Page 142 - 《广西植物》2026年第6期
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6 期 张欣然等: 高山极端环境下的繁殖策略:刺芒龙胆的可塑性花寿命及蝇类传粉 1 0 5 7
( College of Life Sciencesꎬ Henan Normal Universityꎬ Xinxiang 453007ꎬ Henanꎬ China )
Abstract: Gentiana aristataꎬ a typical alpine species of the Gentiana genusꎬ serves as an ideal research material for
analyzing species adaptation mechanisms to extreme environmentsꎬ developing distinctive medicinal bioactive
compoundsꎬ and breeding cold ̄resistant ornamental germplasm. To uncover the pollination biological characteristics of
G. aristata and its reproductive adaptation strategies to alpine extreme environmentsꎬ this study employed a combination
of field observations and controlled experiments to systematically investigate its reproductive traitsꎬ including flowering
dynamicsꎬ pollen viabilityꎬ stigma receptivityꎬ pollen/ ovule ratio ( P / O)ꎬ breeding systemꎬ and composition of
pollinating insects. The results were as follows: (1) G. aristata exhibited phenomena of herkogamy and incomplete
dichogamy. The longevity of individual flower of G. aristata was (5.97±0.19) dꎬ which significantly extended to (16.13±
0.78) d under insect ̄excluded conditionsꎬ representing an adaptive strategy to the variable pollination environment in
alpine regions. (2) Both pollen viability and stigma receptivity of G. aristata were maintained for approximately 4 dꎬ
with pollen viability peaking on the second day after anthesis and stigma receptivity reaching its maximum on the second
day after the stigma fully opened. (3) The results of breeding system showed the fruit setting in bagging without
emasculation flowers was primarily attributed to autonomous selfing via temporary corolla closure and assisted selfing by
small insects like thrips (Thripidae spp.) and ants (Formica spp.). The fruit setting rates and seed setting rates were
low and showed no significant difference between those flowers under natural pollination after emasculation and bagging
without emasculationꎬ indicating that both selfing and outcrossing have similar reproductive successꎬ but both were lower
than that under natural pollination. (4) The main pollinator of Gentiana aristata was Delia platuraꎬ which accounted for
 ̄1  ̄1
55.17% of all flower visitsꎬ with a visit frequency of (0.24±0.04) timesflower h . In addition to D. platuraꎬ other
pollinators included various flies and beetles. In conclusionꎬ Gentiana aristata exhibits high plasticity in flower longevity
and possesses a mixed mating system combining selfing and outcrossing. Its main pollinators are abundant flies that show
relatively high floral visitation frequency. These traits collectively represent a key reproductive strategy for adapting to the
unpredictability of alpine pollination environments. The findings provide critical theoretical support for the conservation of
G. aristata germplasm resources and its medicinal development.
Key words: Gentiana aristataꎬ Gentianaꎬ pollination biologyꎬ breeding systemꎬ alpine environment
高山地区具有低温、强风、多雨及强烈的紫外 作用可减少雨水对花粉的冲刷以及降低低温对生
辐射等极端气候特征ꎬ该类严酷的生存环境对植 殖器官 的 损 伤ꎬ 进 而 显 著 提 升 雌 雄 繁 殖 适 合 度
物的繁殖过程构成严峻挑战ꎬ尤其是对于虫媒传 ( Bynum & Smithꎬ 2001ꎻ He et al.ꎬ 2005)ꎮ 除花闭
粉的高山植物而言ꎬ极端气候条件会显著削弱传 合现象以外ꎬ龙胆属植物的繁育系统也表现出对
粉昆虫的活动能力和访问频率ꎬ最终导致高山植 高山 环 境 的 适 应 性 特 征ꎬ 如 线 叶 龙 胆 ( Gentiana
物普遍面临传粉限制问题ꎬ这一现象已在多项高 lawrencei var. farreri)兼具协助自交与异交能力且
山植物研究中得到证实( Jiang & Xieꎬ 2020ꎻ 张婵 通过延长花寿命( 特别是柱头持续期)ꎬ弥补了有
等ꎬ2020)ꎮ 效传粉昆虫访花频率极低的不足ꎬ保障了繁殖成
龙胆属( Gentiana) 植物是典型的高山植物类 功(侯勤正等ꎬ2009)ꎮ
群ꎬ主要集中分布在北半球高海拔地区( 何庭农和 刺芒龙胆(G. aristata)分布于我国青藏高原及
刘尚武ꎬ 2002)ꎮ 据统计ꎬ该属植物全球有 400 余 其周边高山地区ꎬ其全草含有落干酸、獐牙菜苦
种ꎬ中国作为其重要分布区ꎬ共记录 247 种ꎬ其中 苷、龙胆苦苷等化合物成分ꎬ是蒙藏医广泛用于治
绝大多数为一年生或多年生草本植物( 中国科学 疗肝、胆等疾病的药物ꎬ具有重要的药用开发价值
院中国植物志编辑委员会ꎬ1988)ꎮ 为适应高山恶 (卢永昌等ꎬ2005)ꎮ 与此同时ꎬ刺芒龙胆作为高山
劣环境ꎬ该属植物演化出多样化的繁殖策略ꎬ如多 特色花卉ꎬ花色艳丽ꎬ色彩丰富ꎬ有紫、蓝、白、粉等
数龙胆属植物具有低温诱导的暂时性花闭合和授 多种颜色ꎬ极具园艺观赏价值ꎮ 然而ꎬ近年来人类
粉诱导的永久性花闭合双重机制ꎬ两类机制协同 活动与气候变化的不断加剧已对我国若干龙胆类

