蕨类植物配子体发育与生理生态研究进展

Research progress on development and physio-ecology of fern gametophytes

关键词:  蕨类植物, 配子体, 形态发育, 生理生态

Key words:  fern, gametophyte, morphogenesis, physio-ecology

摘要:

蕨类植物配子体为单倍体,结构简单,独立于孢子体生活,在研究其对环境的响应以及揭示其机理上都具有独特的优势。该研究从我国和国际两个分支出发,梳理了近年来全球范围内相关的文献资料,透视了蕨类配子体的发育和生理生态前沿科学和研究动态。在发育部分以研究进展为主要内容,国内研究以传统植物蕨类植物的配子体形态和发育的观察为主,而国外学者更关注于新技术和新方法在传统学科中的运用,如X光透射技术和流式细胞术。生理生态部分分为光合与呼吸作用、土壤逆境的响应、气候变化的响应以及对化感物质的响应4个板块。在光合作用的研究中,发现蕨类配子体会在光强的变化下产生自我保护机制,碳水化合物和脂质是配子体能量代谢中的重要指标。在土壤逆境的响应研究中,对砷有超富集作用的蜈蚣草配子体和耐高盐的铁角蕨配子体是配子体研究中较为突出的材料。荷兰地区广泛存在的耳蕨属蕨类,哥斯达黎加热带雨林的20种蕨类植物及水生蕨类槐叶萍,成为了证明配子体成活率和温度之间重要关系的实验例证。在化感作用研究中,主要通过紫茎泽兰根、茎和叶水提液对扇蕨等4种蕨类配子体的作用,证明了入侵植物对于蕨类植物配子体生长发育具有危害作用。在美国佛罗里达的一类爬树蕨也发现了同样的入侵植物现象。此外,还对几个新兴技术在配子体研究的前景进行了展望,并对已有技术进行了描述。该研究以多个角度介绍了国内外配子体的研究进展,希望有助于促进我国学者对该领域的深入研究。

Abstract:

Fern gametophyte, with simple structure, is haploid and independent of sporophyte. It possesses unique advantages in investigating its response to environmental signals and revealing the mechanism as compared to sporophyte. The recent literatures are included in this paper reviews both at home and abroad, as well as the development and frontier science on physiological and ecological dynamics of fern gametophyte. The advanced research contents are the main branches of the development part, native researchers paid more attention on the traditional botany of the fern gametophyte morphology and development, while the overseas showed more interests in the new technology and new science applying in classical botany, we took X-ray optical transmission and Flow Cytometry(FCM)as examples. The domestic and foreign research progress on fern gametophytes development is mainly summarized in the second part. Photosynthesis and respiration, responses to the soil adversity, climate changes, as well as allelochemicals are included in the physio-ecology part, respectively. In the photosynthesis and respiration part, the fern gametophyte would produce self-protection mechanisms under the change of the light source, and the critical index of gametophyte development is carbohydrates and lipids. Then in stress research of the soil part, the as hyperaccumulator-Pteris vittata and the salt tolerance plant-Asplenium marinum, their gametophytes were the best choices for the reaction between soil and fern in the environmental material recently. Meanwhile, the widely spread fern of Polystichum in Holland, 20 kinds of fern of tropical rainforest in Costa Rica and the water fern, Salvinia natans, their survival rate of fern gametophyte inducts the vital relationship with the changeable temperature in the experiments. And in the allelopathy research, the water extract of root, stem and leaf of Ageratina adenophora presented the harm roles on the development and the growth of the 4 kinds of gametophyte, such as Neocheiropteris palmatopedata, and the results gave the conclusion that the invasive plants were harm to both native fern and native environment, as well as the same evidence happened to the invasive Lygodium microphyllum in Florida. In the end, we also summarized the new tendency and different methods applied in this research field, as gene and plant stem cell in fern research are outstanding and meaningful. And plant nutrition methods and phytohormone applied in the fern of physio-ecology also can be utilized in the gametophyte. The existing research problems and future research trend are discussed in the end that maybe helpful to the scholars of our country for the further research in this field.