印度獐牙菜化学成分研究

Chemical constituents study of Swertia chirayita

关键词:  印度獐牙菜，化学成分，??酮，环烯醚萜，葡萄糖摄取，抗氧化活性

Key words:  Swertia chirayita, chemical constituents, xanthones, cyclohexene ether terpenoids, glucose uptake, antioxidant activity

摘要:

印度獐牙菜在藏医药被称为“甲蒂”，常用来治疗肝胆疾病，对糖尿病也有较好疗效。为探究药用植物印度獐牙菜（Swertia chirayita）的化学成分和降糖和抗氧化生物活性，综合应用多种色谱等技术，对印度獐牙菜全草提取物的乙酸乙酯部位进行分离纯化，运用现代波谱学方法 (NMR、MS) 鉴定化合物的结构，然后对部分化合物进行葡萄糖摄取和抗氧化活性研究。结果表明：（1）从乙酸乙酯萃取相中分离得到20个化合物，其中??酮类化合物12个，环烯醚萜类化合物2个，黄酮类化合物2个，其结构分别鉴定为bellidifolin (1)、1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy xanthenone (2)、1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (3)、1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (4)、1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone (5)、1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (6)、1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone (7)、1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (8)、1,3,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (9)、norswertianin (10)、1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone (11)、1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (12)、amaroswerin (13)、amarogentin (14)、luteolin (15)、quercetin (16)、(+)-syringaresinol (17)、gentianine (18)、swerimilegenin C (19)和dehydroxyl-swerimilegenin H (20)，其中4、6、7、9、12、15、17、19、20为首次从印度獐牙菜中分离得到，与同属植物相比，印度獐牙菜的化学特征以多甲氧基??酮和环烯醚萜苷为主，而青叶胆（S. mileensis）等物种则以单萜苷类和多羟基??酮占优，这种差异可能与其独特生境适应性及传统药用功效相关。（2）糖摄取实验结果表明化合物2、4、6、10-14具有较好的糖摄取活性；细胞内ROS水平测定实验结果表明化合物1和7具有较强的抑制活性，化合物10和14具有较好的促进作用。该研究丰富了印度獐牙菜的化学成分并进一步明确了其影响糖摄取和抗氧化活性成分，为后续药理活性的深入研究提供了化学结构基础。

Abstract:

Swertia chirayita, referred to as “Jati” in Tibetan medicine, is traditionally employed for the treatment of hepatic and biliary disorders and has demonstrated significant efficacy in managing diabetes. To explore the chemical components and biological activities of the medicinal plant S. chirayita, various chromatographic techniques were applied to isolate and purify the ethyl acetate fraction of the plant extract. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified using modern spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS). Furthermore, the insulin resistance and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Twenty compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract, including tweleve xanthone derivatives, two cyclohexene ether terpenoids, and two flavonoids. These were identified as bellidifolin (1), 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthenone (2), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (3), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (4), 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone (5), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (6), 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone (7), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (8), 1,3,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (9), norswertianin (10), 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone (11), 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (12), amaroswerin (13), amarogentin (14), luteolin (15), quercetin (16), (+)-syringaresinol (17), gentianine (18), swerimilegenin C (19), and dehydroxyl-swerimilegenin H (20). Among them, compounds 4、6、7、9、12、15、17、19、20 were isolated for the first time from S. chirayita. Distinct from congeneric species such as S. mileensi (characterized by monoterpene glycosides), S. chirayita exhibits a unique phytochemical profile dominated by polymethoxylated xanthones and iridoid glycosides. This chemotaxonomic divergence likely reflects ecological adaptations to its high-altitude habitat and underpins its traditional therapeutic efficacy in treating metabolic disorders. The glucose uptake assay showed that compounds 2, 4, 6, and 10-14 had good glucose uptake activity. The intracellular ROS measurement results indicated that compounds 1 and 7 had strong inhibitory effects, while compounds 10 and 14 had good promoting effects. This study enriches the chemical profile of S. chirayita and further clarifies its components that affect glucose uptake and exhibit antioxidant activities, providing a chemical foundation for further pharmacological research.