crops, 41(9): 1770-1778. [董钠, 李成儒, 陈蕾, 等, 2020. 酢浆草属植物观赏性评价体系的建立与应用 [J]. 热带作物学报, 41(9): 1770-1778. ]

    • DREYER LL, 1996. A palynological review of Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in southern Africa [D]. Pretoria: University of Pretoria: 149-156.

    • DREYER LL, VAN WYK AE, 1998. Aberrant pollen in southern African Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) [J]. Grana, 37(6): 337-342.

    • DULBERGER R, 1992. Floral polymorphisms and their functional significance in the heterostylous syndrome [M]//Evolution and function of heterostyly. Berlin: Springer: 41-84.

    • Editorial Board of Flora of China. Flora of China [DB/OL]. (2008) [2022-11-06]. https: //www. plantplus. cn/foc/AboutFoc.

    • ENDREE PK, 2010. Flower structure and trends of evolution in eudicots and their major subclades 1 [J]. Ann Mo Bot Gard, 97(4): 541-583.

    • ERDTMAN G, 1978. Handbook of palynology [M]. Beijing: Science Press: 13-16. [埃尔特曼, 1978. 孢粉学手册 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 13-16. ]

    • GANDERS FR, 1979. The biology of heterostyly [J]. N Z J Bot, 17(4): 607-635.

    • HALBRITTER H, ULRICHL S, GRIMIMSSON F, et al. , 2018. Illustrated pollen terminology [M]. Berlin: Springer: 61-63.

    • JÁNOS Á, 2017. Investigation of the ornamental value of bulbous Oxalis species and cultivars [J]. Agric Manage/Lucrari Stiintifice Seria I, Manage Agric, 19(1): 5-10.

    • KAILAS JG, RAMAKRISHNA H, SEETHARAM DS, 2016. Diversity insyncolpate pollen of arborescent taxa in Karimnagar district, Telangana State, India [J]. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci, 7(3): 771-776.

    • LI HC, WU TY, LUO J, 2021. Pollen morphological characteristics of 30 species of Gentianaceae in Shergyla mountain area, Tibet [J]. Acta Hortic Sin, 48(12): 2427-2442. [李洪池, 吴天彧, 罗建, 2021. 西藏色季拉山区龙胆科30种植物的花粉形态特征 [J]. 园艺学报, 48(12): 2427-2442. ]

    • LIU HX, REN SF, SHI BS, et al. , 2009. Comparison of pollen morphology and viability between two types of Forsythia suspensa [J]. J Agric Univ Hebei, 32(1): 37-41. [刘红霞, 任士福, 史宝胜, 等, 2009. 不同花柱类型连翘的花粉形态和生活力比较 [J]. 河北农业大学学报, 32(1): 37-41. ]

    • LOPEZ A, PANSER AF, URTUBEY E, 2013. Revision of Oxalis section Palmatifoliae DC. (Oxalidaceae) [J]. Phytotaxa, 138(1): 1-14.

    • LOPEZ A, ROSENFELDT S, 2015. Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae (Oxalidaceae): pollen grains morphology and orbicules diversity [J]. Bol Soc Argent Bot, 50(3): 349-352.

    • LOPEZ A, ROSENFELDT S, 2016. Oxalis section Alpinae (Oxalidaceae): orbicule diversity and pollen grain morphology [J]. Turk J Botany, 40(6): 637-644.

    • LUO S, ZHANG D, RENNER SS, 2006. Oxalis debilis in China: distribution of flower morphs, sterile pollen and polyploidy [J]. Ann Bot, 98(2): 459-464.

    • MARCO DE, ARROYO MTK, 1998. The breeding system of Oxalis squamata, a tristylous South American species [J]. Bot Act, 111(6): 497-504.

    • MASSINGA PH, JOHNSON SD, HARDER LD, 2005. Heteromorphic incompatibility and efficiency of pollination in two distylous Pentanisia species (Rubiaceae) [J]. Ann Bot, 95(3): 389-399.

