植物花青素生物合成与调控的研究进展

Anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation in plants

关键词:  花青素, 生物合成, 相关酶, 调控因子, 颜色变异

Key words:  anthocyanin, biosynthetic, related enzymes, regulatory factors, color variation

摘要:

花青素是一种广泛存在于植物中的水溶性色素,在植物抗逆和预防人类慢性疾病中起着重要作用。花青素生物合成过程在模式植物中的研究较为清晰,其过程主要受多种结构基因编码的酶类及转录调控因子(MYB、bHLH和WD40蛋白)控制。此外,LBD基因家族中的LBD37、LBD38和LBD39 基因对花青素的生物合成起负调控作用,micro RNA和环境因子对花青素的生物合成过程也起到了调控作用。同时,茉莉酸、赤霉素和脱落酸等植物激素也参与了花青素的生物合成调控过程。近年来,随着人们对植物花青素研究不断深入,越来越多的研究结果揭示花青素合成途径的分子调控机制在不同种植物中存在很大的差异性和复杂性。该文对植物花青素的合成途径、相关酶和各种调控因子进行了综述,并概述了植物花青素合成代谢中基因突变与花色变异的关系,旨在为今后深入研究花青素的分子调控机制,解析其遗传规律以及利用基因工程开展作物遗传改良等方面提供理论依据。

Abstract:

Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments which are widely found in plants. They play an important role in protecting plants from stress damage and preventing human chronic diseases. In model plants, the biosynthesis of anthocyanin is well studied, and the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is mainly controlled by a series of enzymes which are encoded by structural genes and transcriptional regulatory factors(include MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins). In addition, three members of the LBD(Lateral organ Boundary Domain)gene family, LBD37, LBD38 and LBD39, have been identied as negative regulators on anthocyanin biosynthesis, and micro RNA and environmental factors also have regulating effect during the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Meanwhile, plant hormones such as jasmonic acid(JA), gibberellin(GA)and abscisic acid(ABA)are also involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In light of the deeper researches on plant anthocyanins in recent years, the results of a growing number of researches indicate that the molecular regulation mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis pathway have a great diversity and complexity in different plants. This review provides an interpretation on the biosynthetic pathway of the anthocyanins, the related enzymes and regulatory factors. Besides, the review also summarizes the connection between gene mutation and color variation, and provides the theoretical basis for the further study of molecular regulation mechanism of anthocyanin, of its genetic regularity, and of crop genetic improvement based on genetic engineering.