Page 159 - 《广西植物》2025年第2期
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2 期 李可铖等: 三七开花生物学与繁育系统研究 3 6 1
Abstract: Panax notoginseng is a precious traditional Chinese medicineꎬ it faces the challenges of low reproduction rate
and extinction of wild resources. In order to explore the characteristics of its flowering biology and breeding systemꎬ and
to clarify the reasons for the low fruiting rate of P. notoginseng in the natural state. The paper investigated its flowering
biological parametersꎬ pollination system and artificial pollination. The results were as follows: (1) The single flowerꎬ
inflorescenceꎬ and flowering period of the populationꎬ were approximately 4 - 5 dꎬ 20 - 25 d and about 60 dꎬ
respectively. (2) P. notoginseng had the floral characteristics of herkogamy and dichogamyꎬ which was protandrous
type. (3) The pollen grains were medium ̄size and had three germinations holes. (4) P. notoginseng had the highest
pollen viability on the first day of floweringꎬ and the stigma had the highest acceptability on the 12th day. (5) The
hybridization index (out ̄crossing indexꎬ OCI) was 4ꎬ the breeding system of P. notoginseng was mainly out ̄crossing
type with partially self ̄compatibleꎬ which required pollinator and the pollen/ ovule ratio ranged from 450.0 to 1 037.5ꎬ
the breeding system was obligate out ̄crossing. (6) Pollination test showed that the breeding system was a mixed mating
system with both self ̄pollination and out ̄crossing pollinationꎬ pollination was assisted by both insect and wind
vectors. (7) The main flower ̄visiting insects were Apis ceranaꎬ Episyrphus balteatus and Riptortus pedestris. Apis cerana
was dominant flower ̄visiting insect. Based on the aboveꎬ the breeding system of Panax notoginseng belonged to the
facultative out ̄crossing typeꎬ partially self ̄compatibleꎬ and insect ̄mediated pollination was criticalꎬ needing wind and
insect pollinators. Pollen limitation and high disease severity at flowering and fruiting stage are the key factors affecting
its fruitfulness. These results can provide theoretical basis for the cultivation and improving seed breeding of P.
notoginseng.
Key words: Panax notoginsengꎬ flowering biologyꎬ breeding systemꎬ flower ̄visiting insectꎬ pollination biology
在植物有性繁殖过程中ꎬ开花是其有性生殖 notoginseng )、 人 参 ( P. ginseng )、 西 洋 参 ( P.
最明显、最重要的生命现象( Widenꎬ1991)ꎮ 开花 quinguefolium)、屏边三七(P. stipuleana ̄tus) 和珠子
生物学是针对植物开花物候、花部形态以及雌雄 参(P. japonicus var. major) 等( 彭毅丹等ꎬ2024ꎻ张
配子发育特征的研究(Sun et al.ꎬ2014ꎻ Barrionuevo 行等ꎬ2024)ꎮ 前人对人参属植物开花生物学及繁
et al.ꎬ2021)ꎮ 繁育系统是指种内或种间自交和异 育系统的研究发现ꎬ该属植物开花物候存在显著
交频率及其对植物产生的影响ꎮ 植物的开花生物 性差异ꎬ珠子参、人参与西洋参的花期均为 5 月中
学和 繁 育 系 统 特 征 对 植 物 的 演 化 至 关 重 要 下旬至 6 月中下旬ꎬ而屏边三七与三七的花期分
(Murren et al.ꎬ2014ꎻSchoen et al.ꎬ2019)ꎮ 传粉生 别为 3 月中旬至 4 月中旬和 8 月中旬至 9 月中旬ꎬ
物学是研究花朵各组成部分的结构、传粉媒介以 并且该属植物间花序单花数目差别较大ꎬ如人参
及孢 粉 学 等 内 容 ( 王 莉 等ꎬ 2009 )ꎮ 龙 桂 根 等 与西洋参花序有单花 30 ~ 50 朵ꎬ而三七花序有单
(2021)针对华木莲的开花生物学与繁育系统的研 花 50 ~ 300 朵 ( 夏 文 昌ꎬ1964ꎻ 何 振 兴 和 邓 锡 青ꎬ
究ꎬ阐明了其自然开花结实率低的关键原因ꎬ以及 1985ꎻ陈裕和李克团ꎬ1986ꎻ赵新礼ꎬ2015)ꎮ 此外ꎬ
杨柳等(2023)通过对珍稀濒危植物陕西羽叶报春 Zhuravlev 等(2008)和赵新礼(2015) 研究表明ꎬ人
的开花及传粉生物学进行研究ꎬ揭示了陕西羽叶 参与珠子参均具有自花授粉和异花授粉的能力ꎬ
报春的濒危机制及传粉机制ꎬ为其物种保护提供 并且为了适应极端的环境条件形成了稳定且弹性
了理论依据ꎮ 因此ꎬ深入了解植物的开花物候和 的繁殖策略ꎮ Mooney 和 Mcgraw(2007) 研究通过
花部形态特征ꎬ判别其繁育系统类型ꎬ明晰植物的 等位酶标记技术对西洋参居群进行了分析ꎬ发现
传粉方式与传粉媒介ꎬ直接关系到植物的授粉结 在居群内具有自交现象ꎬ并存在近交衰退现象ꎮ
实率ꎬ对植物的杂交育种和保护措施的制定具有 综上所述ꎬ人参属内不同物种间开花生物学特征
重要意义(叶家桐等ꎬ2023)ꎮ 存在显著性差异ꎬ已有的人参与珠子参等植物的
人参属(Panax)植物起源于喜马拉雅山区ꎬ包 开花习性与繁育系统研究结果可能并不适用于该
括 8 个种、5 个变种ꎮ 该属物种的根茎均具有重要 属其他物种ꎮ
的药 用 价 值ꎬ 其 中 被 广 泛 使 用 的 有 三 七 ( Panax 三七隶属于五加科人参属多年生草本植物ꎬ