    • MERT C, 2009. Pollen morphology and anatomy of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L. ) cultivars [J]. HortScience, 44(2): 519-522.

    • OBERLANDER KC, DREYER LL, BELLSTEDT DU, et al. , 2004. Systematic relationships in southern African Oxalis L. (Oxalidaceae): congruence between palynological and plastid trnLF evidence [J]. Taxon, 53(4): 977-985.

    • OBERLANDER KC, DREYER LL, BELLSTEDT DU, 2011. Molecular phylogenetics and origins of southern African Oxalis [J]. Taxon, 60(6): 1667-1677.

    • PENG HW, ZHOU SD, HE XJ, 2018. Pollen morphology of 26 taxa from 15 genera of Malvaceae in China and its systematic significance [J]. Acta Bot Boreal-Occident Sin, 38(10): 1832-1845. [彭焕文, 周颂东, 何兴金, 2018. 中国锦葵科15属26个分类群植物花粉形态及其系统学意义 [J]. 西北植物学报, 38(10): 1832-1845. ]

    • ROSENFELDT S, GALATI BG, 2007. Pollen morphology of Oxalis species from Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) [J]. Biocell, 31(1): 13-21.

    • SHEN XS, SUN H, 2003. A new species of Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) from China [J]. Acta Bot Yunnan, 25(1): 39-40. [沈显生, 孙灏, 2003. 中国酢浆草属一新种 [J]. 云南植物研究, 25(1): 39-40. ]

    • TIAN Y, YANG F, LIU XL, WANG HC, 2020. Oxalis shibeishanensis (Oxalidaceae), a new species from Yunnan, Southwest China [J]. Taiwania, 65(3): 360-363.

    • VAIO M, GARDNER A, EMSHWILLER E, et al. , 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae) [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 68(2): 199-211.

    • WALKER JW, 1974. Evolution of exine structure in the pollen of primitive angiosperms [J]. Am J Bot, 61(8): 891-902.

    • WANG FX, QIAN NF, ZHANG YL, et al. , 1995. Pollen flora of China [M]. Beijing: Science Press: 1-35. [王伏雄, 钱南芬, 张玉龙, 等, 1995. 中国植物花粉形态 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 1-35. ]

    • WELLER SG, 1992. Evolutionary modifications of tristylous breeding systems [M]// Evolution and function of heterostyly. Berlin: Springer: 247-272.

    • WOLFF D, LIEDE-SCHUMANN S, 2007. Evolution of flower morphology, pollendimorphism, and nectar composition in Arcytophyllum, a distylous genus of Rubiaceae [J]. Org Divers Evol, 7(2): 106-123.

    • YANG DK, WU XX, 2004. Studies on pollen morphology of Oxalis from Shandong [J]. Guihaia, 24(2): 128-129. [杨德奎, 吴晓霞, 2004. 山东酢浆草属花粉形态的研究 [J]. 广西植物, 24(2): 128-129. ]

  • 参考文献

    • ABUN WA, 2003. A palynological study of selected American members of Oxalis L. [D]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University: 44-51.

    • BARRETT SCH, SHORE JS, 2008. New insights on heterostyly: comparative biology, ecology and genetics [M]// Self-incompatibility in lowering plants. Berlin: Springer: 3-32.

    • BHOWMIK S, DATT BK, 2012. Pollen dimorphism of several members of Nymphaeaceae and Nelumbonaceae: an index of geographical and ecological variation [J]. Not Sci Biol, 4(3): 38-44.

    • CASTRO S, LOUREIRO J, SANTOS C, et al. , 2007. Distribution of flower morphs, ploidy level and sexual reproduction of the invasive weed Oxalis pes-caprae in the western area of the Mediterranean region [J]. Ann Bot, 99(3): 507-517.

