南京市加拿大一枝黄花入侵地群落的物种组成与多样性特征研究

Species composition and diversity characteristics of invaded community of Solidago canadensis in Nanjing

关键词:  加拿大一枝黄花, 入侵植物, 植物区系, 物种多样性, 群落特征

Key words:  Solidago canadensis, invasive plant, flora, species diversity, community characteristics

摘要:

为探究外来植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)入侵与南京市本土植物多样性的关系,该文采用踏查及样方调查对其入侵地群落的物种组成与多样性进行研究。结果表明:(1)入侵地群落中共有维管植物200种(含种下单元),隶属于62科156属,其中被子植物195种,裸子植物1种,蕨类植物4种; 数量最多的是菊科(Asteraceae)和禾本科(Poaceae)植物,分别有25种和24种; 从生活型来看,草本植物占多数,有133种,占所有种的66.50%; 此外,群落内尚有其他外来植物29种。群落中重要值最大的是加拿大一枝黄花,为40.00%; 其次是救荒野豌豆(Vicia sativa),为7.00%。(2)从植物区系看,非入侵地中植物科的区系分布型共4个,而入侵地植物科的区系类型仅有3个,其中泛热带分布、世界分布和北温带分布为两者均有,东亚和北美间断分布型仅在非入侵地中存在。非入侵地植物科的区系以世界分布型为主,有13科,占该类型群落中所有科的39.39%; 入侵地则以泛热带分布型为主,有16科,占总科数的45.71%。非入侵地中植物属的区系分布型有10个,而入侵地有12个,两者区系成分相近,旧世界热带型和热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布型仅在入侵地中出现。北温带分布型和世界分布型同为两者中最主要成分。入侵地及非入侵地群落属的区系R/T值分别为0.58和0.38,种系分化度分别为3.29和3.11。(3)重度入侵群落的Margalef指数(E)与非入侵及轻度入侵群落相比,显著降低; 此外,重度入侵群落的Simpson指数(D)、Shannon-Weiner(H')指数和Pielou指数(J)均显著低于非入侵、轻度入侵、中度入侵群落。(4)不同生境之间加拿大一枝黄花群落的E、D、H'和J均无显著性差异。该研究可为南京地区的加拿大一枝黄花入侵地的治理防控和生态恢复,以及进一步的科学研究提供强有力的理论支撑。

Abstract:

In order to investigate the relationship between the invasion of the exotic plant Solidago canadensis and diversity of native plants in Nanjing, the species composition and diversity of its community were studied by using the tracking and quadrat methods. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 200 vascular plant species, including varieties and subspecies classification, were found in the invaded communities, belong to 156 genera and 62 families, including 195 angiosperms, one gymnosperm, and four ferns. The species-richest families were Asteraceae and Poaceae, with 25 and 24 species respectively. In terms of their life forms, herbaceous plants accounted for the majority, with 133 species(66.50%). In addition, there were 29 other alien plant species in these communities. The most dominant species in the community was Solidago canadensis, with a high ecological important value of 40.00%, followed by Vicia sativa(7.00%).(2)There were four floristic types of flora families in uninvaded communities, and only three types in invaded communities. Pantropic type, cosmopolitan type and north temperate type existed in both communities, while East Asia and North America disjunct type only in uninvaded communities. In the uninvaded communities, the floristic types were mainly cosmopolitan, with 13 families, accounting for 39.39% of all families. Pantropic was the dominant species in the invaded communities, with 16 families, accounting for 45.71% of the total. There were 10 floristic types of flora genera in uninvaded habitats and 12 in invaded habitats, with similar floristic composition, but the old-world temperate type and tropical Asia to tropical Australasia type only appeared in invaded communities. The north temperate and cosmopolitan type were the most important components of both invaded and uninvaded communities. The R/T values of invaded and uninvaded communities of genera were 0.58 and 0.38, and the species differentiation were 3.29 and 3.11, respectively.(3)The Margalef index(E)of heavily invaded communities was significantly lower than that of uninvaded and lightly invaded communities. In addition, the Simpson index(D), Shannon Weiner index(H'), and Pielou index(J)of heavily invaded communities were significantly reduced compared to uninvaded, lightly invaded, and moderately invaded communities.(4)There were no significant differences in E, D, H', and J in different habitats. This study can provide basic data for the management, prevention and control, and ecological restoration of the invaded areas of S. canadensis in Nanjing, as well as further scientific research.