Page 113 - 《广西植物》2022年第10期
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10 期         顾嘉豪等: 净多样化速率和进化时间对虎耳草目科间物种多样性差异的影响                                           1 7 3 1

    ( 1. College of Life Sciencesꎬ Sichuan Universityꎬ Chengdu 610065ꎬ Chinaꎻ 2. Key Laboratory of Bio ̄resource and Eco ̄environment of Ministry of
       Educationꎬ Sichuan Universityꎬ Chengdu 610065ꎬ Chinaꎻ 3. College of Biomedical Engineeringꎬ Sichuan Universityꎬ Chengdu 610065ꎬ
             Chinaꎻ 4. College of Resources and Environmental Sciencesꎬ China Agricultural Universityꎬ Beijing 100083ꎬ China )

       Abstract: The differences in the species richness among different biological taxonomic groups often vary greatlyꎬ which
       is a phenomenon commonly observed in ecological and biological studies. Howeverꎬ the underlying mechanisms of this
       pattern are still in hot debate. From the perspective of macroevolutionꎬ time ̄for speciation hypothesis and diversification
       rate hypothesis are two popular hypotheses. Time ̄for speciation hypothesis suggesting that the time ̄for ̄speciation is the
       primary driver of diversity variation among groups by species accumulation along timeꎬ while diversification rate
       hypothesis suggesting that the groups with high species number resulted from their high net diversification rates. To test
       these two hypothesesꎬ we studied species variation among 15 families of order Saxifragales based on a fossil ̄calibrated
       phylogenetic tree containing 1 539 species. We obtained the rates of speciation and extinction of 15 families and
       calculated the average diversification rate of each family through macroevolutionary analysis. The results are as follows:
       (1) The species diversification rate of order Saxifragales shows an increasing trendꎬ and the increase of diversification
       rate mainly occurred in temperate and alpine groupsꎬ such as Grossulariaceaeꎬ Crassulaceae and Paeoniaceae. (2) The
       results of phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) and linear regression model ( LM) show that the species
       richness of the 15 families is not significantly correlated with the age of family differentiation or the age of the most recent
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       common ancestorꎬ but it is positively correlated with the net diversification rate (R = 0.380ꎬ P<0.05). These results
       support the diversification rate hypothesisꎬ suggesting that the diversification rate is a primary evolutionary driver of the
       variation of species richness among families of order Saxifragales. Global cooling may provide opportunities for the
       expansion of distribution and rapid species diversification of herbaceousꎬ deciduous trees and shrubs those can adapt to
       cold conditions. The study show that in temperate and alpine spreading groupsꎬ the net diversification rate may be the
       main reason for the differences in species numbers of different taxonomic groups.
       Key words: Saxifragalesꎬ species diversityꎬ phylogenyꎬ diversification rateꎬ macroevolution



       生物类群之间的物种总数的差异是自然界中                           2016)ꎮ 也就是说ꎬ物种形成速率高而灭绝速率低
   普遍存在的现象ꎬ但是这一现象的形成机制仍然                             的类群具有更高的净多样化速率ꎬ因此具有更多
   是未解之谜(Ricklefs & Rennerꎬ1994ꎻ Barraclough &       的物种ꎮ
   Savolainenꎬ 2010ꎻ Raboskyꎬ 2010ꎻ Wiensꎬ 2011ꎻ         目前ꎬ进化时间假说和多样化速率假说在物
   Robosky & Adamsꎬ 2012ꎻ Mereau & Bellꎬ 2013ꎻ       种多 样 性 形 成 中 的 相 对 作 用 还 存 在 很 多 争 议
   Machacꎬ 2020ꎻ Li & Wiensꎬ 2019)ꎮ 从生物类群            (Marin et al.ꎬ2018)ꎮ 进化时间假说成立的前提是
   的宏 观 进 化 角 度 来 看ꎬ 进 化 时 间 假 说 ( time ̄for          演化过程中净多样化速率在不同类群之间无差异
   speciation hypothesis ) 和 多 样 化 速 率 假 说           或差异极小ꎮ 然而越来越多的研究发现ꎬ净多样
   (diversification rate hypothesis) 是解释类群间物种        化速率在不同类群之间有差异ꎮ 特别是经历过大
   多样 性 差 异 的 两 个 最 为 核 心 的 假 说 ( Scholl &           型灭绝事件的类群ꎬ物种数目会骤然下降ꎬ从而导
   Wiensꎬ 2016ꎻ Li & Wiensꎬ 2019)ꎮ 进化时间假说            致物种多样性的突然丧失ꎬ物种数目减少ꎮ 例如ꎬ
   认为ꎬ进化时间越长ꎬ物种能积累的物种多样性越                            Rabosky 等(2012)对多细胞真核生物 1 397 个主
   高ꎬ因此进化的时间差异是导致类群间物种多样                             要分 支 的 研 究 发 现ꎬ 分 支 的 分 化 时 间ꎬ 即 干 龄
   性差异的主要原因ꎮ 换句话说ꎬ一个起源古老的                            (stem age)ꎬ与分支所包含的物种数之间没有显著
   类群ꎬ比新近起源的类群拥有更长的进化时间ꎬ因                            关系ꎬ因而否定了进化时间假说ꎮ Pyron 和 Wiens

   此可以积累更多的物种ꎮ 多样化速率假说认为ꎬ                            (2013)发现ꎬ许多古老两栖动物分支具有较低的
   在生物演化历史中ꎬ不同类群种化速率和灭绝速                             物种多样性ꎬ但是一些年轻的分支具有较多的物
   率的动态变化导致的净多样化速率差异是引起物                             种ꎮ 但是该研究并没有直接验证物种多样性与多
   种 多 样 性 变 化 的 主 要 原 因 ( Scholl & Wiensꎬ           样 化 速 率 之 间 的 关 系ꎮ 而 McPeek 和 Brown
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