    • CHEN ML, LIU DY, LI SS, 2007. Observation of micromorphological characters of five species in Oxalis [J]. J Plant Resour Environ, 16(3): 7-18. [陈明林, 刘登义, 李珊珊, 2007. 酢浆草属5种植物的微形态特征观察 [J]. 植物资源与环境学报, 16(3): 7-18. ]

    • DENG T, ZHANG DG, LIU Z, et al. , 2013. Oxalis wulingensis (Oxalidaceae), an unusual new species from central China [J]. Syst Bot, 38(1): 154-161.

    • DIXIT P, SAXENA G, KUMAR D, et al. , 2016. Behavioural studies on the pollen grains of Pinus roxburghii collected from Lucknow, India — A report [J]. The Palaeobotanist, 65: 285-296.

    • DONG N, LI CR, CHEN L, et al. , 2020. Establishment andapplication of ornamental evaluation system for Oxalis [J]. Chin J Trop Crops, 41(9): 1770-1778. [董钠, 李成儒, 陈蕾, 等, 2020. 酢浆草属植物观赏性评价体系的建立与应用 [J]. 热带作物学报, 41(9): 1770-1778. ]

    • DREYER LL, 1996. A palynological review of Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in southern Africa [D]. Pretoria: University of Pretoria: 149-156.

    • DREYER LL, VAN WYK AE, 1998. Aberrant pollen in southern African Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) [J]. Grana, 37(6): 337-342.

    • DULBERGER R, 1992. Floral polymorphisms and their functional significance in the heterostylous syndrome [M]//Evolution and function of heterostyly. Berlin: Springer: 41-84.

    • Editorial Board of Flora of China. Flora of China [DB/OL]. (2008) [2022-11-06]. https: //www. plantplus. cn/foc/AboutFoc.

    • ENDREE PK, 2010. Flower structure and trends of evolution in eudicots and their major subclades 1 [J]. Ann Mo Bot Gard, 97(4): 541-583.

    • ERDTMAN G, 1978. Handbook of palynology [M]. Beijing: Science Press: 13-16. [埃尔特曼, 1978. 孢粉学手册 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 13-16. ]

    • GANDERS FR, 1979. The biology of heterostyly [J]. N Z J Bot, 17(4): 607-635.

    • HALBRITTER H, ULRICHL S, GRIMIMSSON F, et al. , 2018. Illustrated pollen terminology [M]. Berlin: Springer: 61-63.

    • JÁNOS Á, 2017. Investigation of the ornamental value of bulbous Oxalis species and cultivars [J]. Agric Manage/Lucrari Stiintifice Seria I, Manage Agric, 19(1): 5-10.

    • KAILAS JG, RAMAKRISHNA H, SEETHARAM DS, 2016. Diversity insyncolpate pollen of arborescent taxa in Karimnagar district, Telangana State, India [J]. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci, 7(3): 771-776.

    • LI HC, WU TY, LUO J, 2021. Pollen morphological characteristics of 30 species of Gentianaceae in Shergyla mountain area, Tibet [J]. Acta Hortic Sin, 48(12): 2427-2442. [李洪池, 吴天彧, 罗建, 2021. 西藏色季拉山区龙胆科30种植物的花粉形态特征 [J]. 园艺学报, 48(12): 2427-2442. ]

    • LIU HX, REN SF, SHI BS, et al. , 2009. Comparison of pollen morphology and viability between two types of Forsythia suspensa [J]. J Agric Univ Hebei, 32(1): 37-41. [刘红霞, 任士福, 史宝胜, 等, 2009. 不同花柱类型连翘的花粉形态和生活力比较 [J]. 河北农业大学学报, 32(1): 37-41. ]

    • LOPEZ A, PANSER AF, URTUBEY E, 2013. Revision of Oxalis section Palmatifoliae DC. (Oxalidaceae) [J]. Phytotaxa, 138(1): 1-14.

    • LOPEZ A, ROSENFELDT S, 2015. Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae (Oxalidaceae): pollen grains morphology and orbicules diversity [J]. Bol Soc Argent Bot, 50(3): 349-352.

    • LOPEZ A, ROSENFELDT S, 2016. Oxalis section Alpinae (Oxalidaceae): orbicule diversity and pollen grain morphology [J]. Turk J Botany, 40(6): 637-644.

    • LUO S, ZHANG D, RENNER SS, 2006. Oxalis debilis in China: distribution of flower morphs, sterile pollen and polyploidy [J]. Ann Bot, 98(2): 459-464.

    • MARCO DE, ARROYO MTK, 1998. The breeding system of Oxalis squamata, a tristylous South American species [J]. Bot Act, 111(6): 497-504.

    • MASSINGA PH, JOHNSON SD, HARDER LD, 2005. Heteromorphic incompatibility and efficiency of pollination in two distylous Pentanisia species (Rubiaceae) [J]. Ann Bot, 95(3): 389-399.

    • MERT C, 2009. Pollen morphology and anatomy of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L. ) cultivars [J]. HortScience, 44(2): 519-522.

    • OBERLANDER KC, DREYER LL, BELLSTEDT DU, et al. , 2004. Systematic relationships in southern African Oxalis L. (Oxalidaceae): congruence between palynological and plastid trnLF evidence [J]. Taxon, 53(4): 977-985.

    • OBERLANDER KC, DREYER LL, BELLSTEDT DU, 2011. Molecular phylogenetics and origins of southern African Oxalis [J]. Taxon, 60(6): 1667-1677.

    • PENG HW, ZHOU SD, HE XJ, 2018. Pollen morphology of 26 taxa from 15 genera of Malvaceae in China and its systematic significance [J]. Acta Bot Boreal-Occident Sin, 38(10): 1832-1845. [彭焕文, 周颂东, 何兴金, 2018. 中国锦葵科15属26个分类群植物花粉形态及其系统学意义 [J]. 西北植物学报, 38(10): 1832-1845. ]

    • ROSENFELDT S, GALATI BG, 2007. Pollen morphology of Oxalis species from Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) [J]. Biocell, 31(1): 13-21.

    • SHEN XS, SUN H, 2003. A new species of Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) from China [J]. Acta Bot Yunnan, 25(1): 39-40. [沈显生, 孙灏, 2003. 中国酢浆草属一新种 [J]. 云南植物研究, 25(1): 39-40. ]

    • TIAN Y, YANG F, LIU XL, WANG HC, 2020. Oxalis shibeishanensis (Oxalidaceae), a new species from Yunnan, Southwest China [J]. Taiwania, 65(3): 360-363.

    • VAIO M, GARDNER A, EMSHWILLER E, et al. , 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae) [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 68(2): 199-211.

    • WALKER JW, 1974. Evolution of exine structure in the pollen of primitive angiosperms [J]. Am J Bot, 61(8): 891-902.

    • WANG FX, QIAN NF, ZHANG YL, et al. , 1995. Pollen flora of China [M]. Beijing: Science Press: 1-35. [王伏雄, 钱南芬, 张玉龙, 等, 1995. 中国植物花粉形态 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 1-35. ]

    • WELLER SG, 1992. Evolutionary modifications of tristylous breeding systems [M]// Evolution and function of heterostyly. Berlin: Springer: 247-272.

    • WOLFF D, LIEDE-SCHUMANN S, 2007. Evolution of flower morphology, pollendimorphism, and nectar composition in Arcytophyllum, a distylous genus of Rubiaceae [J]. Org Divers Evol, 7(2): 106-123.

    • YANG DK, WU XX, 2004. Studies on pollen morphology of Oxalis from Shandong [J]. Guihaia, 24(2): 128-129. [杨德奎, 吴晓霞, 2004. 山东酢浆草属花粉形态的研究 [J]. 广西植物, 24(2): 128-129. ]